MATERNAL REVIEWER

Menstruation – knowns as “MENSES” “MENSTRUAL PERIOD” “CYCLE OR PERIOD” Which partly blood and
partly tissue from the inside of uterus.

THE PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

• Menstrual phase- Menstruation is commonly known as a period. When you menstruate, your uterus lining sheds
and flows out of your vagina. Releasing of one egg (ovulation) every month from the ovaries.
4 steps: Preparing the egg, Releasing egg, Preparing the endometrium, Shedding Endometrium if egg is not fertilized.

• Follicular phase- The follicular phase starts on the first day of your period and lasts for 13 to 14 days, ending in
ovulation. The pituitary gland in the brain releases a hormone to stimulate the production of follicles on the
surface of an ovary.
• Ovulation phase - Ovulation is a phase in the menstrual cycle when your ovary releases an egg (ovum). Once
an egg leaves your ovary, it travels down your fallopian tube where it waits to be fertilized by sperm. On average,
it happens on day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle.
• Luteal Phase- After ovulation, cells in the ovary (the corpus luteum), release progesterone and a small amount of
estrogen. This causes the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not
occur, the corpus luteum dies, progesterone levels drop, the uterus lining sheds and the period begins
again.

Layers of the uterus

• Endometrium – muscle layer for menses

• Myometrium- power of labor
• Perimetrium- protects the entire uterus
Three parts of uterus

• Fundus- upper cylindrical layer

• Corpus/ body- upper triangular layer
• Cervix- lower cylindrical layer
• Isthmus- Lower uterine segment during pregnancy
Ovulation- release of eggs from ovary
Estrogen – is the entire class of related hormones that includes

• Estriol- made from placenta, main estrogen during pregnancy.

• Estradiol- the most common type in women of childbearing age
• Estrone – only estrogen your body makes after menopause
Cervical Mucus Method (CMM)

Corpus hemorrhagicum- during ovulation, blood vessels rupted which cause bleeding and the follicle looks like red
mass
Corpus luteum – the granulosa cell and theca internal cell enlarge. Accumulate yellow pigment (lutein)
Corpus albicans – after the regression of corpus luteum the mass now replaced by white.
Gravida- a pregnant women.
Para- numbers of pregnancy that has result in birth
Nulligravida- a woman who has never been pregnant
Nullipara- A woman who has not given birth to a viable child.
Primigravida- women pregnant for the first time
Pregnancy- state of developing a embryo or fetus within the female body.

PERIOD IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

 • Ovular period or germinal period – this last for first 2 weeks following ovulation.
• Embryonic period- begins at 3rd week, extends up to 10 weeks of gestation.
• Fetal period – begins after 8th week following concepts and ends in delivery.
Zygote- The combined sperm and egg is called a zygote.
Morula – stage of post fertilization development where a fertilized egg transitions to a mass compound of around 10-30
cells. solid mass of blastomeres resulting from a number of cleavages of a zygote, or fertilized egg.
Blastocyst- Three days after fertilization, a normally developing embryo will contain about six to 10 cells. By the fifth or
sixth day, the fertilized egg is known as a blastocyst — a rapidly dividing ball of cells.

PREGNANCY SIGNS
A. PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS
1. Amenorrhea
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Increased size of breast
4. Urinary frequency
5. Fatigue
Linea nigra - dark line that develops on your stomach during pregnancy

Striae gravidum – stretch mark, common skin problem to pregnancy patient.

B. Probable signs
1. Uterine enlargement
2. Chadwick's signs- bluish coloration of mocous membrane of cervix
3. Goodell's signs – softening of the cervix that occurs in the beginning of 2nd month
4. Hegar signs- softening and thinning of lower uterine segment, occurs about 6 weeks
5. Ballotment- the fetus can be palpated by pressing a finger into the vagina and tapping gently
6. Braxton hicks contraction - tightening in your abdomen that comes and goes

C. POSITIVE SIGNS
1. Fetal heart rate- detected by electronic doppler device
2. Ultrasound scanning of the fetus
3. Palpation of the entire fetus
4. Palpation of fetal movements
5. x-ray, and actual delivery of an infant.