COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWER OF TRENDS, NETWORK & CRITICAL THINKING

“You can either experience the pain of discipline or the pain of regret.
The choice is yours”

Trend and Fad

Trend is a behavior or new way of doing things and it has a big impact in our society. It
is a sequential pattern of change in a condition, output, or process, or an average or
general tendency of a series of data points to move in a certain direction over time,
represented by a line or curve on a graph.

The process of identifying trend:

• Trendspotting – refers to the study of trends and the way they develop and
affect society
• Trend spotter – is a person who notices and reports on new fashions, ideas, or
activities that are becoming popular.
• Trend analysis – is based on trendspotting but it extends this into developing a
future scenario and so they say that to follow a trend, one must not only be
conscious of what is currently happening but be wise enough to predict the future.
• Trendsetter – It refers to someone or something that starts or causes a trend.

10 of the Top Current Trends on the Internet:

1. Selfie Movement – the front-facing cameras on our smartphones changed the
way we take pictures, and social apps changed the way we share them. Convenient
to share selfies that help countless photo editing apps available, making it a breeze
to enhance your snaps before you share them.
2. News Breaks on Social Media First – traditional media is now too slow. If you
want quick access to the latest news, Facebook or Twitter are your best options. Social
media has changed the way we consume news and stay updated on what’s happening in
real-time.
3. A Newfound love for GIFs – the animated GIF is a magnificent cross between
an image and a short video – without the sound.
4. Hashtags – although twitter was the original social network to bring the hashtag
to life, others quickly picked up the trend. It has quickly grown to become the solution
for effectively categorizing content based on specific themes or keywords to make search
and discovery a whole lot easier. Almost all social platforms, especially Facebook and
Instagram, have been using this.
5. Memes, Memes, and More Memes – the internet is obsessed with sharing
memes. The viral power of ridiculous yet meaningful memes is undeniable. We cannot
get enough of them, and there are tons of meme generator tools you can use to create
your own and contribute to whatever’s most popular at the moment.
6. Regular people become internet famous – it is obvious that social media has
opened new doors for people to showcase their talents and attract an online fan base.
Today, almost all kinds of mainstream actors, musicians, bands, comedians, and more
owe their success to the openness of the web.
7. Cloud Streaming of Entertainment Media – CDs and DVDs are now obsolete
because of unlimited access to all our entertainment needs through applications like
YouTube, Spotify and Netflix. There is no need to have a hard copy or digitally
downloaded copy of everything when you can stream what you want from the cloud for
one small monthly subscription fee. Cloud streaming surely solves the problem of limited
local storage, and it is one of the fastest growing trends in media consumption today.
8. Oversharing on Social Media – most of us recognize how bloated the social
networking experience has become, with so many sites and apps out there promoting
huge friend or follower numbers, constant engagement, and never-ending streams of
content sharing. Oversharing has become a big turn off for many internet users, which is
why the apps like TIKTOK and Instagram have popped up to bring a more intimate and
minimalist experience.
9. Crypto-Currencies – the decentralized digital currency, especially the BITCOIN,
that started turning a lot of heads in 2013 as more people got involved with mining,
trading, and spending it. Countless other crypto currencies have popped up all over the
web, some which seem almost too good to be true.

10. Wi-Fi-Enabled Home Gadgets and Appliances – as the internet of things

becomes more mainstream, we are starting to see a lot more gadgets and household
objects come with Wi-Fi-enabled features.

6 elements and characteristics of a trend:

1. Appeal – degree of attraction that a trend causes/ attractive to people.

2. Result – pertains to the impact of a trend as it creates the ability to produce a
sustainable movement or change through publicity.
3. Scope – extent of influence.
4. Support - structure that enables a trend to be sustainable.
5. Sustainability – length of time that a trend can continue to exist.
6. Value – utility or usefulness that can be derived from a trend.

FAD – something that people are highly interested in for a relatively short period of time.
An intense and widely shared enthusiasm for something, especially one that is short-lived
and without basis in the object’s qualities; a craze. Fad as a product has little or no use
but is characterized by a quick rise in sales and popularity followed by a quick decline in
sales and popularity too. This quick up and down in sales is because fad products usually
do not satisfy a strong consumer need. Good example is the fidget spinner.

TRENDS
Have a much longer lifespan. In fact, they
can continue to be fashionable for years
and even decades. The primary
difference between a trend and fad is that
trends have the potential to be long-term
influencers on the market. In addition,
trends often involve altered classics.
FADS
The easiest way to categorize a fad is:
short-lived. Typically, fads last for a total of
one season, but they can also last less than
a month. Fads are novelty driven fashion
choices. A fad is often referred to as
“catching on” with the larger population,
but will often fade as quickly as it appeared.
The easiest way to remember a fad is
through a simple alliteration: fad fades.
They can be fun but they are often not
 worth investing a large amount of money or
time.

Part and Whole

According to Merriam Webster’s dictionary, part is one of the often-indefinite subdivisions

into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute the whole. On
the other hand, whole means something constituting a complex unity: a coherent system
or organization of parts or working together as a whole. It shows the totality of the pieces
and segments that somehow, we consider as parts.

Conversely, fads are normally micro-trends that exist under the umbrella of an actual
trend. These are parts of the evolution of creating a whole trend. However, trends are
a bit slower paced but represent something that is occurring on a much wider scale than
a fad.

Emerging Pattern

Emergence means “just beginning to exist”, “starting to exist”, and “growing and
developing”, especially in business. On the other hand, pattern is a particular way in
which something is done or organized, or in which something happens; it is a regular
arrangement of lines, shapes, or colors; it is also a design or set of shapes that show how
to make something (Cambridge Dictionary).

In business dictionary, pattern is a consistent and recurring characteristic or trait that

helps in the identification of a phenomenon or problem, and serves as an indicator or
model for predicting its future behavior. These sums-up the analysis of a trend. As trend
is the recurrent phenomenon that takes place over time and which gives rise to the future
speculation (Sanders, Soper, and Rotwell 2002) and the examination of those
phenomenon and speculation is called trend analysis. Furthermore, it is important to
identify how does trend emerged and what are the patterns on how it emerged
dramatically.

Mobile phones are considered as fads before as it only affects those who can afford it.
Since its innovations spread out rapidly, many people now owned one or more phones.
Children ages from 3 years old and above are now using mobile phones for learning and
entertainment. If communication through mobile phone was considered as fad before,
now it is already a trend.

You can observe that mobile phones evolved from one model to the updated one. Such
evolution is an act of innovation where the present feature offerings will be updated and
even added. Now, innovations can dictate and drive the market through the emerging
developments of technology. This is the emerging pattern of trend in the aspect of mobile
phones. As time goes by, it changes, develop, and adopted by many if not all.

Causes and Consequences

Merriam Webster defines cause as a reason for an action or condition, and or something
that brings about an effect or a result. In the study of historical consciousness, causes
are multiple and layered thing with which involves both long-term ideologies, institutions,
conditions, short-term motivations, actions, and events. In the contrary, consequence
means something that is produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of
condition. It is a result or conclusion. Every action of manmade or nature has
corresponding consequence. When a person does something wrong, like not following
the instruction and or doing something that he/she knew it is not good based from our
conscience (rob a pawnshop) then the consequence will probably be misled and or be
prisoned.

Following examples show relationship between cause and consequence.

• I fell deep asleep in the morning and I missed my first period class.
• The boy played DOTA all night long and he did not able to answer his assignments.
• The rain was heavy, so I did not go to class.
It is necessary for us to know the relationships between cause and consequence. The
moment a person can identify cause, and then it is not impossible for him or her to predict
and be ready about future events to some extent (considering uncontrollable factors).

In connection to our main topic, we are now going to see, discover and differentiate the
relationships of trend and its impact to our society.

In 1962, Everett Rogers developed a theory called Diffusion of Innovation and not
everyone has the same motivation for adopting a new idea (product/service or system).

There are five types of adopters he identified in his theory:

INNOVATORS - They adopt something simply because it is new. They love exploring
for the sake of pleasure or exploring and are willing to take risks, even if those risks result
in failure. They are adventurers.

EARLY ADOPTERS - They are often opinion leaders. Similar to innovators, they adopt
quickly. But, they are more concerned about the coolness factor and maintaining their
reputations as being ahead of the curve on new ideas.

EARLY MAJORITY - They belong to the mass that critically ensures adoption. They look
for productivity and practical benefits more than coolness or reputation.

LATE MAJORITY - The same to early majority, they critically ensure the adaptation
process. They are somewhat similar to early majority but also expect a lot of help and
support before they are willing to commit.

LAGGARDS - As the term implies, slow to adaptation. They are most resistant to change
and do so only when forced to adopt because everyone else has. In other word, they
have no choice if urgency requires them to do so.

Mobile phone is one of the proofs to our technological advancements. It became part of
our daily lives. It is impossible to carry out our daily activities without our phones. It is
our avenue of communicating others and entertainments. According to Sarah Yasin
(2018), there are positive and negative impacts of mobile phone use in our society and
environment.

Positive Effects of Mobile Phone Use in Our Society and Environment

Communication

Nowadays mobile phones have the ability to connect people from all over the world, no
matter where they may be in a variety of ways of communication with the power of
internet connection. Through social media apps they are easy to carry and accessible,
communication has never been easier. It is considered as the very basic root of human
colonization, communication.

Entertainment
Mobile phones act as gaming platforms for people looking for some relaxation or just to
pass time. From the latest Hollywood blockbusters to the news highlights of your country,
your mobile holds all these. With one touch on your screen and get access to whatever
you wish to see, it’s possible and time saving.

Daily Utilities
With the advancements of technologies, everything seems easy. Aside from
entertainment and communication, mobile phones now have apps that help us to perform
the same everyday tasks without facing any difficulty. From paying bills, booking cabs
and hotels, to online maps for navigation purposes, capturing our memorable moments
by built-in cameras. It provides convenience.

Organization
Mobile phones will be your partner on how to manage things. Modern man is very caught
up to keep track of everything, mobile phones help us to remain organized through
storing important documents and notes, memos, etc. send emails. Calendars and
stopwatches are basic tools found in all mobile phones.

Negative Effects of Mobile Phones on Our Lives

Addiction
Nomophobia is a proposed name for the phobia of being out of cell phone contact. 50%
of teens admit to being addicted to their phones. Yes, mobile phone addiction is a thing.
Studies show that people addicted to mobile phones often are linked to depression,
anxiety, and other mental disorders.

Waste of time
The average person checks his phone once every 12 minutes, leading to 80 times a day.
Most of the time people just check their phones for no good reason. Even when not using
their phones, you might often see people fidgeting with their phones.

Cause of Depression
As discussed before, mobile phones may lead to depression, especially among teens. With
the rage of social media, teenagers are becoming obsessed with ―likes‖ on their personal
posts and accounts. Moreover, reduced daily life interactions lead to loneliness and
anxiety.

Distraction
You often might make up your mind to just ―check‖ up on updates and instead find
yourself surfing the internet for hours on end without realizing it. Thus, people cannot
exclude the fact that mobile phones are a huge distraction.

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS & INTUITIVE THINKING

MEANING OF STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND INTUITIVE THINKING

Strategy (from Greek στρατηγία stratēgia, "art of troop leader; office of general,
command, generalship") is a general plan to achieve one or more long-term or overall
goals under conditions of uncertainty. In the sense of the "art of the general", which
included several subsets of skills including military tactics, siege craft, logistics, etc., the
term came into use in the 6th century C.E. in Eastern Roman terminology, and was
translated into Western vernacular languages only in the 18th century. From then until
the 20th century, the word "strategy" came to denote "a comprehensive way to try to
pursue political ends, including the threat or actual use of force, in a dialectic of wills" in
a military conflict, in which both adversaries interact.

Strategy is important because the resources available to achieve goals are usually limited.
Strategy generally involves setting goals and priorities, determining actions to achieve
the goals, and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. A strategy describes how the
ends (goals) will be achieved by the means (resources). Strategy can be intended or can
emerge as a pattern of activity as the organization adapts or competes within its
environment. It involves activities such as strategic planning and strategic thinking.

Henry Mintzberg from McGill University defined strategy as a pattern in a stream of

decisions to contrast with a view of strategy as planning, while Henrik von Scheel defines
the essence of strategy as the activities to deliver a unique mix of values, that is, choosing
to perform activities differently. On the other hand, Max McKeown (2011) argues that
"strategy is about shaping the future" and is the human attempt to get to "desirable ends
with available means". Dr. Vladimir Kvint defines strategy as "a system of finding,
formulating, and developing a doctrine that will ensure long-term success if followed
faithfully."

Strategic Analysis is a method wherein one studies the environment thereby

conducting a business strategy. It is a way of assessing possible benefits, dangers, or
predictable outcomes that the business may encounter. It is an ability to plan for the
future. It’s the capacity to prepare strategies and conjure ideas that will both cope with
changing environments and consider the various challenges that lie ahead. Candidates
that possess strategic thinking skills will be seen as top talents, and it’s a quality that
most managers, directors, political leaders and executives usually possess.

Intuitive thinking is the ability to take what you may sense or perceive to be true
without thorough knowledge or evidence, appropriately considering it as part of one’s
final decision. It is basically the kind of thinking that helps you understand reality in the
moment, without logic or analysis. There’s no language involved in it either. It’s entirely
about signs and sensations. Most of the time, it goes against whatever we might think of
as “rational”. The word “intuition” comes from the Latin verb intueri translated as
"consider" or from the late Middle English word intuit which means "to contemplate".

KEY COMPONENTS IN STRATEGIC THINKING:

1. SWOT Analysis
2. PEST
3. Porter’s Five Forces
4. Four Corners

1. SWOT - (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats)

It is a simple but widely used tool that helps in understanding the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats involved in a project or business activity. It starts by defining
the objective of the project or business activity and identifies the internal and external
factors that are important in achieving that objective. Strengths and weaknesses are
usually internal to the organization, while opportunities and threats are usually external.
Often these are plotted on a simple 2x2 matrix.
2. PEST analysis - is a scan of the external macro-environment in which an organization
exists. It is a useful tool for understanding the political, economic, socio-cultural and
technological environment that an organization operates in. It can be used for evaluating
market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business.

• Political factors. These include government regulations such as employment

laws, environmental regulations and tax policy. Other political factors are trade
restrictions and political stability.

• Economic factors. These affect the cost of capital and purchasing power of an
organization. Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, inflation and
currency exchange rates.

• Social factors. These impact on the consumer’s need and the potential market
size for an organization’s goods and services. Social factors include population growth,
age demographics and attitudes towards health.

• Technological factors. These influence barriers to entry, make or buy

decisions and investment in innovation, such as automation, investment incentives and
the rate of technological change.

3. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis - evaluates the business power, strengthens the
competitive stance and flow of how the business will advance. Strategic analysis usually
employs Porter’s Five Forces to give an insight if a new product or service is feasible or
not.
1. Supplier Power - is an evaluation on how convenient it is for the suppliers to
raise the price of their goods/services. It is therefore driven by the number of suppliers
in every aspect.
2. Buyer Power - gauges on how comfortable it may be for buyers to dive prices
down which is subject to the number of potential buyers, the significance of every buyer,
and the value of the products/ commodities being transferred from one supplier to
another.

3. Competitive Rivalry - is where the thrill comes in as the number of

competitors play in the market that will offer different products which may diminish the
attractiveness of some products in the market.
 4. Threat of Substitution - is made when buyers purchase substitute products
due to the spiral height of a price increase. When it happens, it decreases the power of
suppliers and the attractiveness of the product in the market.

5. Threat of new entry - will take place due to the existence of new
entrepreneurs unless the older businesses have a strong market portfolio that will block
the buyers from purchasing to the new entrants.

4. Four Corner Analysis -focuses on motivation, management, actions, and capabilities

on the competitor strategic portfolio.
1. Create a profile of the competitor’s strategy.

2. Distinguish the competitor’s possible response to a variety of strategic plans

other competitors may undertake.

3. Know the competitor’s possible reaction to the variety of industry transfer and
changes in the community.

KEY COMPONENTS IN STRATEGIC THINKING

1. Intuitive Thinking lacks rationalization
2. Intuitive Thinking is not sequential
3. Intuitive Thinking includes insight
4. Immediacy
5. Intuitive Thinking is sensing relationships

Intuitive Thinking lacks rationalization

It is not being orderly, as having no rationalization. It does not possess reason nor
observation; little or no conscious deliberation and sense of independence in any
reasoning process.

Intuitive Thinking is not sequential

Hayashi (2001) states that we are reaching conclusions on the basis of things that go on
in our perceptual system, where we are aware of the result of the perception but we are
not aware of the steps. Intuitive thinking is nonlinear, nonempirical process.

Intuitive Thinking Includes Insight

It is a deliberation without attention, that is, the mind is deliberating without any attention
to the process, and at the end of that deliberation in the unconscious thought process,
there is an insight from the unconscious to the conscious. Intuition is a shortcut in that it
bypasses the step-by-step process. This explains the “aha” sensation you experience
when you learn something that you actually already know.

Immediacy
Intuitive thinking proceeds automatically, immediately interpreting the present
relationship. An intuition occurs immediately with no planning. The person can perform
most effectively when he is not conscious. The hallmark of intuitive mode is seeing
without glasses, hearing without filters, touching without ungloved hands (Nodding and
Shore, 1984). Intuition does not imply accuracy, rightness or moral goodness. Schon
(1982) describes the immediacy of intuition as reflected by the getting of truth all at once
without the time-consuming effort of deliberation. Mandler (1995) proposes the term
“mind popping” to explain thought and solutions that come to mind non-deliberately when
one is engaged in intuition.
Intuitive Thinking is sensing relationship
The component of sensing relationship reflects the formulation of connection. This is
based upon a person’s knowledge structure which reflects his level of expertise. For
example, a music composer formulates a series of notes of a certain pattern to make
music. A designer selects a key piece of furniture to complement the décor.

Strategic analysis usually involves the following steps:

A. Identifying the problems and the issues surrounding them.

B. Information gathering or Data collection
C. Developing and Proposing solutions
D. Trying out solutions or new ideas based on data collection
E. Evaluating if the solutions worked and taking necessary measures.

GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a phenomenon that aims to link the international community to promote social,
cultural, and political interconnectedness for the common good. Overtime, it has created new
jobs and economic growth through cross-border flow of goods, capital, and labor. Free flow of
goods and labor among countries is intensified expecting overall economic growth and political
cooperation.

Socially, globalization leads to open communication and greater interaction among populations of
different countries. It facilitates for exchange of ideas, values, and artistic expression among
cultures as evident by sending of scholars and technocrats and promotion of tourism. This trend
is aimed at developing a common culture among the world population. Intra and inter-
government organizations also begin to be strengthened by the international community.

Globalization can simply be defined as the process of involving the interconnections, diffusions,
and exchange of goods and services including ideas and people.

A network is a group composed of people who come into occasional contact but lack a sense of
boundaries and belonging (Macionis, 2012). Some scholars claim that networks are
nonhierarchical, value-free, and structure-less organizations, and that they are composed of
people working on similar tasks without necessarily knowing each other. This is illustrated by
social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.

A social network is a social structure comprised of individuals joined by a particular pattern of

links or relations. Social networks are indicative of a person or an organization's relations,
membership, links, and connections. It is noteworthy that these systems serve a role in the
attainment of the goals of the society. Through networks serving as media for the spread and
exchange of ideas, people get connected, get updated, and become aware. Furthermore, social
networks act as social support systems that provide people information and guidance in times of
need.

Four (4) Forms of Globalization

1. Embodied Globalization – the movement or migration of people to other countries to

live, work, study, or to do business. Example: Migration
2. Object-extended Globalization – it involves the mobility of goods, commodities, and
other objects. Example: Cellular phone.
3. Agency-extended Globalization – this dispersion of and exchange of agents or
representatives of various institutions, and organizations. Example: Ambassador
4. Disembodied Globalization – it covers the diffusion of ideas, knowledge, and
information. Example: Philosophy

Dimensions of Globalization

1. Economic globalization – international business which covers all contracts and

negotiations concerning sale, investments, mobilization, and related transactions
undertaken by two or more countries.
Sale: Import and export of goods and services.
Investment: Business Process Outsourcing
Mobilization: Movement of goods and services.
Other related transactions: OPEC, NAFTA
2. Sociocultural globalization – this covers the diffusion of beliefs, practices, and issues
concerning the population, media, tourism, education, and spread of ideas, values, and meanings
across countries.
3. Political globalization – involves institutions, public, and practices that facilitate
agreements and transactions. Examples: ASEAN, UN, and ICC.
4. Natural Environmental Globalization – the increasing promotion of protection on
natural environment and animal protection. Example: World Wide Fund (WWF)

Advantages of Globalization

A. Allows developing and underdeveloped countries to catch up with developed nations

by increasing manufacturing, diversification of businesses, economic expansion, and
improvements in standards of living;
B. Outsources by companies to provide jobs and technology to developing countries, e.g.
BPO companies in the Philippines providing services to companies in US and Europe; and
C. Promotes social justice and human rights among states.

Disadvantages of Globalization

A. Failing economy will have a domino effect on its trading partner in another country.
This is evident among the European Union in which bail-out was made to save an economically
failing nation.
B. Wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of small group of corporate elites
putting smaller competitors in disadvantageous situations resulting to weakening of their business
capability that usually end up selling their business to bigger companies.
C. Introduction of international products and brand makes way for the business
domination of bigger and developed countries making the cultural exchange one-sided in favor
of those who dominate the market.
Collaboration and Cooperation

Collaboration refers to the process of working together to create something new in support of
a shared vision. While cooperation is important in networks where individuals can exchange
relevant information and resources in support to each other’s goals rather than focus on share
goal.

Collaboration and cooperation in globalization speak of modernity and optimistic approach in the
modern society. It also protects a country from social degradation and scientific improvement. In
addition, it also adapts understanding of new cultures, beliefs and values, and increases the
opportunity of employment. Lastly, collaboration and cooperation create an exchange of ideas
and information between countries and its people.

Collaboration and cooperation build interconnections of peoples and nations. Interactions can be
through domestic and international affairs. Eventually, interconnectedness of peoples and nations
speed up the process of communications, information and merging ideas. It also increases the
scope of trade, business and finance in the country.

Parts of a Whole

We define parts as subdivisions into which something is or is regarded as divided and which
together constitute the whole. The word whole is simply defined as the completeness of the
parts or components. In the world we live in, we are the parts, and the society is the whole.

Some important factors that we have to consider as part of the whole society are the
following:

1. Primary Identity or Individuation- it is defined as the concept of personal identity. These

are the norms that an individual learns through the society.
Examples:
a. Values- We often see the tagline “Honesty is the best policy” in every classroom,
honesty is an example of values we learned from our family.
b. Attitudes- “Takbo! May aso!”, your action when you are scared of something is an
example of attitude. It can be good or bad action or behavior.
c. Beliefs- “Wow ang taba ng bata, napakalusog siguro nya.” It is an opinion that we
believe to be real and true.

2. Secondary Identity- it is also known as social identity. As a child gets socialized with the
society he participates in the construction of his secondary identity. This includes the roles and
statuses that the individual has to perform as part of his society.
Examples:
a. Occupation often corresponds with income and educational attainment, which
combined determine a person's social class. However, occupations with high occupational
prestige can increase one's social class without a corresponding increase in indicators,
such as income.
b. Educational background includes your high school and in college
c. Economic status can be considered by your occupation and income.
d. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that
a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Unlike sex which refers to the
biological characteristics of humans such as male or female (World Health Organization
2013).

Status refers to an individual’s position in society which carries with it a set of defined
rights and obligations. Roles refer to the sets of expectation which occupy a particular status
(Alejandria 2015). For example, your status is a senior high school student therefore your role is
to study hard in order to earn a high school diploma.

Here are the six (6) principles of gestalt laws applied to global networks that we have
to consider as part of the society:

a. Figure refers to the people in a nation which may vary in terms of color, size etc.

b. Similarity states the things which share characteristics such as shape, size, color,
texture, and good composition (geographical setting and characteristics of different
nation)

c. Proximity states that “objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form
groups”. Even if the shapes, sizes, and objects are radically different, they will appear as
a group if they are close together. (Refers to close neighboring countries which possess
same cultural background etc.)

d. Closure involves the provision of missing details to be a part of potential pattern or

once closure is achieved, the elimination of details unnecessary to establish a pattern
match. Examples are governance, laws, and others.

e. Continuity states that things tend to continue shapes beyond their ending points
(interconnections to cross countries, essence of globalization or evolution of generation).

f. Symmetry or Order connotes stability and peace and order, like sets of instruction or
reference. It does not give the impression of things that “something is out of balance,
missing or wrong.”

Ayaw sulayi imong kabogo sa exam puhon. Pagto-on!

- Marvhel Jacinto Marata, CSPE, LPT