Words expressing CONTRAST

Although/though/even though
On the other hand
However, But + Sentence

Despite,
in contrast to, + (noun/pronoun/Ving)
in spite of

Words expressing RESULT

Therefore, so, + Sentence

because of this,

Words expressing REASON

Because, since + Sentence

Because of/ thanks to + (noun/pronoun/Ving)

Words expressing PURPOSE

So that + sentence He is studying day and night so that he can pass the exam

İn order to/ to + infinitive (V0) Eric reads English newspapers in order to/ to improve his English

Words expressing TIME

When, as, whenever, As I was teaching, I felt a pain in my keys

once,since,after,
Once ı finish the book , I will give it to you
before, until, +Sentence
as soon as, They didn’t set off until I arrived.
by the time
I always read something before I slept

Words expressing EXEMPLİFİCATİON

Such as, for example, I like all kinds of fruit, especially apple and peaches
Especially Some weekly magazines such as Time and Newsweek are available.
 Words expressing ADDİTİONAL İNFORMATİON

İn addition, + Sentence I was late for the class. Furthermore, I’d forgetten my books
furthermore, besides,
apart from this/that
As well as + noun They stole my car as well as my Money.

Words expressing MANNER

As + Sentence As I said before, the poor infrastructure is the

main problem of the city
Like + noun/pronoun/Ving She dresses just like her mother.

Words expressing CONDİTİON

If İf you study hard, you get tired

if you study harder, you will pass the exam
Even if I won’t forgive him even if he apologies
Only if I will go on holiday with you only of you promise to drive slowly
Unless=if not You are not likely to pass unless you work harder
Otherwise I must study hard. Otherwise, I’ll fail the exam.
Whether…or I will go out tonight whether you come with me or not.

Asking for PERMİSSİON

Would you mind if + past tense Would you mind if I smoked here?

Would you mind me/my + Ving Would you mind me/my smoking here?

Do you mind if + simple present Do you mind if I smoke here?

Do you mind me/my + Ving Do you mind me/my smoking here?

Can/may Can/may I smoke here?

EXPECTATİONS
be supposed to You are supposed to finish this work by 12
Be to You are to be home by 10 o’clock
 SUGGESTİONS OFFERS
Shall we play chess Would you like to have dinner with me?
Let’s play tennis Would you like me to bring you a cup of coffee?
Why don’t we play chess?
How/what about playing chess?

PREFERENCE
Would rather + V1 I would rather study than watch TV
I would rather not go out tonight
Prefer +gerund/noun to + gerund/noun I prefer studying to watching TV
Prefer to + infinitive + rather than +infinitive without to I prefer to study rather than watch TV

MODALS

Necessity (present/future) Necessity (past)

Must /have to Had to
Absence of necessity (present/future) Absence of necessity (past)
Don’t have to/don’t need to Did’nt have to/didn’t need to
Possibility (present/future) Possibility (past)
May/could Might/could have +V3
Advice (present/future) Advice (Past)
Should/ had better Should have +V3
Ability (present/future) Ability (Past)
Can /be able to Was able to / could

CONTİNOUS FORMS OF MODELS

MODAL + BE + Ving (PRESENT) MODAL + HAVE BEEN + Ving (PAST)
She should/must/may be working now She should/must/may have been working
CAUSATİVES