ME C 443 Quality Control,

Assurance and Reliability

L-17
BITS Pilani Dr. Sachin Waigaonkar
K K Birla Goa Campus
Last Class

• Sampling Distributions and Central Limit Theorem

• Estimation of Confidence Interval (Variance is Known)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Hypothesis Testing

• A statistical hypothesis is a statement about the values

of the parameters of a probability distribution.
• For example, Mean Internal Diameter of a bearing is 50
mm.
• We can express this as:
• H0 : μ= 50 mm Referred as Null hypothesis
• H1 : μ≠ 50 mm Referred as Alternative hypothesis
• H1 specifies values of the mean diameter that are either
greater than 50 mm or less than 50 mm and is called a
two-sided alternative hypothesis.
• Depending on the problem, different one-sided
alternative hypotheses may be appropriate.
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Inference on the Mean of a
Population, Variance Known
• Suppose that x is a random variable with unknown mean μ
and known variance σ2 .
• We wish to test the hypothesis that the mean is equal to a
standard value, say, μ0
• The hypothesis may be formally stated as:
• H0 : μ= μ0
• H1 : μ≠μ0
• The procedure for testing this hypothesis is to take a random
sample of n observations on the random variable x, compute
the test statistic x
Z0  0

/ n

• Reject H0 if Z 0  Z /2 where Z /2 is upper α/2 percentage

point of the standard normal distribution.
• This procedure is sometimes called the one-sample Z-test.
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Rejection Region

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One Sided Hypothesis

• In some situations we may wish to reject only if the true

mean μ is larger than μ0 i.e. μ> μ0
• Thus, the one-sided alternative hypothesis is we would
reject H0 : μ= μ0 only if Z0> Zα
• If rejection is desired only μ is less than μ0 i.e μ< μ0
• The hypothesis is
• H1: μ < μ0, and we reject H0 only if Z0< Zα

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Hypothesis Testing: Z test

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Example : Two Sided Hypothesis
• A movie theater owner likes to keep a very close eye on
how much popcorn goes into each bag sold, so he knows
that the average bag has 8 cups of popcorn and that this
varies a little bit, about half a cup.
• That is, the known population mean is μ = 8.00 and the
known population standard deviation is σ =0.50.
• The owner wants to make sure that the newest employee is
filling bags correctly, so over the course of a week he
randomly assesses 25 bags filled by the employee to test
for a difference (n = 25).
• He doesn’t want bags overfilled or under filled, so he looks
for differences in both directions.
• The manager collects data and finds that the average
weight of this employee’s popcorn bags is ̅X = 7.75 cups.
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Ex.2

• The mean weight of the rubber gasket is 60 grams with a

standard deviation of 48. Furthermore, A researcher thinks
that material X will have a significant impact on the weight
of a gasket. A random sample of 64 gaskets collected and
the mean weight is 68 grams. At 95% confidence level test
the material X had an effect.

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Example
• The response time of a distributed computer system is an
important quality characteristic. The system manager wants to
know whether the mean response time to a specific type of
command exceeds 75 ms. From previous experience, he
knows that the standard deviation of response time is 8 ms.
Use α = 0.05.
• The command is executed 25 times and the response time for
each trial is recorded. We assume that these observations
can be considered as a random sample of the response
times. The sample average response time is 79.25 ms.
• H0 : μ= 75
• H1 : μ> 75

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus