There are a Method by which instrument indications may be automatically corrected for

temperature variations. Among others, the following;

a.) Bimetal-Strip Method

A Bimetal Strip, as the name implies, consists of two metals joined
together at their interface to form a single strip. While the other metal may be brass or
steel, both of which have high linear expansion coefficients. Thus, when the strip is
subjected to an increase of temperature the brass or steel will expand, and conversely
will contract when the strip is subjected to a decrease of temperature. The principal
effect which temperature changes have on this mechanism is expansion and
contraction of the capsule, thus tending to make the indicating element overread or
underread. For example, let us assume that the positions taken up by the mechanism
elements are those obtaining when measuring a known quantity at the normal
calibration temperature of 15"C, and that the temperature is gradually increased. The
effect of the increase in temperature on the capsule material is to make it more
flexible so that it will expand further to carry the ranging bar in the direction indicated
by the solid arrows .
In some instruments, for example exhaust-gas temperature indicators, indication
errors can be introduced due to the effects of environmental temperature on the values
of the electromotive force produced by a thermocouple system.
b.) Thermo-Resistance Method
For temperature measurements in aircraft, many of the instruments employed are
of the electrical moving-coil type, and as the coil material is usually either copper or
aluminium, changes of indicator temperature can cause changes in electrical
resistance of the material. But at this point we may note that, as they depend for their
operation on electric current, which is governed by resistance, the effects of
temperature can result in indication errors which necessitate compensation.
Assuming that the temperature of the indicator increases, the current flowing through
the indicator will be reduced because copper or aluminium will characteristically
increase in resistance; the indicator will therefore tend to underread. The thermistor
resistance will, on the other hand, decrease, so that for the same temperature change
the resistance changes will balance out to maintain a constant current and therefore a
constant indication of the quantity being measured.
c.) Thermo-Magnetic Shunt Method
As an alternative to the thermistor method of compensating for moving-coil
resistance changes, some temperature measuring instruments utilize a device known
as a thermo-magnetic shunt. As before, let us assume that the indicator temperature
increases. The moving-coil resistance will increase thus opposing the current flowing
through the coil, but, at the same time, the reluctance ('magnetic resistance') of the
alloy strip will also increase so that less flux is diverted from the airgap. Since the
deflecting Torque Exerted on a moving coil is proportional to the product of current
and flux, the increased airgap flux counterbalances the reduction in current to
maintain a constant torque and indicated reading.
In Pressurized Aircraft, the internal atmospheric pressure conditions are increased
to a value greater than that prevailing at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying.
Consequently, instruments using external atmospheric pressure as a datum, for
example altimeters, vertical speed indicators and airspeed indicators, are liable to
inaccuracies in their readings should air at cabin pressure enter their cases. The cases
are therefore sealed to withstand external pressures higher than those normally
encountered under pressurized conditions.
Direct-Reading pressure measuring instruments of the Bourdon Tube, or capsuIe
type, connected to a pressure source outside the pressure cabin, are also liable to
errors. Such errors are corrected by using sealed cases and venting them to outside
atmospheric pressure. Many of the Instruments in current use depend for their
operation on sensitive electrical circuits and mechanisms which must be protected
against the adverse effects of atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity. This
protection is afforded by filling the cases with an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium,
and then hermetically sealing the cases .

Oleh:
Ridho Adriyansyah
20201119014
Teknik Elektro 2019
Calibration System ( Task of Element Instrument )