Reservoir Rocks properties

Oil & Gas Engineering

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‫ﻓﺎﻋل ﺧﯾر‬
 Permeability
‫ﻻدارة‬
Permeability(k) is defined as the ability of a reservoir to ‘conduct’ or
‘transmit’ fluids through the rock matrix: the flow capacity of a reservoir.
- in order to fluids flow through the rocks , the rocks must have
interconnected pores

‫ ﺃﺗﻴﻪ ﺭﻭﺣﻲ ﺑﺮﳛﺘﻚ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﴰﻚ‬.. ‫ﻭﻣﺪﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﺶ ﺍﲤﺎﺯﻳﻚ ﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻗﺮﻧﻔﻞ‬
Importance of permeability
1- Controls the directional movement of fluids
2- Control the flow rate of fluids in the reservoir

Permeability determination

The rock permeability was first defined mathematically by

Henry Darcy in 1856. In fact, the equation that defines permeability in
terms of measurable quantities is called Darcy’s Law. ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋلالو‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﻘط ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ال ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﯾن‬
.‫ وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك طور ﺳﺎﺋل واﺣد ﻓﻘط ﯾﻣﻸ اﻟﻣﺳﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬، ‫اﻟﺻﺧور‬
‫ اﻟوﺿﻊ أﻛﺛر ﺗﻌﻘﯾدًا ﺑﻛﺛﯾر ﻟﻣراﺣل اﻟﻧﻔط أو اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠطﺔ‬،

Darcy's law is only valid when there is no chemical reaction between the fluid and
rock, and when there is only one fluid phase present completely filling the pores. The
situation is far more complex for mixed oil or gas phases,
 Darcy’s Law ‫ﻋﻠﺑﺔ‬
1 ‫ﻌرف ﻗﺎﻧون دارﺳﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺳﺎﺋل ﻣن‬
ّ ُ‫ﯾ‬
1 ‫ ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻻﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﺿﻐط ﻗدره‬/ ‫ ﺳم‬1 ‫) ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ‬cp( ‫ﺗﺗدﻓﻖ ﻟزوﺟﺔ ﺳﻧﺗﯾﺑواز‬
Can is defined Darcy’s Law as the permeability that allows a fluid of 1
centipoise (cp) viscosity to flow at a velocity of 1 cm / sec for a pressure drop of 1
atm / cm .

Q = rate pf flow
K = permeability
(P1 – P2) = pressure drop across the sample
A = cross – sectional area of the sample
L = length of the sample
µ = viscosity of the fluids
- A permeability measurement unit is Darcy , because most reservoirs have
permeabilities much less than Darcy the millidarcy ( mD) is commonly used

1 D = 1000 mD

Reservoir permeability classification

‫ ﺣﻠﺘﺖ ﺩﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻡ ﻟﻜﻴﺘﻚ‬...‫ﻟﻮ ﺍﻛﺪﺭ ﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻙ ﺻﺪﻙ ﻧﺴﻴﺘﻚ‬

Permeability Value (mD)

dd Classification
<10 Fair
10 – 100 High
100 – 1000 Very High
>1000 Exceptional ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻲﺋ‬
 Permeability types

1- Absolute Permeability (k)

Permeability of a rock to a fluid when the rock is 100% saturated with that fluid. It
is the permeability given by Darcy´s law .
‫ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أﻧﻪ يف اﻟﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ أﻛﺮﺜ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
‫ واﻟﺬي ﻤﻳﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻋﲆ أﻧﻪ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺎدﻳﺎ ﻳﻌﻮق ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻵﺧﺮ‬
2- Effective permeability ( Ke ) ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ إﱃ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز أو اﳌﺎء( أو اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻣﻊ أﻛﺮﺜ ﻣﻦ‬
It has been found that in sand containing more one fluid the presence of one
materially impedes the flow of the other. which may be defined as the apparent
permeability to a particular phase (oil, gas or water) or saturation with more than
one phase. Darcy´s law becomes :
ko = Effective permeability of oil, Darcy
kw = Effective permeability of water, Darcy
μo = oil viscosity, cp
𝑲𝑶 ∆ 𝑷 𝑨 𝑲𝒘 ∆ 𝑷 𝑨
Qo= Qw= μw = water viscosity, cp
𝝁𝑶 𝑳 𝝁𝒘 𝑳 qo = oil production rate, cm3/sec
qw = water production rate, cm3/sec
3- Relative Permeability (Kr)

is the ratio of the effective permeability to a particular phase

to the normal (absolute) permeability , has no unit.
𝑲𝑶
𝑲𝒓𝒐 =
𝑲
gg
Ko= effective permeability to oil, md
Kw= effective permeability to water, md
𝑲𝒘
𝑲𝒓𝒘 = Kg= effective permeability to gas, md
𝑲 K= absolute permeability, md
Kro= relative permeability to oil
Krw= relative permeability to water
Krg= relative permeability to gas
𝑲𝒈
𝑲𝒓𝒈 =
𝑲
Permeability depends on ;
1- porosity ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ يف اﻟﺼﺨﺮ‬
2- the connectivity of the flow paths in the rock.
3- the pore geometry of the rock.
4- Is a directional quantity that can be affected by heterogeneous or directional
properties of the pore geometry

gg
Note;
The smaller the grains, the smaller the pores and pore throats,
the lower the permeability. ( like clay High porosity and low
permeability)
 Wettability and Relative permeability curves

1- Water – Wet Relative Permeability curves

‫ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ اﳌﺎء أدﻧﺎه‬
‫أي اﳌﺎء ﻏﺮﻴ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻴات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺎﻤء ﻋﻨﺪ‬.‫اﻟﻘﻮات‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮ‬Swc ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻊ اﳌﻴﺎه ﺗﺤﺖ‬
• Swc is the connate or irreducible water
saturation. This is the water saturation below
which water is not mobile because of capillary
forces. The relative permeability of water at
water saturations below Swc is zero.

• Sorw is the residual oil saturation or critical oil

saturation. This is the oil saturation below which
the oil is immobile, that is, its relative
permeability is zero.
 Wettability and Relative permeability curves

2- Oil- Wet Relative Permeability curves

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