Lecture 18

Derivation of equation of energy

Axiom: energy is conserved:
The equation of total energy can be divided in two parts. First is equation of mechanical
energy and second is equation of thermal energy.
The equation of mechanical energy is Bernoulli’s equation which can be derived from
equation of motion. The equation of thermal energy will be derived when we subtract
equation of mechanical energy from equation of total energy. Now taking a control volume
x y z fixed in space. The fluid is flowing with velocity v which has components vx vy vz.
Heat is flowing through control volume as shown in diagram.

Fig 28.1 Cubical control volume with heat transfer

Total energy is addition of potential energy P, Internal energy and kinetic energy
.Since control volume is fixed in space. Therefore change in potential energy in control
volume is zero. Write energy balance for control volume.
(1) Rate of accumulation of internal & kinetic energy in control volume = (2) Rate of net
(difference between in & out flow)change of internal & kinetic energy by convection
+ (3) Net rate of heat addition by conduction – (4) Work done by the system against
various forces (Pressure, Gravity, Shear) + (5) Rate of heat addition by some heat
sources
(28.1)
We will write all terms one by one.
(1) Rate of accumulation of internal and kinetic energy.
 (28.2)
(2) Rate of net change of kinetic and internal energy by convection.

vx :

(28.3)

(3) Rate of heat addition by conduction:

As shown in diagram we have three components of heat qx, qy and qz.
qx is flowing from x face plane, qy is flowing from y face plane and qz is flowing from z face
plane. Therefore net addition of heat by conduction is given below

(28.4)
Work done by the system
In mechanics, work is defined as a dot product of force and displacement. If F is force and dl
is displacement then work w is

dl
F

Fig 28.2 Work done by the system

In fluid mechanics, work done per unit time can be measured

 (28.5)

Work done by the system = –F.v

(28.6)

= –(Fxvx + Fyvy + Fzvz)

(28.7)
There are three types of force working in fluids mechanics.
1. Pressure force
2. Gravity force
3. Shear force
Therefore, these three forces will produce work in different form. Here, we will take work
done by these force one by one.
Work done against Gravity forces
The gravity force can be written as
Work done by gravity force can be written as

(28.8)
Pressure Forces
The pressure force is always working to the normal (inwards to surface) to surface. It is a
compressible force. Therefore work done by pressure forces are

x forces :
(28.9)

y forces :
(28.10)

z forces :
(28.11)

Shear forces
Three components of shear forces are acting on each surface of control volume. For example,
the shear force acting on x face plane is xx, xy, xz. Therefore, work done against shear force
can be calculated by product of shear stress, area of surface and velocity of fluid in force
direction. Work done by shear forces acting on x plane at x = x =

(29.1)
Work done by shear forces acting on x face plane at x = x+x is

(29.2)

Work done by shear force acting on y face plane at y = y

(29.3)

Work done by shear force acting on y face plane at y =y + y

(29.4)

Work done by shear force acting on z face plane at z = z is

(29.5)

Work done by shear force acting on z face plane at z = z + z is

(29.6)

5. If there is a heat source or sink which produce or take heat per unit volume Sc.
Heat produced or consumed by source or sink in control volume is equal to Sc xyz
Divide all terms by volume xyz and take limits x 0 y 0 z 0
The equ will be in following form
 (1) = (2)

– (3)
d
dx[q x+ d q y+ d q z
dy dz ]
+ (4) (vxgx + vygy + vzgz)

[ d
dx
d
dy
d
(Pq x )+ ( Pq y )+ (Pq z )
dz ] {
d
– dx
( τ xx v x +τ xy v y +τ xz v z )
+
d
( τ v +τ v +τ v )
dy yx x yy y yz z +
d
(τ v +τ v +τ v )
dz zx x zy y zz z + (5) Sc } (29.7)
This equation is in scalar form
Now we can write this equation in vector and tensor form which will be valid for all
coordinate systems.

(29.8)

We can further simplify this equation

2
v
s= v^ +
2
Assume

(29.9)

(29.10)

so equation is

(29.11)
 (29.12)

Taking L.H.S of equation

(29.13)

(29.14)

( From equation of continuity)

(29.15)

(29.16)

Equation (29.11) is

(29.17)
Above equation represent the equation of total energy in terms of substantial derivative. Since

observer is moving with fluid in the case of substantial derivative. Therefore, convective term

will be vanishing from the above equation.