GARCIA HANNA CASANDRA L.

BSMLS-3-Y1-3

1. Differentiate among renal diseases of glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascular origin.
Glomerular Disorders Immunologic issues are the main cause of most glomerular diseases.
including the kidney, the entire body. Immune complexes, such as immunoglobulin A (IgA),
circulate in the bloodstream and are deposited on the glomerular membranes because of
immunologic responses and elevated serum immunoglobulin levels. Tubular Disorders Renal
tubule-related conditions include those in which When tubules are physically damaged or when
the complex activities of the tubules are impacted by a metabolic or genetic problem, tubular
function is interrupted. Interstitial Disorders Considering the proximity of the renal diseases
affecting the renal interstitial and tubules the tubules are also impacted by the interstitial, leading
to the illness referred to as tubulointerstitial sickness. In most cases, these illnesses are
accompanied by inflammation and infections.
2. Describe the processes by which immunologic damage is caused to the glomerular
basement membrane.
A kidney-harming medicine or an infection are both potential causes of glomerular disease. In
other instances, a whole-body illness like diabetes or lupus may be at blame. The glomerulus may
expand (inflame), become inflamed (inflammation), or become sclerotic (sclerosis).
3. Describe the characteristic clinical symptoms, etiology, and urinalysis findings in acute
post-streptococcal and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture syndrome,
Wegener granulomatosis, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
 Acute post-streptococcal
Etiology - Deposition of immune complexes, formed in conjunction with group A Streptococcus
infection, on the glomerular membranes
Clinical Course - Rapid onset of hematuria and edema, permanent renal damage seldom occurs
Urinalysis findings - Results are always abnormal. Hematuria and proteinuria are present in all
cases. Urine sediment has red blood cells, red blood cell casts, white blood cells, granular casts,
and, rarely, white blood cell casts
 Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Etiology - Deposition of immune complexes from systemic immune disorders on the
glomerular membrane
Clinical Course - Rapid onset with glomerular damage and possible progression to end-stage
renal failure
Urinalysis findings - Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is defined by the
identification of an active urinary sediment on urinalysis, including hematuria (especially with
dysmorphic red cells), red cell casts, and proteinuria (>500 mg/d) in the setting of a rising
blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine.
 Goodpasture syndrome
Etiology - Attachment of a cytotoxic antibody formed during viral respiratory infections to
glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
Clinical Course - Hemoptysis and dyspnea followed by hematuria
Urinalysis findings - are characteristic of acute glomerulonephritis, usually demonstrating low-
grade proteinuria, gross or microscopic hematuria, and red blood cell casts. On the complete
blood cell count, anemia may be observed secondary to iron deficiency caused by
intrapulmonary bleeding.
 Wegener granulomatosis
GARCIA HANNA CASANDRA L.
BSMLS-3-Y1-3

Etiology - Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibody binds to neutrophils in vascular walls

producing damage to small vessels in the lungs and glomerulus
Clinical Course - Pulmonary symptoms including hemoptysis develop first followed by renal
involvement and possible progression to end-stage renal failure
Urinalysis findings - Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is an uncommon disorder that causes
inflammation of the blood vessels in your nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, and kidneys. Formerly
called Wegener's granulomatosis, this condition is one of a group of blood vessel disorders
called vasculitis. It slows blood flow to some of your organs.
 Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Etiology - Occurs primarily in children following viral respiratory infections; a decrease in
platelets disrupts vascular integrity
Clinical Course - Initial appearance of purpura followed by blood in sputum and stools and
eventual renal involvement Complete recovery is common, but may progress to renal failure
Urinalysis findings - An abnormality of urinalysis was defined as 5 or more erythrocytes per
high power field in early morning urine sedimentation (hematuria), or early morning urine
protein 30 mg/dL or more (proteinuria). The day of the diagnosis of HSP was defined as the
day of admission to the affiliated hospitals.
4. Differentiate among causes of laboratory results associated with prerenal, renal, and
postrenal acute renal failure.
 Prerenal
 Decreased blood pressure/cardiac output
 Hemorrhage
 Burns
 Surgery
 Septicemia
 Renal
 Acute glomerulonephritis
 Acute tubular necrosis
 Acute pyelonephritis
 Acute interstitial nephritis
 Postrenal
 Renal calculi
 Tumors
5. Discuss the formation of renal calculi, composition of renal calculi, and patient
management techniques.
 Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, or urolithiasis) are hard deposits
made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some
medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes
of kidney stones.
 Calcium stones: Most kidney stones are composed of calcium and oxalate. Many people
who form calcium containing stones have too much calcium in their urine, a condition
known as hypercalciuria There are several reasons why hypercalciuria may occur. Some
people absorb too much calcium from their intestines.
GARCIA HANNA CASANDRA L.
BSMLS-3-Y1-3

 Administer opioid analgesics (IV or intramuscular) with IV NSAID as prescribed. Encourage

and assist patient to assume a position of comfort. Assist patient to ambulate to obtain
some pain relief. Monitor pain closely and report promptly increases in severity. Drinking
water. Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts (1.8 to 3.6 liters) a day will keep your urine dilute
and may prevent stones. Pain relievers. Passing a small stone can cause some discomfort.
Medical therapy. Your doctor may give you a medication to help pass your kidney stone.