2.

2 THE TITRATION CURVE

Ms. Melissa Calambro || September 2022 PHARCHEM3
Transcriber: Navarro
Editor: Montepio

FIRST POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution before any

 pH in an aqueous solution can be measured in a variety of titrant is added
ways.
 most common way uses: STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
 a pH‐sensitive glass electrode Analyte Titrant
 a reference electrode HCl (Strong Acid) NaOH (Strong Base)
 a pH meter. 20 mL
○ There are also alternative methods for 0.1 N
determining the pH of a solution.
NOTE: In the FIRST POINT, Titrant is not needed since you will
 Indicators: Indicators are materials that are specifically get the pH of the solution without or before the titrant is added
designed to change color when exposed to different pH
values.The color of a wetted sample paper is matched to a STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula
color on a color chart to infer a pH value mEq = N × mL
mEq = 0.1 × 20
mEq = 2

STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of Hydronium ion using

the formula
[H3O +] = mEq/mL
[H3O+] = 2 / 100 mL
[H3O+] = 0.02
The volume (mL) that will be used here is the volume of the
 Colorimeter: This device uses a vial filled with an solution .
appropriate volume of sample to which a reagent is added.
As the reagent is added, a color change takes place. The STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived
color of this solution is then compared to a color wheel or Hydronium ion conc.
spectral standard to interpolate the pH value pH = -log [H3O +]
pH = -log [0.02]
pH = 1.698

SECOND POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution AFTER

15.00Ml OF 0.1N NaOH is added.

STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature

Analyte ─ HCl Strong Acid
4 POINTS TO CONSIDER IN PREPARING THE TITRATION • 20 mL
CURVE • 0.1 N
 The pH of the solution being titrated but before any titrant is
added. Titrant ─ NaOH Strong Base
 The pH of the solution after titrant is added but before the • 15 mL
equivalence point is reached • 0.1 N
 The pH at the equivalence point  NOTE: In the SECOND POINT, additional of 15 mL of the
 The pH beyond the equivalence point titrant NaOH is added. The volume of the solution became
115 mL.
Titration of Strong Acid using a Strong Base
STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula
Formulas to be used: mEq = N × mL
mEq = N × mL HCl + NaOH ↔ NaCl + H2O
[C] or [H3O +] = mEq/mL
pH = -log [H3O +] 20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of HCl
pH= pKW - pOH 15 mL × 0.1 N = 1.5 mEq of NaOH
────────────────────
Sample Titration
0.5 mEq of HCL left un-neutralized
Suppose that 20.00 mL of exactly 0.1 N HCl were taken diluted 1.5 mEq was neutralized forming the
with sufficient distilled water to measure exactly 100 mL, and
salt NaCl.
titrated with exactly 0.1 N NaOH solution.
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[PHARCHEM3] 2.2 The Titration Curve – Ms. Melissa Calambro
STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of Hydronium ion of STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula
the un-neutralized solution using the formula mEq = N × mL
[H3O +] = mEq/mL HCl + NaOH ↔ NaCl + H2O
[H3O+] = 0.5 / 115 mL
[H3O+] = 4.34 x 10-3 20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of HCl
29 mL × 0.1 N = 2.9 mEq of NaOH
STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived ────────────────────
Hydronium ion conc. 0.9 mEq of NaOH left un-neutralized
pH = -log [H3O +] 2 mEq was neutralized forming the salt NaCl.
pH = -log [4.34 x 10-3]
pH = 2.36 STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of Hydronium ion or
The volume (mL) that will be used here is the TOTAL volume of Hydroxide ion of the un-neutralized solution using the
the solution. formula
100 mL (initial volume) [OH] = mEq/mL
+ 15 mL of the added titrant [OH] = 0.9 / 129 mL
TOTAL = 115 mL [OH] = 6.97 x 10-3

THIRD POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution AFTER 20mL The volume (mL) that will be used here is the TOTAL volume of
of 0.1N NaOH is added. the solution.
(equivalence point is when an equal concentration for both titrant 100 mL (initial volume)
and analyte) + 29 mL of the added titrant
TOTAL = 129 ml
STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
Analyte ─ HCl Strong Acid STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived
• 20 mL Hydronium ion conc. Or Hydroxide ion conc.
• 0.1 N ○ At this point, the substance left untreated is a BASE, a
Hydroxide ion is dominant.
Titrant ─ NaOH Strong Base ○ So, we will be using the formula to get the pH of the
• 20 mL BASE.
• 0.1 N pOH = -log [OH]
NOTE: In the THIRD POINT, the volume of titrant added from 15 mL pOH = -log [6.97 x 10-3]
became 20 mL (an additional of 5mL added). The volume of the solution pOH = 2.16
became 120 mL.
pH = pKW – pOH
STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula pH = 14 – 2.16
mEq = N × mL pH = 11. 84
HCl + NaOH ↔ NaCl + H2O
20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of HCl Titration of Weak Acid using a Strong Base
20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of NaOH
────────────────────
Formulas to be used:
2 mEq was neutralized forming the salt NaCl. mEq = N × mL
[C] = mEq / mL
STEP 3: Since the Concentration of both titrant and analyte pH = ½ (pKa - log C)
is equal. The pH is neutral.
pH = 7
pH = pKa + log ( )

FOURTH POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution AFTER pH = ½ (pKW + pKa + log C)
29mL of 0.1N NaOH is added. pH = pKW - pOH

STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature Sample titration:
Analyte ─ HCl Strong Acid Suppose that 20.00 mL of exactly of 0.1 N acetic acid was taken,
• 20 mL diluted with sufficient distilled water to measure exactly 100 mL,
• 0.1 N and titrated with exactly 0.1 N NaOH solution. pKa (acetic acid) =
Titrant ─ NaOH Strong Base 4.74
• 29 mL
• 0.1 N
NOTE: In the FOURTH POINT, the volume of titrant added from
20 mL became 29 mL (an additional of 9mL added). The volume
of the solution became 129 mL.

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[PHARCHEM3] 2.2 The Titration Curve – Ms. Melissa Calambro
FIRST POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution BEFORE any [CACID] = mEq/Ml
titrant is added [C] = 0.5 / 115 mL
[CACID] = 4.34 x 10-3
STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
Analyte ─ Acetic Acid Weak Acid The volume (mL) that will be used here is the TOTAL volume of
• 20 mL the solution.
• 0.1 N 100 mL (initial volume)
Titrant ─ NaOH Strong Base + 15 mL of the added titrant
TOTAL = 115 mL
NOTE: In the FIRST POINT, Titrant is not needed since you will
get the pH of the solution without or before the titrant is added. STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived
Concentrations.
STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula pH = pKa + log ( )
mEq = N × mL
mEq = 0.1 × 20 pH = 4.74 + log ( )
mEq = 2
pH = 4.74 + 0.476
STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of Hydronium ion using pH = 5.22
the formula
[C] = mEq/mL THIRD POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution after 20mL of
[C] = 2 / 100 mL 0.1N NaOH is added
[C] = 0.02 (equivalence point is when an equal concentration for both titrant
The volume (mL) that will be used here is the volume of the and analyte)
solution.
STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived Analyte ─ Acetic Acid Weak Acid
Hydronium ion Conc. • 20 mL
pH = ½ (pKa - log C) • 0.1 N
pH = ½ (4.74 – log 0.02) Titrant ─ NaOH Strong Base
pH = 3. 22 • 20 mL
• 0.1 N
SECOND POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution after 15mL NOTE: In the THIRD POINT, the volume of titrant added from 15
of 0.1N NaOH is added mL became 20 mL (an additional of 5mL added). The volume of
the solution became 120 mL.
STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
Analyte ─ Acetic Acid Weak Acid STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula
• 20 mL mEq = N × mL
• 0.1 N CH3COOH + NaOH ↔ NaCH3COO + H2O

Titrant ─ NaOH Strong Base 20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of HCl

• 15 mL 20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of NaOH
• 0.1 N ────────────────
NOTE: In the SECOND POINT, additional of 15 mL of the titrant 2 mEq was neutralized form Sodium Acetate
NaOH is added. The volume of the solution became 115 mL.
STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of the neutralized
STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula solution
mEq = N × mL [C] = mEq/mL
CH3COOH + NaOH ↔ NaCH3COO + H2O [C] = 2mEq / 120 mL
[C] = 0.0167
20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of Acetic Acid
15 mL × 0.1 N = 1.5 mEq of NaOH STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived
──────────────── Concentration
0.5 mEq of Acetic Acid left un-neutralized pH = ½ (pKW + pKa + log C)
1.5 mEq was neutralized forming the salt (NaCH3COO). pH = ½ (14 + 4.74 + log 0.0167)
pH = ½ (16.963)
STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of both Salt and Acid pH= 8.48
[CSALT] = mEq/mL
[C] = 1.5 / 115 mL
[CSALT] = 0.013

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[PHARCHEM3] 2.2 The Titration Curve – Ms. Melissa Calambro
FOURTH POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution after 15mL Sample titration:
of 0.1N NaOH is added Suppose that 20.00 mL of exactly of 0.1 N Ammonia was taken,
STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature diluted with sufficient distilled water to measure exactly 100 mL,
Analyte ─ Acetic Acid Weak Acid and titrated with exactly 0.1 N HCl solution. pKb (ammonia) =
• 20 mL 4.75
• 0.1 N
Titrant ─ NaOH Strong Base FIRST POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution BEFORE any
• 29 mL titrant is added
• 0.1 N STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
NOTE: In the FOURTH POINT, the volume of titrant added from Analyte ─ Ammonia Weak Base
20 mL became 29 mL (an additional of 9mL added). The volume • 20 mL
of the solution became 129 mL. • 0.1 N
Titrant ─ HCl Strong Acid
STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula NOTE: In the FIRST POINT, Titrant is not needed since you will
mEq = N × mL get the pH of the solution without or before the titrant is added.
CH3COOH + NaOH ↔ NaCH3COO + H2O
STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula
20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of HCl mEq = N × mL
29 mL × 0.1 N = 2.9 mEq of NaOH mEq = 0.1 × 20
────────────── mEq = 2
0.9 mEq of NaOH left un-neutralized
2 mEq was neutralized forming the salt NaCl. STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of Hydronium ion using
the formula
STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of Hydronium ion or [C] = mEq/mL
Hydroxide ion of the un-neutralized solution using the [C] = 2 / 100 mL
formula [C] = 0.02
[OH] = mEq/mL The volume (mL) that will be used here is the volume of the
[OH] = 0.9 / 129 mL solution.
[OH] = 6.97 x 10-3
STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived
STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived Hydronium ion Conc.
Hydronium ion conc. Or Hydroxide ion conc. pH = pKW – (½ pKb + ½ log C )
○ At this point, the substance left untreated is a BASE, a pH = 14 – (½ × 4.75 + ½ log 0.02)
Hydroxide ion is dominant. pH = 14 – ( 2.375 + (-0.849)
○ So, we will be using the formula to get the pH of the pH = 14 – 1.529
BASE. pH = 12.47
pOH = -log [OH]
pOH = -log [6.97 x 10-3] SECOND POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution after 15mL
pOH = 2.16 of 0.1N HClt is added

pH = pKW – pOH STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
pH = 14 – 2.16 Analyte ─ Ammonia Weak Base
pH = 11. 84 • 20 mL
The volume (mL) that will be used here is the TOTAL volume of • 0.1 N
the solution. Titrant ─ HCl Strong Acid
100 mL (initial volume) • 15 mL
+ 29 mL of the added titrant • 0.1 N
TOTAL = 129 mL NOTE: In the SECOND POINT, additional of 15 mL of the titrant
HCl is added. The volume of the solution became 115 mL.
Titration of Weak Base using a Strong Acid Formulas to be
used:
Formulas to be used: STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula
mEq = N × mL mEq = N × mL
[C] = mEq / mL NH3 + HCl ↔ NH4 + Cl
pH = pKW – (½ pKb + ½ log C )
20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of Ammonia
pH = pKW - pKb + log ( ) 15 mL × 0.1 N = 1.5 mEq of HCl
pH = ½ (pKW - pKb - log C) ─────────────
0.5 mEq of Ammonia left un-neutralized
1.5 mEq was neutralized forming the Salt NH4
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[PHARCHEM3] 2.2 The Titration Curve – Ms. Melissa Calambro
STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of both Salt and Base FOURTH POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution after 20mL
[CSALT] = mEq/mL of 0.1N HCl is added
[C] = 1.5 / 115 mL STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature
[CSALT] = 0.013 Analyte ─ Ammonia Weak Base
• 20 mL
[CBASE] = mEq/Ml • 0.1 N
[C] = 0.5 / 115 mL Titrant ─ HCl Strong Acid
[CBASE] = 4.34 x 10-3 • 29 mL
• 0.1 N
The volume (mL) that will be used here is the TOTAL volume of NOTE: In the FOURTH POINT, the volume of titrant added from
the solution. 20 mL became 29 mL (an additional of 9mL added). The volume
100 mL (initial volume) of the solution became 129 mL.
+ 15 mL of the added titrant
TOTAL = 115 mL STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula
mEq = N × mL
STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived NH3 + HCl ↔ NH4 + Cl
Concentrations.
pH = pKW - pKb + log ( ) 20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of Ammonia
pH = 14 – 4.75 + log ( ) 29 mL × 0.1 N = 2.9 mEq of HCl
pH = 14 - 4.75 + (-0.476) ─────────────
pH = 8.774 0.9 mEq of HCl left un-neutralized
2 mEq was neutralized forming the Ammonium
THIRD POINT: Calculate the pH of the solution after 20mL of salt.
0.1N HCl is added
(equivalence point is when an equal concentration for both titrant STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of Hydronium ion or
and analyte) Hydroxide ion of the un-neutralized solution using the
formula
STEP 1: Identify the Titrant and Analyte and their nature [H] = mEq/mL
Analyte ─ Ammonia Weak Base [H] = 0.9 / 129 mL
• 20 mL [H] = 6.97 x 10-3
• 0.1 N The volume (mL) that will be used here is the TOTAL volume of
Titrant ─ HCl Strong Acid the solution.
• 20 mL 100 mL (initial volume)
• 0.1 N + 29 mL of the added titrant
NOTE: In the THIRD POINT, the volume of titrant added from 15 TOTAL = 129 mL
mL became 20 mL (an additional of 5mL added). The volume of
the solution became 120 mL. STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived
Hydronium ion conc. Or Hydroxide ion conc.
STEP 2: Calculate the mEq of the solution using the formula  At this point, the substance left untreated is an ACID.
mEq = N × mL  So, we will be using the formula to get the pH of the ACID.
NH3 + HCl ↔ NH4 + Cl pH = -log [H]
pH = -log [6.97 x 10-3]
20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of Ammonia (NH3) pH = 2.16
20 mL × 0.1 N = 2 mEq of HCl
──────────────
2 mEq was neutralized form Ammonium Salt 0.013

STEP 3: Calculate the Concentration of the neutralized

solution
[C] = mEq/mL
[C] = 2mEq / 120 mL
[C] = 0.0167

STEP 4: Calculate the pH of the solution using the derived

Concentration
pH = ½ (pKW - pKb - log C)
pH = ½ (14 - 4.75 - log 0.0167)
pH = ½ (11.027)
pH= 5.514

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