WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION (ME-214)

LAB REPORT NO.7

Objective:-

To demonstrate and compare the measurement of temperature of various fluids using

different instruments.
Apparatus:-
 OGAWA SEIKI Test Equipment Model HEP-200-E
 Water-to-Air Heat Transfer Apparatus, model 05K 4567/05 3027
 Heat and Mass Transfer Experimental Apparatus, Model No: CT-336 VG of
OGAWA SEIKI CO

Introduction:-
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical
conductors forming an electrical junction. A thermocouple produces a temperature-
dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be interpreted
to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor.
Commercial thermocouples are inexpensive, interchangeable, are supplied with standard
connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. In contrast to most other methods
of temperature measurement, thermocouples are self-powered and require no external form of
excitation. The main limitation with thermocouples is precision; system errors of less than one
degree Celsius (°C) can be difficult to achieve.
Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry. Applications include temperature
measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and other industrial processes.
Thermocouples are also used in homes, offices and businesses as the temperature sensors in
thermostats, and also as flame sensors in safety devices for gas-powered appliances.

Theory:-

Thermocouple

The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the
temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor
comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. The
temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire
stimulates the voltages.
Figure 1: Thermocouple

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WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION (ME-214)

The amount of EMF generated in
sensitive devices must be utilized
common devices used to calculate
ordinary galvanometer. From these
mechanically
the thermocouple is very minute (millivolts), so very
for calculating the e.m.f produced in the circuit. The
the e.m.f are voltage balancing potentiometer and the
two, a balancing potentiometer is utilized physically or

Working Principle:-
See beck Effect

This type of effect occurs among two dissimilar metals. When the heat offers to any one of
the metal wire, then the flow of electrons supplies from hot metal wire to cold metal wire.
Therefore, direct current stimulates in the circuit.

Figure 2: thermocouple working principle (See beck Effect)

This effect states that as two disparate metals fix together & if they form two joints then the
voltage induces the total conductor’s length due to the gradient of temperature. This is a
physical word that demonstrates the change in rate and direction of temperature at an exact
position.

Thermometer
The indication of a simple liquid-filled thermometer depends simply on the difference in the
coefficient of volumetric expansion of the filling liquid relative to the envelope containing it.
The thermometers supplied are mercury in glass type. It can measure temperature from -10°C
to 110°C.The ranges and accuracies are given in the specification for optimum accuracy the
immersion depths specified should be adhered to. Although relatively low cost and simple
mercury in glass thermometers are capable of high orders of accuracy over the designed
temperature range. The thermometers supplied are general laboratory grade but are of
sufficient accuracy to provide a reference for calibration of the other temperature sensing
devices provided.

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 Figure 3: thermometer

Thermal Conductivity:

Thermal conductivity is an intrinsic property of a material that determines the rate of heat
flow through that material. A change in the temperature can affect the thermal conductivity of
that material, so that to be accurate one must specify thermal conductivity at a particular
temperature. For aluminum in the vicinity of room temperature, thermal conductivity tends to
increase with temperature because the greater thermal motion of the atoms in the material
mean that they communicate more readily with their neighbors.

Figure 4: Heat flow from high temp to low temp through metallic Material

Thermocouple Applications:-
 They are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices &
businesses.
 These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminium,
and metal.
 These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications.
Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
 These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants.
 These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.

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Procedure:-
a) Establish air flow by switching on the blower and ensure that everything including
temperature measurement instruments (thermocouple) are in proper working order.

b) Check power unit and see that all the indications are available on the panel and are within
the range of meters.

c) Let the flow of water and flow of air become stable before taking any readings and for
this purpose wait for few minutes.

d) When every reading becomes stable, start taking actual readings.

e) Vary the flow of water and the flow of air slowly and record the readings.

Observation and Calculation:-

Table 1 for Water

Flow Meter
Hot water Cold water
Reading
Ser #

W T1 T2 T(mean) t1 t2 t (mean)
(L/h) (C°) (C°) (C°) (C°) (C°) (C°)

1 100 33 33.7 33.35 15 15 15

2 150 34 35 34.5 16 16 16

3 180 34 35.5 34.75 16.5 16 16.25

4 200 35 36 35.5 17 17 17

5 220 36 36.7 36.35 17.5 17 17.25

Table -2 for Air

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 Flow Meter
Hot Air Cold Air
Reading
Ser #
W T1 T2 T(mean) t1 t2 t (mean)
(L/h) (C°) (C°) (C°) (C°) (C°) (C°)
1 100 21 21.8 21.4 12 12.6 12.3
2 150 22 21.8 21.9 13 12.9 12.95
3 180 22 23 22.5 13 14 13.5
4 200 23 25 24 14 15 14.5
5 220 23 25 24 15 16 15.5

Conclusion

Temperature measurement is essential for many of industrial works and experiment. Also we check behavior of
different chemicals and machine parts in two different mediums such as water and air. In this lab we check the
different temperatures in the water and air by using flow meter and we see that as we increased the flow ,
temperature is also increased in both of the cases i.e. water and air. In other words, the temperature is directly
proportional to the flow rate.

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