GERUND (-ing form of the verb)

1- Used after certain verbs

appreciate avoid begin complete

consider continue discuss finish
forget like keep mind
practice prefer remember recommend
start stop suggest try
understand

-spend/waste (Money,time)/be busy

I spent two years learning French/ He wasted all his Money playing cards/

She is busy doing her homework

2- Used in certain expressions

It’s no use/good It’s no use/good advising her not to overwork

Be worth It’s not worth paying $500 for that jacket
go We went climbing last week.
It’s a waste of time/Money It is waste of time watching that film.
Have difficulty We had a difficulty understanding his accent
Have a good/hard/difficult time I had a difficult time driving home

3- Used after prepositions

a) after certain verbs with prepositions

Forgive for Excuse for Prevent from Look forward to

Thank for Keep on Rely on
İnsist on Depend on Approve of
 b) after certain adjectives with prepositions

be used to Be capable of Be interested in Be responsible for

Be good at Be dependent on Be afraid of
Be familiar with Be aware of Be proud of Be experienced in

c) after certain expressions

How/what about There is no point in İn spite of İnstead of

İn addition to despite Due to Because of
Thanks to Like (gibi)

4- Used as the subject of a sentence

Playing chess relaxes me

Doing exercises regularly will keep you fit.

5- Used as an adjective

Shopping list/reading room/freezing cold

6- Relative clause’un kısaltmasında

The man sittng in the waiting room wants to see you

The Picture on the wall is too big.

7- After “after, before, when, while”

After shaving, I drank a cup of coffee.

Before leaving the building, Mrs. White swept floor and turned out the lights.

While walking down the Street, I came across an old friend.

 8- After possesive (my, your, his, Ali’s)

His passing the exam surprised everyone

Her singing drives me bad.

INFİNİTİVE
1- VERBS FOLLOWED DİRECTLY BY INFINITIVE

Would like decide Demand Agree

expect fail hesitate Hope
learn manage need appear
offer neglect plan Promise
refuse Ask seem Struggle
volunteer wait want mean

They volunteered to work overtime/ I didn’t mean to hurt you/They failed to finish the Project

She would like to invite you to her birthday/ I managed to set up the tent

2- Verbs followed by “object+infinitve”

advise allow ask Cause
challenge enable encourage force
Need order remind request
Require teach tell Want
warn Would like Expect hire

They didn’t allow us to take photographs/ I asked Bill to lend me his dictionary

He challenged me to swim across the river/ He told me to get up

German will enable you to find a better job./ He taught me to drive

3- After adjectives and adverbs
happy ready glad Hesitant
certain lucky fortunate Willing
dangerous prepeared impossible Easy/difficult
sorry determined safe about

I am sorry to hear that you failed the exam/ we’re determined to win/ The film is about to start

He is willing to help us/ I find it difficult to learn maths

4- to express purpose
She is saving Money to buy a new car

5- After question words

I don’t know what to do

She can’t decide how to get rid of this problem

Vivian showed me where to buy winter clothes

6- Reducing adjective clauses

𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑤
John was the first person ( ) the accident ont he motorway
𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑒
𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠
The last person ( ) the house must lock the front door
𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐼 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑜
I have a lot of work ( 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜
)
𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑘
David doesn’t have any close friends ( ) about his problems.
𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑘
 ÖZEL KELİMELER
STOP REMEMBER/FORGET
Stop to V1: bir şey yapmak için durmak Gerunds iken eskiden olanla ilgili (yaptığım)
Stop Ving: söz konusu eylemi o an için son İnfinitives iken gelecekle ilgili (yapacağım)
vermek. He stopped talking
NEED SEE/HEAR
Cümlenin öznesi bir kişi ise otomatik Olayın tümüne tanıksanız sadece V1 (without to)
İNFİNİTİVES alır
I need to drink something cold you need to Olayın sadece bir kısmına tanıksanız Ving olur.
study hard I heard her sing a song
Cümlenin öznesi kişi değilse ya basitçe I saw him crossing the street.
GERUND yaparsın ya da PASSİVE İNFİNİTİVE
yaparsın
This room needs cleaning/ this room needs to
be cleaned
HELP
Help smb (to) do
I helped my son do his homework

INFİNİTİVE GERUND
SİMPLE To V1 -
We agree to meet next week
CONTİNOUS To be Ving Ving
He seems to be enjoying the party He likes listening to music
PERFECT/ To have V3 Having V3
PAST You seem to have put on weight He admitted having robbed the bank.
PASSİVE To be V3 Being V3
(PRESENT) He hopes to be understood by them She doesn’t like being left alone
PASSİVE To have been V3 Having been V3
(PAST) He is happy to have been offered that job She hates having been underestimated