Computers in the Past

_ Did you use to use a computer when you were younger?
dûd ju: ju:s të ju:z ë këm"pju:të wen ju: wër "jšÅgë

_ No. When I was young there didn't use to be any computers.
në| wen aû wëz jšÅ ðeë "dûdnt ju:s të bi: "eni këm"pju:tëz
I just used to play with a yo-yo ... um ...
aû džëst ju:st të pleû wûð ë jë| jë| šm
I haven't played with a yo-yo for years .. er ..
aû "hævÊnt pleûd wûð ë jë| jë| fé:r jûëz î:
Have you got a yo-yo?
hëv ju: gãt ë jë| jë|
_ No, just a computer.
në| džëst ë këm"pju:të
1
First practice the sound
To make the target sound , begin to make
the sound but very quickly move your

tongue to make the next sound.
Do not touch the roof of your mouth with
your tongue or you will make another sound
like
Listen and repeat.
Listen and repeat both sounds:

= ‘y'; ‘j’; ‘ea’; ‘u’; ‘ew’;
and
- - - I'm a voiced palatal approximant
is more like a vowel than a consonant.

You pronounce it by forming your mouth to say a I'm a voiced postalveolar affricate
Long sound, vibrate your vocal cords, then

quickly go on to pronounce the next vowel sound
in the word.
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread.

"jelë| "bštë "pî:pÊl "dželi red džæm blæk bred
Spread it thick, say it quick!
spred ût Øûk seû ût kwûk
Spread it thicker, say it quicker!
spred ût "Øûkë seû ût "kwûkë
Don't eat with your mouth full!

dë|nt i:t wûð jé: ma|Ø f|l
2
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
plosives , , , , ,
sounds are formed by closing off the air flow, with either the lips or tongue, and
then pushing/exploding a puff air out with the sound
fricatives , , , , , , ,
sounds are formed by narrowing the air channel, with either the lips, teeth or
tongue, and forcing air through it, causing a vibration.
nasals , ,
sounds are formed by closing the mouth and forcing the sound through the nose
liquids ,
sounds are formed by moving the tongue and slightly interrupting the air flow, but
not causing friction or a vibration.
glides , ,
sounds are formed by the air ‘gliding’ out of the mouth
voiced unvoiced nasal

lips
front of mouth
back of mouth
lips and teeth
teeth
roof of mouth
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

3
joke [ džë|k $ džo|k ] yolk [ jë|k $ jo|k, jelk ]
That's a wonderful joke. That's a wonderful yolk.

[ ðæts ë "wšndëfÊl džë|k ] [ ðæts ë "wšndëfÊl jë|k ]
juice [ džu:s ] use [ ju:s ]
There's no juice. There's no use.

[ ðeëz në| džu:s ] [ ðeëz në| ju:s ]
jam [ džæm ] yam [ jæm ]
Would you like jam? Would you like yam?

[ w|d ju: laûk džæm ] [ w|d ju: laûk jæm ]
Jess [ džes ] yes [ jes ]
Jess, I love you. Yes, I love you.

[ džes aû lšv ju: ] [ jes aû lšv ju: ]
jeers [ džûëz $ džûrz ] years [ jûëz, jî:z $ jûrz ]
He sang over the jeers. He sang over the years.

[ hi: sæÅ "ë|vë ðë džûëz ] [ hi: sæÅ "ë|vë ðë jûëz ]
Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow.

lî:n frëm "jestëdeû lûv fé: të"deû hë|p fé: të"mãrë|
The important thing is not to stop questioning.

ði ûm"pé:tÊnt ØûÅ ûz nãt të stãp "kwestÐÊnûÅ
Albert Einstein
4
Listen and repeat the words.
order
Word Word
[ džë|k [ jë|k
.............. $ džo|k ] .............. $ jo|k, jelk ]
[ džu:s ] [ ju:s ]
.............. ..............
[ džæm ] [ jæm ]
.............. ..............
[ džes ] [ jes ]
.............. ..............
[ džûëz [ jûëz, jî:z
.............. $ džûrz ] .............. $ jûrz ]
You will hear ive words from each minimal pair.
For each word, write 1 for (sound 1) or 2 for (sound 2).

EXAMPLE Pair 1: 2-1-2-1-1
…………… …………… …………… …………… ……………

[ jë|k ] [ džë|k ] [ jë|k ] [ džë|k ] [ džë|k ]
2-1-2-1-1
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[.......] [.......] [.......] [.......] [.......]
_____
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[.......] [.......] [.......] [.......] [.......]
_____
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[.......] [.......] [.......] [.......] [.......]
_____
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[.......] [.......] [.......] [.......] [.......]
_____
Glide Palatal Consonant

[j] / glaûd pë"leûtël "kãnsënënt /
5
…………… …………… …………… …………… ……………
[ jë|k ] [ džë|k ] [ jë|k ] [ džë|k ] [ džë|k ]
2-1-2-1-1
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[........] [........] [........] [........] [........]
1,1,2,1,2
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[........] [........] [........] [........] [........]
1,1,1,2,2
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[........] [........] [........] [........] [........]
2,2,1,2,1
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

[........] [........] [........] [........] [........]
2,1,2,1,2
Yally Bally had a jolly golliwog.

"jæli "bæli hæd ë "džãli "gãliwãg
Feeling folly, Yally Bally Bought his jolly golli' a dollie made of holly!
"fi:lûÅ "fãli "jæli "bæli bé:t hûz "džãli "gãli ë "dãli meûd ëv "hãli
The golli', feeling jolly, named the holly dollie, Polly.
ðë "gãli "fi:lûÅ "džãli neûmd ðë "hãli "dãli "pãli
So Yally Bally's jolly golli's holly dollie Polly's also jolly!
së| "jæli "bæliz "džãli "gãliz "hãli "dãli "pãliz "é:lsë| "džãli
Families are the tie that reminds us of yesterday,

"fæmÊliz ä: ðë taû ðæt rû"maûndz ës ëv "jestëdeû
provide strength and support today, and give us hope for tomorrow.
prë"vaûd streÅØ ënd së"pé:t të"deû ënd gûv ës hë|p fé: të"mãrë|
No government, no matter how well-intentioned, or well-managed,
në| "gšvÊmënt në| "mætë ha| wel ûn"tenÐÊnd é: wel "mænûdžd
can provide what our families provide.
kën prë"vaûd wãt a|ë "fæmÊliz prë"vaûd
Bill Owens
6
Listen to the minimal pair sentences.
Sentences Sentences
........................... ...........................
........................... ...........................
........................... ...........................
........................... ...........................
........................... ...........................
Yesterday is a cancelled check. Today is cash on the line.

"jestëdeû ûz ë "kænsÊld tÐek të"deû ûz kæÐ ãn ðë laûn
Tomorrow is a promissory note.

të"mãrë| ûz ë "prãmÂsëri në|t
Hank Stram
He sang over the jeers. years.

[ hi: sæÅ "ë|vë ðë džûëz jûëz ]
There's no juice. use.
[ ðeëz në| džu:s ju:s ]
That's a wonderful joke. yolk.
[ ðæts ë "wšndëfÊl džë|k jë|k ]
Would you like jam? yam?
[ w|d ju: laûk džæm jæm ]
Jess, Yes, I love you.
[ džes jes aû lšv ju: ]
7
your work here
.............................
[ hi: sæÅ "ë|vë ðë džûëz ]
.............................
[ ðeëz në| džu:s ]
.............................
[ ðæts ë "wšndëfÊl jë|k ]
.............................
[ w|d ju: laûk jæm ]
.............................
[ jes aû lšv ju: ]
There exists only the present instant...

ðeër ûg"zûsts "ë|nli ðë "prezÊnt "ûnstënt
a Now which always and without end is itself new.
ë na| wûtÐ "é:lweûz ënd wûð"a|t end ûz ût"self nju:
There is no yesterday nor any tomorrow,
ðeër ûz në| "jestëdeû né:r "eni të"mãrë|
but only Now, as it was a thousand years ago
bët "ë|nli na| æz ût wëz ë "Øa|zÊnd jûëz ë"gë|
and as it will be a thousand years hence.
ënd æz ût wûl bi: ë "Øa|zÊnd jûëz hens
Meister Eckhart
8
Listen to the minimal pair sentences again and underline the strongly
stressed words. Stressed syllables are LOUDer and s l o w er. Unstressed
syllables are quieter and quicker. This gives English its rhythm.
Would you like jam? oo00

[ w|d ju: laûk džæm ]
Sentences Sentences
That's a wonderful joke. That's a wonderful yolk.

_ _ ___ _
There's no juice. There's no use.

_ _ _
Would you like jam? Would you like yam?

_ _ _ _
Jess, I love you. Yes, I love you.

_ _ _ _
He sang over the jeers. He sang over the years.

_ _ __ _ _
If you begin to give people hope that there is a brighter future,

ûf ju: bû"gûn të gûv "pi:pÊl hë|p ðæt ðeër ûz ë "braûtë "fju:tÐë
there is a new tomorrow,
ðeër ûz ë nju: të"mãrë|
then the people who were yesterday's terrorists
ðen ðë "pi:pÊl hu: wî: "jestëdeûz "terërÂsts
become tomorrow's elected officials and they're part of the system.
bû"kšm të"mãrë|z û"lektûd ë"fûÐÊlz ënd ðeë pä:t ëv ðë "sûstÂm
John Shelby Spong
9
Tick the words a) or b) that you hear in the sentences
Words Words
1 a joke [ džë|k $ džo|k ] b yolk [ jë|k $ jo|k, jelk ]
2 a jam [ džæm ] b yam [ jæm ]
3 a Jess [ džes ] b yes [ jes ]
4 a jeers [ džûëz $ džûrz ] b years [ jûëz, jî:z $ jûrz ]
5 a juice [ džu:s ] b use [ ju:s ]
6 a jet [ džet ] b yet [ jet ]
That's a bad joke yolk

[ ðæts ë bæd džë|k jë|k ]
Let's eat jam yam

[ lets i:t džæm jæm ]
Jess, yes, let's go to the cinema.

[ džes jes lets gë| të ðë "sûnÂmë ]
These were terrible jeers years for him.

[ ði:z wë "terÂbÊl džûëz jûëz fé:r hûm ]
What juice use is that?

[ wãt džu:s ju:s ûz ðæt ]
He hasn't flown by jet yet

[ hi: "hæzÊnt flë|n baû džet jet ]
Everything must change and you do what you can with the changes that are made.
"evriØûÅ mšst tÐeûndž ënd ju: du: wãt ju: kæn wûð ðë "tÐeûndžûz ðæt ä: meûd
You can't stop it. You can't fight it.

ju: kä:nt stãp ût ju: kä:nt faût ût
Everybody tries to go back to yesterday, but you can't go back to yesterday.

"evribãdi traûz të gë| bæk të "jestëdeû bët ju: kä:nt gë| bæk të "jestëdeû
The only time there is, is now.

ði "ë|nli taûm ðeër ûz ûz na|
Marla Gibbs
10
sentences Sound CATCHed
..................................... .....
[ ðæts ë bæd jë|k ] [...]
..................................... .....
[ lets i:t džæm ] [...]
..................................... .....
[ džes lets gë| të ðë "sûnÂmë ] [...]
..................................... .....
[ ði:z wî: "terÂbÊl jûëz fé:r hûm ] [...]
..................................... .....
[ wãt džu:s ûz ðæt ] [...]
..................................... .....
[ hi: "hæzÊnt flë|n baû džet ] [...]
The dissemination of advanced implantable technology

ðë dû;semÂ"neûÐÊn ëv ëd"vä:nst ûm"plä:ntëbÊl tek"nãlëdži
will likely be just as ruthlessly democratic as the ailments
wûl "laûkli bi džëst ëz "ru:Ølësli ;demë"krætûk< ëz ði "eûlmënts
it is destined to treat.
ût ûz "destÂnd të tri:t
Meaning that, someday soon, we may have a new class of very smart,
"mi:nûÅ ðæt "sšmdeû su:n wi meû hæv ë nju: klä:s ëv "veri smä:t
very fast people - yesterday's disabled and elderly.
"veri fä:st "pi:pÊl "jestëdeûz dûs"eûbÊld ënd "eldëli
Daniel H. Wilson
The philosophies of one age have become the absurdities of the next,
ðë fÂ"lãsëfiz ëv wšn eûdž hëv bû"kšm ði ëb"sî:dëtiz ëv ðë nekst
and the foolishness of yesterday has become the wisdom of tomorrow.
ënd ðë "fu:lûÐnës ëv "jestëdeû hëz bû"kšm ðë "wûzdëm ëv të"mãrë|
William Osler
11
First practise the target sound in words from the dialogue.
Read the words aloud.
York years Young news few Hugh stew tunes huge

[ jé:k ] [ jûëz, jî:z [ jšÅ ] [ nju:z [ fju: ] [ hju: ] [ stju: [ tju:nz [ hju:dž ]
$ jûrz ] $ nu:z ] $ stu: ] $ tu:nz ]
yellow yesterday tutor student onion newspaper produces

[ "jelë| [ "jestëdi, -deû [ "tju:të [ "stju:dÊnt [ "šnjën ] [ "nju:s;peûpë [ prë"dju:sûz
$ -lo| ] $ -ër- ] $ "tu:tër ] $ "stu:- ] $ "nu:z;peûpër ] $ -"du:sûz ]
beautiful excuse me used to did you use to music knew

[ "bju:tÂfÊl ] [ ûk"skju:z mi: ] [ ju:st të ] [ dûd ju: ju:s të ] [ "mju:zûk ] [ nju: $ nu: ]
New tubes stupid university tuba Europe

[ nju: [ tju:bz [ "stju:pÂd [ ;ju:nÂ"vî:sÂti< [ "tju:bë $ "tu:bë ] [ "j|ërëp $ "j|r- ]
$ nu: ] $ tu:bz ] $ "stu:- ] $ -î:r- ]
Read the dialogue below and fill the gaps (1-8) with the correct words
from the box below. Then listen to the recording and check your answers.
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

music knew New tubes stupid university tuba Europe
[ "mju:zûk ] [ nju: [ nju: [ tju:bz [ "stju:pÂd [ ;ju:nÂ"vî:sÂti< [ "tju:bë [ "j|ërëp
$ nu: ] $ nu: ] $ tu:bz ] $ "stu:- ] $ -î:r- ] $ "tu:bë ] $ "j|r- ]
Tomorrow is the most important thing in life,

të"mãrë| ûz ðë më|st ûm"pé:tÊnt ØûÅ ûn laûf
comes into us at midnight very clean.
kšmz "ûnt| ës ët "mûdnaût "veri kli:n
It's perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands.
ûts "pî:fûkt wen ût ë"raûvz ënd ût p|ts ût"self ûn a|ë hændz
It hopes we've learned something from yesterday.
ût hë|ps wi:v lî:nt "sšmØûÅ frëm "jestëdeû
John Wayne
12
Excuse me. Did you use to live in York?
JOHN YEE
[ ûk"skju:z mi: dûd ju: ju:s të lûv ûn jé:k ]
JOE Yes.
YOUNG [ jes ]
Did you use to be a tutor at the 1 ........... ?

JOHN YEE
[ dûd ju: ju:s të bi: ë "tju:tër ët ðë 1 ........... ]
JOE Yes. For a few years
YOUNG [ jes fé:r ë fju: jûëz ]
Do you remember Hugh Yip? He was a 2 ........... student.

JOHN YEE
[ du: ju: rû"membë hju: jûp hi: wëz ë 2 ........... "stju:dÊnt ]
JOE Hugh Yip? Did he use to have a huge yellow jeep?
YOUNG [ hju: jûp dûd hi: ju:s të hæv ë hju:dž "jelë| dži:p ]
Yes. And he used to play beautiful tunes on the 3 ...........

JOHN YEE
[ jes ænd hi: ju:st të pleû "bju:tÂfÊl tju:nz ãn ðë 3 ........... ]
JOE
YOUNG Yes, I 4 ........... Hugh.
[ jes aû 4 ........... hju:
He used to be a very stupid student. Do you have any news of Hugh?
hi: ju:st të bi: ë "veri "stju:pÂd "stju:dÊnt du: ju: hæv "eni nju:z ëv hju: ]
Yes. He's a millionaire now in 5 ........... York.

JOHN YEE
[ jes hi:z ë ;mûljë"neë na| ûn 5 ........... "jé:k ]
JOE A millionaire? Playing the tuba?
YOUNG [ ë ;mûljë"neë "pleû-ûÅ ðë "tju:bë ]
Oh, no. He produces jam in 6........... , and tins of onion stew,

[ ë| në| hi: prë"dju:sûz džæm ûn 6........... ënd tûnz ëv "šnjën stju:
JOHN YEE and sells them in 7...........

ënd selz ðëm ûn 7...........
I read about Hugh in the newspaper yesterday.
aû red ë"ba|t hju: ûn ðë "nju:s;peûpë "jestëdeû ]
JOE Oh! Well, he wasn't so 8 ...........

YOUNG
[ ë| wel hi: "wãzÊnt së| 8 ........... ]
13
Practise reading the dialogue aloud.
Record your voice to compare your production of the target sound and the
intonation with the recording.
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

Not so stupid
[ nãt së| "stju:pÂd ]
JOHN YEE
Excuse me. Did you use to live in York?
[ ûk"skju:z mi: dûd ju: ju:s të lûv ûn jé:k ]
JOE Yes.
YOUNG [ jes ]
Did you use to be a tutor at the 1 ........... ?

JOHN YEE
[ dûd ju: ju:s të bi: ë "tju:tër ët ðë 1 ;ju:nÂ"vî:sÂti< ]
JOE Yes. For a few years

YOUNG [ jes fé:r ë fju: jûëz ]
Do you remember Hugh Yip? He was a 2 ........... student.

JOHN YEE
[ du: ju: rû"membë hju: jûp hi: wëz ë 2 "mju:zûk "stju:dÊnt ]
JOE Hugh Yip? Did he use to have a huge yellow jeep?

YOUNG [ hju: jûp dûd hi: ju:s të hæv ë hju:dž "jelë| dži:p ]
Yes. And he used to play beautiful tunes on the 3 ...........

JOHN YEE
[ jes ænd hi: ju:st të pleû "bju:tÂfÊl tju:nz ãn ðë 3 "tju:bë ]
JOE
YOUNG Yes, I 4 ........... Hugh.
[ jes aû 4 nju: hju:
He used to be a very stupid student. Do you have any news of Hugh?

hi: ju:st të bi: ë "veri "stju:pÂd "stju:dÊnt du: ju: hæv "eni nju:z ëv hju: ]
Yes. He's a millionaire now in 5 ........... York.

JOHN YEE
[ jes hi:z ë ;mûljë"neë na| ûn 5 nju: "jé:k ]
14
JOE A millionaire? Playing the tuba?
YOUNG [ ë ;mûljë"neë "pleû-ûÅ ðë "tju:bë ]
Oh, no. He produces jam in 6........... , and tins of onion stew,

[ ë| në| hi: prë"dju:sûz džæm ûn 6 tju:bz ënd tûnz ëv "šnjën stju:
JOHN YEE and sells them in 7...........

ënd selz ðëm ûn 7 "j|ërëp
I read about Hugh in the newspaper yesterday.

aû red ë"ba|t hju: ûn ðë "nju:s;peûpë "jestëdeû ]
JOE Oh! Well, he wasn't so 8 ...........

YOUNG
[ ë| wel hi: "wãzÊnt së| 8 "stju:pÂd ]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
Notice that the speaker can choose to make any word the most important
one for the meaning of a sentence, and to make that word more strongly
stressed than the other words. The meaning of the sentence changes
slightly. Listen to one of the questions from the dialogue said with
five different meanings because each time a different word is given this
stronger stress.
Suggests the meaning:
Did you use to live in York? (There are different opinions about this. What's the truth?)
[ dûd ju: ju:s të lûv ûn jé:k ]
Did you use to live in York? (I did. Or somebody else did What about you?)
Did you use to live in York? (But not now.)

Did you use to live in York? (But maybe you worked somewhere else.)
Did you use to live in York? (Not some other city.)

15
Now listen to another sentence said with five different meanings.
Match each sentence (1-5) with the correct suggested meaning (a-e).
He had a yellow jeep. (But not any more. Not now.)

[ hi: hæd ë "jelë| dži:p ]
He had a yellow jeep. (But nobody else did.)

He had a yellow jeep. (Not a car or any other kind of vehicle.)

He had a yellow jeep. (Just one. Not several of them.)
He had a yellow jeep. (Not a red one or any other colour.)

[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
The sound is used in rapid spoken English to link other sounds.

The sound links words ending in or ,
e.g. , , , , , , , ,
when the next word, begins with a vowel.
Listen to the examples then listen to six short interactions where this
linking happens.
Mark where you could hear linking in 1-6 below.
I agree. He is here. The way out.

EXAMPLES
[ aû ë"gri: ] [ hi: ûz hûë ] [ ðë weû a|t ]
16
Let's play a card game.
[ lets pleû ë kä:d geûm ]
OK, I'll deal.
[ ;ë| "keû aûl di:l ]
That boy is very rude.

[ ðæt béû ûz "veri ru:d ]
Yes, he ought to be more polite.
[ jes hi: "é:t tu: bi: mé: pë"laût ]
Are those printouts of my emails?

[ ä:r ðë|z "prûnta|ts ëv maû "i: meûlz ]
Yes, they are.
[ jes ðeû ä:r ]
He always feels sad when he's alone.

[ hi: "é:lweûz fi:lz sæd wen hi:z ë"lë|n ]
I understand. I often do too.
[ aû ;šndë"stænd aû "ãfÊn du: tu: ]
Say it again, please.

[ seû ût ë"gen pli:z ]
I said today is my eightieth birthday.
[ aû sed të"deû ûz maû "eûtiëØ "bî:Ødeû ]
They all had a good cry at the funeral.

[ ðeû é:l hæd ë g|d kraû ët ðë "fju:nÊrël ]
There wasn't a dry eye in the church.
[ ðeë "wãzÊnt ë draû aû ûn ðë tÐî:tÐ ]
17
I agree. He is here. The way out.
EXAMPLES
[ aû ë"gri: ] [ hi: ûz hûë ] [ ðë weû a|t ]
Let's play a card game.

A [ lets pleû ë kä:d geûm ]
OK, I'll deal.
B [ ;ë| "keû aûl di:l ]
That boy is very rude.

A [ ðæt béû ûz "veri ru:d ]
Yes, he ought to be more polite.
B [ jes hi: "é:t tu: bi: mé: pë"laût ]
Are those printouts of my emails?

A [ ä:r ðë|z "prûnta|ts ëv maû "i: meûlz ]
Yes, they are.
B [ jes ðeû ä:r ]
He always feels sad when he's alone.

A [ hi: "é:lweûz fi:lz sæd wen hi:z ë"lë|n ]
I understand. I often do too.
B [ aû ;šndë"stænd aû "ãfÊn du: tu: ]
Say it again, please.

A [ seû ût ë"gen pli:z ]
I said today is my eightieth birthday.
B [ aû sed të"deû ûz maû "eûtiëØ "bî:Ødeû ]
They all had a good cry at the funeral.

A [ ðeû é:l hæd ë g|d kraû ët ðë "fju:nÊrël ]
There wasn't a dry eye in the church.
B [ ðeë "wãzÊnt ë draû aû ûn ðë tÐî:tÐ ]
We can easily manage if we will only take, each day,

wi kën "i:zÂli "mænûdž ûf wi wûl "ë|nli teûk i:tÐ deû
the burden appointed to it.
ðë "bî:dn ë"péûntûd t| ût
But the load will be too heavy for us
bët ðë lë|d wûl bi tu: "hevi fé:r ës
if we carry yesterday's burden over again today,
ûf wi "kæri "jestëdeûz "bî:dn "ë|vër ë"geûn të"deû
and then add the burden of the morrow
ænd ðen æd ðë "bî:dn ëv ðë "mãrë|
before we are required to bear it.
bû"fé: wi ä: rû"kwaûëd të beër ût
John Newton
18
Read these answers and answer (True) or (False) or (Don't know).
When you were three you used to dress yourself.

[ wen ju: wî: Øri: ju: ju:st të dres jé:"self ]
When you were six months old you used to feed yourself.
[ wen ju: wî: sûks mšnØs ë|ld ju: ju:st të fi:d jé:"self ]
When you were a baby you used to be beautiful.

[ wen ju: wî:r ë "beûbi ju: ju:st të bi: "bju:tÂfÊl ]
When you were first at school you used to be stupid.

[ wen ju: wî:r fî:st ët sku:l ju: ju:st të bi: "stju:pÂd ]
When you were younger you used to really like music.

[ wen ju: wî: "jšÅgë ju: ju:st të "rûëli laûk "mju:zûk ]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

When you were three you used to dress yourself.
[ wen ju: wî: Øri: ju: ju:st të dres jé:"self ]
[ wen ju: wî: Øri: dûd ju: ju:s të dres jé:"self ]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

When you were six months old you used to feed yourself.
[ wen ju: wî: sûks mšnØs ë|ld ju: ju:st të fi:d jé:"self ]
[ wen ju: wî: sûks mšnØs ë|ld dûd ju: ju:s të fi:d jé:"self ]
19
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
When you were a baby you used to be beautiful.
[ wen ju: wî:r ë "beûbi ju: ju:st të bi: "bju:tÂfÊl ]
[ wen ju: wî: ë "beûbi dûd ju: ju:s të bi: "bju:tÂfÊl ]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

When you were first at school you used to be stupid.
[ wen ju: wî:r fî:st ët sku:l ju: ju:st të bi: "stju:pÂd ]
[ wen ju: wî: fî:st ët sku:l dûd ju: ju:s të bi: "stju:pÂd ]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

When you were younger you used to really like music.
[ wen ju: wî: "jšÅgë ju: ju:st të "rûëli laûk "mju:zûk ]
[ wen ju: wî: "jšÅgë dûd ju: ju:s të laûk "mju:zûk ]
Choose one of the statements, or make up a similar one,

and ask somebody about it.
When you were (ten) years old, did you use to like (cycling)?
EXAMPLE
[ wen ju: wë ten jûëz ë|ld dûd ju: ju:s të laûk "saûklûÅ ]
20
The sound is written with the letters 'y' (yes) or 'u' (student).
Other spelling 'ew' (new).
yes [ jes ] yuan [ j|"ä:n ]

yea [ jeû ] yucca [ "jškë ]
yeast [ ji:st ] yuk [ jšk ]
Stuart [ stj|ët, "stju:ët $ "stu:ët, "stju:-, st|rt ] nutritious [ nju:"trûÐës $ nu:- ]

Stucley [ "stju:kli $ "stu:-, "stju:- ] dualism [ "dju:ëlûzÊm $ "du:- ]
nutrigenomics [ ;nju:trûdži:"në|mûks $ ;nu:trûdži:"nä:- ] student [ "stju:dÊnt $ "stu:- ]
new [ nju: $ nu: ] few [ fju: ]
viewfinder [ "vju:;faûndë $ -ër ] hew [ hju: ]

dewfall [ "dju:fé:l $ "du:fã:l ] mew [ mju: ]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
21
white unicorn The princess rode a unicorn.
[.................] [.................................]
United States of America Their family lives in the United States.
[.................] [.................................]
used shoes She used her ballet shoes a lot.
[.................] [.................................]
orange yam We ate a yam with dinner.
[.................] [.................................]
big yard I work in my yard a lot.
[.................] [.................................]
yard sale today We are having a yard sale tomorrow.
[.................] [.................................]
yarn basket I have many different colors of yarn.
[.................] [.................................]
big yawn Driving my car makes me yawn.
[.................] [.................................]
new year It is almost the end of the school year.
[.................] [.................................]
angry yell We didn't know he could yell that loud.
[.................] [.................................]
yellow crayon She colored the sun yellow.
[.................] [.................................]
yes please He said "Yes!" after being chosen for the job.
[.................] [.................................]
quiet yoga Yoga helps me to calm down.
[.................] [.................................]
bowl of yogurt Can I have a bowl of strawberry yogurt?
[.................] [.................................]
egg yolk Please cook the egg yolk.
[.................] [.................................]
22
beautiful you I see you in the mirror.
[.................] [.................................]
green yo-yo Let me show you a trick with my yo-yo.
[.................] [.................................]
smells yummy She thinks her food smells yummy.
[.................] [.................................]
23
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
dangerous coyote A coyote can be dangerous.
[.................] [.................................]
Hawaiian girl That girl is Hawaiian.
[.................] [.................................]
wild hyena The hyena is looking for food.
[.................] [.................................]
dirty junkyard They took our car to the junkyard.
[.................] [.................................]
red kayak He liked to kayak on the river.
[.................] [.................................]
good lawyer The lawyer has a lot of books.
[.................] [.................................]
loyal dog Dog's are loyal friends.
[.................] [.................................]
new lumberyard Pick up our wood at the lumberyard.
[.................] [.................................]
Happy New Year Have a Happy New Year.
[.................] [.................................]
New Year's Eve Day They are going to have a New Year's Eve party.
[.................] [.................................]
New York City Have you been to New York?
[.................] [.................................]
fresh papaya He cut the papaya in half.
[.................] [.................................]
happy reunion They took family pictures at the reunion.
[.................] [.................................]
glad to reunite She was so glad to reunite with her son.
[.................] [.................................]
tasty teriyaki I made teriyaki chicken for dinner.
[.................] [.................................]
24
gain thirty yards They gained thirty yards on the play.
[.................] [.................................]
flour tortilla Will you use a corn or flour tortilla?
[.................] [.................................]
green yo-yo Let me show you a trick with my yo-yo.
[.................] [.................................]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

Yally Bally had a jolly golliwog.
[ "jæli "bæli hæd ë "džãli "gãliwãg ]
Feeling folly, Yally Bally Bought his jolly golli' a dollie made of holly!
[ "fi:lûÅ "fãli "jæli "bæli bé:t hûz "džãli "gãli ë "dãli meûd ëv "hãli ]
The golli', feeling jolly, named the holly dollie, Polly.

[ ðë "gãli "fi:lûÅ "džãli neûmd ðë "hãli "dãli "pãli ]
So Yally Bally's jolly golli's holly dollie Polly's also jolly!

[ së| "jæli "bæliz "džãli "gãliz "hãli "dãli "pãliz "é:lsë| "džãli ]
The idol of today pushes the hero of yesterday out of our recollection;
ði "aûdl ëv të"deû "p|Ðûz ðë "hûërë| ëv "jestëdeû a|t ëv a|ë ;rekë"lekÐÊn
and will, in turn, be supplanted by his successor of tomorrow.

ënd wûl ûn tî:n bi: së"plä:ntûd baû hûz sëk"sesër ëv të"mãrë|
Washington Irving
25
yecch [ jšk ] yikes [ jaûks ]
yellowhammer [ "jelë|;hæmë $ -lo|;hæmër ] Yankee [ "jæÅki ]
Yuletide [ "ju:ltaûd ] yuppify [ "jšpÂfaû ]
Yiddish [ "jûdûÐ ] yeoman [ "jë|mën $ "jo|- ]
yippee [ jû"pi: $ "jûpi ] yoo-hoo [ ju: "hu: ]
yodel [ "jë|dl $ "jo|dl ] yeomanry [ "jë|mënri $ "jo|- ]
yoga [ "jë|gë $ "jo|gë ] youthful [ "ju:ØfÊl ]
yesteryear [ "jestëjûë, -jî: $ "jestërjûr ] yahoo [ jä:"hu: jë-, "jä:hu: ]
jaeger [ "jeûgër, "džeû- $ gër ] Jost [ jë|st $ jo|st ]

Jahveh [ "jä:veû, jä:"veû, "džä:veû, "jä:vë $ "jä:veû ] Jaspers [ "jæpëz $ "jä:pëz ]
Jaguar [ "džæguër $ "džægwä:r, "-juä:r ] Jena [ "jeûnë $ -nä: ]
jus tertii [ "j|s"tî:titi: $ ;džšs"terti:, ;ju:s- ] Jespersen [ "jespësën ]
[ "džænë, "džeûnë ]
Jana as if Czech or Polish Joachim [ "jë|ëkûm $ "jo|- ]
[ "jä:në $ "džænë ]
Janácek [ "jænëtÐek, -"ä:- $ "jä:në- ] jod [ jãf $ jä:d ]
Johannes, [ jë|"hænûs $ jo|"hä:nûs ] Jungian [ "j|Åniën ]
personal name
Jarlshof [ "jä:lzhãf $ "jä:rlzhä:f ] Jugoslav [ "ju:gë|slä:v ]

Jantzen [ "jæntsën, "džænt- $ "džænt- ] Jungfrau [ "j|Åfra| ]
[ jë|"hænûs;bî:gër, -ûz-, -ës-, -ëz-
Johannisburger $ džo|"hænûs;bî:gër, jo|"hä:nûs- ] Jah [ džä:, jä: ]
suit [ su:t, sju:t $ su:t ] pursuit [ pë"sju:t $ për"su:t ]

suitable [ "su:tëbÊl, "sju:- $ "su:- ] suitability [ ;su:të"bûlÂti, ;sju:- $ ;su:- ]
suitor [ "su:të, "sju:- $ "su:tër ] nuisance [ "nju:sÊns $ "nu:- ]
But
tuition [ tju"ûÐÊn $ tu- ]

suicide [ "su:Âsaûd, "sju:- $ "su:- ]
26
,
Erechtheus [ û"rekØju:s, er"ek-, - Øiës ] furious [ "fj|ëriës $ "fj|r- ]

studio [ "stju:dië| $ "stu:dio| ] mutilate [ "mju:tÂleût ]
Januarius [ ;džænju"eëriës $ "džænt-] mutually [ "mju:tÐuëli ]
curiosity [ ;kj|ëri"ãsÂti $ ;kj|ri"ä:s- ] purebred [ "pj|ëbred $ "pj|r- ]
humourless [ "hju:mëlës $ "hju:mër-, "ju:- ] during [ "dj|ërûÅ $ "d|r- ]
immunodeficiency [ ;ûmjÁnë|dû"fûÐÊnsi, û;mju:në|- $ -no|- ] cucumber [ "kju:kšmbë $ -ër ]
tubular [ "tju:bjÁlë $ "tu:bjÁlër ] endure [ ûn"dj|ë $ ûn"d|r ]
communicative [ kë"mju:nÂkëtûv $ -keûtûv ] museum [ mju:"ziëm $ mj|- ]
humanitarian [ hju:;mænÂ"teëriën $ -"ter- ] bugle [ "bju:gÊl ]
curaçao [ 'kj|ërësë| $ "kj|rëso| ] dubious [ "dju:biës $ "du:- ]
curfew [ "kî:fju: $ "kî:r- ] phew [ fju: ]

hewed also hewn [ hju:n ] mews [ mju:z ]
pew [ pju: ] pew [ pju: ]
yew [ ju: ] newbuild [ "nju:bûld $ "nu:- ]
beauty [ "bju:ti ]
year [ jûë, jî: $ jûr ]
beautiful [ "bju:tÂfÊl ]
I admire people who re-create themselves.

aû ëd"maûë "pi:pÊl hu: ri: kri"eût ðëm"selvz
And it seems to me that what gives us all the opportunity
ænd ût si:mz të mi ðæt wãt gûvz ës é:l ði ;ãpë"tju:nÂti
to be heroic in our own lives is that we work to heal ourselves
të bi hû"rë|ûk ûn a|ër ë|n laûvz ûz ðæt wi wî:k të hi:l a|ë"selvz
and be better than we were yesterday.
ënd bi "betë ðën wi wî: "jestëdeû
Robert Crais
27
“All travel has its advantages.
"trævÊl ëd"vä:ntûdž
If the passenger visits better countries,

"pæsûndžë
he may learn to improve his own.
And if fortune carries him to worse, he may learn to enjoy it.”

"fé:tÐÊn ûn"džéû
– Samuel Johnson
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

“All the pathos and irony of leaving one’s youth behind is thus
"peûØãs "aûërëni ju:Ø ðšs
implicit in every joyous moment of travel:

ûm"plûsÂt "džéûës
one knows that the first joy can never be recovered,

"nevë
and the wise traveler learns not to repeat successes

sëk"ses
but tries new places all the time.”
– Paul Fussell
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

28
“We live in a wonderful world
"wšndëfÊl
that is full of beauty, charm and adventure.

"bju:ti tÐä:m ëd"ventÐë
There is no end to the adventures we can have

ëd"ventÐëz
if only we seek them with our eyes open.”
– Jawaharial Nehru
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
“Once you have traveled, the voyage never ends,

"véû-ûdž
but is played out over and over again in the quiestest chambers.
"tÐeûmbëz
The mind can never break off from the journey.”

"džî:ni
– Pat Conroy
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
“When you travel, remember that
a foreign country is not designed to make you comfortable.

"fãrÂn "kšntri dû"zaûn "kšmftëbÊl,
It is designed to make its own people comfortable.”

dû"zaûn "kšmftëbÊl,
– Clifton Fadiman
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
29
“The whole object of travel is not to set foot on foreign land;
"ãbdžûkt "fãrÂn
it is at last to set foot on one’s own country as a foreign land.”

lä:st "kšntri "fãrÂn
– G. K. Chesterton
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
“I soon realized that no journey carries one far unless,

"rûëlaûz "džî:ni šn"les
as it extends into the world around us,

ûk"stend ë"ra|nd
it goes an equal distance into the world within.”

"i:kwël
– Lillian Smith
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
“I have found out that there ain’t no surer way to find out
ðë ðë eûnt "Ðé:rë ðë
whether you like people or hate them than

"weðë ju: "pi:pÊl é: ðë ðë
travel with them.”

ðë
– Mark Twain
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
30
“If you reject the food, ignore the customs,
ju: rû"džekt ðë fu:d ûg"né: ðë "kšstëmz
fear the religion and avoid the people,

fûë ðë rû"lûdžÊn ðë ë"véûd ðë "pi:pÊl
you might better stay at home.”

ju: ðë maût "betë steû ðë hë|m
– James Michener
 ......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
Every day is a new opportunity.

"evri deû ûz ë nju: ;ãpë"tju:nÂti
You can build on yesterday's success
ju: kën bûld ãn "jestëdeûz sëk"ses
or put its failures behind and start over again.
é: p|t ûts "feûljëz bû"haûnd ënd stä:t "ë|vër ë"geûn
That's the way life is, with a new game every day,
ðæts ðë weû laûf ûz wûð ë nju: geûm "evri deû
and that's the way baseball is.
ënd ðæts ðë weû "beûsbé:l ûz
Bob Feller
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

We will learn why her lowly lone,
[............................................]
worn yarn loom will rarely earn immoral money.

[............................................]
31
Yesterday, the mayor played billiards in the yard.
[....................................................................]
The millionaire tied his yacht to your yacht.

[....................................................................]
Don’t yell in the yellow canyon.

[....................................................................]
The junior sailor couldn’t use a kayak yet.

[....................................................................]
The lawyer yawned as he paid the bill.

[....................................................................]
It was unusual yoghurt.

[....................................................................]
Many young children have yoyos.

[....................................................................]
This year they will eat egg yolks.

[....................................................................]
He was tired from fighting the fire as it became higher yesterday.

[....................................................................]
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

If the only new thing we have to offer is
ûf ði "ë|nli nju: ØûÅ wi: hæv t| "ãfër ûz
an improved version of the past,

ën ûm"pru:vd "vî:ÐÊn ëv ðë pä:st
then today can only be inferior to yesterday.

ðen të"deû kën "ë|nli bi: ûn"fûërië të "jestëdeû
Hypnotized by images of the past,

"hûpnëtaûzd baû "ûmûdžûz ëv ðë pä:st
we risk losing all capacity for creative change.

wi: rûsk "lu:zûÅ é:l kë"pæsÂti fé: kri"eûtûv tÐeûndž
Robert Hewison
32
A young man learns what's most important in life from the guy next door.
It had been some time since Jack had seen the old man.
College, girls, career, and life itself got in the way.
In fact, Jack moved clear across the country in pursuit of his dreams.
There, in the rush of his busy life,
Jack had little time to think about the past
and often no time to spend with his wife and son.
He was working on his future, and nothing could stop him.
Over the phone, his mother told him,
"Mr. Belser died last night. The funeral is Wednesday."
Memories flashed through his mind like an old newsreel

"nju:zri:l
as he sat quietly remembering his childhood days.
"Jack, did you hear me?"
"Oh, sorry, Mom. Yes, I heard you.
It's been so long since I thought of him.
I'm sorry, but I honestly thought he died years ago," Jack said.
33
"Well, he didn't forget you.
Every time I saw him he'd ask how you were doing.
He'd reminisce about the many days you spent over
'his side of the fence' as he put it,"
Mom told him.
"I loved that old house he lived in," Jack said.
"You know, Jack, after your father died,
Mr. Belser stepped into make sure
you had a man's influence in your life," she said.
"He's the one who taught me carpentry," he said.

"kä:pÂntri
"I wouldn't be in this business if it weren't for him.
He spent a lot of time teaching me things he thought were important...
Mom, I'll be there for the funeral," Jack said.
As busy as he was, he kept his word.
Jack caught the next flight to his hometown.
Mr. Belser's funeral was small and uneventful.

;šnû"ventfÊl<
He had no children of his own,
and most of his relatives had passed away.
34
The night before he had to return home,
Jack and his Mom stopped by to see
the old house next door one more time.
Standing in the doorway, Jack paused for a moment.
It was like crossing over into another dimension,
a leap through space and time.
The house was exactly as he remembered.
Every step held memories.
Every picture, every piece of furniture....Jack stopped suddenly.
"What's wrong, Jack?" his Mom asked.
"The box is gone," he said.
"What box?" Mom asked.
"There was a small gold box that he kept locked on top of his desk.
I must have asked him a thousand times what was inside.
All he'd ever tell me was 'the thing I value most,'" Jack said.
It was gone.
Everything about the house was exactly how Jack remembered it,
except for the box.
35
He figured someone from the Belser family had taken it.
"Now I'll never know what was so valuable to him," Jack said.
"I better get some sleep. I have an early flight home, mom."
It had been about two weeks since Mr. Belser died.
Returning home from work one day Jack discovered a note in his mailbox.
Signature required on a package.
No one at home.
Please stop by the main post office within the next three days,"
the note read.
Early the next day Jack retrieved the package.
The small box was old and looked like
it had been mailed a hundred years ago.
The handwriting was difficult to read,
but the return address caught his attention.
"Mr. Harold Belser" it read.
Jack took the box out to his car and ripped open the package.
There inside was the gold box and an envelope.
36
Jack's hands shook as he read the note inside.
"Upon my death, please forward this box
and its contents to Jack Bennett.
It's the thing I valued most in my life."
A small key was taped to the letter.
His heart racing, as tears filling his eyes,
Jack carefully unlocked the box.
There inside he found a beautiful gold pocket watch.
Running his fingers slowly over the finely etched casing,
he unlatched the cover. Inside he found these words engraved:
"Jack Thanks for your time! Harold Belser."
"The thing he valued most...was...my time."
Jack held the watch for a few minutes,
then called his office
and cleared his appointments for the next two days.
"Why?" Janet, his assistant asked.
"I need some time to spend with my son," he said.
"Oh, by the way, Janet...thanks for your time!"
37
A young man learns what's most important in life
[....................................................................]
from the guy next door.

[....................................................................]
It had been some time since Jack had seen the old man.
[....................................................................]
College, girls, career, and life itself got in the way.

[....................................................................]
In fact, Jack moved clear across the country in pursuit of his dreams.
[....................................................................]
There, in the rush of his busy life,

[....................................................................]
Jack had little time to think about the past

[....................................................................]
and often no time to spend with his wife and son.

[....................................................................]
He was working on his future, and nothing could stop him.

[....................................................................]
Over the phone, his mother told him,

[....................................................................]
"Mr. Belser died last night. The funeral is Wednesday."

[....................................................................]
Memories flashed through his mind like an old newsreel

[....................................................................]
as he sat quietly remembering his childhood days.

[....................................................................]
"Jack, did you hear me?"

[....................................................................]
38
"Oh, sorry, Mom. Yes, I heard you.
[....................................................................]
It's been so long since I thought of him.

[....................................................................]
I'm sorry, but I honestly thought he died years ago," Jack said.
[....................................................................]
"Well, he didn't forget you.

[....................................................................]
Every time I saw him he'd ask how you were doing.
[....................................................................]
He'd reminisce about the many days you spent over

[....................................................................]
'his side of the fence' as he put it," Mom told him.

[....................................................................]
"I loved that old house he lived in," Jack said.

[....................................................................]
"You know, Jack, after your father died,

[....................................................................]
Mr. Belser stepped into make sure

[....................................................................]
you had a man's influence in your life," she said.

[....................................................................]
"He's the one who taught me carpentry," he said.

[....................................................................]
"I wouldn't be in this business if it weren't for him.

[....................................................................]
He spent a lot of time teaching me things he thought were important...

[....................................................................]
39
Mom, I'll be there for the funeral," Jack said.
[....................................................................]
As busy as he was, he kept his word.

[....................................................................]
Jack caught the next flight to his hometown.

[....................................................................]
Mr. Belser's funeral was small and uneventful.

[....................................................................]
He had no children of his own,

[....................................................................]
and most of his relatives had passed away.

[....................................................................]
The night before he had to return home, Jack and his Mom stopped by
[....................................................................]
to see the old house next door one more time.

[....................................................................]
Standing in the doorway, Jack paused for a moment.

[....................................................................]
It was like crossing over into another dimension,

[....................................................................]
a leap through space and time.

[....................................................................]
The house was exactly as he remembered.

[....................................................................]
Every step held memories.

[....................................................................]
Every picture, every piece of furniture....Jack stopped suddenly.

[....................................................................]
40
"What's wrong, Jack?" his Mom asked. "The box is gone," he said.
[....................................................................]
"What box?" Mom asked.

[....................................................................]
"There was a small gold box that he kept locked on top of his desk.
[....................................................................]
I must have asked him a thousand times what was inside.

[....................................................................]
All he'd ever tell me was 'the thing I value most,'" Jack said.
[....................................................................]
It was gone. Everything about the house was exactly

[....................................................................]
how Jack remembered it, except for the box.

[....................................................................]
He figured someone from the Belser family had taken it.

[....................................................................]
"Now I'll never know what was so valuable to him," Jack said.
[....................................................................]
"I better get some sleep. I have an early flight home, mom."
[....................................................................]
It had been about two weeks since Mr. Belser died.

[....................................................................]
Returning home from work one day

[....................................................................]
Jack discovered a note in his mailbox.

[....................................................................]
41
Signature required on a package.
[....................................................................]
No one at home.
[....................................................................]
Please stop by the main post office within the next three days,"
[....................................................................]
the note read. Early the next day Jack retrieved the package.
[....................................................................]
The small box was old and looked like

[....................................................................]
it had been mailed a hundred years ago.

[....................................................................]
The handwriting was difficult to read,

[....................................................................]
but the return address caught his attention.

[....................................................................]
"Mr. Harold Belser" it read.

[....................................................................]
Jack took the box out to his car and ripped open the package.
[....................................................................]
There inside was the gold box and an envelope.

[....................................................................]
Jack's hands shook as he read the note inside.

[....................................................................]
"Upon my death, please forward this box and its contents

[....................................................................]
to Jack Bennett. It's the thing I valued most in my life."

[....................................................................]
42
A small key was taped to the letter.
[....................................................................]
His heart racing, as tears filling his eyes,

[....................................................................]
Jack carefully unlocked the box.

[....................................................................]
There inside he found a beautiful gold pocket watch.

[....................................................................]
Running his fingers slowly over the finely etched casing,

[....................................................................]
he unlatched the cover. Inside he found these words engraved:

[....................................................................]
"Jack Thanks for your time! Harold Belser."

[....................................................................]
"The thing he valued most...was...my time."

[....................................................................]
Jack held the watch for a few minutes, then called his office
[....................................................................]
and cleared his appointments for the next two days.

[....................................................................]
"Why?" Janet, his assistant asked.

[....................................................................]
"I need some time to spend with my son," he said.

[....................................................................]
"Oh, by the way, Janet...thanks for your time!"

[....................................................................]
43
[ "jë| jë| prë| ]
Yesterday when Sawyer was with his dad looking at used cars for sale,
"jestëdeû
he saw one of the salesmen playing with a yo-yo.

"jë| jë|
The man was performing a lot of unique tricks
while Sawyer watched in amazement.

ë"meûzmënt
He wanted to learn how to use the yo-yo like that.

"jë| jë|
He asked the salesman how long he had used a yo-yo.

"jë| jë|
The man told him he had practiced since he was eight years old.
"My first yo-yo was yellow," he recalled.

"jë| jë|
"I bought it at a yard sale with money I made selling homemade yogurt.
jä:d "jãgët
I had to save up for a few weeks."
The man went on to tell Sawyer how he grew up in Europe
and didn't have much money as a child.
His father worked for a utility company.

ju:"tûlÂti
He and his younger brother sold yogurt and anything else they could
to help make money for their family.
"After I bought my yo-yo and got really good,

"jë| jë|
I started to charge people for lessons.
44
One night my dad yelled at me because he thought
it was unusual and a waste of time.
When I showed him how much money I made,
he apologized and happily said,

ë"pãlëdžaûzd
'You better keep doing that'," the salesman said.
"Can you teach me how to use the yo-yo?" asked Sawyer,

"jë| jë|
"I think your yo-yo tricks are awesome."

"jë| jë| "é:sÊm
"Yes, I would be happy to show you
how to become a young yo-yo master," the man said,

"jë| jë|
"If you really want to perform for others,
I'll teach you how to use the yo-yo while riding around on a unicycle."
"jë| jë| "ju:ni;saûkÊl
"Wow! Really?" said Sawyer, "That would be great. When can we start?"
[j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j]
45
Yesterday when Sawyer was with his dad looking at used cars for sale,
[....................................................................]
he saw one of the salesmen playing with a yo-yo.

[....................................................................]
The man was performing a lot of unique tricks

[....................................................................]
while Sawyer watched in amazement.

[....................................................................]
He wanted to learn how to use the yo-yo like that.

[....................................................................]
He asked the salesman how long he had used a yo-yo.

[....................................................................]
The man told him he had practiced since he was eight years old.
[....................................................................]
"My first yo-yo was yellow," he recalled.

[....................................................................]
"I bought it at a yard sale with money I made selling homemade yogurt.
[....................................................................]
I had to save up for a few weeks."

[....................................................................]
The man went on to tell Sawyer how he grew up in Europe

[....................................................................]
and didn't have much money as a child.

[....................................................................]
His father worked for a utility company.

[....................................................................]
46
He and his younger brother sold yogurt and anything else they could
[....................................................................]
to help make money for their family.

[....................................................................]
"After I bought my yo-yo and got really good,

[....................................................................]
I started to charge people for lessons.

[....................................................................]
One night my dad yelled at me because he thought

[....................................................................]
it was unusual and a waste of time.

[....................................................................]
When I showed him how much money I made,

[....................................................................]
he apologized and happily said,

[....................................................................]
'You better keep doing that'," the salesman said.

[....................................................................]
"Can you teach me how to use the yo-yo?" asked Sawyer,

[....................................................................]
"I think your yo-yo tricks are awesome."

[....................................................................]
"Yes, I would be happy to show you

[....................................................................]
how to become a young yo-yo master," the man said,

[....................................................................]
47
"If you really want to perform for others,
[....................................................................]
I'll teach you how to use the yo-yo

[....................................................................]
while riding around on a unicycle."

[....................................................................]
"Wow! Really?" said Sawyer, "That would be great. When can we start?"
[....................................................................]
The early pioneers of both wellness and network marketing

ði "î:li ;paûë"nûëz ëv bë|Ø "welnÂs ënd "netwî:k "mä:kÂtûÅ
were motivated by the sense that it was possible

wî: "më|tÂveûtÂd baû ðë sens ðæt ût wëz "pãsÂbÊl
to create a better life than the conventional routes offered –

të kri"eût ë "betë laûf ðÊn ðë kën"venÐÊnël ru:ts "ãfëd
better personal health and better economic health, respectively.

"betë "pî:sÊnël helØ ënd "betër ;ekë"nãmûk< helØ rû"spektûvli
Now the 'alternatives' of yesterday have become

na| ði é:l"tî:nëtûvz ëv "jestëdeû hëv bû"kšm
the economic powerhouses of today and tomorrow.

ði ;ekë"nãmûk< "pa|ëha|zûz ëv të"deû ënd të"mãrë|
Paul Zane Pilzer
48
A Letter To My Yesterday Self
ë "letë të maû "jestëdeû self
Sometimes we all need a little push of inspiration

[....................................................................]
This letter is a reminder we are here yet again,

[....................................................................]
even though you thought the stresses and burdens of today
[....................................................................]
were going to end it all.
[....................................................................]
I will say, starting the homework a little earlier would not hurt,
[....................................................................]
but nonetheless, we made it.
[....................................................................]
This is what I can give you assurance of:

[....................................................................]
another sunrise, another night sky and another dinner spent
[....................................................................]
thinking about the dessert you will end up eating after.
[....................................................................]
You’ll get another smile from the guy who doesn’t know
[....................................................................]
how you really feel about him and a glare from the girl
[....................................................................]
who knows exactly how you feel about her.
[....................................................................]
49
You will get the positivity from your mom on a short phone call
[....................................................................]
that’s long overdue.
[....................................................................]
You will get the negativity from all those pessimists
[....................................................................]
who can’t see the brighter side of the sun you bask in.
[....................................................................]
You will get it all,
[....................................................................]
and these are truly the best gifts the future can give you.
[....................................................................]
Breathe it in. Embrace it. Live in it fully.

[....................................................................]
Take every opportunity you get to make yourself better.
[....................................................................]
Stop putting it off until tomorrow because, to my yesterday self,

[....................................................................]
there are new adventures that await us every day
[....................................................................]
and there is no time to accomplish the tasks that
[....................................................................]
should have been long taken care of.
[....................................................................]
Do not ruin the opportunities of tomorrow by wasting today.

[....................................................................]
50
I want to let you know that today, these 1,440 minutes,
[....................................................................]
although seemingly difficult, is not the end all because,
[....................................................................]
believe it or not, the things that happened to you today
[....................................................................]
are forming a stronger you for tomorrow.
[....................................................................]
You will wake up feeling victorious of yet another 24 hours
[....................................................................]
because the problems you thought you could not conquer
[....................................................................]
are now in the past.
[....................................................................]
Remember, the past does not create the future, it just predicts it,
[....................................................................]
meaning that it can change whenever you want it to.
[....................................................................]
The situation may have felt unbearable,

[....................................................................]
and you may have exaggeratedly mentioned how you will die
[....................................................................]
if you do not finish that business assignment,
[....................................................................]
but (not surprisingly) you survived.
[....................................................................]
51
Don’t underestimate yourself for even one minute.
[....................................................................]
You are only as strong and powerful as you make yourself out to be.
[....................................................................]
The uncertainty of the future is what makes it so beautiful.
[....................................................................]
Do not worry, but rather trust that
[....................................................................]
you've built yourself to make the right choices
[....................................................................]
and that you've built yourself
[....................................................................]
strong enough to make it on your own.
[....................................................................]
Best wishes,
[....................................................................]
Me
[....................................................................]
52
yesterday once more
"jestëdeû wšns mé:
When I was young I'd listen to the radio
wen aû wëz jšÅ aûd "lûsÊn të ðë "reûdië|
Waitin' for my favorite songs

"weûtûÅ fé: maû "feûvÊrÂt sãÅz
When they played I'd sing along It made me smile.

wen ðeû pleûd aûd sûÅ ë"lãÅ ût meûd mi: smaûl
Those were such happy times And not so long ago

ðë|z wî: sštÐ "hæpi taûmz ænd nãt së| lãÅ ë"gë|
How I wondered where they'd gone

ha| aû "wšndëd weë ðeûd gãn
But they're back again Just like a long lost friend

bšt ðeë bæk ë"gen džšst laûk ë lãÅ lãst frend
All the songs I loved so well.

é:l ðë sãÅz aû lšvd së| wel
Every Sha-la-la-la Every Wo-o-wo-o Still shines

"evri Ðä: lä: lä: lä: lä: "evri wu: ë wu: ë wu: stûl Ðaûnz
Every shing-a-ling-a-ling
"evri "ÐûÅ ë "lûÅ ë "lûÅ
That they're startin' to sing's So fine.

ðæt ðeë "stä:tûÅ të sûÅz së| faûn
53
When they get to the part
wen ðeû get të ðë pä:t
Where he's breakin' her heart

weë hi:z "breûkûÅ hî: hä:t
It can really make me cry

ût kën "rûëli meûk mi: kraû
Just like before

džšst laûk bû"fé:
It's yesterday once more

ûts "jestëdeû wšns mé:
Lookin' back on how it was In years gone by

"l|kûÅ bæk ãn ha| ût wëz ûn jûëz gãn baû
And the good times that I had

ænd ðë g|d taûmz ðæt aû hæd
Makes today seem rather sad

meûks të"deû si:m "rä:ðë sæd
So much has changed

së| mštÐ hëz tÐeûndžd
54
It was songs of love that
ût wëz sãÅz ëv lšv ðæt
I would sing to then

aû w|d sûÅ të ðen
And I'd memorize each word

ænd aûd "memëraûz i:tÐ wî:d
Those old melodies

ðë|z ë|ld "melëdiz
Still sound so good to me

stûl sa|nd së| g|d të mi:
As they melt the years away

æz ðeû melt ðë jûëz ë"weû


55
All my best memories
é:l maû best "memÊriz
Come back clearly to me Some can even make me cry

kšm bæk "klûëli të mi: sšm kën "i:vÊn meûk mi: kraû
Just like before

džšst laûk bû"fé:
It's yesterday once more

ûts "jestëdeû wšns mé:


56

Computers in the Past

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Computers in the Past

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_ Did you use to use a computer when you were younger?

dûd ju: ju:s të ju:z ë këm"pju:të wen ju: wër "jšÅgë

To make the target sound , begin to make

the sound but very quickly move your

Listen and repeat both sounds:

- - - I'm a voiced palatal approximant

is more like a vowel than a consonant.

Long sound, vibrate your vocal cords, then

Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread.

Don't eat with your mouth full!

voiced unvoiced nasal

[j] [j] [j] [j] [j]

That's a wonderful joke. That's a wonderful yolk.

juice [ džu:s ] use [ ju:s ]

There's no juice. There's no use.

jam [ džæm ] yam [ jæm ]

Would you like jam? Would you like yam?

Jess [ džes ] yes [ jes ]

Jess, I love you. Yes, I love you.

jeers [ džûëz $ džûrz ] years [ jûëz, jî:z $ jûrz ]

He sang over the jeers. He sang over the years.

Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow.

The important thing is not to stop questioning.

You will hear ive words from each minimal pair.

For each word, write 1 for (sound 1) or 2 for (sound 2).

…………… …………… …………… …………… ……………

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

Glide Palatal Consonant

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

Yally Bally had a jolly golliwog.

Families are the tie that reminds us of yesterday,

Yesterday is a cancelled check. Today is cash on the line.

Tomorrow is a promissory note.

He sang over the jeers. years.

There exists only the present instant...

Would you like jam? oo00

That's a wonderful joke. That's a wonderful yolk.

There's no juice. There's no use.

Would you like jam? Would you like yam?

Jess, I love you. Yes, I love you.

He sang over the jeers. He sang over the years.

If you begin to give people hope that there is a brighter future,

John Shelby Spong

That's a bad joke yolk

Let's eat jam yam

Jess, yes, let's go to the cinema.

These were terrible jeers years for him.

What juice use is that?

He hasn't flown by jet yet

You can't stop it. You can't fight it.

Everybody tries to go back to yesterday, but you can't go back to yesterday.

The only time there is, is now.

The dissemination of advanced implantable technology

York years Young news few Hugh stew tunes huge

yellow yesterday tutor student onion newspaper produces

beautiful excuse me used to did you use to music knew

New tubes stupid university tuba Europe