Efren Anthony E.

Antiporda BSCE-4 1

Bingham Plastic dilatant fluids are thick suspensions of particles in a

A Bingham plastic is a viscoplastic material that behaves
as a rigid body at low stresses but flows as a viscous fluid
at high stress. It is named after Eugene C. Bingham who
proposed its mathematical form.
liquid. A good example of a dilatant fluid is a suspension
of corn starch in water. If such a suspension is
compressed quickly by hand, the suspension will turn
almost solid. If releasing the pressure, the suspension will
flow freely again.

It is used as a common mathematical model of mud flow Incompressible Fluid

in drilling engineering, and in the handling of slurries. A
common example Liquids are called incompressible
is toothpaste, fluid. The volume or the density of
which will not be liquids is not changed easily when a
extruded until a pressure is applied on it. According
certain pressure is to fluid dynamics, the ratio between
applied to the flow velocity and the velocity of
tube. It is then sound in the medium should be less
pushed out as a than 0.3 for a fluid to be
relatively incompressible.  Hence, this ratio is
coherent plug. less than 0.3 for liquids, making it an
incompressible fluid.
Compressive Fluid
Unlike in gases, the molecules or atoms of the liquids are
In general, gases are more closely packed (not tightly packed as in solids). Thus, a
called compressible fluid. pressure applied on liquid does not change the density to a
In normal temperature considerable degree. In other words, the volume of the
and pressure conditions, liquid is not reduced with an applied pressure on the liquid.
the volume or the density
of a fluid does not change.
But gases show variation
in volume (hence in
density) in the presence of
even small variations in temperature or pressure. To
name a particular fluid compressible, it should show a
considerable change of density when a pressure or a
force is applied.

In more advanced fluid dynamic terms, the ratio between

the velocity of flow and the velocity of sound in the fluid
is greater than 0.3 for compressible fluids. This ratio is
also called Mach number.

Continuum

Studying the behavior of materials by ignoring its

particulate nature. A continuum is an area that can keep
being divided and divided infinitely; no individual
particles. It is a simplification that makes it possible to
investigate the movement of matter on scales larger than Newton’s law of Viscosity
the distances between particles.
Newton’s viscosity law’s
Dilatant Fluids
states that, the shear
Dilatant fluids are also stress between adjacent
referred to as shear- fluid layers is proportional
thickening fluids. The to the velocity gradients
viscosity of these fluids between the two layers.
will grow with
increasing shear rate. The ratio of shear stress to
Typical examples of shear rate is a constant, for a given temperature and
9

pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or coefficient of reflects its French origin: not like the poise in “she
viscosity. showed great poise,” but pwäz.

Newtonian Fluids Pseudoplastic Fluids

A fluid, whose viscosity In pseudoplastic fluids

does not change with viscosity will decrease with
the rate of deformation respect to rate of shear stress,
or shear stain (V/Y), is therefore the slope of graph
called Newtonian fluid. will be of decreasing nature.
Pseudoplasticfluid are shear
A fluid which obeys thinning fluid for example
Newton’s law of paint, blood, lipstick. For these
viscosity is termed as Fluids value of flow behavior
Newtonian fluid. index (n) is negative and yield
shear stress (B) is zero.
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Rheological Diagram
A fluid, whose viscosity changes with the rate of
deformation or shear stain (V/Y), is called Non-
Newtonian fluid.

A fluid which does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity is

termed as Non-Newtonian fluid, i.e. constant viscosity
independent of stress. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity
can change when under force to either more liquid or
more solid. For example, ketchup becomes runnier when
shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid. The equation
for non newtonian Fluids is

τ = A*(du/dy)^n + B
Here 'A' represents flow consistency index
'n' represents flow behavior index Rheology
'B' represents yield shear stress
If in this equation when n=1 & B=0 then it became Rheo-to flow
Newtonian fluid. Logos-science
Ology- the study of
No-slip condition Thus, rheology is the science that concerns with the flow
of liquids and deformations of solid.
In fluid dynamics, the no-slip condition for viscous fluids
assumes that at a solid boundary, the fluid will have zero Stoke
velocity relative to the boundary.
Stokes flow (named after George
Poise Gabriel Stokes), also named creeping
flow or creeping motion, is a type of
The unit of absolute, or dynamic, viscosity in the
fluid flow where advective inertial
centimeter-gram-second system of units. Symbol, P,
forces are small compared with viscous forces.
though some say Po.¹ The poise is the most commonly
Vapor Pressure
encountered unit of viscosity, often as the centipoise.

One poise is the viscosity of a fluid that requires a

shearing force of 1 dyne to move a square centimeter
area of either of two parallel layers of fluid 1 centimeter
apart with a velocity of 1 centimeter per second relative
to the other layer, the space between the layers being
filled with the fluid. One poise = 0.1 pascal-second = 0.1
poiseuille.
Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is the
This unit was defined around 1924, and named for Jean pressure of a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with
Louis Marie Poiseuille (1779–1869). Its pronunciation its condensed phases in a closed container. All liquids
9

and solids have a tendency to evaporate or sublime into

a gaseous form and all gases have a tendency to
condense back to their liquid or solid form.

Absolute Pressure

Gauge Pressure

Absolute pressure is the pressure of having no matter

inside a space, or a perfect vacuum. Measurements
taken in absolute pressure use this absolute zero as their
Gauge pressure is measured in relation to ambient
reference point. The best example of an absolute
atmospheric pressure. Changes of the atmospheric
referenced pressure is the measurement of barometric
pressure due to weather conditions or altitude directly
pressure. In order to produce an absolute pressure
influence the output of a gauge pressure sensor. A gauge
sensor the manufacturer will seal a high vacuum behind
pressure higher than ambient pressure is referred to as
the sensing diaphragm. Therefore if you hold open the
positive pressure. If the measured pressure is below
process pressure connection of an absolute pressure
atmospheric pressure it is called negative or vacuum
transmitter to the air it will read the actual barometric
gauge pressure.
pressure.
Manometer
Barometer
Precision instruments that are used to measure pressure,
A device used to measure atmospheric pressure. Because
which is the force exerted by a gas or liquid per unit
atmospheric pressure changes with distance above or
below sea level, a barometer can surface area owing to the effects of the weight of that gas
also be used to measure altitude. or liquid from gravity. A common simple manometer
There are two main types of consists of a U shaped tube of glass filled with some
barometers: mercury and aneroid. liquid. Typically the liquid is mercury because of its high
density.
In the mercury barometer,
atmospheric pressure balances a
column of mercury, the height of
which can be precisely measured.

A nonliquid barometer
called the aneroid barometer is
widely used in portable
instruments and in
aircraft altimeters because of its
smaller size and convenience. Piezometer

A piezometer is a geotechnical sensor used to measure

Differential U-tube Manometer
A differential manometer which is used to measure the
difference of pressure between the two points of the
pipes. U tube manometer's connected pipes may be at
the same level and the different level lets see both one
by one.
pore water pressure (piezometric level) in the ground.
Designed to measure pore water pressure in soil,
earth/rock, foundations and concrete structures. It is a
device used to measure fluid pressure in a system by
measuring the height to which a column of fluid rises
against gravity, or groundwater pressure at a specific
point. Below are the uses of piezometer:

 Studying the effect of water in soil or rock is to

reduce the bearing capacity of soil or rock. This
effect becomes more obvious at higher pore water
pressures and eventually leads to the complete loss
of soil bearing capacity in some cases.
9
 Determination of groundwater level and flow
patterns
 Determines water flow patterns in soil/rock
embankments, concrete dams and their foundations.
 To delineate the phreatic line.
Vacuum Pressure
A vacuum pressure is one that is lower than the ambient
environment surrounding pressure, and is typically measured
relative to a perfect vacuum or full vacuum.
Vacuum pressure is usually expressed with a negative
number. It is measured with respect to the atmospheric
pressure.
Aerostatics
A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that
are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in
which they are considered. The corresponding study of gases
in motion is called aerodynamics.
Aerostatics studies density allocation, especially in air.
Center of pressure
Fluid under Rigid Body motion
A fluid that is experiencing rigid body motion will not
experience any shear stress. As a result the following general
equation can be used to represent the pressure variations
within the fluid.
The above equation can be broken up into the following
rectangular coordinates to express the pressure change over
a certain distance in the x, y, and z directions.
An example of a fluid that would be experiencing rigid body
motion would be a glass of water in a car.  When the car
accelerates along a straight path, the water inside the glass
will move as a rigid mass once the initial sloshing of the water
settles down.
Hydrostatics
Branch of physics that deals with the characteristics of fluids
at rest, particularly with the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a
fluid (gas or liquid) on an immersed body. In applications, the
principles of hydrostatics are used for problems relating to
pressure in deep water (pressure increases with depth) and
high in the atmosphere (pressure lessens with altitude).
Lock Gates
The lock gates are provided in navigation chambers to change
the water level in a canal or river for navigation. There are
two sets of gates, one set on either side of the chamber.
In a lock gate, the reaction between the two gates (R) is given
by
where
P = Resultant water pressure on the lock gate, and
a = Inclination of the gate with the normal to the side of the
lock.
Total Pressure Force
The total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static
fluid on a surface (either plane or curved) when the fluid
comes in contact with the surface. This force is always normal
to the surface. The center of pressure is defined as the point
of application of the resultant pressure on the surface.
Varignon’s Theorem
Also often called the principle of moments, is a very useful
tool in scalar moment calculations. In cases where the
perpendicular distance is hard to determine, Varignon's
Theorem offers an alternative to finding that distance.
In its basic form, Varignon's Theorem states that if we have
two or more concurrent forces, the sum of the moments that
each force creates about a single point will be equal to the
moment created by the sum of those forces about the same
point.
Buoyancy
Buoyancy (also known as the buoyant
force) is the force exerted on an object
that is wholly or partly immersed in a
fluid.
9

The symbol for the magnitude of buoyancy is B or FB.As a

vector it must be stated with both magnitude and direction.
Buoyancy acts upward for the kind of situations encountered Stable Equilibrium
in everyday experience. As with other forces, the SI unit of
buoyancy is the newton [N]. A body is said to be in stable equilibrium of it tends to return
to its original position when slightly
Buoyancy is caused by differences in pressure acting on displaced.
opposite sides of an object immersed in a static fluid.

A typical situation: Unstable Equilibrium

 The pressure on the bottom of an object is greater A body is said to be in an unstable equilibrium if when slightly
than the top (since pressure increases with depth). displaced, it tends to move further away from its original
 The force on the bottom pushes up and the force on position.
the top pushes down (since force is normal to the
surface).
 The direction of the net force due to the fluid is
Dynamic Pressure
upward.
In incompressible fluid dynamics
Center of Buoyancy
dynamic pressure (indicated with q, or Q, and sometimes
The center of buoyancy is the point where if you were to take called velocity pressure) is the quantity defined by:
all of the displaced fluid and hold it by that point it would
remain perfectly balanced, assuming you could hold a fluid in
a fixed shape. This point is also called the center of mass. The
center of buoyancy for an object is the center of mass for the
fluid it displaces.

Metacenter

It can be thought of as the fluid's kinetic energy per unit

volume. For incompressible flow, the dynamic pressure of a
fluid is the difference between its total pressure and static
pressure. From Bernoulli's law, dynamic pressure is given by

The metacenter is defined as the point at which a vertical line

through the heeled center of buoyancy crosses the line
through the original center of buoyancy.

Metacentric Radius Free liquid jet

The metacentric radius is the vertical distance between its Free liquid jet is basically defined as the jet of water coming
center of buoyancy and metacenter. out from nozzle in atmosphere. Path followed by the free jet
will be parabolic.

Neutral Equilibrium

A body is said to be in neutral

equilibrium if when slightly Forced Vortex
displaced, it tends to come to
rest in its new position.
9
Free Vortex
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at any point of
time due to the force of gravity. Hydrostatic pressure is
proportional to the depth measured from the surface as the
weight of the fluid increases when a downward force is
applied.
Orifice
An orifice is an opening, of any size or shape, in a pipe or at
the bottom or side wall of a container (water tank, reservoir,
etc.), through which fluid is discharged. If the geometric
properties of the orifice and the inherent properties of the
fluid are known, the orifice can be used to measure flow
rates. Flow measurement by an orifice is based on the
application of Bernoulli’s equation, which states that a
relationship exists between the pressure of the fluid and its
velocity.
Pitot Tube
A pitot tube (pitot probe)
measures fluid flow velocity. It
was invented by a French
engineer, Henri Pitot, in the
early 18th century, and was
modified to its modern form in
the mid-19th century by a
French scientist, Henry Darcy. It is widely used to determine
the airspeed of aircraft; the water speed of boats; and the
flow velocity of liquids, air, and gases in industry.
Reynolds Transport Theorem
The Reynolds transport theorem says that the rate of change
of an extensive property of a system with respect to time is
equal to the sum of the rate of change of property per unit
time for a control volume and rate of efflux of the property.
The Reynolds transport theorem is the major theorem that
helps to derive conservation laws like conservation of mass,
Conservation of momentum, Conservation of linear
momentum,etc.
Stagnation Pressure
In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure is the static pressure at
a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the
fluid velocity is zero. In an incompressible flow, stagnation
pressure is equal to the sum of the free-stream static
pressure and the free-stream dynamic pressure.
Stagnation pressure is sometimes referred to as pitot
pressure because the two pressures are numerically equal.
Static Pressure
Static pressure is a term used in fluid dynamics to define the
amount of pressure exerted by a fluid that is not moving.
Static pressure is typically measured using a force divided by
an area, or measured in length units when using a pressure
head. Static pressure, when combined with dynamic
pressure, can be used to determine the total pressure of a
system, such as in a pipe or tank
Total Pressure
9

Total pressure is the sum of static pressure and velocity

pressure. Static pressure exists in a non-moving fluid. Velocity
pressure is the pressure needed to accelerate air from zero
velocity to a certain velocity that is proportional to the air
stream kinetic energy.

Total pressure on an immersed surface can be described as

the total pressure that is exerted by a liquid on that surface.
The direction of the immersed surface can be vertical,
horizontal or inclined.

Venturimeter

Venturimeter is a type of flowmeter

that works on the principle of
Bernoulli’s Equation. This device is
widely used in the water, chemical,
pharmaceutical, and oil & gas
industries to measure the flow rates of
fluids inside a pipe.

Vortex flow

The motion of a fluid in a curved path is known as a vortex

flow.

When a cylindrical vessel containing some liquid is rotated

about its vertical axis, the vortex flow will be followed by
liquid.

Vena-Contracta

Vena-contracta is the
point in a fluid stream
where the diameter of
the stream is the least,
and fluid velocity is at
its maximum, such as in
the case of a stream
issuing out of a nozzle
(orifice). It is a place
where the cross section area is minimum. The maximum
contraction takes place at a section slightly downstream of
the orifice, where the jet is more or less horizontal.

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