Chhakchhuak, Ngurdinsangi

Cometa, Samantha
Layosa, Meiwen Piv Franchesca
Tibayan, Mark Joven

Case Scenario 1
1. Allergic Reaction
2. The improved breathing after administration of epinephrine is mediated through the
stimulation of "beta 2" adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of these receptors causes
relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles, which improves the respiration.
3. Epinephrine is an adrenergic agonist, which can stimulate both the alpha and beta
adrenergic receptors. The heart rate and cardiac output are increased when "alpha 1 and
beta 1" receptors are stimulated. Through activation of the beta 2 receptor, it also
facilitates better breathing. All of these effects can therefore aid in the patient's quick
recovery.
4. The “alpha 2” adrenergic receptors must be stimulated to relieve the patient’s
tachycardia. Because alpha 2 receptors, inhibits the release of epinephrine and
norepinephrine, and norepinephrine is utilized clinically most often as a vasopressor to
restore blood pressure in acute hypotensive states. So, the rate of cardiac contraction
can be decreased, which relieves the symptoms of tachycardia.

Case Scenario 2
1. The branch of ANS that has been stimulated was the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
2. A poisonous mushroom that Mr. Walker ate contains toxin known as muscarine, which
causing the increase in salivation, perspiration, abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea,
blurred vision, and labored breathing within 15-30 minutes of mushroom ingestion.
3. Antropine can be use to treat the excessive cholinergic stimulation caused by
mushroom poisoning of Mr. Walker.
4. A therapeutic dose of atropine produces stimulant effect. Mr. Walker experience
salivating and sweating, blurry vision and difficulty breathing, by taking in Atropine it will
avert the excessive cholinergic stimulation to activation of the parasympathetic nervous
system that would relax the body

Discussion Question
1. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system and it
is divided into three types,
(a) Sympathetic nervous system
(b) Parasympathetic nervous system
(c) Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system regulates the various physiological activities that not
generally under conscious control. For example, the heart beat and respiration are
controlled by autonomic nervous system.
2. Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination and sweating. The SNS is the “flight
or fight” part of the ANS whereas the PNS is the “rest and repair”. It slows down the
heart rate and promote resting.

3. Acetylcholine is released from the vesicles and into the synaptic cleft, where the
neurotransmitter is free to bind with receptors. It is released by axonal varicosities
throughout the brain via volume transmission. Nicotinic Muscarinic, Alpha1, Alpha2,
Beta1, Beta2
4. The relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles brought on the stimulation of "beta 2"
receptors enhances breathing. In order to alleviate bronchoconstriction and promote
breathing, beta 2 agonists like salbutamol and salmeterol create pleasant effects.
5. There are two basic types of receptors: a-adrenergic receptors and B-adrenergic
receptors. Each of these two types has various subtypes; there are two d-adrenergic
receptor subtypes:
• a1 : involved in neurotransmission
• a2: responsible for analgesia and sympatholytic effects.
and three B-adrenergic receptor subtypes:
• B1: regulate heart rate
• B2: management of bronchospasm
• B3: not identified
6. Pulmonary disease (COPD/bronchial asthma), Peptic ulcer disease (may use with
caution), Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation), Coronary vascular disease, Angle-closure
glaucoma, Hyperthyroidism, Intestinal resection or anastomosis, Urinary obstruction,
Orthostatic hypotension, Severe miosis