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Perilaku Biaya dan

Perhitungan Biaya Berdasarkan


Aktivitas
Pengklasifikasian biaya berdasar
perilaku biaya:
 1. Biaya Tetap (Fixed cost)
 biaya yang tidak berubah secara total dalam
hubungan dengan beberapa aktivitas atau output
yang dipilih
 2. Biaya Variabel (Variable cost)
 biaya yang berubah secara total dalam hubungan
dengan beberapa aktivitas atau output yang dipilih
 3. Biaya Semivariabel (Semivariable cost)
 biaya yang memiliki baik komponen tetap dan
variabel

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-2
Fixed Costs
A cost that stays the
same as output
changes is a fixed
cost.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-3
Total Fixed Cost Graph
$120,000
$100,000
Fixed Costs
Total Costs

$80,000
F=
$60,000 $60,000
$40,000
$20,000
0 60 120 180 240
Units Produced (000)

Lease of Number Units


Machine of Units Cost
s
$60,000 0 N/A
60,000 60,000 $1.00
60,000 120,000 0.50
60,000 180,000 0.33
60,000 240,000 0.25
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-4
A variable cost is a cost
that, in total, varies in
direct proportion to
changes in output.

Variable
Cost

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-5
Total Variable Cost Graph

$48,000
Yv = .20x
$36,000
Total Costs

$24,000 Variable Cost


$12,000
0 60 120 180 240
Units Produced (000)

Cost of Number Units


Power of Units Cost
$ 0 0 $ 0
12,000 60,000 0.20
24,000 120,000 0.20
36,000 180,000 0.20
48,000 240,000 0.20
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-6
A mixed cost is a
cost that has both a
fixed and a variable
component.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-7
Mixed Cost Behavior
$130,000
$110,000
$90,000
Total Costs

$70,000
$50,000
$30,000
0 40 80 120 160 180
Units
200 Sold (000)

Variable Fixed Total Selling


Inserts Cost of Cost of Selling Cost per
Sold Selling Selling Cost Unit
40,000 $ 20,000 $30,000 $ 50,000 $1.25
80,000 40,000 30,000 70,000 0.86
120,000 60,000 30,000 90,000 0.75
160,000 80,000 30,000 110,000 0.69
200,000
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by100,000 30,000
Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 130,000
© 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 0.65 10-8
Tujuan pemisahan biaya semivariabel:

 Perhitungan tarif biaya overhead dan analisis varian


 Persiapan anggaran fleksible dan analisis varians
 Perhitungan biaya langsung dan analisis varians
 Analisis titik impas dan analisis biaya-volume laba
 Analisis biaya differensial dan komparatif
 Maksimisasi laba dan minimisasi biaya jangka
pendek
 Analisis anggaran modal
 Analsis profitabilitas pemsaran berdasarkan daerah,
produk dan pelanggan.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-9
Asumsi-asumsi Fungsi Biaya
1. Perilaku biaya diperkirakan dengan fungsi
biaya linear dalam rentang yang relevan
Secara grafis, biaya total versus tingkat suatu
aktivitas tunggal yang berhubungan dengan
biaya itu adalah suatu garis lurus dalam
rentang yang relevan

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-10
Fungsi Biaya Linear

y = a + bX

Variabel Terikat: Variabel Bebas:


Biaya yang Pemicu Biaya
diprediksi

Kemiringan Garis:
Titik Potong:
Biaya variable
Biaya tetap
per unit

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-11
Perilaku Biaya Campuran
(Mixed-Cost Behaviour)
Asumsi Linearitas
Total Biaya

Biaya
Biaya Tetap
Biaya Variabel

Kuantitas Produk

Total Biaya = Biaya Tetap + Total Biaya Variabel

12
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-12
Fungsi Biaya Tetap, Secara Grafis
Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000

$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-13
Fungsi Biaya Variabel, secara Grafis
Fungsi Biaya Total : Y = $5X

$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-14
Fungsi Biaya Total, secara Grafis
Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000 + $5X

$70,000

$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-15
Fungsi-fungsi Biaya Digabungkan
$70,000

$60,000

$50,000

$40,000
Variable Cost Y = $5X
Fixed Cost Y = $10,000
B Total Cost Y = $10,000 + $5X
$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$-
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-16
Metode Pemisahan Biaya
Semivariabel:

1. Metode Titik tertinggi dan terendah


2. Metode Scattergraph
3. Metode Least Square

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-17
Metode Tinggi-Rendah
 Metode analisis kuantitatif paling sederhana
 Menggunakan hanya nilai-nilai teramati yang
tertinggi dan terendah

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-18
Langkah-langkah dalam
Metode Tinggi-Rendah

1. Hitung biaya variabel per unit aktivitas

Biaya Biaya terkait Biaya terkait


Variabel per = { tingkat aktivitas tertinggi- }
tingkat aktivitas terendah
Unit Aktivitas Tingkat aktivitas tertinggi - Tingkat aktivitas terendah

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-19
Langkah-langkah dalam
Metode Tinggi-Rendah
2. Hitung Biaya Tetap Total
Biaya Total dari tingkat aktivitas tertinggi atau terendah
– (Biaya Variabel per unit aktivitas X Aktivitas terkait dengan biaya total di atas)
Biaya Tetap

3. Buat ringkas dengan menuliskan persamaan linear

Y = Biaya Tetap + ( Biaya variabel per unit Aktivitas * Aktivitas )

Y = FC + (VCu * X)

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-20
High Low Method
Penentuan bagian Biaya Variabel dan biaya tetap didasarkan
pada pengamatan data masa lalu yaitu data pada posisi
ekstrim tinggi dan posisi ekstrim rendah.

Keunggulan:
- Mudah dilakukan
- Tidak perlu banyak data

Kelemahan :
-Tidak memperhatikan fluktuasi dan tendensi perkembangan
data biaya

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-21
Contoh :

Dari penelitian biaya pemeliharaan selama 5 (lima)


bulan terakhr sbb :

Bulan Jam Kerja Total Biaya


Januari 9.870 Rp. 109.415.000
Februari 9.234 Rp. 106.553.000
Maret 9.100 Rp. 105.950.000
April 9.875 Rp. 109.437.500
Mei 9.650 Rp. 108.425.000

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-22
Pemisahan biaya……

Tertinggi 9.875 Rp. 109.437.500


Terrendah 9.100 Rp. 105.950.000

Perubahan 775 Rp. 3.487.500

3.487.500
Biaya Variabel = --------------------- = Rp. 4.500/jam kerja
775

Total Biaya Bulan Maret Rp. 105.950.000


Biaya Variabel 9.100 X 4.500 Rp. 40.950.000
Komponen Biaya Tetap Rp. 65.000.000
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-23
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-24
Metode Scattergraph:
 Langkah-langkahnya:
 1. Buat grafik
 2. Buat titik-titik di grafik
 3. Tarik garis lurus dengan melewati titik-titik
 4. Hitung biaya variabel dan biaya tetap
seperti dalam metode titik tertinggi dan
terendah

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-25
Metode Stand By Cost
 Metode ini diterapkan apabila ada
kesempatan perusahaan dihentikan
semetara.
 Padasaat perusahaan dihentikan maka biaya
yang tetap harus dikeluarkan disebut dengan
Stand by Cost yang dianggp setara dengan
Fixed Cost.

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-26
Biaya Variabel per unit dihitung dengan rumus

Rata-rata Total Biaya – Stand by Cost


BVU = -------------------------------------------------------
Rata-rata Kapasitas

Dari data contoh sebelumnya :


Rata-rata Total Biaya = 539.780.500 / 5 = Rp. 107.956.100
Rata-rata Jam kerja = 4.729 / 5 = 9.546 jam kerja
Jika diketahui Stand by Cost = Rp. 67.000.000 maka sesuai dengan
rumus yang ada
107.956.100 – 67.000.000
 Biaya Variabel = ------------------------------------- = Rp. 4.290/jam
9.546

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-27
Analisis Regresi / Least Square
 Analisis Regresi adalah metode statistik yang
mengukur jumlah rata-rata perubahan dalam variabel
dependen yang terkait dengan suatu unit perubahan
dalam salah satu atau lebih variabel independen
 Lebih akurat dari metode Tinggi-Rendah karena
persamaan regresi mengestimasi biaya menggunakan
informasi dari semua pengamatan; metode Tinggi-
Rendah menggunakan hanya dua pengamatan

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-28
Jenis-jenis Regresi
 Simple – mengestimasi hubungan antara
variabel dependen dan satu variabel
independen
 Multi – mengestimasi hubungan antara
variabel dependen dan dua atau lebih
variabel independen

To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-29
Untuk mendapatkan persamaan garis regresi
Y = a + b X dapat dihitung dengan rumus
(Σ Y ) (ΣX2) - ( ΣX)( ΣX Y)
a = ----------------------------------------
n ΣX2 – (ΣX) 2

nΣX Y - ( ΣX)( ΣY)


b = --------------------------------------
nΣX2 - (ΣX) 2
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-30
n X Y X.Y X2
1 9.870 109,4 1.079.778 97.416.900
2 9.234 106,5 983.421 85.266.756
3 9.100 105,9 963.690 82.810.000
4 9.875 109,4 1.080.325 97.515.625
5 9.650 108,4 1.046.060 93.122.500
47.729 539,6 5.153.274 456.131.781

Persamaan garis projeksi menurut metode


least square :

Y = 64.615.260 + 4.537 X
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-31

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