FAKULTI SAINS GUNAAN

UNIVERISITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS TAPAH

BIO150 – METABOLISM & CELL DIVISION

SCIENTIFIC LAB REPORT

NAME:

STUDENT ID:

GROUP:

EXPERIMENT TITLE:

LECTURER: MADAM NUR ATIRAH BINTI HASMI

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 26 MAY 2022

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Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should
uphold at all times.

I declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely my own work, and
that no part of it has been copied from any work produced by other person(s)/ source(s) or
provided by any other student(s).

I understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I am willing to
be penalized if any form of copying found valid.
INTRODUCTION

An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organism, its regulating the
rate at which chemical reaction proceed without itself being altered in the process. Enzymes
is large protein molecule that composed od one or more amino acid chains that called
polypeptide chains. The amino acid sequence determines the characteristic folding patterns
of the protein’s structure, which is essential to enzyme specificity. One of the examples of
enzyme is catalase that bring about the reaction of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed to
water and oxygen (Aakanksha Gaur et.al, 2022). Which shown by the reaction below.

2H2O2 catalase 2H2O + O2

Hydrogen peroxides is known as thermodymically unstable and toxic, which under high
temperature and concertation, it decomposes to form water and oxygen which renders it
harmless

Catalase protects cellular organelles and tissues from damage by peroxide, which is
continuously produced by metabolic reactions. Catalase is quiet a common enzyme which
can be found in all major sites of H 2O2 production in the cellular environment (such as
peroxisomes, mitochondria, cytosol, and chloroplast) of higher plants. Multiple molecular
forms of catalase isozymes indicate its versatile role within the plant system. Most
knowledgeable function of catalase in living cells is to protect them from oxidative damage,
which can occur when cells or other molecules in the body encounter oxidative compounds.
Without the catalase can allow hydrogen peroxide to build up to toxic levels in certain cells.
For example, hydrogen peroxide produced by bacteria in the mouth may accumulate in and
damage soft tissues, leading to mouth ulcers and gangrene. (Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta,
2022)
Objective

1. identify the factor that influence the reactions of the catalase enzyme.

2. Analyse the reaction of catalase on different samples.

Hypothesis

The smaller the size of the samples, the larger the surface face, thus, faster the reaction
occur.

The higher the temperature of the lower the rate of reaction for catalase enzymes

The inhibitor lower the rate of reaction for catalase enzymes

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Size of the samples is a factor that affect the reaction of the catalase enzyme

The temperature is a factor that affect the reaction of the catalase enzyme

The presence of inhibitor affect the rate of reaction of catalase enzyme

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1. Fresh sample: liver, kidney, and potato.

2. 7 test tubes, pestle and mortar, Beaker 250 cm3, thermometer, Bunsen burner,
hydrogen peroxide.
1cm3 cube kidney
1cm3 cube liver
1cm3 cube potato
PROCEDURE

1. 2 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solutions was poured into a clean tube.

2. 1 cm cube of the liver was cut and then dropped into the test tube of hydrogen

peroxide.

3. The reactions were observed and recorded.

4. Then, the presence of oxygen was tested by using a splint. ‘Pop’ sound shows the

presence of oxygen.

5. A piece of liver the same size as before was taken and placed in a mortar. The liver

was ground, and the ground-up liver was transferred into a test tube containing the

fresh hydrogen peroxide.

6. The activity of the ground liver that was compared with the activity observed for the

whole cube of liver prepared earlier was noted.

7. Another piece of liver was taken and put in a beaker of boiling water for three

minutes. Then, the piece of liver and without boiling it first was dropped into fresh

hydrogen peroxide and found out if the enzyme can still break down the hydrogen

peroxide.

8. The experiment was repeated by using other samples which is kidneys and potatoes

and recorded to show whether the result contain catalase enzyme or not.

9. Record the experiment results by using table (Table 1)

 APPENDIX 1

Table 1 : Catalase reaction

Test tube containing Observations Presence of Oxygen

Cube of liver  Less bubbles than
ground liver YES
 Have ‘pop’ sound
Ground liver  More bubbles than
cube and boil liver YES
 Have ‘pop’ sound
Boiled liver  No presence of
bubbles NO
 No ‘pop’ sound
Cube of kidney  Less bubbles than
ground liver YES
 Have ‘pop’ sound
Ground kidney  More bubbles than
cube and boil liver YES
 Have ‘pop’ sound
Boiled kidney  No presence of
bubbles NO
 No ‘pop’ sound
Cube of potato  Less bubbles than
ground liver YES
 Have ‘pop’ sound
Ground potato  More bubbles than
cube and boil liver YES
 Have ‘pop’ sound
Boiled potato  No presence of
bubbles NO
 No ‘pop’ sound
DISCUSSION

Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that will help significantly
increase the speed of the rate of virtually all the chemical reactions that take place within
cells. They are important for life and serve a huge range of important functions throughout
the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism. Some enzymes help break large
molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes
help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule. Furthermore, the rate of
reaction of enzymes is connected to its surface area and the temperature. From this
experiment, 3 type of organic sample which refer to liver, potato, and kidney with different
state, which is cube shaped , grounded , and boiled . The first set of samples which is cube
shaped liver was dropped into a clean tube containing 2cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide solution
which show the presence of bubbles. To show the existence of oxygen in the reaction a ‘pop’
sound was heard after a lighted up splinter was insert inside the tube containing the sample.

For the second samples which is the liver cube that was finely grounded first into a
paste and them dropped into a tube containing 2cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide solution. To show
the existence of oxygen in the reaction a ‘pop’ sound was heard after a lighted up splinter
was insert inside the tube containing the sample.

For the last samples the liver cube is boiled first for about 3 minutes and then
dropped into a tube containing 2cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution. To show the existence of
oxygen in the reaction a lighted up splinter was insert inside the tube containing the sample
but no ‘pop’ sound heard which show the absence of oxygen within the reaction. Thus, no
bubbles produce by the reaction. Next all the experiment was repeated by using other
remaining set of samples which gave the same result for each state of the samples.

After the experiment the result show that the objective of this experiment had been
achieved. the goal was to figure out the factor that influence the rate of reaction of enzyme
catalase and already been concluded that the bigger the surface area of the sample, the
collision of molecules will be higher thus faster the reaction of catalase. This experiment can
be described as following reaction:

2H2O2+ catalase→ 2H2O+ oxygen + catalase

The catalase is surely helped in breaking down the hydrogen peroxide into water and
oxygen. This reaction is important to the cell because it ensures that excess hydrogen
peroxide which is highly poisonous to organism and can cause a damage to cell does not
build up. To properly comprehend why the results were the way they were, each of the lab's
examined samples in this reaction must be properly considered.
In this experiment, it was clearly demonstrated that a minor quantity of foam formed
in the test tube containing cubes of liver, kidney, and potato, and we can deduce that the
reaction that occurred in the test tube containing those samples was inefficient. While the
test tube containing ground liver, ground kidney, and ground potato contains significantly
more foam than the others, this indicates that the reactions that occur with those samples
are much more efficient than the reactions that occur with other samples. However, there
was no foam in the test tube containing the boiling sample which show that high temperature
already broken down the chemical bonds that hold together the structure of enzymes. (Graw
and Michael,2022)

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the hypothesis of this experiment is accepted which is the smaller the
sample the bigger the surface area thus increase the rate of reaction. But the boiled samples
do not give the same result as other samples because the structure of catalase already been
broken down by high temperature. Overall, this experiment was successful in determine the
effects of size of samples, temperature, and an inhibitor on reaction rate. The objective of
this experiment to identify the factor that influence the reaction of catalase has also been
met. All the data that was collected is valid and follow the hypothesis which is refer to the
temperature, surface area and presence of inhibitor of the enzymes play a huge part in
increase the rate of catalase reaction. Although some of the portion in this experiment do not
gave a numerical result, it would be essential to repeat the experiment multiple time to
achieve an even more valid result.
REFERENCES

1. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/acatalasemia/
2. https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Acatalasemia.aspx
3. https://www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/schools/chemrev/projects/peroxide/
4. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/exploring-enzymes/
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/
catalase
6. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map
%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(Tro)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/
15.02%3A_The_Rate_of_a_Chemical_Reaction#:~:text=Increasing%20the
%20surface%20area%20of,faster%20the%20reaction%20will%20occur.
7. https://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme
8. Graw, Michael. "What Are the Effects of Boiling & Freezing on Enzyme Activity?"
sciencing.com,https://sciencing.com/effects-boiling-freezing-enzyme-activity-
23207.html. 26 May 2022.
 DATA SHEET EXPERIMENT 2:

APPENDIKS II
Table 2: Yeast reaction

Colour Observed
Treatment Test tube A Test tube B Test tube C

Drop of methylene blue and shaking Dark blue Dark blue Dark blue
the test tubes

First incubation (After 15 min) Colourless Light blue Dark blue

Vigorous shaking Colourless Light blue Dark blue

Second incubation( After 15 min) Colourless Light blue Dark blue

OBSERVATION AND RESULT OF EXPERIMENT 2

NAME : MUHAMMAD SYAHMI ZAKWAN BIN MOHD SHAHROL
STUDENT ID: 2021819872
VERIFIED BY:
DATA SHEET EXPERIMENT 3

APPENDIKS III

Table 3: The Rf value and types of pigments in leaves

Pigments Colour Rf
Carotene Orange 11.5
=1.00
11.5
Xanthophyll Yellow 1.8
=0.15
11.5
Chlorophyll a Bluewish green -
Anthocyanins Red 1.3
=0.11
11.5
Chlorophyll b Yellowish green 1.0
=0.09
11.5

OBSERVATION AND RESULT OF EXPERIMENT 3

NAME: MUHAMMAD SYAHMI ZAKWAN BIN MOHD SHAHROL

STUDENT ID: 2021819872

VERIFIED BY: