DEQ

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Prepared by: Engr. Jennica B. Dagdag
 .Applying the principles of the
OBJECTIVE equations of order one to
physical and geometric
problems.(CLO1 and CLO2)
 Velocity Escape from the Earth

Newton’s Law of Cooling

ELEMENTARY Simple Chemical Conversion

(Growth/Decay)
APPLICATIONS
Flow Problems (Brine Solution)

Orthogonal Trajectories
 VELOCITY ESCAPE FROM THE EARTH
**Escape velocity is the minimum velocity required by a body to be
projected to overcome the gravitational pull of the planet/moon. It is the
minimum velocity required by an object to escape the gravitaional field
that is, escape the land without ever falling back. An object that has this
velocity at the earth’s surface will totally escape the earth’s gravitational 𝟐𝑮𝑴
field ignoring the losses due to the atmosphere 𝑽𝒆𝒔𝒄 =
𝑹

where:
Vesc = Escape velocity
G = universal gravitational constant
m3
= = 6.67𝑥10−11 kg−sec2

M = mass of the earth or any planet

R = radius of the earth or any planet
 EXAMPLES
1. The radius of the earth is 6.38𝑥106 𝑚 and the 2. To leave the moon, the apollo astronauts had to
mass of the earth is 5.98𝑥1024 𝑘𝑔. What is the take off in the lunar module, and reach the escape
escape velocity from the earth? velocity of the moon. The radius of the moon is
1.74𝑥106 𝑚 and the mass of the moon is
7.35𝑥1022 𝑘𝑔. What velocity did Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin in the lunar module have to reach the
𝟐𝑮𝑴 moon
𝑽=
𝑹
𝟐𝑮𝑴
given : R = 6.38𝑥106 𝑚 𝑽=
𝑹
M = 5.98𝑥1024 𝑘𝑔 given : R = 1.74𝑥106 𝑚
M = 7.35𝑥1022 𝑘𝑔
2(6.67𝑥10−11 )(5.98𝑥1024 )
𝑉=
6.38𝑥106 𝑚
2(6.67𝑥10−11 )(7.35𝑥1022 )
Ans: V = 11181m/s 𝑉=
1.74𝑥106 𝑚

Ans: V = 2373.82m/s
 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

General Solution
Newton’s Law of Cooling
describes the rate at which an 𝒅𝑻
exposed body changes = −𝒌(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 )
temperature through radiation 𝒅𝒕
which is approximately
proportional to the difference
where:
between the object’s T = Temperature of the body
temperature and its t = time
surroundings, provided the k = proportionality constant
difference is small Ts = Temperature of the surrounding
 SIMPLE CHEMICAL CONVERSION
(GROWTH/DECAY)

“The rate at which the substance change is

proportional to the quantity of substance present at
any time.”

If x is the amount of unconverted substance, then

𝒅𝒙
= −𝒌𝒙
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒕
Where = 𝑟𝑎𝑡e of change of the population
𝑑𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
 FLOW PROBLEMS
BRINE SOLUTION)
𝒅𝑸
= 𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝒅𝒕
Where: 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑄
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑡
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = (𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)(𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛)
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)(𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡)
 ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥 = 0
A curve which intersects all curves of a given family at the same angles
is referred to as a trajectory; the intersection is at right angle.
𝑔 𝑥. 𝑦. 𝑘 = 0
Differential equation:
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0
For such an equation:
𝒅𝒚 𝑴
=−
𝒅𝒙 𝑵
So the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectory is
𝒅𝒚 𝑵
= 𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒅𝒙 − 𝑴𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝑴
 END!
Questions? -> jbdagdag@uc-bcf.edu.ph