THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN

UGANDA: ACASE STUDY OF MURCHISION FALLS NATIONAL PARK

BY

MUHUMUZA JOHN

1 153-05054-M0395

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMMITED TO THE COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS AND

MANAGEMENT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLIMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELORS DEGREE IN TOURISM AND HOTEL
MANANEMENT AT KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2018
 DECLAR≠~TJoN
I Muhumuza John do hereby declare that this research report is lily own research and original
~~ork and has never been presented before at Kampala international university for any
academic reward.

Signature

Date.
 APPROVAL
This work has been read and approved as having the requirements for the reward of
Bachelor’s Degree in Tourism and hotel management in the department of leisure and
hospitality, college of economics and management at Kampala international university.

Supervisor...

te
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are several people whose contributions and co-operation towards this research proposal
report are worth a word of appreciation.

l sincerely wish to express my gratitude to all respondents of Murchison falls national park
management without their positive responses, this research would not been being
accompished.

I confidently wish to acknowledge the assistance given in by my supervisor, Mr. Wapande

.Jowalie Ahamed whose guidance; patience and effort he provided with affirm ground helped
me accomplish this work.

My everlasting gratitude to my dear mother Mrs. Nakabuye Gloria Ateenyi. And

Grandmother, Mrs. Nabukaru Karaara Akijki

Finally, I would like to whisb. and thank all those whose contributions enhanced and brought
ftrce to this study, like my genuine friends, Saleh Ijosiga, Gumisiriza Vincent, Kabeho
Andrew, Amanyire Christopher and Goodman Michael and my brother Tusiime Cohn who
deserve share on my best.

Thank you so much may the Almighty God reward you all abundantly.

V
 ACRONYMS
U.S.E.P.A. United States environmental protection Agency.

N ,A.A. S. National Aeronautic and space Administration.

N .0.A .A. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

UNFCCC. United Nations on Frame Work Convention on climate change.

I. P.C.C. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

PPM. Parts Per Million.

1. U .C.N. International Un ion on conservation of nature.

C02. Carbondjoxjde.

UK. United Kingdom.

NEA. National Emergency Administration.

UN. United Nations Organization.

UN DPs. United Nations Development Program.

MARNDR. Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development.

MICT. Ministry of Interior and territorial Collectives.

SIDS. Small island Developing states

DiA. Director of Natui~al Resources.

N4 i)E. Ministry of Environmental Development.

CCCC. Caribbean Community Climate Center.

N EMA. National Environment Management Authority.

vi
 TABLE OF CONflNTS.
I)IWLARA flON
APPROvAI.,~
DEDICA flON I..

ACKNOWLEl~oa4~’J’.,
ACRONYMS ti’

1 ABLE OF CONTENTS...

CIIAPTfl≥ nwr~
-—-- —..—. 1
1.0 Background to tha d.ieh,
1
1.1 Statement ofthe nrnhlan,
—.—~.— 5
1.2 Purpose of the study , c
1.3 Objectives ofthe cinch,————-. 6
1.3.1 Mc;n
...—.. nManth.a 6
1.3.2 Specific objectives
.6
1.4 Research questions ofthe study.
.6
1.5 Scope of the Study
.6
1.6 Significance ofthe study
.7

CHAPTER TWO
.6
h.ITERAT(IRE REVIEW. 0

2.0 Introduction
.6
2.1 Causes of climate change in murchision tills national park. 12
2.2 Eflbcts of climate chinge on flora and tiuna in murchision tills national park 16
2.3 Challenges ofclimate change to the management of murchision tills national park 16
2.4 Mitigation strategies tbr the climate change on tourism sector 17

CHAPTER THREE.
.19
RESEARCH METHODOL~cJy1
19
3.0 Introduction
19
3.1 Research Design
10

vii
 3.2 Study population 19

3.3 Sample size~ 20

3.3 Sampling procedures 21

3.4 Research instrurnent~ 21

3.5 Data collection ‘~ethods 21

3.6 Research procedure 22

Data gathering 22

3.7 Data processing and analysis 23

3.8 Ethical considerations 23

3.9 Stuck’ limitations 24

CHAPTER FOUI~ 25

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 25

4.() Profile of the reports 25

4.1 The causes of climate change in murchision falls national park 26

4.2 The effects of climate change in murchision falls national park 27

CHAPTER FIVE 29

SUMMARy OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29

5.0 Summary of the findings 29

5.1 Profile of the respondents 29

5.2 The causes of climate change in murchision falls national park 29

5.3 The efiCets of climate change in murchision falls national park 29

5.4 The challenges of climate change on management ofrnurchision falls national park 30

5.5 Conclusion 30

5.6 Recomniendatioii 30

5.6.1 Areas for further research 30

REFERENCES 31

APPENDICIES 33

APPENDIX:A 33

SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE TO RESPONDENTS 33

vHI
 CHAPTER ONE.

I .0 Background to the study.

lnfbrmation from the present literatures suggests that the state of Uganda’s climate is in
agony, this study was taken to establish the factors that affect Uganda’s climate to change.
The chapter highlights the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the
study, objectives of the study, Research questions, and scope of the study.

Climate change refers to the rise in average surface temperature on earth. An overwhelming
scienti~c consensus that climatic change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels,
which releases carbondioxide and other greenhouse gases to air. The gas trap heat with in the
a~mosphcre, which can have arranged of effects on eco-system, included rising sea levels,
sever weather events. In addition, drought that render landscapes more susceptible to
wildflres. There was broad-agreement with in scientific community that climate change was
real, United States environmental protection agency (U.S.E.P. A). National Aeronautic and
space Administration (N.A.S. A). National oceanic and atmospheric Administration, (N.O.A,
A). United nations, frame work convention on climatic change. (U.N.F.C.C.c),
intergovernmei~tal panel on climate change. (I.P.C.C). these were put to confirm that climate
change is there and caused by human activity.

Climate change can also be in other side as a result into global cooling, which is the reverse
of’ global warming, global cooling refers to accumulation of ice in environment, Glaciation
2.3 billion year ago triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, which depleted
the atmosphere of the greenhouse gas carbondioxide and introduced fi’ee oxygen. Global
cooling over the past 40 million years ago driven by the expansion of grass-grazer ceo
SYstem S.

Globally climatic change is an envil’onmental challenge worsened by human intervention

evidenced In Fifth Assessment synthesis l’eport ,as it called, pulls together the conclusion of
l.P.C.C working group , which issued reports over the past year on the underlying science
the impacts and the ways to address climatic change .its ‘extremely likely’, the report says,
,

that human influence ,primarily the burning of fossil fuels , has been the dominant cause of
global warming over the past several decades , That’s stronger language than the previous
version of this report , released in 2007, which concluded that it was merely precise l.P.C.C
lingo, that one-word change stems fi’om a 5 percentage point increase in scientific certainty
from 90 to 95percent, The I.P.C.C and united states vice president Al Gore receive the Noble

1
 peace prize for efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made
climate change, and to lay the foundation for the measures that are needed to counteract such
change (2007), in same year at united nations negotiations in Bali. governments agreed the
two year i3ali roadmap’ aimed at hammering out a new global treaty by the end of 2009. In
2008 ~haifr century after beginning observations at Mauna Loa, the keeling project shows
that carhondioxide concentrations have risen from 3 15 pai’s per million (PPM) in 1958 to
38Oppm in 2008, in same year the united states president Barack Obama pledges to ‘engage
vigorously’ with the rest of the world on climate change .in 2009. china overtakes the united
states as the world’s biggest greenhouse gas emitter although the united states remain well
ahead on aper-capitabasis.

The same year computer hackers downloaded a huge trench of emails from server at the
university of east Anglia’s climatic research unit and release some on the internet, leading to
the ~ciimate Gate’ afftuir. Then 1 92governments convened for the United Nations climate
summit in Copenhagen with expectations of a new global agreement high, but they leave only
with a controversial political declaration, the Copenhagea~ accord.

in 20 I I anew analysis of the earth’s temperature record by scientists concerned ovei~ the
~climate Gate ‘allegations proves the planet’s land surface really has warmed over the last
century .1-luman population reaches seven billion hence data show concentration of
greenhouse gases are rising faster than in previous years. In 20 I 2, Artic sea ice reaches
in in imum extent of 3.41 in i 1 lion sqkm (I .32mil lion sqm i), arcord for the lowest summer
cover since satellite measurements began in 1979. In 2013, The MaunaLoa observatory on
Hawaii reports that the daily mean concentration of C02 in the atmosphere has suppressed
400 parts per million (ppm) for the first time since measurements began in 1958.

People are already feeling Continental, right now the effect of climate change across Africa.
Evidence shows that the change in temperature has affected the health, livihood, food
production, water availability and overall security of the African people. According to the
climate change vulnerability index for 2015, saves of the ten countries most at risk from
climate change are in Africa. Africa has been a decrease in rain HIl over large parts of the
Sahel and southern Africa and an increase in rain for parts of central Africa. Over the past 25
years, the number of weather—related disasters such as floods. and droughts has doubled,
resulting in Africa having higher moi~ality rate from droughts than any other region. In July
2011 and mid-2012, server drought affected the East Africa region and said to be ‘the worst

2
 drought in 60 years. Across Africa the landscape is changed, droughts, heart stress, and
floating have led to a reduction in crop yield and livestock productivity. East Africa is facing
the worst food crisis in the 2lth century. According to Oxtim, l2million people in Ethiopia,
Kenya, and Somalia are in dim need of food. Rainfall has been below average with
2OlOst2OIlbeing the driest year since 1950-1951, serious problem for a continent entirely
depend on rain for agriculture.

The children, women and the elderly are mom vulnerable to climate change impacts across
Africa ,women labourè often experience additional duties as caregiver and as well as from
societal responses to climate change after extreme weather events e.g. male migration .me
water scarcity places an additional burden on African women who walk hours and
,

sometimes even days ,to fetch it.(LP.C.C).in Africa, climate has already led to changes in
fresh water and marine eco-system In eastern and south Africa, and terrestrial eco-system in
southern and western Africa.

The extreme weather events have demonstrated the vulnerability of South Africa’s eco
systems. The migration parten, geographical range and seasonal activity of many terrestrial
and marine species have sifted in response to climate change. (l.P.C.C, 2014). Many factors
contribute and compound the impacts of current climate variability in Africa and will have
negative effects on the continent’s ability to cope with climate change. These include
poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, poor and weak institutions, limited infrastructures, lack of
technology and information, low levels of primary education and health care, poor access to
resources, low management capabilities and armed conflicts. The over exploitation of natural
resources like forests, increase in population, desertification and degradation pose additional
threats.

In Uganda, statistical analysis done on climate change show that the temperatures have
increased by 1.3°c since 1960 with more rapid temperature rise of 0.37°c per decade in
January and February (ripel, 20I4).The temperatures rise has significant impacts on health as
well as Agriculture~ in Kabale the district the rise in temperature has favored proliferation
and breeding of mosquitoes, increasing malaria prevalence. In the region of mount Elgon
national park in Uganda, the eco-system has experienced un will continue, precedence
human —induced degradation from deforestation and poor land use practices .without
measures to reverse the decline, the disastrous landslides on mountain slopes and frequent

3
 floods inlawlands areas will continue , posing a real threat to the livelihoods of local
communities .organizations like LU.C.N.

The United Nations development program and Lake Victoria Basina commission are
supporting the Uganda wildlife Authority and local government agencies to implement
measures to reduce carbon emissions from defbrestation and forest degradation as well as
established forest plantation to support live hood (Thur, 18 Sep 2014). The percentage of ice
loss on mt.Baker is 96% fbllowed by mount Speke 91%; MT Stanley has the lowest
percentage of ice loss of 69%. Snow at mountain Rwenzori could once be seen as far as Port
portal due to climate change it no longer exist. (6th march 2016 by Wilson
Asiimwe).Murchison fills National Park is one of the largest oldest protected areas in
Uganda. Once can say literally, that river runs through it and that is river Nile. The name”
Murchison” Falls was given to us by sir Samuel white Baker in (Jun 8th 1821-December 30th
1893) a British explore, naturalist, General ofthe Equatorial Nile basin (today’s South Sudan•
and northern Uganda), between april-1869-Augst.

In 1873, Baker named them after Sir Roderick Murchison, president of the Royal
Geographical society. The fills lend their name to the surrounding Murchison fills national
park. The park was started by the colonial rule of the British in 1952. When Idi Amin (the
former Ugandan dictator and self-styled “conqueror of the British empire, came along in the
1970’s, he had a way of removing the British name reference and renamed the falls
“Kabarega”, after the OmukamaQcing)ka~,a,.ega of Bunyoro. However, this was never legally
promoted and the name reverted to Murchison fills following his downfall in 1979. When the
Lord’s Resistance Army caused havoc in the North, including at Murchison fills pack. Some
countries listed Murchison fills as the most dangerous area and that is true in the past, but for
the last 9 years there has been peace in the north and that peace has also meant Murchison
fills is now a safe place to visit since there has been no rebel activity since 2005.1.1

4
 Li Statement of the problem
The UNFCCC provides the basis for concerted international action to mitigate climate
change and to adapt to its impact; its provisions are far- sighted, innovative and firmly
embedded in the concept of sustainable development (UNFCCC 2006a). In 2007, the
international panel on climate change and United States vice president AT Gore received the
Nobel peace prize for etTorts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about synthetic
climate change, and to lay the foundation for the measures that are needed to counteract such
ciimaic change. In 2008, the United States president Barack Obama pledges to ‘engage
vigorously~ with the rest of the world on fighting climate change.

in 2014 world bank report examine tourism in Africa comprehensively and regionally and
first to recommend practical , evidence —based measures enabling the sectors economic and
development power, However principle objective of the assignment is to provide policy
guideline to decision-makers for strengthening the management of Natural cultural assets and
building sustainable tourism. This has critically opened foundations and adaptations on
managing climate change and is don with the help of international organizations like World
Bank. and international panel on climate change.

Uganda has critically changed from its state of appearance right away from its previous years
of stiff development, the situation has observingly changed the climate of the country,
statistical analysis done on climate of Uganda shows that temperatures have increased by
I .3cc since 1960 with more rapid temperature rise of O.37°c per decade in January and
February (rid. 2014). Then why Uganda is in agony, majorly are human activities like
deforestation, Farming, charcoal burning, lumbering, constriction processes and mining as oil
mining in Murchison falls region. This has worsened the environmental conditions more
especially in the park, the animals are perishing due to limited pastures, water banks draining
up , aquatic life disappearing, it is for the reason why the researcher seeks to establish the
impact of climate change in Uganda and Murchison falls national park.

I ~2 Parpose of the study

To examine the impact of climate change on tourism development in Uganda, the case study
Murchison fal Is national park.

5
 I .3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Main objective.

To find out the impact of climate change on tourism development in Murchison falls national
park.

1.3.2 SpecifIc objectives

I. To determine the demographic profile of the population in murchision falls national
park.

2. To examine the causes of climate change in Murchison falls national pack.

3. To find out the effects of climate change to flora and fauna in Murchison falls
national park.
4, To find out the challenges of climate change to the management of Murchison fails
national park.

1.4 Research questions of the study.

1. What is the demographic profile of the population in Murchison falls national park?

2. What are the causes of climate change in Murchison falls national park?
3. What are the effrcts of climate change in Murchison falls national park?
4. What are the challenges of climate change to the management of Murchison falls
national park?

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study highlights the limitations of the research, a researcher intends to find
out. it is made up of geographical scope, conceptual scope, and time scope.

Geographical scope of the study

The study focused on Murchison falls national pack, it is located in Ugandan districts of
i3ulisa, Nwoya, Kiryandongo, and Masind.The driving distance from Masindi, the nearest
large town to the kibande area of the national pack is about 72kilometers(45i~i) This area is
about 283kilometers(l 76mi), by the road, north-west of Kampala. the capital city and largest
town in Uganda. The co-ordinates of the pack near kibande area are 02°1 1 ‘15.0” N,
l3~46~53,0” E (latitude; 2.l8799, Longitude; 3 1.781400).

Conceptual scope of the study.

The study was limited to climate change a round Murchison falls national park. Prevention
~~‘as restricted to pack, management and Uganda wildlife authority. The content of the study

6
 was greatly to find out the impact of climate change in Murchison falls national park. The
study focused on the analysis from an ethical of view and impact of climate change in
Uganda. The study was farther conducted on critical assessment of effectiveness of the
existing strategies on climate change. The inquiry was limited to the nearby stations of
Masindi, Hoima, Pakwach, Park management, and Uganda wildlife Authority.

Time scope.

The study covered a period of ten years ranging from 2008-2018. This was because period
provided relevant and detailed data to provide answers to the existing problem.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study helped the policy makers or practitioners (government and other stakeholders
benefit from study findings) through getting informed about the causes, impacts and possible
measures to deal with climate change problem in Uganda as county and Murchison falls
national pack as case study.

The study helped the theoreticians, Academicians or researchers to benefit from the study
findings through being enriched with the literature concerning climate change impact on•
tourism development in Uganda.

The study helped to provide some possible adaptive principles on a high rate of climate
change in Murehison falls national park and Uganda as whole. This was done in conserving
the environment and Murchison falls national park through the controlled usage ofthe natural
resources.

The study helped to enrich me with the current infirnnation on the climate disasters resulting
from climate change and I was able to identi1~ possible solution to them, which helps in
tourism development, conserving for future generations in the process of ending climate
change.

7
 CHAPTER TWO.

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter deals with a view of related literatures, hence provided a coherent analysis on
the past reports, opinions and descriptions about climate change not only in Uganda but also
in other developing countries.

Global climate change emerged as a key issue in the political and economic arena. Global
warming increased increasingly questionable phenomenon . and progressive national
governments around the world started taking action to respond to this environmental issue
.Recent discussion in the scientific community including that in credible scientific papers and
presentations , such as some presented at the January 2009 mission Earth seminar held in
Zurich Switzerland, attended by climatologists and oil expert, exposed the failure of the vast
majority of global warming research to properly account for effect of the oil peak production
made regarding climate change Climate rapidly changed with destructive impacts, and that
change was progressing faster than seen in the last 20,000 years. On June 1, 2013 south of
lake Hughes, California, wild fires ran rampant four days, destroyed thousands of homes
overnight: spread through brush land and dry land, the blaze engulfed a total stretch of
I O~5 00-acres,

the carbon cycle was exchanged between all natural components, included the atmosphere,
oceans, rivers, rocks, and sediment, and living things, while trees absorbed carbon through
photosynthesis, deforestation and other factors that limited the ability of forests to regulate
global carbon emissions. The sheer volume of greenhouse gases produced by human activity’
disrupted the carbon cycle. In the last 650,000 years there was several cycles of natural
alacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 7000 years ago
making the beginning of the current climate. Geographical evidence showed that we entered a
period of un natural warming for 400,000 years, carbon levels in the atmosphere had never
exceeded 300 parts per million. In 1950, this level exceeded and increased since 2013, C02
levels surpassed 400ppm for the first time in recorded history. This was directly linked to
anthropogenic activity, with the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions stemmed from
electricity and heat production (25% emissions), industry (21% emissions), and Agriculture
land use (24% of 201 0 greenhouse gas emissions). As the balance of gases in the atmosphere
changed from human pollution, this emission directly’ contributed to the warming of the
environment, with far-reaching consequences across continents and cultures.

8
 in the United Kingdom (UK), a variety of extreme weather, events caused growing concern
about how we tackle climate change. December 2015 was the wettest month in Britain since
the met officer started collecting data in 1910. In 2003, Britain recorded its highest ever
temperature staggering 3$.5°c-which contributed to the death of 2,000 people. What was
considered as abnormally hot summer became increasingly more common, putting significant
strain on health services and electricity providers. Nearly a third of the world was exposed to
those kinds of heat waves. In addition, with rising temperatures came rising fatalities. The
sun sets in Tangier, Virginia, May 15, 2017, where climate change and rising sea level
threatened inhabitants of the slowly sinking island. Now measured 1.2 square miles, Tangier
Island lost two-third of its land mass since 1850.

in China and India, the push towards renewable energy investment created significant
economic opportunity. In 2016, chin’s solar energy production more than doubled. The
national energy administration (NEA) reported that by the end of the year, china’s solar
capacity rose to 77.42 gigawatts, with an additional increase of 34.54 throughout the year.
Similarly, India’s investment in solar power moved the country away from a fossil fuel based
economy, which helped in climate change in Australia, between August, and November
2013, over 100 wildfire raged across the state of New South Wales with UN precedented
levels of scale severity. Australia experienced hottest 12 months on record. Extreme weather
events became increasingly common in Russia, and the 2012 drought followed of 2010
confirmed this trend. During 2012, 22 regions suffered crop losses, with aslate of emergency
in 20 of these, in central America, fungal disease on coffee plants called Ia Roya (coffee rust)
attracted Arabica coffee plants across Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua at
ever highest attitudes as the climate warms. These areas professed national emergences with
up to 70% affected crops in Guatemala. In August 2013 flood waters in undated up to one
film of the Pakistan and affected an estimated 20 million people. Research showed that
Pakistan suffered from a global phenomenon of more frequent and intense weather patterns
that put many communities lives and livihood at risk.

Climate change influences in Haiti.

Haiti was impoverished country occupying the western half of the island of Hispaniola,
which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti’s terrain dominated by rugged mountains
interspersed with river valleys and coastal flat lands. With its coastline spanning 1,771km and
population of over 8 million, much of this densely populated island resides near the coast.

9
 Despite being the first country in Latin America to gain independence, Haiti ranked 49° out
of 182 countries in UNDP’S 2009 Human development index and ranked at the top of the
corruption perception index. Population pressure led to extreme environment degradation,
with exmated 98% forests cleared for fuel. These destabilizing forces left Haiti extremely
vulnerable to natural disasters. Hurricanes and tropical storms routinely hit Haiti, caused
massive floods and deadly landslides. In January 2010, an unprecedented earthquake of
magnitude 7.0 decimated Haiti while it got staggering amount of foreign aid and funded to
develop its economy, to improve basic services and to rehabilitate its environment, povei~y
was subsided. Compounding development challenges repeated and devastating impacts of
natural disasters (hurricanes, floods, droughts, and earthquakes). In order to reduce Haiti’s
vulnerability to such hazards, adaptations measures needed to be integrated development
planning under the diflèrent areas related to water management, agriculture, fisheries, land
use, and forestry.

floods and storms led vulnerability in Haiti. The country’s most populated cities were all
nestled in the valleys along the coast. When it rained, the steep, often barren hills that
surround them flush rainwater in the upper reaches of these valleys, coupled with lacking
drainage infrastructures, created an environment conducive to floods. The capital city of
Port-au~Prjnce was pa~ticularly vulnerable with a large portion of its inhabitants residing on
flood plains in poorly constructed housing. Waste management was under developed, leading
to increased risk from water borne diseases. In 2016 several localities of Port-de-paix, North
West of department of Haiti was hit by multiple floods, which followed by heavy rains that
hit this town and has affected more than one thousand people, damaged hundreds of homes
and killed eight individuals. In March 2016, heavy rains affected Haiti again causing floods
and media reported one dead. In 2007 170 march, floods caused by rain and storms hit a large
part of I Iaiti for over a week. six departments were particularly affected, on 8th _9thmay
Terrential rain, causing considerable damage in several regions in the country, in pai~icular in
Nord, Nord East, and Sud department, the town of Ouanamin the was particularly hard hit
and the bridge between Ouanamin the and Dajabon which links Haiti to the Dominican
Repu hi ic was severely damaged.

Earthquake, in 2010 12th January, the earthquake killed between 46000-316000 people. Its
epicenter was at approximately 25km from the port-au-price, the capita; dozens of secondary
shocks of magnitudes ranging from 5.0-5.9 registered during the hours, which followed. On
20°January20lO, Second ea~hquake of magnitude 6.1 occurred and its epicenter was

10
 approximately 59km west of Port-au-prince and at least 10km beneath the surface.
Landslides were the typically resultants of the 2010 crisis. These worsened by high
deforestation rates, coupled with intense rainfall.

Drought the north-west Artibonite, northeast and central departments frequently repeated
droughts, brought about by a combination erratic rainfall parten coupled with a limited water
management infrastructure, Drought has destroyed crops, reduced Agriculture production and
decreased food security. In Haiti, about 200000 families afThcted by drought conditions since
the beginning of 2Ol~especia1ly in the SudEst, Nord-ouest and Artibonite regions. These
prolonged droughts have aggravated the situation of 3.8 million people food insecure in the
country.

Climate change adaptations in Haiti.

The sample of institutions worked about climate change adaptations in Haiti.

Ministry of Agriculture, Natural resources and Rural development (MARNDR), this helped
in promoting agriculture, rural development, conservation, and utilization of natural resources
and this includes irrigation then drainage.

Ministry of interior and territorial collectives (MICT), this was responsible to implement the.
natural risk resistance plan (PUGRD) that outlines the roles and responsibilities of the
government officials it all levels.

Directorate of natural resources (NA). It was responsible for soil and forest management

Ministry of environment(MDE), This was environmental protection authority, it manages

Haiti’s agricultural investment plan-a large —scale project ($ 772 million) to reconstruct and
develop Agriculture sector, it focuses on supporting small-scale farmers, sustainable natural
resource management and improving food security. Lambi fond of Haiti, it provides financial
resources, training, and technical assistance to rural communities, programmers focus on
sustainable development animal husbandly, restoring environmental integrity and
reforestation.

Caribbean community climate change center (CCCC), this was introduced in August 2005 as
the official coordinating body of the Caribbean response to climate change. It is the official
repository for regional climate change data, provided climate change related policy advice to
the Caribbean community (CARICOM) member states.

11
 Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency, this conducts projects and builds the
COuntry’s capacity in comprehensive disaster management, vulnerability assessments,
community disaster preparedness and hazard mitigation.

Association of the Caribbean states, this co-ordinates various projects on disaster

preparedness and relief with own and donor funding like a Database of financial mechanisms
lhr disasters (a list of all organizations that provide reimbursable and non-reimbursable post-
disaster ftmding), a Radio soap opera on Natural Disasters in the Caribbean, and assistance to
member states in created national post disaster funding.

2A Causes of climate change in murchision falls national park.

Orbital var~at~on.

Slight variations in Earth’s motion led to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight
reaching the Earth’s surface distributed across the globe. There is very little change to the
area-averaged annually averaged sunshine; but there can be strong changes in the
geographical and seasonal distribution. ~‘Aveiyt, K B. Ignore, 2007,).

This also caused climate change in muchision falls national park for example in the months
of Jun and July muchision receives much sunshine that led to warm temperatures In the park
that affected mostly the tourists and the internship students from several universities and
institutions.

Plate tectonism. Over the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates
reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography. This affected both global
and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation. The position of the continents
determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation.
The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across
the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate, (Hit/me, Mike 2016,)

Animals

Remains of ~gg~les are common in freshwater and land sediments. Different species of
beetles tend were found under different climatic conditions. Given the extensive lineage of
beetles whose genetic makeup has not altered significantly over the millennia, knowledge of
the present climatic range of the different species, and the age of the sediments in which
remains were found, past climatic conditions may be inferred The studies of the impact in

12
 vertebrate-s were few mainly from developing countries, Mostly in national parks like
muchision falls national park in Uganda, but the research was carried out in the whole of
Africa .Where there are the fewest studies; between 1970 and 2012, vertebrates declined by
58 percent. with fresh water, marine, and terrestrial populations declining by 81, 36, and 35
percent. respectively.

Since muchision falls national park is the largest national park in Uganda, it means it also
accommodate large numbers of animals that increases their population every day which ends
up degrading the environment in form of depleting the vegetation cover, depleting tree like
the elephants, These highly causes climate change in the park by raising the temperatures that
changes the climate conditions mostly in the months of Jun and July, January and December.

Human influences

in the context of climate variation, anthropogenic factors are human activities, which affect
the climate. The scientific consensus on climate change is that climate is changing and that
these changes are in large part caused by human activities, “and it “is largely irreversible.”

‘Science has made enormous inroads in understanding climate change and its causes, and is
beginning to help develop a strong understanding of current and potential impacts that will
alThct people today and in coming decades. This understanding is crucial because it allows
decision makers to place climate change in the context of other large challenges facing the
nation and the world. There was some uncertainties, and there always understood a complex
system like Earth’s climate. Nevertheless there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based
on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are
in large part caused by human activities. (‘Many, B. 2006).

in muchision frlls national park the human activities mostly dominated was charcoal burning
for example in the Langele village, adjacent to the park in Nwoya district , known for
beautiful scenery and think forests but was no more due to human activates, The locals have
depleted it of the forest cover, referring to it as charcoal factory. Hence, lading to climate
change in the park.The muchision ~semulik landscape is the home to an estimated 3.7 million
who depend on forests for the future expansion of their current farmland. Small holders
privately own 96,732ha of forests and they form essential.

13
 Iofrastruett~re development, energy and mining are key causes of climate change.
infrastructure development in patlicular urbanization, oil and mining gas, the mineral
industry and development of hydropower and geothermal energy have greatly caused climate
change in Uganda. The urbanization and industrial ization have exerted pressure on pre-urban
forests and wetlands for the expansion of urban and industrial centers, 30% of Uganda
wetlands; eco-systern has in just 15 years (NEMA 201 4a). This attributed to industrialization,
urbanization, massive rice cultivation, and rapid population growth, an underlying cause is
low compliance with the environment laws, partly driven by luck of political will (NEMA
2014a). The Uganda oil and mining are in the parks and wildlife game reserves with in
recognized hot spot, the Albertine Rift, about half the wells drilled so far are in murchision
Etlls national park, some lions are have been poisoned by the water that is contaminated by
petroleum industry (pers.comms. November 201 5). This activities has greatly emerged as key
to climate change in the park.
Iluinan induced—wildfire5
H uman induced-wi ldfires threaten biodiversity resources through caused climate change,
fires arc set to Prepare land for Agriculture production and rangelands regeneration, and to
flash animals and ease visibility during hunting (Nangendo et al., 201 5), fires can affect plant
snecies composition, richens, diversity and cover (Govender et al., 2006), in his study in
queen Elizabeth national park Asiku (2010) found that the number of shrubs, trees and other
.

vegetation types decreased with fire frequency. In a another study in murchision falls national
park(Nangendo et al., 2005) found that frequent fires resulted in homogenous woody species
mainly those that were lire resistant ), this can negatively affect the herbivore species
populations and composition by limiting the plant species available for forage. In the
continuous process the pre-resistant plants develops which inevitably caused climate change.
Population growth.
Uganda population growth estimated to 34.9 million people with density of 174 persons per
km2, and projected to grow to 40.4m by year 2020. It was more than that doubled on the next
decade (UBOS, 2014), Uganda has one of the fastest growing population in the world, at 3.03
% per annum (UBOS, 2014). This was the major cause of encroachmeiit on the protected area
in the high and increased demand of the resources. Population growth was the underlying
cause of overfishing, and unsustainable use of wetlands and degradation and distraction of
wetland from Agriculture expansion. The influx of people to Masindi district &om districts
such as iganga, sironko, and Mable because of security of ArabIc land was driver of
deidrestation especially in the conserved forest areas (shepherd, 2013). The war in northern

14
 Uganda and south Sudan led to displacement of populations, some of which settled in
Kiryandongo district. These were threats to forests adjacent murchision falls national park
because of unsustainable exploitation, especially of wood for charcoal and firewood and
draining of wetlands, these greatly caused climate change in the park.
Limited opportunities for-off-farm employment.
This led to over exploitation of the biodiversity resources, which lead to climate, change both
inside and outside the park, includes wetlands since they are seen as source of survival, most
settlement around woodland area are having low employment opportunities. This drives
people to harvest trees for charcoal and currently very sever in northern and eastern Uganda
because civil strife and communities few income generation options besides charcoal
production and sustainable farming, this has greatly affected much ision falls likewise causing
climate change.
Poverty.
Twenty percent of the population of Uganda was characterized as poor, forty-three percent of
the populations at risk of falling back into poverty trap in the event that a shock occurs
(MFPED). studies (Nakakaawa et al, 2010, Aggrey et al 2010) found a link between poverty
and degradation of forests and other natural ceo-system in western and central Uganda. In a
study by Horrison et al 201 5, lack of necessities all the means to obtain them was found to be
one of the key drives to wildlife crime in Uganda. Poor communities in Uganda cut trees for
timber, firewood and charcoal (Tabuti et al, 2003 Harrison, 201 3).
Vegetation

A change in the type, distribution and coverage of vegetation may occur given a change in
climate. Some changes in climate may result in increased precipitation and warmth, resulting
in improved plant growth and the subsequent sequestration of airborne CO2. A gradual
increase in warmth in a region led to earlier flowering and fruiting times, driving a change in
the timing of life cycles of dependent organisms. Conversely, cold will cause plant bio-cycles
to lag. Larger, faster or more radical changes, however, may result in vegetation stress, rapid
plant loss and desertification in certain circumstances. An example of this occurred during the
Carbon i fèrous Rainforest Col lapse(Kiein, Stephen A. 2016)

In the same case to muchision falls national park, The changes in the vegetation patterns has
greatly resulted to climate change problem in the park and the surrounding areas, This is due

15
 mostly caused by big animals like elephants, BuIThloes, GiraiThs that are highly herbivores,
The3 graze the vegetation until is to the ground. Hence causing climate change in the park.

2.2 Effccts of climate change on flora and fauna In mnrchlslon falls national park.
Soil changes (such as moisture levels, erosion and acidity) Loss of archaeologicaJ assets and
other natural resources, with impacts on destination attractions. In murchision falls national
park the changed soils have led to poor vegetation growth in the park, this has reduced
herbivore animals that feed on grasses which ends up limiting the tourists interested in those
species ofanimals.

Marine biodiversity Loss of natural attractions and species from destinations, higher risk of
diseases in tropical-subtropical countries more frequent and larger forest fires Loss of natural
attractions, increase of flooding risk, damage to tourism infrastructure. For example in
muchision falls national park fish, crocodiles, hippos, and other marine lifh have perished due
to climate change, the water tables reduces mostly in the months of Jun and July, December
and January, this has greatly affected the management ofthe park in those months ofthe year.

The climate change impacts in muchision falls national park has greatly atThcted the habitants
of biodiversity, the forests are cleared by human activities like industrialization , this impose
harse conditions to habitants of insects, birds, primates, and grazers in the pack. These plant
and animal species ends up extinct which is dangerous for the country,

2.3 Challenges of climate change to the management of murchision falls national park.
The literature on adaptation strategies showed a wide range of measures that Adoption of
such measures ivould depend on the different climate change impacts due to factors such as
increasing temperatures, changes in precipitation, increasing intensity of hurricanes and other
extreme events, and sea level rise. There is a range of climate change adaptation strategies
that murehision falls national park could utilize to tackle the varying effects of climate
change. Becken and hay (2007) outline some possible adaptation measures, along with the
barriers to implementation in small island countries

In murchision falls national park the management has emphasized that it is more cost-
effective to implement techniques that are proactive rather than reactive, and to support no-
regrets measures. In the event that there is no major change in climate, the proactive, no-
regrets strategies will still be valuable and economical. As an example, the literature on

16
 climate change risk assessment of tourism operators (Elsasser and Burki, 2002; Scot and
others 2002; Becken, 2004) has revealed that they have minimal knowledge of climate
change and that there is a subsequent lack of long-term planning in the event of future climate
changes. This indicates that there is an urgent need to educate and ensure that tourism
~olicymakers who formulate policies for both the private and public sectors, are aware that
the climate is changing and that the tourism industry has to adapt to the change or face
decline.

In murchision falls national park an estimation of the cost of adaptation is a complex one,
which depends significantly on the categorized determinants of adaptive capacity, including
issues such as the availability of technological resources, the organization of essential
institutional and decision-making bodies, the stock of human and social capital, information
management, and public perception.

24 Mitigation strategies for the climate change on tourism sector.

Reducing energy use/focusing on energy conservation: by changing transpoa~ behaviour (for
example, using more public transport, shifting to rail and coach instead of car and aircrafis
choosing less distant destinations), and by changing management practices, for example by
introducing video con ferencing for business tourism. Improving energy efficiency: the use of
new and innovative technology to decrease energy demand (usually by carrying out the same
Operation with a lower energy input).

Increasing the use of renewable or carbon neutral energy: substituting fossil fuels with energy
sources that are not finite and that cause lower emissions, such as biomass, and hydro-, wind-
and solar energy.
Sequestering C02 through carbon sinks: C02 can be stored in biomass (for example, through
aHorestatjon and deforestation), in aquifers or oceans, and in geological sinks (such as
depleted gas fields). Indirectly, this option can have relevance to the tourism sector,
considering that, Most developing countries and small island developing States (SIDS) that
rely on air transport for their tourism-driveii economies are hiodiversity_ricl~ areas with
important biomass C02 storage function.
Environmentally oriented tourism can play a key role in the conservation of these natural
areas, higher risk of diseases in tropical-subtropical countries more frequent and larger forest

17
 flres Loss of natural attractions, increase of flooding risk, and damage to tourism
infrastructure.

An estimation of the cost of adaptation is a complex one, which depends significantly on the
determinants of the adaptive capacity of countries in the Caribbean sub region. The TPCC
(2001), drawing from Smit and others (1999), categorized determinants of adaptive capacity,
including issues such as the availability of technological resources, the organization of
essential institutional and decision-making bodies, the stock of human and social capital,
in I~rmation management, and pub! ic perception.

In muchision falls national park, The translocation of animals was one way of reducing the
impacts of climate change in the park, This brought up when animals increases beyond the
currying capacity of the park, Because if they are not reduced in their population they will
end up leading to depletion of the vegetation, which causes soil erosion, warm temperattires
that can lead to changes in the climate of the park.

in Murchisoii kills national park studies on climate change impacts on biodiversity and
mitigation measures. Establish of Uganda wildlife authority and national forestry association
program to monitor impacts of climate change on eco-system with in and around murchision
falls national park to better understand and respond to the impacts.
Through support, climate change mainstreams in District planning and budgeting processes,
to include development and tracking of climate change indicators. Develop national
adaptation plan development framework and for different sectors.

18
 CHAPTER THREE.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGy.
3.0 Introduction.
In this chapter, the researcher talked about the approaches and the methods used in the study.
The chapter presents the research design, study area, procedure, data collection methods,
analysis, interpretation of empirical data, and expected limitations.

3.1 Research Des~gn.

The topic-employed case study of muchision falls national park and involved collecting
empirical data, generally from the park. The case study provided rich details about climate
change of predominantly both quantitative and qualitative nature. The case study provided
information that created new experience about climate change. Under Quantitative design,
the researcher used observation which is of major two category that is; experimental and
general survey design analysed climatic change and Tourism development as an inter-related
variable whereas qualitative design involved the use of questionnaires and interviews to
obtain information from the respondents.

3.2 Study population.

The study targeted 200 respondents in Muchision falls national park as a sampled frame. The
categories of respondents were selected from Tourism depai~ment, Conservation depai~ment,
Tour guides. Security officers and park rangers.

Table 1: Nature of respondents considered for the study.

19
 S~_~ ~
dflqh~. S~ZL
.~...Y

From the table of Kreijce and Morgan (1970) determined the sample size from the population
of the given size, the researcher targeted population of 200 respondents and then used
stratified random sampling. Purposive sampling, and Simple Random Sampling to select
respondents from Conservation department, Tourism department, Security officers and park
Rangers. The populations was computed using mathematical tables and displayed and the
researcher picked his population with its corresponding sample size. The method was very
simple, easy and saved time.

The Sample size was obtained using the solven’s formula. The researcher targeted the
population of respondents, which was 200.

n = N

Whereby; n = the sample size

N = accessible population which was 200

e = the level of significance, was 0.05.

n = N

n 200
1 +200 x (0.05)2

Ii = 200
I + 200 x 0.0025

n 200
1+200x 0.0025

ii = 200
1.5
ii = 133
Ii = 133

A sample size of 1 33 respondents was selected to participate in the study.

20
 3.3 Sampling procedures
The researcher used stratified sampling, purposive sampling, and simple Random sampling to
collect data from various categories of the survey population: stratified random sampling
techniques was adopted because it enables the researcher to achieve the desired
representation from various sub groups in the population. Purposive sampling technique also
allows the researcher to use respondents that had the required information with respect to the
study objectives.

3.4 Research instruments.

Questionnaire
This was where researcher used the self-administered questions that is structured, semi
structured, and the questionnaires was in two forms, namely:

The open-ended questionnaire in which the responses by the participants are free according to
their understanding.
The close-ended questionnaire in which the response provided by the researcher and the
participants choose one of them accordingly, for example strongly agree, agree or strongly
disagree.

The researcher gave out questionnaires to mainly the literate group. These mainly included
the Tourism manager, Conservation manager, Security and park Rangers of muchision falls
national park. The researcher was also give four days to respondents to study and fill the
questionnaire.

3.5 Data collection Inetho(ls.

Data was collected fiom both primary and secondary sources. Secondary data was got by
extracting information regarding entrepreneur education and job creation by reading
newspapers, journals, textbooks plus the already existing information on internet and
magazines concerning climate change. Primary data was collected from the field through
interviewing the respondents and use of observation methods.

Interviewing method.
This was in form of individual interviews where the researcher interviews one respondent at a
time. During this interview, the interviewer asks direct or indirect questions to respondents.

21
 The researcher used a self-administered and semi-structured questionnaire that was guiding
questions with minimal restrictions to collect primary data.
Documentary Review method.
Secondary data was collected and its content analysed. Specific analysis of documents on
training and development and organization resilience against economic crisis, such as books,
journals, business magazines, government reports was carried on and this helped in
generating a synthesized report
Recording method.
This was the method of data collection were by the researcher used the pens, pencils, and
rulers to record down the data during interviewing and after observation and this was vital in
making conclusions ofthe findings.
Observation method.
This was the method of data collection that involved the use of the necked eye; the ears and
the Ièeling, while help this in the field. The researcher used this method majorly to gazer
primary data whereby he observed with the necked eyes how human activities have caused
climate change in muchision tills national park.

3.6 Research procedure.

Upon accomplishmenjf of defbnding and acceptance of the research report, the researcher
obtained an introductory letter from the school /college of economics and management
Kampala international university, seeking for permission to conduct the study from district in
Masindi-Uganda in murchision tills national park. In addition, allowed the researcher to get
access to both staffand audience ofmuchision fills national park.

During the data gathering.

Due to the nature of the work and busy schedule of some prospected respondents, the
researcher through research assistants and scheduled appointments for respondents. The
researcher availed himselfto give necessary explanation on some questions where need be.

Data gathering
Primary data was collected through questionnaires which respondents return to the
researcher to allow him to go ahead to analyse the data. Completed questionnaires were
edited, coded, categorized and entered into the computer for data processing and analysis.

22
 3.7 Data processing and analysis.
Data Editing
The collected data was edited for accuracy and completeness to find out how well the
answered questionnaires were in line with consideration.
Data Coding
This involved assigning numbers to similar questions from which answers are given.
Data Analysis
Data analysis was done in accordance with the principles ofdata management. The researcher
created data analysis framework and data analysed using SPSS (statisticaj package for social
scientist.
Data summarizing.
Here the researcher clarified his answers into meaningftul information to get a good research
report.
Reliability and validity.
Here the researcher made conclusions that what was questioned about has successfizlly been
answered and the insti~iments was taken to experts to check ifreally the right ones were used.
Questionnaires were pre-tested. Ambiguous questions were made clear and irrelevant
questions to be deleted.

The researcher used accurate questions that are open ended in nature by use ofquionp~i~.
from, statE and head of departments within muchision tWis national park. The questions that
were set had enough space to give appropriate responses. Close-ended questions were used.

3.8 Ethical considerations.

The researcher chose a topic and supervisor at the University, upon approval of a research
topic by the supervisor; the researcher also attained a letter of Introduction from Kampala
International University College of Economics and management The researcher then begun
on data collection process.
The researcher ensured honesty and confidentiality in data collection including respecting the
rights of the respondents,, thus free will and not compulsion. After all computation, the
researcher then prepared the final report for submission to the department of leisure and
hospitality at Kampala international university

23
 3.9 Study limitations.
Instrumentation , some aspects of the study might be sensitive and Staff of muchision fills
national park were not willing to disclose all the information as may be required by the
researcher. The researcher showed them an introduction letter from Kampala Internationa’
University to evidence that the information is for academic purposes and any information
accessed were kept confidential.
Reliability of the Data. Them was a challenge of reliability of the data where by the
researcher couldn’t know the members of muchision fills national park staff who can give
wrong or right information and some respondents could not give extra information about
climate change in muchision fills national park. Probably it may be hard to tell who is giving
right information since you are not coming from the case study.

Logistical support. This was a challenge to the study since solely the researcher fbnded the
research. However, by self-sacrifice and support from friends and family members, the
researcher was able to outcome this challenge. To help in timely completion of the research
work and the researcher was meet the dead line.
Financial Constraints. This required huge amount of money that the researcher needed to
ficilitate typing questionnaires, transport and photocopying papers.

24
 CHAPTER FOUR.
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERpRETATION OF DATA.

4.0 ProfIle of the reports.

In this study, the researcher described the respondents profile in terms of gender, age, marital
status, level of education, and experience in murchision falls national park.
Table 2; Respondents profile,

The status of respondents according to their gender, the majority were male with 66% of the
total number of respondents and females were 34% of the total number of respondents
interviewed in murchision fal Is national park.

25
 In regard to the age group of the respondents, majority were age group of 20-30 years with
33%. followed by 31-40 with 24%, 41-50 with 19%, 51-60 with 14%, and lastly 60 and
above age group with 10% of the respondents in murchision falls national park.

The level of education of the respondents, regarding to the study and data gathered, majority
were degree holders with 32%, followed by diploma holders with 23%, certi~cate with 18%,
below certificate with 14%, masters with 8% and lastly others with 5% of the respondents in
murchision Falls national park.

The experience of therespondents in murchision falls national park was different where th
majority had experience of 2-3 years with 44%, followed by 3-4 years with 30%, 1-2 years
with 1 5%, and lastly 4 and above with 11% in murchision falls national park.

The marital status of the respondents majority were single with 55%, followed by married
with 30~Y0, and lastly divorced with 1 5% in murchision falls national park.

4.1 The causes of climate change in rnurchision falls national park.

Table 3: Causes of climate change.

Agree
High rates of poveliyT~~earb~i8
communities,
~ 8
Murchison falls national park.
~ivitiesoj~searclilil~e iii 7
Budongo research centre.
~iI11~IJslikee~nts,b~faloes 5
that remove plant species
~
Infrastructure development like 10
hotels, roads, 1~rry and lodges.

Source: primary Data 2018. According to the respondents in murchision falls national park,
the majority strongly agreed that the development of infrastructures like roads, lodges, hotels,

26
 ferry, is major cause of climate change in the park, the majority were 10 who strongly agreed
on this cause, followed by 8 respondents that strongly agreed on the poor vegetation types, 8
strongly agreed on population growth and other 8 on povei~y in the nearby communities, 7
strongly agreed on research activities, and lastly 5 strongly agreed that animals also cause
climate change. The least number of the respondents disagreed, others strongly agreed but the
majority agreed and strongly agreed on the above as major causes of climate change in
m urch ision falls national park.

4.2 The effects of climate change in murchision falls national park.

Table 4: Effects of climate change.

I br ci ts of clii~e ci~ge

Soil changed where erosion and

acidity led to poor vegetation.

~ctiol~vatertableoftl~e
I fal Is and wetlands.
Loss of unique plant species and
insects like tse~tse flies,

Habitat destruction like aquatic

life when swamps dry.

Cl mate ch~mg 1 ited tourists

I due to animal migration to new
teiTitorics.

Lndoi~animalsforiood and

Source: Primary Data 2018.

From the respondents in Murchison falls national park, the majority of the respondents
strongly agreed that habitat destruction like aquatic life when swamps dry, communities
foi’ced to depend on animals for food and income, then limited tourists due to animal
migration to new territories are the major effects of climate change in the park as strongly
agreed by 24 respondents, followed by loss of unique plant species and insects as strongly
agreed by 7 respondents, 6 strongly agreed on the reduction of water table and lastly 5
strongi~ agreed on the soil changed where erosion and acidity led to poor vegetation, The

27
 least number ofthe respondents disagreed, others strongly disagreed but the nwjority strongly.
agreed and agreed on the above eftbcts were the major ofthe climate change in the park.

4.3 The challenges of climate change on management of murchislon falls national park.
TableS: Challenges of climate change.
Major challenges rongly Agrei Neut&[ bisag~i
of climate change. Agree Strongly
Disagree
Inadequate 7 5
pastures for 2
animals
Deathofanimals 5 6 3
Inaccessibility of some animals 8 10 — 2 4
Climate change increase poaching. 10 — 8 2 — 3 2 —

Animals fall sick, which cost tbr 6 4 3 3 2

vaccination.
Costly to implement mitigation s — 6 — 2 — 3
measures.

Sources: Primary Dita 2018.

According to the respondents in murchision falls national park, the majority strongly agreed
that increase of poaching activities is major climate change challenge to the manageme,g of
the park as 10 respondents strongly agreed, this was followed by 8 respondents who strongly
agreed that there is inaccessibility of animals as a challenge to the park management, 7
respondents strongly agreed on the inadequate pastures of animals, other 8 strongly agreed
that there is a challenge of costs to implement mitigation measures, 6 strongly agreed on the
animals fall sick which cost for vaccination and 5 strongly agreed on the death of the animal
in the park. The least number of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed but the
majority of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed on the above challenges as the major
in murchision falls national park while as others were neutral.

28
 CHAPTER FIVE.
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Summary of the findings

5.1 Profile of the respondents

The study shows the profile of the respondents in terms of gender stated that majority of the
respondents were males with 66% while females represented a smaller percentage of 34% of
the total respondents interviewed in this study.

According to the age group of the respondents, majority of the respondents in this study were
20-30 years with a percentage of 33% and then the age group of 60 and above years were the
least with 10%. This therefore implies that the information that was obtained is reliable since
climate change in Murchison falls national park according to respondents in between 20-30
and 31-40 years of age.

About the educational level of the respondents, the data reveals that majority of the
respondent has attained bachelor’s degree with 32% and the least of the respondents belong
in others of educational level with 5%.

Concerning the experience of respondents in murchision falls national park, was different
where the majority had experience of 2-3 years with 44% and the least were 4 and above
with 11% of the total respondents.

5.2 The causes of climate change in murchision falls national park.

The study revealed that climate change is real in murchision f~lls national park, According to
the respondents in the park, the majority strongly agreed that infrastructure development,
poor vegetation, animals, activities of research, population growth and high rate of poverty
are the major causes of climate change in the park. However, the least number of the
respondents disagreed, others strongly agreed but the majority strongly agreed and agreed on
the above as major to occur climate change in the park.

5.3 The effects of climate change in niurchision falls national park.

The study revealed, that the majority of the respondents suggested that habitat destruction,
limited tourists due to animal migration, and forced communities to depend on the park as
source of Ibod and income were the major effects of climate change in Murchision falls
national park, this is where by the swamps dry and aquatic life loose habitat, animals migrate

29
 to new territories which limits tourists, the near communities are also forced to depend on the
animals as food and income since poverty and famine are high around the park.

5.4 The challenges of climate change on management of murchision falls national park.
The study revealed that the majority of the respondents in Murchision falls national park
expressed that increased climate change in the park led to inadequate pastures for animals,
high costs to implement mitigations measures, death of animals which are not resistant to
climate change conditions, inaccessibility of some animals, increased poaching activities and
animals fall sick which cost for vaccination

5.5 Conclusion
This study therefore concludes that respondents have given the overall views to each criteria
in the study. Most of the respondents believe that infrastructure development, poverty,
population growth, poor vegetation, animals and research activities are major causes of
climate change in murchision falls national park.

More so, tourists have been in Murchision falls National Parks though there are increased
climate change harse conditions like heavy sunshine in months of Jun and July, but if not
reduced in time, the number of tourists will end up decreasing since climate change destroy
habitants of animals and destruct plant and animal species which greatly attract tourists in
Murchision falls national park.

5.6 Recommendation
There is a need to provide and review programmes to the individuals and update law,
policies, and regulations that govern Murchision falls National Parks in order to increase
standards of the Park and reduce climate change both inside and around murchision falls
National Park.

The Park area Management should create awareness, train individuals and ensure profit
sharing and creating job opportunities to the individuals around Murchision falls National
Parks in order to reduce climate change.

5,6.1 Areas for further research

The fact that research concentrated on Murchision falls national park there is a need to
discover the changes in climate in other national park of Uganda like Queen Elizabeth
national park, kidepo valley national park, Mt Elgon national park and Lake Mburo national
park.

30
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32
 APPENDICIES

APPENDIX: A
SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE TO RESPONDENTS
Dear Respondents;

I am Muhurnuza John from Kampala International University of the College of Economics

and Management Science finalizing my Degree in Bachelors of Tourism and Hotel
Management. As part of my requirement for the Degree award, I have to present a research
report. I am carrying out research regarding the impacts of climate change on Tourism
development in Uganda.

I am now in the process of collecting information for my research report and you are being
requested to respond to the various questions in the questionnaire attached. This interview
will be treated with the strict confidentiality. It would therefore he greatly appreciated if you
would answer all questions in a fair manner. The information gathered from this
questionnaire will be used purely for research purposes. Your cooperation is appreciated.
Thank you for the time and effort to complete this questionnaire and your participation is
voluntary and hence you may withdraw from the survey at any stage. I shall be grateful for
your cooperation in this regard.

Thank you.

33
 $ECTJOi~ A: DEMOGRApHIC DATA

Please place across (X) in the block that applied to you.

Personal information
1, GENDEi~ 2. AGE
Male Under 20
Female 2 1-30

3 1-40
4 1-50
51-60
61 and above

3. MARiT~ STATUS 4. LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Single Below Certificate
Married Certificate
Divorced Diploma

Degree
Masters

5 HOW IS YOUR EXPERIENCE

1-2 years
2-3)’ears
3-4years

34
 SECTION B (STRUCTURED QUESTIONS TO MANAGER MURCHISION FALLS
NATIONAL PARK).

J~1as climate change limited income generation in the park?

How has climate change affected the park?

Which challenges has resulted from climate change in the park.

What are the mitigation measures put forward to end climate change?

35
.

SECTION C (THE CAUSES OF CLMATE CHANGE IN MURCHISION FALLS

NATIONAL PARK).

Please indicate the extent to which you disagree or agree with each of the following
statements. Please indicate your preference by marking (x) in the appropriate block provided.

1. Strongly Agree SA

2. Agree A
3. Neutral . N
4. Disagree D
5. Strongly Disagree SD

~ESTIO~—

Change in the nature of the soils has caused climate change

in the park.

2 Murchisoi~ falls park activities like game drive, nature walk

and boat cruise has resulted into climate change.

3 The high rates of poverty to nearby communities has caused

~.

climate change as they carry out charcoal burning.

I he excessive capacity of animal species has caused

climate change.

5 ~. The water transport establishment on the Victoria Nile like

l~rry, and boats has changed the climate.

6 The population growth around Muchision falls national

.~.:

park has made changes in climate.

7 1 he over exploitation of resources by local people has

destroyed wetlands around the park.

1 he activities of research like in Budongo forest researcn

center has changed the climate.

I 9 1 ne pollution from petroleum industry has destabilized

aquatic life.

36
 JO Ammals like elephants, buffaloes have caused serious
climate change by removing some plant species.

II The poor vegetation type caused by excessive grazers is not

good for stable climate.

12 1 he infrastructure developments like hotels, roads is threat

to climate.

SECTION D (THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MURCifiSION FALLS

NATIONAL PARK).

37
SEcFION E (THE CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MANAGEMENT
OF M(JRCHISION FALLS NATIONAL PARK).

38
12 Many animal fall sick which cost for vaccinatioj~.

Any other comment.

39