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12 Sinif
12 Sinif
bitirdikten sonra harp okulunda eğitim almak düşünürlerin de eserlerini okuyup incelemiştir. A) Sofya
için İstanbul’a gitti. İstanbul, Osmanlı Dev- Özellikle Jean Jack Rousseau, Montesquieu, B) İstanbul
C) Şam
leti’nin başkenti olması nedeniyle sosyal, Voltaire gibi Fransız İhtilali’nin düşünürlerinden
D) Manastır
ekonomik ve siyasi açıdan büyük bir öneme sa- etkilenmiştir E) Trablusgarp
hipti. Mustafa Kemal, başkentte bulunduğu süre Kitap okumak Mustafa Kemal’in en büyük tut-
boyunca ülkede meydana gelen tüm gelişmeleri kusuydu. Mustafa Kemal çok kitap okumakla
de yakından takip edebilme fırsatı buldu. beraber fırsat buldukça kitap da yazmıştır.
Mustafa Kemal’in ilk görev yeri, 1905 yılında Mustafa Kemal’in kaleme almış olduğu en
atanmış olduğu Şam’daki V. Ordu’dur. önemli eseri Nutuk’tur. Nutuk, 1919’dan
Makedonya’ya göre Şam, sosyal ve ekonomik 1927’ye kadar geçen zamandaki gelişmeleri
yönden geri kalmış bir yerdi. kapsamaktadır.
Bölgede nüfusun çoğunluğunu Araplar oluştur- Ayrıca Mustafa Kemal’in, askerlikle ilgili birik- Cevaplar:
maktaydı. Osmanlı yönetiminden hoşnut olma- imlerini aktardığı; “Takımın Muharebe Talimi”, 1–B
yan bazı Arap kabileleri sürekli isyan etmek- “Cumalı Ordugâhı”, “Taktik Tatbikat Gezisi”, 2–D
teydiler.Mustafa Kemal’in atandığı V. Ordu’ya “Bölüğün Muharebe Eğitimi” ve “Subay ve 3–D
bağlı olarak kurulan süvari alaylarına bu Komutan ile Konuşmalar” eserleri de bulunmak-
bölgedeki çatışmaları önlemek ve tadır.
ayaklanmaları bastırmak görevi verilmişti. Cumhuriyet döneminde de geometri eğitimini
Şam’da askerlik görevinin yanı sıra siyasi kolaylaştıran “Geometri” eseri de bulunmak-
faaliyetlerini de sürdüren Mustafa Kemal, tadır.
burada Vatan ve Hürriyet Cemiyetini kurdu.
Ali Fuat’ın (Cebesoy) desteğiyle Beyrut’ta
cemiyetin bir şubesini açtı. Suriye’de istediği
gibi faaliyetlerini sürdüremeyen Mustafa Kemal,
gizlice Selanik’e geçti ve orada da cemiyetin
başka bir şubesini açtı.
Mustafa Kemal, Balkan Savaşları’ndan sonra
Sofya’ya ateşemiliter olarak atandı.
Bulgar ordusundaki subaylarla tanıştı ve Bulgar
ordusunun manevralarını yakından takip etti.
Mustafa Kemal’in idadi sıralarından başlayarak
en çok okuduğu ve etkilendiği Türk yazar ve
düşünürler arasında Ziya Gökalp,
Namık Kemal, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul ve
Tevfik Fikret gelmektedir.
Manastır İdadisindeyken “Vatan ve Hürriyet”
şairi olarak bilinen Namık Kemal’in eserleriyle
tanışmış ve her fırsatta arkadaşlarıyla gizlice
şairin eserlerini okumuşlardır.
s16 (NLP6DOî
Lise OGM
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T.C İNKILÂP TARIHI VE ATATÜRKÇÜLÜK Sınıf-12
KONU BOSNA SAVAŞI- FILISTIN SORUNU- KÖRFEZ SAVAŞLARI- 11 EYLÜL SALDIRISI-ARAP BAHARI - IRAK VE SURIYE’DEKI GELIŞMELER
Bosna Savaşı ve Balkanlardaki Gelişmeler
Bosna Savaşı, 1 Mart 1992’den 14 Aralık 1995’e SORULAR
kadar sürmüş olan bir savaştır.1980’de Devlet Başkanı
1-Dayton Antlaşması aşağıdaki savaşlardan hangini
Mareşal Tito’nun ölümünden sonra Yugoslavya’yı sona erdiren bir antlaşmadır?
oluşturan federal devletlerarasındaki ilişkiler bozulmaya
başladı. Yaşanan gelişmeler karşısında 27 Kasım A) İran - Irak
1991’de Bosna-Hersek kendi ülkesinin bütünlüğünü B) Körfez
korumak için bağımsızlığını ilan etti. Şehrin sembolü C) Hindistan - Pakistan
olan Osmanlı mirası Mostar Köprüsü, Hırvat topçuları D) Arap - İsrail
tarafından imha edildi. Bu hadise Srebrenica Soykırımı E) Bosna – Hersek
olarak tarihe geçti.
Cenevre’de varılan antlaşmadan sonra Bosna- Cevap: E
Hersek’teki üç toplumun liderleri olan Aliya
İzzetbegoviç, Slobodan Miloseviç ve Franjo Tudjman 2-Dünyada uluslararası güvenlik ile ilgili en önemli sorun
aşağıdakilerden hangisidir?
ABD’nin Dayton kentinde barış masasına oturdular.
21 Kasım 1995’te Dayton Barış Antlaşması’nı
A) Yetersiz beslenme ve açlık
imzaladılar. Böylece Bosna Savaşı resmen sona erdi. B) Çevre kirliliği
C) Küresel ısınma
Siyonizm Sorunu ve Filistin D) Uluslararası terör
BM, 1947'de Filistin’in biri Yahudi öteki Arap olmak E) Nüfus artışı ve işsizlik
üzere iki devlet arasında paylaşılmasına karar verdi. Cevap: D
Arap Baharı
Yahudiler bu kararı kabul ederken Araplar reddetti.
Arap Baharı, 2010’da Orta Doğu ülkelerindeki
Kudüs şehrine ise, BM denetiminde milletlerarası bir
demokratik olmayan yönetimlere karşı bu ülkelerin
bölge statüsü tanındı. Araplar bunu kabul etmedi. 3- Günümüzde Ortadoğu’da yaşanan mülteci problemlerinin ortaya
halkları tarafından daha çok demokrasi ve özgürlük
Bunun üzerine Yahudi liderler, 14 Mayıs 1948'de çıkmasında etkisi olan gelişme aşağıdakilerden hangisidir?
talebiyle başlatılan, protesto ve ayaklanmalarla
İsrail Devleti’nin kuruluşunu ilan ettiler. Ardından Orta
gerçekleşen halk hareketleridir. Bu sürece Yasemin
Doğu’nun en büyük sorunu olan ve günümüze kadar A) Arap-İsrail çatışması
Devrimi adı verildi. 25 Ocak 2011’de Mısır’ın en büyük B) Arap Baharı
etkileri süren Arap-İsrail çatışması ve Filistin Sorunu
meydanı olan Tahrir Meydanı’nda, Arap baharının C) I. Körfez Savaşı
ortaya çıktı.
esintileri yayılmaya başladı. Arap Baharı’nın etkileri D) II. Körfez Savaşı
1978’de Mısır ve İsrail arasında imzalanan Camp David
Suriye’de daha sert ortaya çıktı.Ülkede yaşamın E) 11 Eylül Saldırıları
Antlaşması’yla İsrail ve Arap devletleri arasında bir daha
zorlaşmasıyla beraber birçok Suriyeli kendi ülkesinden Cevap: B
sıcak çatışma yaşanmadı. Cezayir’de toplanan Filistin
kaçarak başka ülkelere sığındı. Körfez ülkelerinden
Millî Konseyi, 15 Kasım 1988’de ilan ettiği bildiriyle
Bahreyn ve Yemen’de de Arap Baharı’nın etkileri
Bağımsız Filistin Devleti’ni ilan etti. Bağımsız Filistin
görüldü.2010’da Tunus’ta başlayan değişimle Orta
Devleti’ni Türkiye dâhil birçok ülke tanıdı.
Doğu’da daha demokratik bir dönemin başlayacağı
düşünüldü. Fakat beklenen olmadı.
I. Körfez Savaşı
Körfez Savaşı’nın çıkmasındaki temel neden Irak’ın
11 Eylül Saldırıları ve Küresel Terör
komşusu Kuveyt’i işgal etmesiydi. Irak, 1991’de BM
11 Eylül 2001 tarihinde ABD’nin New York kentinde
tarafından önerilen ateşkes anlaşmasını imzaladı.
bulunan Dünya Ticaret Merkezine, Washington’a
Böylece savaş resmen sona erdi. Savaşın ardından
ve Pentagon’a sivil uçakların kullanıldığı saldırılar
Irak’ta iç karışıklık baş gösterdi. Baas rejiminin
düzenlendi. Bu saldırılarda Dünya Ticaret Merkezinin iki
şiddet kullanarak bu gruplara saldırması üzerine,
binası da çöktü ve burada çalışan binlerce kişi hayatını
Irak birliklerinin 36. paralelin kuzeyi ile 32. paralelin
kaybetti.11 Eylül Saldırısı, ABD sınırları içine doğrudan
güneyine geçirilmeme şartı kabul edildi.Ayrıca ateşkesi
ABD’ye yapılan ilk saldırıydı. İlk olarak saldırıyı üstlenen
denetlemek ve gerekirse müdahale etmek için ABD,
El-Kaide adlı terör örgütünün konumlandığı Afganistan’a
İngiltere ve Fransa birliklerinden oluşan uluslararası
karşı askerî bir operasyon başlatıldı. 7 Ekim 2001’de
askerî bir kuvvet (Çekiç Güç) oluşturuldu.
başlayan bu harekât sonucunda Afganistan’daki Taliban
yönetimi devrildi. ABD, Afganistan’ı işgal etti.
II. Körfez Savaşı ve ABD’nin Irak’ı İşgali
Irak ve Suriye’de Yaşananlar
ABD, 11 Eylül 2001 yılında New York şehrinde bulunan
PKK terör örgütü, Irak’ın kuzeyinde üslenmiş ve
Dünya Ticaret Merkezine yapılan saldırıdan sonra,
Türkiye’ye karşı terör saldırıları gerçekleştirmiştir. Bunun
İngiltere ile birlikte teröre karşı dünya çapında bir
yanında 2014’te Irak’ın en büyük kentlerinden Musul ve
mücadele başlattığını ilan etti. Bu doğrultuda teröre
Tikrit’in yanı sıra bölgedeki bazı kentlerde kontrolü ele
destek verdiği iddiasıyla önce Afganistan’a askerî
geçiren DAEŞ terör örgütü, hem bölge hem de Türkiye
müdahalede bulunan ABD, ardından Irak’a yöneldi.
için büyük bir tehdit hâline gelmiştir. Irak’ın bu durumu
Irak kuvvetleri ve koalisyon güçleri arasındaki savaş,
Türkiye için ciddi bir güvenlik sorunu hâline gelmiştir.
ABD Başkanı George W. Bush’un 15 Nisan 2003
Suriye’de yaşanan insani bunalımın büyümesi
tarihinde kesin zaferin kazanıldığını ilan etmesiyle
sonucunda 2011’de 300-400 kadar Suriye yurttaşının
son buldu. Böylece dünyanın küresel gücü olan ABD,
Hatay ili Reyhanlı ilçesindeki Cilvegözü Sınır Kapısı’na
İngiltere ile birlikte, dünyanın en zengin petrol yataklarına
doğru hareketlenmesi, Suriye’den Türkiye’ye yönelik ilk
sahip ülkesi olan Irak’ı ele geçirerek Orta Doğu’da
toplu göç hareketini oluşturdu.
önemli bir güç kazandı.