What is MORPHOLOGY?

MORPHEME
morphemes

FREE BOUND

bad
-ly
badly
 WORDS

lexical (or content)

function (or grammatical)
AFFIXES

prefixes
suffixes
infixes
circumfixes
 AFFIXES

Prefix: re- added to do produces redo

Suffix: -or added to edit produces editor
Infix: -um- added to fikas (strong) produces
fumikas (to be strong) in Bontoc
(Philippines)
Circumfix: ge- and -t to lieb (love) produces
geliebt (loved) in German
 PREFIXES
What prefixes do you know?
UN-
IM-
IN-
IL-
IR-
MIS-
OVER-
UNDER-
PRE-
NON-
RE-
 UP TO YOU ☺

Prefixes – exercise
 AFFIXES

DERIVATIONAL
INFLECTIONAL
 INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES

-s 3rd person singular present

-ed past tense
-ing progressive
-en past participle
-s plural
-'s possessive
-er comparative
-est superlative
 NOUN SUFFIXES
1) VERB >>> NOUN
2) ADJECTIVE >>> NOUN
3) VERB >>> PERSONAL NOUN
4) ADJECTIVE >>> PERSONAL NOUN
5) FEMININE
6) STANDARD >>> DIMINUTIVE
7) NOUN >>> COLLECTIVE NOUN
 UP TO YOU ☺
PAIR WORK (5-7 MIN)
FIND EXAMPLES OF WORD FORMATION:
1) VERB >>> NOUN
2) ADJECTIVE >>> NOUN
3) VERB >>> PERSONAL NOUN
4) ADJECTIVE >>> PERSONAL NOUN
5) FEMININE
6) STANDARD >>> DIMINUTIVE
7) NOUN >>> COLLECTIVE NOUN
-AL condition, quality arrive –arrival deny –denial refuse – refusal
approve – approval propose –proposal dismiss – dismissal

-ANCE / -ENCE action, state, attend –attendance prefer – preference refer – reference
condition or quality accept –acceptance insure – insurance exist –existence

-ATION / -TION action or resulting state educate – education eliminate – elimination combine – combination
inform – information declare – declaration immigrate – immigration

-SION action or resulting state confuse – confusion divide –division impress – impression
decide – decision revise – revision profess–profession

-URE action or resulting state depart – departure fail – failure press – pressure
erase – erasure enclose – enclosure legislate – legislature

-MENT state, act, condition agree– agreement employ – employment punish – punishment
pay – payment argue – argument govern – government

-AGE action, state, process break – breakage pack – package bag– baggage
post – postage pass – passage marry – marriage

-ING action, state, process bless – blessing write – writing end –ending
land – landing feed – feeding seat – seating

-ERY a business or trade, a behavior, a cream – creamery bake –bakery brew – brewery
condition slave (N) – slavery brave (Adj) – bravery machine (N) – machinery
-NESS state, quality, condition happy – happiness kind – kindness quiet – quietness
useful – usefulness truthful – truthfulness sleepy – sleepiness

-ITY state or condition active – activity curious – curiosity real – reality

stupid – stupidity mobile – mobility tranquil – tranquility

-ISM state, practice ideal – idealism human – humanism conservative – conservatism

colonial – colonialism imperial – imperialism favorite – favoritism

-TH condition wide – width long – length born (V) – birth

dead – death foul – filth grow (V) – growth

-Y condition private – privacy honest – honesty modest – modesty

difficult – difficulty jealous – jealousy

-ERY location, collective, behavior brave – bravery

condition

-TY condition safe – safety certain – certainty loyal – loyalty

cruel – cruelty subtle – subtlety admiral (N) – admiralty
-ANT / ENT person / attend– attendant inform – informant preside – president
instrument / agent assist – assistant correspond – reside – resident
correspondent

-EE person / instrument / appoint – appointee pay – payee divorce¹ – divorcée (V/N)
recipient of action attend – attendee trust – trustee license – licensee (V/N)

-IST person who practices tour – tourist machine (V) – machinist type – typist

-AR person who does beg – beggar lie – liar registrate – registrar
burgle – burglar

-ER person who does advertise – advertiser buy – buyer keep – keeper
believe – believer call – caller listen – listener
build – builder interpret – interpreter pitch – pitcher

-OR person who does act – actor direct – director navigate – navigator
collect – collector instruct – instructor sail – sailor
dictate – dictator legislate – legislator spectate – spectator
 vegetable – vegetarian human – humanitarian parliament – parliamentarian
discipline – disciplinarian sect – sectarian

-EE person / instrument address (N/V) – addressee refuge (N) – refugee

-ER person concern with farm (N/V) – farmer law – lawyer prison – prisoner
hat – hatter jewel – jeweler village – villager

-EER person concerned with engine –engineer musket – musketeer auction – auctioneer
profit – profiteer racket – racketeer mountain – mountaineer

-IST person who practices bicycle – bicyclist (N→N) column – columnist terror – terrorist
cartoon – cartoonist (N→N) physics – physicist violin – violinist

-STER person connected to game – gamester prank – prankster old¹ – oldster

gang – gangster song – songster spin² – spinst
mob – mobster trick – trickster
-ETTE feminine / diminutive brunet¹ (Adj) [Fr. masc.] – bachelor² (N) – bachelorette suffrage³ (N) – suffragette
(French) brunette (fem.) major (N) – majorette coque (N) [Fr. "rooster"] –
coquette

-TRIX / -TRICE feminine aviator (N) – aviatrix executor (N) – executrix beatus (N) [Latin "who makes
(Latin) dominator (N) – dominatrix director (N) – directrice (fem.) happy"] – Beatrice
administrator (N) –
administratrix

-TRESS /-ESS feminine actor (N) – actress (wait staff) seducer (N) – seductress Melissa ("honey bee")
(French from -ISSA Greek) master/mister(N) – mistress ( lion (N) – lioness Clarissa
Ms.)

-IENNE feminine comedian (N) – comedienne equestrian (N) – equestrienne Adrian (name masc.)–
(French) Adrienne

-ÉE feminine fiancé (Partcpl) – fiancée divorcé (Partcpl) – divorcée

(French)
-ETTE diminutive case (N) [Fr. casse] – cassette vinegar (N) – vinaigrette cigar (N) – cigarette
(French) towel (N) – towelette kitchen (N) – kitchenette toilet (N) – toilette³ (N)
novel (N) – novelette (novela) rouelle (FR. "wheel") – roulette (ethics) (N) [Fr.] – etiquette
rose (N) – rosette vine (N) [Fr.] "vigne" – vignette

-SIE / SY foot– footsie tiny (Adj) – teensie weensie Patricia / Pat – Patty / Patsie
one – onesie (one-piece baby wear) hot (Adj) – hotsy-totsy ? – Tootsie

-IE / Y cook (N/V) – cookie pup (N) – puppy Bob – Bobby

hood (N) – hoodie duck (N) – ducky Thomas – Tommy
lad (N) – laddie mom (N) – mommy Susan – Susie

-LET book (N) – booklet out (Adv) – outlet tart (N) – tartlet
brace (N) – bracelet owl (N) – owlet toile (N "small cloth" Fr.) – toilet
cut (N) – cutlet (small cut of meat) [alemelle "thin plate" OFr.] – omelet viola (N "purple flower" Lat.) – violet

-LING change (V) – changeling (folklore– baby left by fairy) found (V) – foundling (abandoned baby) prince (N) – princeling
dear (Adj) – darling hire (V) hireling (menial or hourly worker) under (Adv) – underling (subordinate)
duck (N) – duckling nest (N) – nestling

-KIN pumpkin "pepon" melon (Grk.) munchkin Wizard of Oz (1900) napkin "nappe" little table cloth (O. Fr.)
[Dutch / German / -quin French] lambkin "lamb" (1570) bumpkin "little barrel" a simple person (M. Dutch) ramekin (little baking dish "ram") (M. Dutch), ramequin
(Fr.)
-DOM state, condition, star – stardom bore – boredom free – freedom (Adj→N)
dignity, office fan – fandom king – kingdom wise – wisdom (Adj→N)

-SHIP state, condition, censor – censorship scholar – scholarship workman –

skill, office, associated partner – partnership dealer – dealership workmanship
with apprentice –
apprenticeship

-HOOD state, collective brother – brotherhood neighbor – live – livelihood (V→N)

widow – widowhood neighborhood false –
child – childhood falsehood (Adj→N)

-ERY location, slave – machine – machinery citizens –

collective, behavior slavery (collective state) citizenry (collective)
condition
ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
VERB SUFFIXES
ADVERB SUFFIXES
 ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
• suffix examples of adjectives
• -able/-ible drinkable, portable, flexible
• -al brutal, formal, postal
• -en broken, golden, wooden
• -ese Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
• -ful forgetful, helpful, useful
• -i Iraqi, Pakistani, Yemeni
• -ic classic, Islamic, poetic
• -ish British, childish, Spanish
• -ive active, passive, productive
• -less homeless, hopeless, useless
• -ly daily, monthly, yearly
• -ous cautious, famous, nervous
• -y cloudy, rainy, windy
 VERB SUFFIXES
• suffix examples of verbs
• -ate complicate, dominate, irritate
• -en harden, soften, shorten
• -ify beautify, clarify, identify
• -ise/-ize
economise, realise, industrialize
(-ise is most common in British English; -izeis
most common in American English)
 ADVERB SUFFIXES
• -ly calmly, easily, quickly
• -ward(s) downwards, homeward(s),
• upwards
• -wise anti-clockwise, clockwise, edgewise