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STRUCTURE OF CAPITALISM.

Economic activities

Economic activities are, above all, human activities. They are carried out by
the population in order, in the first place, to achieve their subsistence,
individually or collectively. Later, once the first objective has been achieved,
human beings try to improve their living conditions, which requires an
organization in groups or societies. It receives the number of progress, which
must be combined with the necessary coexistence between individuals. Thus
arise, on the one hand, forms of political organization that manage power in
society, and on the other, written norms or laws, which can emanate from the
ruling groups (in the most primitive societies) or from the whole of society
(Democracy ). These rules and laws can also cover economic activity and
regulate it to a greater or lesser extent.

From a historical point of view, it is worth highlighting in this process the

importance of the Neolithic period (about 10,000 years ago), when the so-called
productive economy appeared, based on two main activities, agriculture and
livestock, capable of ensuring a regular supply of food As a result, both the
population and life expectancy begin to grow rapidly. At the same time, there
is the expansion of agriculture in the Middle East, Africa and the Mediterranean,
not only because of the need for new lands that meet the needs of an
increasingly large population, but also as a successful formula for solving the
eternal problem of the subsistence of human groups.

This process was consolidated thanks to the appearance of technical

innovations (metals, wheel, etc.), trade and cities, which were the previous
step to the rise of the first civilizations (5,000 years ago). In them, human
societies reach a very high level of complexity and organization, and economic
activities are enormously diversified, although the basis of the accumulation
of wealth, which begins to characterize the ruling elites, will continue to depend
on agriculture for many years to come. centuries

Since then, human groups have settled in the territory looking for quick access
to the resources it offered. For thousands of years, while agriculture was the
main source of wealth and employment for the population, the rural population
dominated, but with the arrival and expansion of the Industrial Revolution,
from the 19th century the urban population was imposed, thanks to the mass
migration from the countryside to the cities called "rural exodus". The engine
of this expansion was, for many years, the development of industry and today,
practically two thirds of the population already live in cities. In them, the
economy has acquired great dynamism which, in recent decades, has been
due to the development of services, or the tertiary sector, within which new
economic activities that create progress and wealth for societies appear every
day. It is the process known as the outsourcing of the economy.
1. ECONOMIC SECTORS

Economic activities, due to the great variety of goods and services

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demanded by the population, they are very diverse and numerous. Looking for
productive efficiency, the working members of a community (city, county, country,
etc.) or active population, specialize in those activities they know how to do best or
for which they are best equipped. This distribution of tasks is called Division of Work
and each activity is assigned, depending on the type of products it obtains, to one of
the three existing Sectors of Economic Activity:

1.1. PRIMARY (4.3% employed population in 2012). Activities that are based on the
extraction of goods and resources from the natural environment: agriculture,
livestock, forestry (forest exploitation), fishing, and mining. These activities are
carried out in rural, maritime and forest areas normally far from urban centres. In the
underdeveloped countries the dedicated population approaches 50% (Spain at the
beginning of the century 60%), in the developed ones it is below 10% thanks to
mechanization. The problems facing the sector are:

1.1.1. Competitiveness with countries that produce more cheaply. Their products
enter our country thanks to anti-protectionist policies that reduce the burden of
tariffs. This is one of the main characteristics of the neoliberal globalization process.

1.1.2. Lower wages in this sector than in the rest, which makes it unattractive.

1.2. SECONDARY (20% of the employed population in 2012). Activities that are based
on the transformation of goods and resources extracted from the natural environment,
to convert them into manufactured products (industry) and activities related to
construction. The percentage of population dedicated to this is reduced in third world
countries that have not been industrialized (underdeveloped). In the countries of the
first world (developed) it is moderate and decreasing due to mechanization and
delocalization (relocation of industries to countries with cheaper labor).
It increases in third world countries that receive delocalized industries (emerging
countries). In our country, the sector faces these problems:

1.2.1. Competitiveness with countries that produce more cheaply. Their products
enter our country thanks to anti-protectionist policies that reduce the burden of
tariffs. This is one of the main characteristics of the neoliberal globalization process.

1.2.2. Delocalization to countries that produce more cheaply and as a

consequence processes of deindustrialization of our country.

1.2.3. Deep repercussion of the economic crises in this sector: that of the 70s and
the current one.
1.3. TERTIARY (75% of the employed population in 2012). Other economic
activities that are included in the term "services":

1.3.1. Product distribution services: trade, hospitality, transport services

for products and people, etc.
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1.3.2. Financial services for companies, the State and individuals, such as banking. 1.3.3.

Services for companies and for the State, often the result of outsourcing ().

1.3.4. Public administration and social services, financed by the State

1.3.5. Personal services to cover demands that do not involve the distribution of
products: tourism, leisure, entertainment, repairs, personal care...

1.3.6. Some speak of "quaternary" to refer to highly qualified services such as

research, new technologies, or financial engineering.

2. The importance of natural resources in the economy

The factors of production are the physical basis on which all productive processes
are supported. Technology allows their exploitation and, as it advances, a more
efficient use of them. The economic activities based on the production of goods
(primary and secondary sectors) are the result of the exploitation and processing of
said resources by means of certain techniques. We can group natural resources into
four large groups, always understanding that they are scarce resources, for whose
use a process of extraction and exploitation is always necessary, as well as the use
of appropriate techniques: fertile soil or land, water or water resources, energy
sources and raw materials.

2.1. the soil

This resource is, today, essential for life on earth. And all the more scarce as the
world population grows. Therefore, its value to ensure the future of humanity's food
is increasing, at least until an alternative form of nutritional input emerges and
becomes widespread.

a) Soil conservation

Not all of the earth's surface is soil. The large areas of rock or sand, in mountains
and deserts, have not constituted a soil on which vegetation can grow, in the same
way that we cannot count as such the areas covered by ice at the poles and the
summits altitude They are the large plains, typical of basins and valleys of large
rivers, or of coastal areas, generally at low altitude, where there are soils sufficiently
deep and rich in nutrients, which allow their agricultural use.

When the slope of the terrain exceeds certain limits, the soil becomes poorer, since
a large part of its components are moved down the slope towards the bottom of the
valley. If the demographic pressure is high, the demand for food and, therefore, for
agricultural land, can force agricultural communities to build terraces or terraces,
turning the inclined plane of a slope into a set of stepped horizontal surfaces,
separated by walls of containment, as you can see in the image.
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At present, many countries suffering from overpopulation and a lack of fertile

soil are acquiring the soil they need in third countries, which has led to the
emergence of a global market for soil intended for agricultural or livestock use.
These are the cases of China or South Korea, which buy large areas of land in
Africa or, to a lesser extent, in South America.

2.2. Water resources (water)

When we talk about this type of resource, we must keep in mind that not all water
is equal. In principle, we must differentiate between salt water, which is found
mainly in seas and oceans, and fresh water, which is mostly found on the
continents, and which represents a tiny portion of the Hydrosphere. On the other
hand, if we talk about continental waters, we can divide them into two large
groups: surface waters, located in rivers, lakes and wetlands, and underground
waters or aquifers. See in the following infographic, the distribution of water on
the planet and its availability.

In addition to the uses it has for being a medium in which (aquatic) life develops
and, therefore, where fishing activity is carried out, or to serve as a physical base
for navigation and transport , water is one of the essential resources for economic
activities and human subsistence itself, and as such a resource, it can be
abundant or scarce depending on the region. So, the uses of water can be divided
into two large groups:

Agricultural irrigation stands out among them, which usually accounts for at
least three quarters of consumption. Others would be industrial uses (refrigeration
and cleaning of mechanisms, steam production, etc.), domestic and urban uses
and, finally, to a smaller and smaller percentage, ornamental and leisure uses.
This type of use involves a reduction in the volume of water existing in a territory.

Human consumption, as previously explained, adds important losses that

modify the natural hydrologic balance. That is why it is important that the
rate of water consumption does not exceed the rate of natural replenishment of water in a territor
To regulate water resources and improve the quality of the available
water, hydraulic works are built. There are several types:

Works to regulate and increase water resources: reservoirs, canalizations and

transfers. Sea water desalination plants can also be added in this section. In
order to preserve or improve the quality of the water, water purification plants
are also built to supply the cities with drinking water; and waste water treatment
plants, intended to treat and eliminate toxic substances from the water that
returns to the rivers after its domestic or industrial use.

The control of a resource such as water, so necessary as the population

and economic activity increases in areas where it is scarce, has meant a large
number of investments in hydraulic works in recent times. But it has also given
rise to numerous conflicts between countries that have sometimes degenerated
into wars, such is the strategic importance of water resources. And it is that,
faced with the double challenge of the growth of the world population from here until the middle o
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fight against hunger, which will mean a considerable increase in irrigation, and
there is already talk of "water stress" in many regions of the planet. It will be in
them where we will have to be attentive to the tensions that occur, and provide
them with the necessary infrastructure for an efficient use of their water resources.
See it on the map below.

2.3. The Energy Sources

These are the substances or materials from which energy is obtained. This, in
turn, can be presented in various forms (mechanical, electromagnetic, calorific,
light, etc.)

We can distinguish between primary energy and final energy. The latter is what
we consume directly (for example, the electricity we supply to our homes or the
gasoline that moves our vehicle); it is obtained from the processing and
transformation of natural resources that contain the so-called primary energy and
which are known as the number of energy sources. Today, these are vital to
ensure the massive energy consumption on which the production and distribution
of goods and services is based.

There are two main types of energy sources, according to whether they behave
as storage sources or as flow sources, that is, if they are renewable or non-
renewable sources.

2.3.1. Non-Renewable energy sources

They are those that are present in nature in a limited quantity, given that they
either do not regenerate, or have a cycle that is too long. Therefore, it is necessary
to reduce their consumption or consume them efficiently. we can divide them into two large group

Fossil fuels, which have been formed by the decomposition and fossilization
of organic matter over millions of years. There are three:

Coal: Search definition

Oil: Search definition

Natural gas: Search definition

And she's there too

Nuclear Energy: Search definition

2.3.2. Renewable energy sources

They are those that exist in nature in the form of a more or less constant flow:
river water, wind, solar radiation, tides, etc. This is why they do not run out or, in
their use, cause harmful emissions for the environment. The disadvantage they
have is that the energy is more difficult to capture and is not produced where it
is needed, so expensive installations are required both for capturing and
transporting it.
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The most well-known, today, are the following:

Hydraulic Energy: Search definition

Wind Energy: Search definition

Solar Energy: Find definition

Photovoltaic solar energy: Find definition

Thermal solar energy: Find definition

Biomass Energy: Search for definition

Geothermal Energy: Search definition

2.4. The Raw Materials

They are all those resources that we obtain directly from nature and that, once
subjected to certain transformation processes, allow the production of goods ready
to be consumed or used in other types of activities. They are, therefore, the basis
of industrial activity and, given the importance of this in developed countries, the
control and supply of many raw materials is vital for states and companies, so
tensions can be generated and difficult-to-manage conflicts in producing countries.

We can classify raw materials into two large groups: raw materials of organic
origin and mineral raw materials.

2.4.1. Organic raw materials: Search definition

2.4.2. Mineral raw materials: Search definition

3. Spaces and economic activities in today's world

Next, once we know the rudiments of the economy and the basic processes that
drive it, as well as the characteristics of the national and global framework in which
they take place, we will analyze the way in which the main activities, framed within
each one of the three sectors of the economy, develop and transform the current
world to satisfy human needs.

3.1. Landscapes of the primary sector. Agriculture and agricultural landscapes in the world

Agriculture is the main economic activity of the primary sector and, together with
livestock, it is the one that leaves the most extensive footprint in the territory. Its
purpose is the production of food (for humans or livestock) and raw materials from
the cultivation of plant species in the soil. Agricultural activities (agriculture +
livestock) have been responsible, since their appearance, for the great
transformations that many of the planetary ecosystems have experienced over the
last 10,000 years, turning many of them into agricultural landscapes.
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Although not long ago the population dedicated to agriculture in the world was
still the majority (in 1950, 64.6%), today it has fallen below 40%, due, fundamentally,
to mechanization and the improvement of agricultural techniques, legacy in the
most advanced countries, to represent less than 5%. This has involved, on the
one hand, the general increase in yields and agricultural production, and on the
other, the reduction of the labor required to obtain said production, which has
caused, in turn, a massive emigration from rural areas towards the cities known
as "rural exodus".

There is a different agricultural and livestock potential in relation to the different

surfaces and environments of the world, in which very diverse agricultural
communities are located. When explaining the settlement and exploitation of the
land by human groups, it is important to take into account the way in which
societies organize the relationships that are established between the land and the
farmers, that is to say, the degree of dominion over the land or tenure regime. It
can be direct, when the farmer owns the land he works on, both as an individual
and as part of a community; and indirect when the farmer and the owner are
different persons, who come to a legal agreement or contract, by which the latter
cedes the usufruct of the land to the former in exchange for a sum of money
(lease) or part of the harvest ( sharecropper). Property structure refers to the
predominant type and size of property in a country or territory and the relationship
between the number of owners and the total population. One speaks of
latifundismo when large properties or large estates predominate, in which case,
the number of owners is small in relation to the total population; For its part,
minifundism occurs when small properties or minifunds predominate, and the
number of owners is very high. The properties, however, can be divided into
smaller units of land for cultivation which are called agricultural plots and these,
in turn, can also be of different size, shape and delimitation.
It would be the basic units of land for cultivation. The farm would be the basic
unit of agricultural production, directed by a farmer and formed by the set of plots
(owned or leased) that he cultivates using various technical means.

So, although in the urban environment, agriculture seems to us to be something

more and more foreign or distant, in Geography we must study the agricultural
spaces for three reasons:

First of all, because they supply humanity with essential and necessary goods,
such as food, and it is convenient to know all the elements involved in their
production and distribution. Secondly, because agriculture has a huge impact on
certain ecosystems, and on the environment in general. And, above all, because
these are activities that are developed horizontally, they occupy more and more
surface on the planet as it is populated and the demand for food increases, while
the pressure and environmental damage on it grows .
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Agricultural landscapes can be analyzed from a double point of view: taking

as reference the visible elements that make them up (especially the fields of
cultivation and the population), by which we recognize them as such, or from
the physical factors and humans, who originate and condition them. Let's start
with the latter:

3.1.1. Factors of the agricultural landscape.

In a natural landscape, existing plant formations depend on three

essential conditions: the climate, the soil and the relief.

The temperature and precipitation (both in their average or total values and in
their distribution throughout the year), the composition of the soil and the
slope or the altitude, are factors that determine the type of vegetation that will
grow in a place . Therefore, if said natural vegetation is replaced by plant
species selected by humans to be cultivated in plots, they must also adapt to
said conditions, which we will call physical factors. Therefore, the characteristics
of the natural environment will significantly influence agriculture. But, at the
same time, if we ask why agriculture begins to develop in an area, we see that
the answers depend on another type of conditioning related to the needs of
the human being: they are human factors. Among these, it should be noted,
the search for the group's own subsistence, the increase in demographic
pressure, the obtaining of benefits for the sale of products in the market, and
the development of new techniques that allow the cultivation of new, more
productive species. The set of specifically agricultural human factors
(agricultural active population, type of property and farms, technical means
used, etc.) that define the type of agriculture that occurs in a place is called
agrarian structure and is usually specific to each country or region

In this sense, it is very important to understand the difference between so-

called traditional agriculture, based fundamentally on subsistence production,
and modern or technical agriculture, in which production is intended for sale
in the market and for obtaining benefits, organizing in agricultural holdings, or
technical production units, under the direction of a same farmer or agricultural
entrepreneur. In general, we can distinguish between two types of agricultural
structure, one traditional and the other modern, which are basically
differentiated by productivity, which is much higher in the modern one, given
the small amount of labor required and the extensive use of machinery and
advanced techniques cultivation

3.1.2. Elements of the agricultural landscape

They are those that are visible and common to all landscapes, adopting,
however, numerous forms and typologies depending on the factors mentioned
above. They are the following:

The plots: Search definition

Cultivation systems: Search definition
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The agricultural population and the means of communication: Search definition

3.1.3. Types of agricultural landscapes

We can divide the agricultural landscapes resulting from the action of the previous factors
into two large groups, according to the technological level of the methods used and the
final destination of the production obtained (self-consumption or market), that is,
according to the agricultural structure (traditional or modern) that characterizes them:

Traditional agricultural landscapes: They are characterized by the use of traditional

techniques, by the use of an abundant workforce and by allocating most of the production
to self-subsistence. The most widespread landscapes are:

a) Landscape of itinerant agriculture or rozas: Search for definition b)

Landscape of sedentary rainfed agriculture: Search for definition c)

SE Asian floodplain landscape: Search for definition

d) Landscape of irrigated agriculture of oases: Search for definition

Traditional sedentary agriculture: Search definition

Evolved or modern agricultural landscapes: Search definition

Cattle farming, like agriculture, is today divided into two large groups, the intensive
(generally stabled) and the extensive, while a traditional, low-productivity cattle farm
continues to exist, which serves the subsistence of the group, and another advanced or
modern, with high yields and productivity, oriented towards the mass consumption of
meat and dairy products in developed countries.

The advancement of agriculture and livestock in the world, to supply the growing demand
for food in a population that already exceeds 7,500 million inhabitants, has caused
deforestation to become a global problem of the first order, while Many of the current
forests have been exploited economically on a large scale to produce wood and other raw
materials. Thus, the exploitation of forest resources is, today, an economic activity of
doubly vital importance for humanity.

3.2. The industrial spaces

The industrial spaces are those that result from the development of the industry and, in
general, from the activities of the secondary sector, on certain areas that meet a series of
requirements or present sufficient comparative advantages to attract the location of
factories and other complementary facilities (warehouses, hangars, etc.).

Industry (or industrial activity) is defined as:

The most common classification is that which divides industrial activities into three
large groups, depending on the destination of their products:
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Basic industry: Find definition

Capital goods industry: Search definition

Consumer goods industry: Search definition

The factors of industrial location, that is to say, the set of advantages that favor the development
of industrial activities in certain areas has changed over time and technological development.
Thus, some key traditional factors, such as proximity to raw materials or markets, have today been
replaced by access to technology and large communication hubs. On the other hand, the
development of the means of transport and the generalization of the use of new information
technologies have allowed the decentralization of some productive processes and even the creation
of new industrial areas in the world, which have attracted factories, labor and large investments.
The phenomenon by which many companies decide to move production plants to areas that have
more comparative advantages, in order to increase their business benefits, is known as the number
of relocation.

The delocalization that occurred in the traditional industrialized countries (USA, Western Europe
and Japan) has led to and promoted the creation of large industrial regions in Eastern China,
Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, etc.). ), the Indian subcontinent
(Pakistán, Bangladesh and India), Brazil and other South American countries (Colombia, Peru,
Ecuador, etc.).

3.3. The Tertiary Sector or service sector

This sector includes activities that have as their object the provision of a service. Once people
have covered their basic needs for food and material goods, the improvement in quality of life and
purchasing power, give rise to new needs related to well-being and facilities in general. The
expansion of this sector has come from the hand of the development, after the Second World War,
of the so-called Welfare State, which is that state that is able to guarantee its citizens the coverage
of their basic needs, as well as social protection systems (health, education, etc.) that allow the
maintenance of a decent standard of living for the entire population. It is taking place all over the
world, a process of tertiarization of the economy and an increasing diversification of services,
which is linked to the employment of an increasingly qualified workforce and the use of new
information technologies and the Communication

The services can be classified according to different criteria: according to their ownership, they
can be public (or state property, financed with taxes, and whose main objective is to cover the
needs of society) or private (owned by private companies whose source of financing are the clients,
and its main objective, therefore, the obtaining of benefits); depending on the recipient, it can be
business services, social services, distribution services or consumer services (see below).

In any case, the truth is that both its distribution in the territory and the quality of the type of
service provided are usually disparate between states and others. So, the most
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developed ones have a greater variety, quality and accessibility, while the less
developed usually have serious deficiencies in terms of the quality of services
or the population's access to them. Because of the weight they have in the
economy and because of their importance for the social and economic
development of a country, we will focus on three types of key services: transport, commerce a

3.3.1 Transport activities and spaces

Transport is defined as the activity that moves goods and people between
different places. To carry it out, you need mobile means (locomotives, cars,
boats, etc.) and fixed infrastructures (roads, ports, etc.)

The set formed by both elements (fixed and mobile) is called a transport
system, while its spatial organization, that is to say, the way in which
infrastructures and mobile media are distributed and articulated in the territory,
is known as the transport network number.

The transport networks are composed of three elements: the routes, or

transport axes (roads, railways, sea or air corridors, etc.); the nodes, or points
of origin, destination or exchange of travelers or goods; and the flows, or
elements transported (people and goods) between the nodes. The different
means of transport are based on a physical or material medium through which
the movements are made, so these are divided between land, river, sea and air.

The modes of transport would be the specific type of technical means used for
transport in each of these means. The various modes of transport have
advantages and disadvantages in terms of three basic criteria, such as load
capacity, speed and versatility (ease of access to any place), so the creation
of transport networks every time denser and more efficient, today we can talk
about the so-called intermodal transport, which is based on the use of several
modes in the same transport chain.

Land transport, which has two basic modes of transport: Search definition

Road transport: Search definition

Rail transport: Search definition

Maritime and fluvial transport: Search definition

Air transport: Search definition

Intermodal transport: Search definition

3.3.2. The Commerce

It is defined as any activity in which goods and services are exchanged. It is,
therefore, the activity that articulates production (which gives rise to a certain
amount available or supply) and consumption (whose needs are expressed
through demand). The place where this exchange takes place is the Market
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(which can be physical or virtual) and relies on means of transport and communication.
Today, commerce is based on a global market, in which large multinational companies
intervene and which has been favored by the development of the means of transport,
which has favored the rapid distribution and the increase in the volume of goods
exchanged. Other characteristics of today's commerce are its large spatial concentration
in large urban areas and the generalization of the use of new technologies in marketing,
advertising and payment methods. In relation to the scope of the market for goods and
services exchanged, trade can be divided into two main types:

Internal trade: Search definition

Foreign trade: Search for a definition

International commercial flows: Search for definition

To evaluate the value of a country's exports and imports relative to others, there
are two types of balance sheet:

The commercial balance: Search definition

The balance of payments: Search definition

Since the end of the Second World War, various commercial organizations have been
created, both regional and global, whose objective is to expand the scope of local
markets until the formation of a single global market based on the freedom of trade.
Among those of a regional scope, we find:

The EEC: Search definition

Mercosur: Search definition

NAFTA: Search for definition

The WTO: Finding a definition

The GATT: Search definition

3.3.3. Tourism

Tourism means the movement of people outside their usual residence, mainly for leisure
or rest, as long as it is longer than one day (in which case it would be called excursionism)
and less than a year. It is one of the activities of the tertiary sector that has experienced
greater development in the last 50 years, becoming, in countries like Spain, the main
source of income for the state, at the same time that it convincingly shows the great
expansion of the tertiary sector during that time

As it is easy to understand, tourism has been very linked to the development of the
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media and transport, so it started as a very minority activity that ended up

becoming an authentic mass phenomenon during the 60s of the last century, when
the means of transport became cheaper and popularized in relation to the
development of the welfare state.

There are factors that condition the tourist resources that different countries can
exploit, some of a physical nature (the climate, the landscape, etc.) and others of a
human nature (the cultural and artistic heritage, the hotel and transport
infrastructures, etc. )

We can classify tourism according to several criteria:

According to the geographical area in which it is developed, we distinguish between:

Domestic tourism: Search definition

Foreign tourism receiving: Search for definition

Outbound tourism: Search definition

The tourist activity according to the type of motivations that drive it can be:

Leisure tourism: Search definition

Cultural tourism: Search definition

Sports tourism: Search definition

Health tourism: Search definition

In general terms, one of the types of tourism most in demand and which moves
the largest number of people, is sun and beach tourism. Spain is the first world
tourist destination of this type. It has advantages and disadvantages; among the
first, which barely needs investments and facilities to start developing; among the
drawbacks, that it is very subject to the economic fluctuations of the issuing
countries and, above all, the great seasonality that it experiences, that is, the
concentration of demand in a few months of the year (summer and/or vacation
periods of the issuing countries). Therefore, to avoid the excessive concentration
of demand and create voids at certain times of the year and congestion at others,
it is necessary to balance the influx of tourists throughout the year through policies
aimed at diversifying the tourist offer, supporting the development of other
complementary forms of tourism. The main tourist destinations in the world are France, EE. UU
Spain, China and Italy, countries that exceed 50 million visitors a year and that
accumulated more than a third of all world tourism during the past year.
4. QUESTIONS

4.1. It indicates the problem of industrial relocation that affects the stability of the
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global world

4.2. Explain the food problem in the third world and relate this problem to the
development of agriculture in the global world.

4.3. It explains what is the problem that will affect the world regarding water in the
next hundred years and shows a possible situation.