II.

INTRODUCTION

The term "theory of architecture" originally just meant the accepted translation of
the Latin term "raticinatio," which was first used by Vitruvius, a Roman architect-
engineer of the first century CE, to distinguish between theoretical and practical
knowledge in architectural education. However, it has since come to denote the entire
framework for evaluating the merits of buildings or building projects. The creative
process of architecture must include such defensible decisions. Only via an ongoing
creative, intellectual dialectic between imagination and reason in each creator's thinking
can a building be constructed.

The reader's knowledge and perspective would be further expanded by these

fundamental form elements, allowing them to properly comprehend how these aspects
relate to architecture. These elements can be seen and felt, according to Francis D.K.
Ching's Form, Space, and Order from 1996. While others may be more elusive to our
brains and senses, some may be immediately obvious. In the structure of a building,
some may rule while others take a back seat.

This opening chapter presents the primary elements of form in order of their growth
from the point to a one-dimensional line, from the line to a two-dimensional plane, and
from the plane to a three-dimensional volume. Each element is first considered as a
conceptual element, then as a visual element in the vocabulary of architectural Design
(D.K. Ching. (1996). Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. 2nd Ed. Introduction/IX)

The primary elements has a four parts which are the Point, Line, Plane and Volume
that is usually we can used in floorplan by identifying the perspective using the starting
point and, Lines that are necessary to used to create a house model. The plane usually
known as a two-dimensional surface that Identify the length and width of the project
and lastly the volume is the three-dimensional that is enclosed by a closed surface

III. OBJECTIVE/S OF THE PROJECT

This study focuses on the primary elements as an underlying concept in planning and
design. This study aims to identify the primary elements of a building structure.
This study gives additional knowledge to know more about primary elements in
architecture.

IV. DISCUSSIONS WITH ILLUSTRATION

 The design of a home or other construction project is depicted from above in a floor
plan, which is a two-dimensional architectural sketch. It is depicted in a style
known as a plan view, as if you were peering down through an unseen roof into the
structure.

There are four

basics elements in architecture which are the Point, Line, Plane and Volume. With
these four elements, you can make any type of architectural or design.

POINT

A point represents a location. As an illustration, consider the placements of an eye-

catcher, a person moving through a landscape, or a person utilizing a structure's
features. A path is a sequence of points in time that we define. A point marks a
position in space. Conceptually, it has no length, width, or depth , and is therefore
static, centralized, and directionless

 The two ends of a line

 The intersection of two lines
 The meeting of lines at the corner of a plane or volume
 The center of a field

Although a point theoretically has neither shape nor form, it begins to make its
presence felt when placed within a visual field. At the center of its environment, a
point is stable and at rest, organizing surrounding elements about itself and
dominating its field.
POINT ELEMENTS

Two points further suggest an axis perpendicular to the line they describe and about
which they are symmetrical. Because this axis may be infinite in length, it can be at
times more dominant than the described line. In both cases, however, the described
line and the perpendicular axis are optically more dominant than the infinite number of
lines that may pass through each of the individual points.

A point has no dimension, to visibly mark a position in space or on the ground plane, a
point must be projected vertically into a linear form, as a column, obelisk, or tower.
Any such columnar element is seen in plan as a point and therefore retains the visual
characteristics of a point. Other point generated form that share these same visual
attributes are the:

Circle
 Tholos of Polycleitos, Epidauros
Greece, c.350 B.C

Cylinder

Baptistery at pisa
1153-126, Dioti Salvi
SPHERE
 Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton.
Project, 1784, Etienne- Louis Boulè

TWO POINT

Two points describe a line that connects them. Although the points give this line
finite length, The line can also be considered a segment of an infinitely. Two points
further suggest an axis perpendicular to the line they describe and about which they are
symmetrical. Because this axis may be infinite in length, it can be at times more
dominant than the described line. In both cases, however, the described line and the
perpendicular axis are optically more dominant than the infinite number of lines that may
pass through each of the individual points.

Two points established in space by columnar elements or centralized forms can define an
axis, an ordering device used throughout history to organize building forms and space
The Mall Washington D.C. Torii Ise Shrine Mie Prefecture, Japan, A.D. 690

In plan, two points can denote gateway signifying passage from one place to another.
Extended vertically, the two points define both a plane of entry and an approach
perpendicular to it.

LINE

The architectural accompaniment of a line is a crucial component. In a project idea

record, it is the first line. In addition to serving as its primary means of expression,
a line can serve to characterize a building's shape. Using lines, we can see
architectural

A point extended becomes a line conceptually, a line has length but no width or
depth. Whereas a point is by nature statics, a line, in describing the path of a point
in motion, is capable of visually expressing directions, movement, and growth

A line is a critical element in the formation of any visual construction

It can serve to:

 Join
 Link
 Support
 Surround
 Intersect other visual elements
 Describe the edges of and give shape to planes
 Articulate the surface of planes
Although a line theoretically has only one dimension, it must have some degree of
thickness to become visible. It is seen as a line simply because its length
dominates its width. The character of a line, whether taut or limp, bold or
tentative, graceful or ragged, is determined by our perception of its length–width
ratio, its contour, and its degree of continuity.

Even the simple repetition of like or similar elements, if continuous enough, can be
regarded as a line. This type of line has significant textural qualities. The
orientation of a line affects its role in a visual construction. While a vertical line
can express a state of equilibrium with the force of gravity, symbolize the human
 condition, or mark a position in space, a horizontal line can represent stability, the
ground plane, the horizon, or a body at rest.

It may be seen as a vertical line falling or a horizontal line rising. In either case,
whether it is falling toward a point on the ground plane or rising to a place in the
sky, it is dynamic and visually active in its unbalanced state.

LINEAR ELEMENTS

Linear elements – these are elements in which the constituent relation, the relation
between voltage and current, is a linear function. They obey the superposition
principle. Examples of linear elements are resistances, capacitances, inductances,
and linear dependent sources.

Vertical linear elements, such as columns, obelisks, and towers, have been used
throughout history to commemorate significant events and establish particular
points in space.
Vertical linear elements can also define a transparent volume of space. In the
example illustrated to the left, four minaret towers outline a spatial field from
which the dome of the Selim Mosquerises in splendor.
 Selim Mosque, Edirne, Turkey, A.D. 1569–1575

Linear members that possess the necessary material strength can perform structural
functions. In these three examples, linear elements

 express movement across pace

 provide support for an overhead plane
 form a three-dimensional structural frame for architectural space

Caryatid Porch, The Erechtheion,

Athens, 421–405 B.C., Mnesicles. The
sculptured female figures stand as
columnar supports for the
entablature

Although architectural space exists in three dimensions, it can be linear in form to

accommodate the path of movement through a building and link its spaces to one
another.
 House 10, 1966, John Hejduk

Buildings also can be linear in form, particularly when they consist of repetitive
spaces organized along a circulation path. As illustrated here, linear building
forms have the ability to enclose exterior spaces as well as adapt to the
environmental conditions of a site.

Cornell University Undergraduate Housing (Project), Ithaca, New York, 1974,

Richard Meier
PLANE

Planes in architecture define three-dimensional volumes of mass and space. The

properties of each plane—size, shape, color, texture —as well as their spatial
relationship to one another ultimately determine the visual attributes of the form
they define and the qualities of the space they enclose.

A line extended in a direction other than its intrinsic direction becomes a plane.
Conceptually, a plane has length and width, but no depth. Shape is the primary
identifying characteristic of a plane. It is determined by the contour of the line
forming the edges of a plane. Because our perception of shape can be distorted by
perspective foreshortening, we see the true shape of a plane only when we view it
frontally
 Architecture defines three-dimensional mass and space volumes using planes. Size,
shape, color, and texture of each plane, as well as their spatial connection to one
another, are what ultimately establish the visual characteristics of the form they
define and the characteristics of the space they encompass.

PLANAR ELEMENTS

architectural work is supported on the ground plane. The topographical

characteristics of the ground plane have an impact on the form of the building that
rises from it, along with the climate and other environmental factors of a site. The
structure may blend into the ground level, stand solidly on it, or be raised above it.
To create a podium for a building form, one can also change the ground plane
itself. Elevated to recognize a sacred or important location, bermed to delineate
outdoor spaces or act as a barrier against unfavorable weather, cut or terraced to
offer a suitable building platform, or stepped to make variations in elevation
easier to navigate.

Scala de Spagna (Spanish Steps), Rome, 1721–1725. Alessandro Specchi

designed this civic project to connect the Piazza di Spagna with SS. Trinita de’
Monti; completed by Francesco de Sanctis
VOLUME

In architecture, a volume can be either a portion of a space contained and defined

by walls, the floor, and ceiling or roof planes or a quantity of space displaced by
the mass of a building. Building forms that stand as objects in the landscape can
be perceived as occupying volume in space. A plane extended in a direction other
than its intrinsic direction becomes a volume. Conceptually, a volume has Three
dimensions: length, width, and depth.

All volumes can be analyzed and understood to consist of:

• points or vertices where several planes come together
• lines or edges where two planes meet
• planes or surfaces that define the limits or boundaries of a volume

In architecture, a volume can be seen to be either a portion of space contained and

defined by wall, floor, and ceiling or roof planes, or a quantity of space displaced
by the mass of a building. It is important to perceive this duality, especially when
reading orthographic plans, elevations, and sections.

Notre Dame Du Haut, Ronchamp, France, 1950–1955, Le Corbusier

VOLUMETRIC ELEMENTS

Building forms that stand as objects in the landscape can be read as occupying
volumes in space. A “Volumetric element” class is composed of several
“Panelized element” classes, such as “Exterior wall”, “Interior wall”, “Ceiling”
and “Floor”.

V. REFLECTION

The art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures
is known as architecture. The design of the entire built environment is
frequently included in a broader term, from the macro level of town
planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the micro level
of construction details and, occasionally, furniture. The primary
elements serve as the starting point to complex designs that serve both
aesthetic and functional objectives and give a building its distinct
personality.

2.05 million outcomes roughly (0.51 seconds)

(Ching, 2015) The author defines each element's physical
characteristics as a point (position), line (length, direction, position),
plane (length and width, shape, surface, orientation, position), and
volume (length, width, depth, form and space, surface, orientation,
position), and considers them to be the fundamental components of
form.

VI. REFERENCE
Paauwe, M. (n.d.).  Basic Elements of Enterprise Architecture: Point, Line, Plane
and Volume - Dragon1. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from
https://www.dragon1.com/blogs/markpaauwe/basic-elements-enterprise-
architecture-point-line-plane-volume

Interiors, B. H. (2020, February 20).  Architecture: Form, Space, & Order by

Francis D.K. Ching, Chapter 7: Principles. BECKWITH HOUSE INTERIORS.
Retrieved October 10, 2022, from
https://beckwithhouseinteriors.wordpress.com/2020/02/20/form-space-order-by-
francis-d-k-ching-chapter-7-principles/

Wikipedia contributors. (2020, February 16).  Polykleitos the Younger. Wikipedia.

Retrieved October 10, 2022, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos_the_Younger

Wikipedia contributors. (2022, May 23).  Pisa Baptistery. Wikipedia. Retrieved

October 10, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_Baptistery

International Architecture Database. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2022, from

https://www.archinform.net/entry.htm?ID=4maocerpjc86fh0fa27f6npc67&loc=
%2Farch%2F1008.htm

Wikipedia contributors. (2022b, July 26).  National Mall. Wikipedia. Retrieved

October 10, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine
Mosque of Selim | Location, History, & Ottoman Empire. (n.d.). Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mosque-of-Selim

Cartwright, M. (2022, July 25).  Erechtheion. World History Encyclopedia.

Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.worldhistory.org/Erechtheion/

Cornell University, Undergraduate Housing – Richard Meier & Partners

Architects

Knowlton School Digital LibraryWorkScala di Spagna (the Spanish Steps), Rome,

Italy [44952]. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2022, from
https://knowltondl.osu.edu/index.php/Detail/objects/8718

Wikipedia contributors. (2022b, June 16).  Notre-Dame du Haut. Wikipedia.

Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-
Dame_du_Haut
VII. STUDENT PROFILE
Name: Bryan S. Morris
Permanent Address: Banuyo Pilar, Sorsogon
Temporary Address: EMS Barrio Legazpi, Albay
Contact number: 09319179641
Email: Bsm2022-8613-36441@bicol-u.edu.ph