What is research?

- Process of examining facts and information to improve the accuracy or truthfulness of

your claims or research topic.
- It follows a step-by-step investigation process that uses a standardized approach in
answering questions or solving problems (Polit and Beck, 2004)
- the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish
facts and reach new conclusions.
- Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing
knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies
and understandings.

What is Inquiry?
- A learning process that encourages you to learn about people, things, places, or events.
It is necessary for you to collect data, meaning, facts, and information, as well as
carefully examine your data
- is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a
problem and involves a process of exploring the natural or material world, and that leads
to asking questions, making discoveries, and testing those discoveries in the search for
new understanding.

Inquisitive Thinking
- It is the desire to know things even if they are not immediately or clearly useful. It is
being curious and eager to learn new things and learn explanations for things, even if
the applications of that new learning are not immediately apparent.
Paraphrased
This enables you to move from one level of understanding to another.

John Dewey’s
- John Dewey was an educational philosopher, reformer, and psychologist whose ideas
still influence education today.
- Theory of Connected Experiences for exploratory or reflective thinking
Dewey defined education as a "continual reorganization, reconstruction, and
transformation of experience," because he believed that it is only through experience
that man learns about the world, and only through the application of his experience that
man can maintain and improve himself in the world.
Dewey believed in the continuity of experience, or the link between learning and future
decisions and behavior. He also believed that effective educational experiences required
interaction between the student and their environment.

Lev Vygotsky’s
- Was a soviet psychologist, known for his work on psychological development in
children. According to Lev Vygotsky, a Soviet psychologist, interaction is essential for
learning to take place and human cognitive development is influenced by the culture in
which individuals are immersed, teaching what and how to think. Vygotsky pointed out
 that children learn better when they are helped by adults; but for this instruction to be
effective, it must be limited to a certain span which he called “Zone of Proximal
Development” (ZPD).
- The Zone of Proximal Development is defined as the space between what a learner can
do on his or her own and what a learner can do with the guidance of an adult or in
collaboration with more experienced peers. The zone of proximal development is the
distance between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported, and what they can do
supported.
- The "zone" is the gap between what a child knows and what they do not yet know.
Acquiring the missing information requires skills that a child does not yet possess or
cannot do independently, but which they can do with the help of a more knowledgeable
other.

Jerome Brunner’s
- Theory on Learners’ Varied World Perceptions for their own interpretative thinking on
people and things around them
- According to Bruner's constructivist theory, when confronted with new material, it is
useful to proceed from enactive to iconic(learning through images) to symbolic
representation; this remains true even for adult learners.
- Bruner thought that the best way to come up with a coding system was to figure it out on
your own, rather than having the teacher tell you how to do it. The idea of "discovery
learning" says that students build their own knowledge for themselves.
- Bruner's study also shows that a learner, even at a very early age, is capable of
acquiring any subject as long as the teaching is properly arranged, which contradicts
Piaget and other stage theorists' assumptions.

Top-level thinking Strategies:

- Interpreting - It is the process of giving meaning to the gathered data and determining
the findings' conclusions, significance, and implications. It refers to the process of
examining data and drawing pertinent conclusions using a variety of analytical
techniques.
- Analyzing - To analyze is to dissect a subject or concept into its constituent parts in order
to inspect and comprehend them, as well as to restructure those constituent parts in a
way that makes sense to you.
- Synthesizing- Synthesis is the process of condensing and connecting various sources
in order to review the literature on a topic, make recommendations, and link your
practice to the research. It's the process of combining support from multiple sources for
a single idea/argument while also determining how the sources are related to one
another and to your main idea.
- Criticizing- Criticism is the process of detecting flaws in anything. Critical thinking is
about making decisions, which can entail identifying flaws and errors, but it focuses more
on questioning and examination. Criticism is frequently directed towards a specific
 individual. The focus of critical thinking should always be on the argument (or produced
work, or concept).
- Appreciating - to grasp the nature, worth, quality, or significance of appreciate the
difference between right and wrong
- Creating -

Research and Inquiry

Both involve questioning something in order to learn more about it.
Research differs from inquiry in that it focuses not only on raising questions about the
topic, but also on carrying out a specific order of research stages.
- In short, an inquiry is a question-answering procedure that varies by discipline. In
contrast, research is the systematic investigation of materials and sources to establish
facts and new conclusions.

What is plagiarism

- Claiming authorship of another person's work or creation.

- Plagiarism is defined as the use of an entire published work or a component of one,
including words, sentences, and ideas, without attribution to the author.
- In the case of plagiarism, you present someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or
without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without providing them with full
credit for their contributions.

Characteristics of Research?

- Accuracy-it should give accurate data which the notes, footnotes, and bibliographical
entries should honestly and appropriately document and acknowledge. accuracy refers
to the degree to which the measured value or findings accurately reflect the true or
original values.
- Objectivity-it should deal with facts, not opinions, arising from assumptions,
predictions, presumptions, generalizations, or conclusions.
The idea of objectivity says that there is a truth or reality outside of any investigation or
observation. It's the researcher's job in this model to find out this truth without tampering
with it in any way.The essence of objectivity is to make a given research free from
researcher's biases.
- Timeliness-it must work with new, fresh and interesting to society. It should be
significant and related to modern society.
- Relevance-the topic must be instrumental in improving society or solving problems of
People. Relevance indicates that your research has the potential to make a significant
contribution.
- Clarity-it must succeed in expressing its central point by using simple, direct, concise,
and correct language. Clarity is the most important quality to look for in any topic for
research. The topic should be clear enough so that others can easily understand the
 nature of your research without further explanation. Therefore, the research topic should
have a single interpretation in order to prevent people from becoming distracted.
- Systematic-must be organized and orderly. Being systematic is searching, selecting and
managing the best available evidence for research, according to a defined, planned and
consistent method
- Feasible - In the context of research, feasibility refers to the degree to which those
responsible for implementing a study or intervention can do so practically within an
identified authentic setting. A feasibility study is a straightforward examination of the
practicality of a proposed project plan or method.
- Empirical- There should be supporting pieces of evidence and accompanying details for
every variable used in the study.

Purpose of Research?

- To learn how to work independently

- To learn how to work scientifically or systematically
- To have an in-depth knowledge of something
- To elevate you mental abilities through higher order thinking skills: inferring,
evaluating,synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating
- To improve reading and writing skills
- To be familiar with the basic tools of various techniques of gathering data and of
presenting research findings
- To free yourself from the domination of strong influence of a lone viewpoint or spoon
feeding
- The purpose of research is to improve society through the advancement of scientific
theories, concepts, and ideas. The primary goals of research are to inform action, to
elicit evidence for theories, and to contribute to the development of knowledge in a
particular field of study.

Types of the Research base on Application

Pure Research - if it deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things
Applied Research- if it deals with societal problems or issues and finding solutions
Pure research identifies new ideas, theories, principals and new ways of thinking.
Applied research is based on the theories, principals discovered through pure research.
Pure research focuses on understanding basic properties and processes. Applied research
focuses on the use of information to create useful materials.

Types of Research based on Purpose

Descriptive - defines or gives a verbal portrayal of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc
- Descriptive research is a type of research that is used to describe the traits of a group of
people. Using this tool, you can find out what, when, and how many people in a certain
group or population do.
Correlational - There are two variables that influence your research. This shows how they are
connected or how they interact. It does not mean that there is a causal relationship, it only
shows that there is a relationship. Correlation reflects the strength and / or direction of the
relationship between two (or more) variables. The direction of correlation can be either positive
or negative.
Explanatory-explains not only the relationship between two factors but also the ways by which
the factors exist. Explanatory research is a type of research that tries to figure out why
something happens when there isn't a lot of information. It can help you learn more about a
certain subject, figure out why a certain thing is happening, and predict what will happen in the
future.
Exploratory - As a result, exploratory research is best suited as the first step in your overall
study plan. It is most typically used for further outlining corporate concerns, possible
development opportunities, alternate courses of action, and prioritizing topics requiring statistical
investigation.Exploratory research is a type of research that is used to find out more about a
problem that isn't clear. It's done to get a better idea of what's going on.
Action research-studies an on-going practice of a school or institution for the purpose of
obtaining results that may bring improvements in the system.
It is a distinctive type of applied research as well as a reflective process of ongoing issue
resolution. Because of the engagement of the actual practitioner in real life, it is also known as
"practitioner research." Action means that the practitioner is active in data gathering, analysis,
and result interpretation. He or she is also active in putting the study findings into action, so he
or she is well situated to assess the efficacy of the initiatives.

Types of Research base on the data needed

Qualitative- It looks into people's thoughts, feelings, beliefs, views, and lifestyles. Qualitative
research is about collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand ideas, opinions, and other things that people say, think, or do. It can be used to get
more in-depth information about a problem or come up with new ideas for new research
projects. It focuses on getting to know and understand how one person sees and thinks about
things. There are ways to get information in this type of study, like through interviews and
participatory observation.
- defined as the "naturalistic research method of investigation that addresses the problem
of human complexity by directly exploring it."
- This form of research uses naturalistic investigation techniques as the thesis focuses on
the interpretation of the individual's experiences. From the viewpoint of the subject
himself, this form of study seeks to illustrate the human experience with its complex,
holistic, and individualistic aspects.
Quantitative-
- Quantitative research collects and analyses numerical data. Finding patterns and
averages, making predictions, testing causality, and generalizing results to larger
populations. It is widely used in biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology,
and marketing.
- It uses decimals, fractions, percentages, ordinal numbers, and whole numbers, etc.

Quanti and Quali

 - Quali can offer the best light or answers to certain phenomena. It offers several avenues
to understand behavior, phenomena and human condition
- Subjectivity can happen in Quali. Time-consuming, tedious, resource-draining

Types of Research Data

Primary Data – obtained through direct contact with persons, objects, surroundings, etc. They
are new and original information resulting from your sensory experience.
- Primary data is a type of information that is gathered by researchers directly from
primary sources, such as interviews, surveys, experiments, and other methods. It is
typically collected from the location where the data was originally collected.
Secondary Data- It is data that has been written down and documented and is available for
reading, viewing, and listening purposes. They are not brand new and undocumented; in other
words, they may have been documented in the past.
- In research, secondary data refers to information that has already been gathered
through primary sources and has been made readily available for researchers to use in
their own investigations.

Approaches to Research
SCIENTIFIC OR POSITIVE APPROACH
- you can discover information in an impersonal manner. It allows control of variables.
- data gathering techniques for this include:interviews, questionnaires, and observation
checklists
- a method for studying society that makes use of scientific evidence such as experiments,
statistics, in order to uncover the truth about how society works.
- Quantitative research
NATURALISTIC APPROACH
- uses words to express data. Enables you to be directly involved with the data and speak
of how people behave in their surroundings.
- Naturalistic observation is a qualitative research method where you record the behaviors
of your research subjects in real world settings.
- non-numeric data express truths on how people perceive or understand the world- data
is uncontrolled or unstructured inmanner
- Qualitative research
TRIANGULATION APPROACH
- combination of Scientific and Naturalistic Approaches
- both approaches are used in collecting data and results are based on both perspectives
- Triangulation is a term that refers to the process of utilizing multiple methods or data
sources in qualitative research in order to gain a holistic understanding of phenomena.

Uses of Qualitative Research

Locus - takes place in a natural setting: a home, an office, an institution or a community where
human behavior and events occur. It is when they have control over the situations and
experiences that affect their lives.
Focus- participants’ perceptions and experiences and the way they make sense of their lives
- A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked
about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service,
concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging.
Method: interactive and humanistic:participants active participation and researchers' sensitivity
to the participants’ need
Data Collection: Observations, structured or semi-structured interviews, documents, etc.
Results: emergent-produces new discoveries
Theory or general pattern of understanding will emerge: from initial codes to developing
broad themes and coalesces into a grounded theory or broad interpretation

*THE RESEARCHER IS THE PRIMARY INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION. S/he views

the phenomena holistically
- When collecting qualitative interview data, the main instrument for data collection is the
researcher. The researcher observes, takes notes, talks to people, conducts interviews
etc. All of these are skills that need to be learned.

Type of Qualitative Research

Case Study
- usually takes place in the fields of social care, nursing, medicine, psychology, social
work, education
- A case study is also said to be an in-depth, systematic investigation of a single person,
group, community, or other unit in which the researcher looks at a lot of data about a lot
of different things. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and
business research.
- Seeks to find answers to why a thing happens to the subject

Ethnography
- It is the examination of a specific cultural group in order to gain a thorough
understanding of its organizational structure, internal operation, and lifestyle. It is a
research method central to knowing the world from the standpoint of its social relations.
- Involves a “gatekeeper” who belongs to the group being studied
- Ethnography is a qualitative data collection technique that is frequently used in social
and behavioral sciences. Observations and interviews are used to collect data, which is
then used to draw conclusions about how societies and individuals function.
- The researcher lives with the group for a long period of time

Why is there a need to have a gatekeeper in Ethnography

- They are the key people who let researchers in, give permission, or grant access
regarding information

Phenomenology
 - A Philosophical discipline focusing on a phenomenon-something that known through the
senses
- Phenomenology assists us in comprehending the significance of people's lived
experiences. A phenomenological study investigates how people felt and focuses on
their perception of a phenomenon.
- This approach emphasizes the particulars and establishes the identity of a phenomenon
as perceived by an individual in a given situation.
- Refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful (meanings attached
to experiences)
-
Content and Discourse Analysis
- requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of a mode of
communication ((letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online
messages, emails, AVPs, etc)
- A study of language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the
effects of sociological, cultural, and ideological factors on the content
-
Historical Analysis
- It is the examination of primary documents in order to comprehend the relationship
between past events and the present.
- It is mostly used to describe evidence in documents, but it can also be used to describe
all kinds of artifacts.
- Involves interviews of people who have had first hand experiences or knowledge or
events of the past
-
Grounded Theory
- takes place when you discover a new theory that underlies the study at the time of data
collection and analysis
- Fundamentally, grounded theory is a methodological approach that has been applied
extensively to qualitative research conducted by social scientists. The methodology
entails the development of hypotheses and theories through the collection and analysis
of information. The application of inductive reasoning is required for grounded theory to
work.
- data gathering techniques: interview, observation, and documentary analysis

Methods of Qualitative Research

Participant Observation - researcher’s immersion in the participant’s natural setting
Observation-systematic noting or recording of events, behaviors, and artifacts
Interview-conversations with pre-determined response categories
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION-7-10 or 6-8 people where the researcher acts as moderator and
asks focused questions in a non-threatening way to encourage discussion and expression of
varied opinions and points of view
Content Analysis-examinations of written documents
Films, Videos, Photographs-the scrutiny of visual records of events (videos or photographs) to
discover patterns or themes
*Qualres does not use hypothesis

Background of the study

This section discusses why this particular research topic is significant and necessary for
comprehending the study's major points. It gives the context of the research.
The background study for a thesis includes an examination of the area under investigation,
current information about the subject, previous research on the subject, and pertinent history on
the subject. Ideally, the study should effectively convey the history and context of your thesis
issue.

What is included in the Background of the study

OVERVIEW OF YOUR STUDY
8-10 paragraphs
Includes literature review 5-7 ACADEMIC TEXTS
include the in-text citations (last name, year)
WHAT TO WRITE?
-Definitions
-Statistics
-Problems
-Best Practices
-Government policies, laws, etc.
-other pertinent information relevant to your topic

*The background of your study discusses in depth about the topic, whereas the
introduction only gives an overview.

Research Question- Qualitative

Statement of the Problem - Quantitative

Respondent-Quanti
Participant- Quali

Research Question - a specific inquiry which the research seeks to provide a response to. It
resides at the core of systematic investigation and it helps you to clearly define a path for the
research process.
Statement of the Problem - is a simple, clear, and unambiguous set of questions specific to the
problems to be investigated in the research paper. It can be stated in declarative or interrogative
form. Usually, it consists of a series of statements/questions with one general
statement/question. The rest are the specific statements/questions.
Literature Review
- A piece of academic writing that demonstrates knowledge and comprehension of the
academic literature on a particular subject.
- Before embarking on a new investigation, ensures familiarity with and comprehension of
current research in a particular field. Conducting a literature review should enable you to
ascertain what research has been conducted and to ascertain what is unknown about
your subject.
- It is a collection of previously conducted studies in order to create a study bank.
- LIT REV should enable you to ascertain what research has already been conducted and
to ascertain what remains unknown about your subject.
- Before embarking on a new investigation, LIT REV establishes familiarity with and
understanding of current research in a particular field.
-
-
Two main objectives:
- the content covering existing research, theories and evidence
- your own critical evaluation and discussion of this content
Types:
Advanced Literature Review - It combines a basic review with original research. An advanced
review is defined as "a review that uses the work of the basic review to formulate and argue a
question for original research"

Systematic Review - It is a specialized type of review that is common in the health sciences.
The Cochrane Library states that "a systematic review attempts to identify, appraise and
synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets pre-specificed eligibility criteria to answer a
given research question."

Qualitative is to subjective and quantitative is to ___

- answer: objective.
-
What is DOI
- DOI (digital object identifier) is an identification code for a journal article or other
published works. online articles (journals), books, and other works. Because DOIs
facilitate the retrieval of works, citation styles such as APA and MLA Style recommend
including them in citations.
-

In-text Citation
- The author-date method must be followed in the in-text citation
- The author's last name and the year of publication of the source should appear in the
text, for example, (Pacelli, 2008)
-
Reference-List Citation
- A complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
- All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the
paper.
- Author/s, year, title, journal, publisher,link/DOI
.

Who is Lev Vygotsky and what did he contribute in inquiry based learning
-
Was a soviet psychologist, known for his work on psychological development in children.
According to Lev Vygotsky, a Soviet psychologist, interaction is essential for learning to take
place and human cognitive development is influenced by the culture in which individuals are
immersed, teaching what and how to think. Vygotsky pointed out that children learn better when
they are helped by adults; but for this instruction to be effective, it must be limited to a certain
span which he called “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD).
The "zone" is the gap between what a child knows and what they do not yet know.Acquiring the
missing information requires skills that a child does not yet possess or cannot do independently,
but which they can do with the help of a more knowledgeable other.

MOST TRUSTWORTHY ONLINE SOURCES

= .gov & .edu domain extensions

What is the good way to evaluate

trustworthy online sources ?
=Look at the domain extension.

What is paraphrasing?
Incorporating ideas or information from an original source while rephrasing the ideas in one's
own words is known as paraphrase. You must completely rewrite a passage without altering the
meaning of the original text in order for a source to be considered paraphrased.

What is the importance of local studies used in literature review?

= The goal of a literature review is to get a better understanding of the existing research and
discussions on a certain topic or field of study, and to provide that information in the form of a
written report. Conducting a literature review aids in the development of your field expertise.