FORENSIC 2

FACE TO FACE CLASS

3RD MEETING- 15 OCTOBER 2022

I- RIDGE FUNCTION AND INTERPRETATION

1. Ridge
 This are the tiny elevation/ hill-like
structure on the
 epidermis of the skin
 The black lines with tiny white dots sweat
pores in a fingerprint impression.
2. Furrows
 The depress/ canal-like structure on the
epidermis of the skin
 The white spaces between the ridges Figure 1: Fingertip and Latent Print
in a fingerprint impression. Source:
https://s23527.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/fingertips.jpg.opti
3. Pattern area mal.jpg

 The only part of the finger impression with

which we are concerned in regard to
interpretation and classification.
 Present in all patterns but in many arches and
tented arches it is impossible to define.
 The pattern area is that part of a loop or
Figure 2: Red lines features typelines that define pattern area.
whorl in which appear the cores, deltas, Source: https://www.slideshare.net/Rmcauley/sample-pattern-
and ridges with which we are concerned area
in classifying.

 The pattern areas of loops and whorls are enclosed by type lines.
4. Typelines
 Type lines may be defined as the two innermost ridges which start parallel, diverge, and
surround or tend to surround the pattern area.
(look at figure no. 2)
5. Divergence
 A part of a pattern defined as two ridges separated from each other which have been
 running parallel or nearly parallel diverge in opposite direction.

Figure 3: Diverging Ridges

6. Bifurcation
 The forking or dividing of one line into two or more branches.

Figure 4 : Bifurcation
Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html

7. Convergence
 It is the meeting of two or more ridges at a certain point.

Figure 5: Convergence
Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html

8. Enclosure/ eyelet
 It is a single ridge which split into two or more branches and at a certain point meet
again to form a single ridge.

Figure 6: Enclosure/Eyelet
Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html

9. Dot
 It is a ridge possesing a single pore.

Figure 7: Enclosure/Eyelet 10. Short ridge

Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html
 It is a ridge of a limited length with two or
more pores.
 More than 1mm but less than 1cm.

Figure 8: Short Ridge

Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html
11. Ending ridge
 it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge.

Figure 9: Ending Ridge

Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html
 12. Cross-over/ bridge
 A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles.

Figure 10: Ending Ridge

Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html

13. Trifurcation
 This is one single ridge splitting into a three-pronged, fork-shaped pattern.

Figure 11: Trifurcation

II – FORMATION OF Source: https://maneforensics.weebly.com/fingerprint.html DELTA AND CORE
The Focal Points / The Two Fingerprint Terminus -
Within the pattern areas of loops and whorls are enclosed the focal points which are used to classify
them. These points are called delta and core.
1. Delta
 Outer Terminus
 (1) point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two typelines and (2) is
located at or directly in front of the point of divergence.