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Molasses as a new additive in papermaking: For Bagasse and Kaolin Filled

Bagasse pulps

Article  in  Professional Papermaking · June 2017

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.847614

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Professional Papermaking 14(1): 26-29 June 2017

Molasses as A New Additive in Papermaking: for

Bagasse and Kaolin Filled Bagasse pulps
By

Tamer Y A Fahmy
Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Center, Sh. El-Tahrir, Dokki,
Cairo, Egypt.
*
Correspondence to: Dr. Tamer Y. A. Fahmy , Cellulose and Paper Department,
National Research Center, Sh. El-Tahrir, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: drtamer_y_a@yahoo.com

Figure 1
Sugarcane Bagasse is the fibrous plant residue left in the production of
sugar after the cane has been pressed out.
Bagasse ranks among the renewable and sustainable raw materials.

p 1 of 16 tp
 ABSTRACT

This work introduces, for the first time, molasses as a new additive for

bagasse and kaolin filled bagasse pulps. It makes use of two most important

byproducts of sugar industry (molasses and bagasse). Bagasse is also an

important agricultural residue. Produced paper composites exhibited

greater strength (breaking length) and remarkably higher water uptake

(WRV) relative to molasses-free paper. Molasses succeeded to counteract

deterioration in paper strength which occurs due to addition of inorganic

fillers e.g. kaolin.

p 2 of 16 tp
1. Introduction and Object:

Through previous work, the author introduced molasses -for the first time-

as a new additive in papermaking. Molasses succeeded to strikingly

improve the properties of paper made from the pulps investigated in the

previous work i.e. cotton linters, wood pulp, & recycled old newsprint1–4.

An important byproduct of the sugar extraction process is molasses. Final

molasses is the liquid separated during centrifugation at the final step of

processing sugarcane juice , when no further sugar may be extracted from

the juice of sugarcane by conventional industry techniques. Sucrose

present in molasses can not be extracted by economic methods. Sucrose

lost in molasses represents the highest loss in sugar industry. The amount

of sucrose lost, relative to the total sucrose can approach 9 % of sucrose

present in sugarcane juice. Sucrose wasted in molasses is a serious

problem, and a driving motive for the extensive research directed toward

finding new innovative economic uses for this precious byproduct. The

range of the amount of sucrose in molasses is 32–44 %. Reducing sugars

are present in molasses, besides sucrose. These reducing sugars are glucose

and fructose. The range of the amount of reducing sugars is 10 to 15 %.

Therefore, the main importance of molasses, as an industrial byproduct, is

the high value of fermentable sugars present in it. This value may reach 50

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% by weight. Molasses, also, contains gums (including starch). The range

of gums (including starch) is 3 to 5 % by weight5.

The present work aims at making use of the two most important byproducts

of sugar industry; namely molasses and bagasse. Bagasse is also an

important agricultural residue.

The present work introduces, for the first time, molasses as a new additive

for bagasse and kaolin filled bagasse pulps.

2. Results and Discussions:

The bagasse pulp used in this work was taken non-dried from the industrial

production line of an Egyptian pulp and paper factory in Upper Egypt. A

part was air dried (A. D.), in sheet form. Physical and chemical analyses of

this pulp was conducted by us. Table 1 shows the chemical and physical

characteristics of this pulp. This commercial bleached bagasse pulp as

provided in the non-dried state from the production line of the factory

possessed very high water retention value (WRV) which amounted to 549

% and its °SR was 29.

2.1. Effect of Loading Bagasse Pulp with Molasses on Produced Paper

Composites Properties

Molasses solutions of the concentrations 5, 10, 15 and 20 % w/w were used

to impregnate the bagasse pulp. Pulp suspensions were processed into

p 4 of 16 tp
paper sheets as mentioned in the experimental part. The obtained paper

properties are shown in Table 2.

It is clear from Table 2 that loading bagasse pulp with various

concentrations of molasses solutions, during preparation of stock and

making of sheets, by suitable loading or incorporation techniques, resulted

in improvements in the properties of the paper made therefrom. The loaded

paper sheets water uptake (WRV) increased with increasing the

concentration of the molasses solutions, reaching a maximum at loading

molasses solution concentration of 20 % w/w. Dry breaking length of paper

composites increased progressively. The wet breaking length also

increased progressively.

Cell walls of cellulose fibers are natural nanoporous material. Sucrose and

glucose molecules, present in molasses, are entrapped in this natural

nanoporous structure, during its collapse, which happens when fibers are

dried. Molecules of sucrose and glucose function as spacers. Thus,

preventing the irreversible collapse of cell walls of cellulose fibers, during

the drying process, at papermaking. Paper nanocomposites involving

glucose and sucrose possess greater strength i.e. greater breaking length

compared to normal cellulose fibers. This may be explained by assuming

that sucrose and glucose molecules prevent the cell walls surrounding them

from relaxation during drying. Thus, cell walls are strained, causing the

partial release and protrusion of some microfibrils out of the fibers. These

p 5 of 16 tp
protrusions cause more enmeshing of the fibers together during

papermaking, and so the strength of the obtained nanocomposites

increases. Thus, a new type of fibers beating occurs. In our previous

research we called this type of beating, incorporation beating , to

distinguish it from mechanical and chemical beatings, which are used

6–29
traditionally to increase paper strength .

Moreover, the gums (including starch) present in molasses magnified the

improvements in paper properties and acted as strength promoters1–4.

2.2. Effect of Filling Bagasse Pulp with Kaolin, in Absence of Molasses

Properties of paper composites made from bagasse pulp filled with kaolin

of increasing amounts (5, 10, 15 and 20 g of kaolin per 100 g of fibers) are

shown in Table 3.

Table 3 illustrates that the strength (breaking length) of the paper

composites, obtained from bagasse filled with kaolin, decreased by

increasing kaolin added amounts. Strength of the kaolin-free paper (blank)

was 5192 m, while that of the paper composites filled with kaolin decreased

to 4 530 m, at adding 20 g of kaolin per 100 g of bagasse.

Also, the wet breaking length of paper composites decreased due to

addition of kaolin. The wet breaking length of the blank (kaolin free paper)

was 238 m, while that of the kaolin-filled paper composites decreased to

159 m, due to addition of 20 g of kaolin per 100 g of bagasse pulp.

p 6 of 16 tp
Addition of inorganic fillers such as kaolin -normally- decreases the

strength (breaking length) of the obtained paper composites. These fillers

interrupt the inter-fiber bonding because they are located between the

neighbouring cellulose fibers30-34.

2.3. Effect of Incorporating the Kaolin-Filled Bagasse Pulp with

Molasses on the Properties of the Produced Paper Composites

Molasses solution of the concentration 10%w/w was used to load the

non-dried kaolin-filled bagasse pulp. Non-dried kaolin filled molasses-

incorporated bagasse pulp fibers were processed into paper sheet green

nanocomposites as mentioned in the experimental part.

Table 4 shows properties of the green paper nanocomposites made from

the molasses loaded kaolin-filled bagasse pulp, at increasing amounts of

kaolin (5, 10, 15 and 20 g per 100 g) . Comparison of Table 3 and Table 4

shows clearly that the strength of green paper nanocomposites, produced

from molasses-loaded kaolin-filled bagasse pulp, is greater than that of

paper composites produced from the kaolin-filled molasses-free bagasse

pulp. This was observed at all added amounts of kaolin.

The breaking length of paper composites made from kaolin-filled

molasses-free bagasse was 4530 m, at adding of 20 g of kaolin per 100 g

of bagasse pulp, while that of paper nanocomposites made from molasses-

incorporated kaolin-filled bagasse was 5 389 m. It is evident from Table 4

that the green paper nanocomposites, produced from kaolin-filled bagasse

p 7 of 16 tp
incorporated with molasses, acquired dry breaking length superior than that

of the kaolin-free paper (blank). This achievement was true at all amounts

of added kaolin.

Green paper nanocomposites, produced from kaolin-filled bagasse

incorporated with molasses, acquired wet breaking length higher than that

of paper composites produced from the kaolin-filled molasses-free bagasse

pulp as illustrated through comparison of Table 3 and Table 4 . This is true

for all the added amounts of kaolin. At adding 20 g of kaolin per 100 g of

fibers, the wet breaking length, of the paper composites made from kaolin-

filled bagasse in absence of molasses, was 159 m, in comparison to that of

green paper nanocomposites made from kaolin-filled bagasse incorporated

with molasses which was 401 m. Green paper nanocomposites, produced

from kaolin-filled bagasse pulp incorporated with molasses, possessed wet

breaking length superior than that of the blank (kaolin-free paper). This

achievement was true at all the amounts of added kaolin, as shown by

Table4.

It is clear from these results that the deterioration in strength of paper,

normally occurring at adding inorganic fillers such as kaolin, was

counteracted by incorporating bagasse pulp fibers, with molasses.

Molecules of sucrose – in molasses – functioned as a strength promoter in

the paper nanocomposites, produced from the molasses-incorporated

kaolin-filled bagasse pulp fibers. The strength (breaking length) of these

p 8 of 16 tp
paper nanocomposites, even, surpassed that of the blank (filler-free paper).

Bagasse pulp, incorporated with molasses, was affected by incorporation

beating. This increased the strength of the produced paper nanocomposites.

The strength promoting effect of molasses was magnified by the gums and

starch present in molasses.

3. Conclusions:

✓ The present work introduces, for the first time, molasses as a new

additive for bagasse and kaolin filled bagasse pulps. The present work

makes use of the two most important byproducts of sugar industry; namely

molasses and bagasse. Bagasse is also an important agricultural residue.

✓ The paper composites involving bagasse and molasses, produced in

this work, exhibit greater strength (breaking length) and remarkably higher

water uptake (WRV) relative to molasses-free paper.

✓ Moreover, molasses succeeded in counteracting the deterioration in

paper strength which usually occurs due to addition of inorganic fillers,

such as kaolin.

✓ Sugar molecules present in molasses were manipulated, by simple

fully green nanotechnology, to incorporate the natural nanoporous

structure of the cellulose fibers involved in papermaking; thus increasing

the water uptake and strength of paper, via incorporation beating. Whereas

p 9 of 16 tp
the gums (including starch) -present in molasses- magnified these positive

effects.

4. Experimental:

- Determination of centrifugal water retention value (WRV): -

Water retention values were determined according to the modified

German Standard Method [35, 36].

- Loading of pulp fibers with molasses: -

In all experiments, the cellulosic fibers were incorporated with

molasses solutions of the concentrations 5, 10, 15 and 20 %w/w1-4, 6-9, 11.

- Paper Sheet Making: -

The paper sheets were prepared according to the SCA standard,

using the SCA - model sheet former (AB Lorenzen and Wetter).

- The inorganic filler kaolin used in this work was Egyptian upgraded

kaolin prepared on pilot scale, kindly provided by Metallurgical Research

and Development Institute, El-Tebeen, Egypt. Its specifications and

analyses are: Kaolinite 92.43% (Al2O3 35.21%, total SiO2 44.43%, Fe2O3

0.92%, TiO2 1.38%, moisture content 0.73%, ash content 87.99%, and

brightness 73.90%). The bulk density of this kaolin was 0.846 before

grinding and 1.1813 after grinding.

- Filling the cellulose fibers (bleached Egyptian bagasse pulp) with the

conventional additive (inorganic filler kaolin): -

p 10 of 16 tp
 In all experiments, the cellulosic fibers (bagasse pulp) were mixed

with kaolin and beaten for 15 minutes. The consistency was adjusted to

6%. The fibers were filled with increasing kaolin quantities (5, 10, 15 and

20g of kaolin per 100g of pulp fibers).

Investigations on different sorts of bagasse for pulp, paper and board

manufacture are illustrated by example references31, 37-67.

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p 14 of 16 tp
 Table 1
Analysis and physical properties of the bleached bagasse pulp
Alphacellulose % 83.22
Pentosane % 14.84
Ash Content % 0.41
Lignin % 1.61
Water Retention Value (W.R.V.) A.D. % 238.91

Table 2
Properties of paper made from bagasse pulp before and after loading the
pulp with Molasses
Concentrations of the molasses
zero 5 10 15 20
solutions % w/w

Breaking length in meters 4480 4832 5192 5194 5198

Wet breaking length in meters 205 226 238 240 241

W.R.V. of paper sheets % 122.37 128.34 135.13 136.21 136.29

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 Table 3
Effect of filling the bagasse pulp with kaolin -in absence of molasses- on
the properties of the produced paper composites
Amounts of the added kaolin
(in grams per 100 grams of bagasse zero 5 10 15 20
pulp)

Breaking length in meters 5192 4905 4801 4611 4530

Wet breaking length in meters 238 197 183 168 159

Table 4
Effect of incorporating the kaolin-filled bagasse pulp with molasses on the
properties of the produced advanced paper green nanocomposites
Amounts of the added kaolin
(in grams per 100 grams of bagasse zero 5 10 15 20
pulp)

Breaking length in meters 5192 5430 5400 5393 5389

Wet breaking length in meters 238 419 413 405 401

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