1 - Climate Change & Global Warming

Environment & Ecology greenhouse effect by the emission of
greenhouse gases through fossil fuel

GLOBAL WARMING combustion and deforestation.
• Pre-industrial levels of carbon dioxide (prior
GREENHOUSE EFFECT to the start of the Industrial Revolution)
were about 280 parts per million by volume
• Atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, (ppmv), and current levels are greater than
methane, nitrous oxide (N2O), water 380 ppmv and increasing at a rate of 1.9
vapour, and chlorofluorocarbons are ppm yr-1 since 2000.
capable of trapping the out-going • According to the IPCC Special Report on
infrared radiation from the earth’s surface Emission Scenarios (SRES), by the end of
thereby causing greenhouse effect. the 21st century, we could expect to see
• The greenhouse effect is unquestionably carbon dioxide concentrations of anywhere
real and helps to regulate the temperature from 490 to 1260 ppm (75-350% above the
of our planet. It is essential for life on Earth pre-industrial concentration).
and is one of Earth's natural processes. • Oxides of Nitrogen with general
• A greenhouse is a structure whose roof and formula NOx – NO, NO2 – Nitrogen oxide,
walls are made chiefly of transparent Nitrogen dioxide etc. are global cooling
material, such as glass, in which plants gasses while Nitrous oxide (N2O) is
requiring regulated climatic conditions are a greenhouse gas.
grown.
Black Carbon or Soot
• In a greenhouse, the incident solar
radiation (the visible and adjacent
• Black carbon (BC) is a solid particle or
portions of the infrared and ultraviolet
aerosol (though not a gas) that contributes
ranges of the spectrum) passes through
to warming of the atmosphere. Black
the glass roof and walls and is absorbed by
carbon, commonly known as soot.
the floor, earth, and contents, which
• Soot is a form of particulate air pollutant,
become warmer and re-emit the energy
produced from incomplete combustion.
as longer-wavelength infrared
• Black carbon warms the earth by absorbing
radiation (heat radiation).
heat in the atmosphere and by reducing
• Water vapor is the most abundant
albedo (the ability to reflect sunlight) when
greenhouse gas, followed by carbon
deposited on snow and ice.
dioxide and other trace gases.
• BC is the strongest absorber of sunlight
• Without a natural greenhouse effect, the
and heats the air directly.
temperature of the Earth would be about
• In addition, it darkens snow packs and
zero degrees F (-18°C) instead of its
glaciers through deposition and leads to
present 57°F (14°C). So, the concern is not
melting of ice and snow.
with the fact that we have a greenhouse
• Regionally, BC disrupts cloudiness and
effect, but whether human activities are
monsoon rainfall.
leading to an enhancement of the
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• Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for El Nino and Global Warming
only several days to weeks.
• Thus, the effects of BC on the atmospheric • El-Ninos are not caused by global warming.
warming and glacier retreat disappear Clear evidence exists from a variety of
within months of reducing emissions. sources (including archaeological studies)
that El-Ninos have been present for
Global Warming – Impacts thousands, and some indicators suggest
maybe millions, of years.
• Melting of the ice caps • However, it has been hypothesized that
• Extreme Climatic Events warmer global sea surface temperatures
• Environmental Degradation can enhance the El Niño phenomenon, and
• Rising Health Related Issues it is also true that El Niños have been more
• Biodiversity Loss frequent and intense in recent decades.
• No Food Security • There have been relatively more frequent
• Deterioration of Carbon sinks and persistent El Niño episodes rather than
• Sea Level Change the cool episode La Niñas.
• Ocean acidification • Changes in precipitation over the tropical
Pacific are related to this change in the El
Global Temperatures Niño - Southern Oscillation, which has also
affected the pattern and magnitude of
• Global surface temperatures have surface temperatures. However, it is
increased about 0.74°C (plus or minus unclear as to whether this apparent change
0.18°C) since the late–19th century in the ENSO cycle is related to global
• Recent analyses of temperature trends in warming.
the lower and mid- troposphere (between
about 2,500 and 26,000 ft.) show warming Ocean Acidification
rates that are similar to
those observed for
surface air temperatures
• An enhanced
greenhouse effect is
expected to cause
cooling in higher parts of
the atmosphere because
the increased
"blanketing" effect in the
lower atmosphere holds
in more heat, allowing
less to reach the upper
atmosphere.
• Ocean acidification has been called the • Checking CO and CO2 emissions and
“evil twin of global warming” and “the controlling pollution are the only means to
other CO2 problem”. reduce ocean acidification.
• Ocean acidification is the ongoing • Eutrophication leads to large plankton
decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, blooms, and when these blooms collapse
caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide and sink to the sea bed the subsequent
(CO2) from the atmosphere. respiration of bacteria decomposing the
• An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide algae leads to a decrease in seawater
from human activity released into the oxygen and an increase in CO2 (a decline
atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers in pH).
and lakes.
• In the 200-plus years since the Effects of Ocean Acidification
industrial revolution began, the
concentration of carbon dioxide • Oceans are an important reservoir for
(CO 2 ) in the atmosphere has increased CO2, absorbing a significant quantity of it
due to humans burning fossil fuels (such (one-third) produced by anthropogenic
as car emissions) and changing the way activities and effectively buffering climate
land is used (such as deforestation). change.
During this time, the pH of surface • The uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide
ocean waters has fallen by 0.1 pH units. is occurring at a rate exceeding the natural
• The pH scale, like the Richter scale, is buffering capacity of the oceans.
logarithmic, so this change represents • Increasing acidity depresses metabolic
approximately a 30 percent increase in rates and immune responses in some
acidity. organisms.
• To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it • Seawater absorbs CO2 to produce carbonic
reacts with the water to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate and carbonate ions.
acid. • However, the increase in atmospheric CO2
• Some of these extra carbonic acid levels lead to a decrease in pH level, an
molecules react with a water molecule to increase in the concentration of carbonic
give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium acid and bicarbonate ions, causing a
ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ decrease in the concentration of carbonate
ion concentration). ions.
• Estimates of future carbon dioxide levels, • Carbonate ions are an important building
based on business as usual emission block of structures such as sea shells and
scenarios, indicate that by the end of this coral skeletons. Decreases in carbonate
century the surface waters of the ocean ions can make building and maintaining
could be nearly 150% more acidic, resulting shells and other calcium carbonate
in a pH that the oceans haven’t structures difficult for calcifying organisms
experienced for more than 20 million years. such as oysters, clams, sea urchins,
• Rate of ocean acidification is more in cold shallow water corals, deep sea corals, and
ocean waters than tropical waters. calcareous plankton.
• Changes in ocean chemistry can affect • Normally, coral polyps live in an
the behaviour of non-calcifying endosymbiotic relationship with this algae
organisms as well. The ability of certain crucial for the health of the coral and the
fish to detect predators is decreased in reef as the algae provides up to 90% of the
more acidic waters. coral's energy.
• Ocean acidification is expected • When a coral bleaches, it is not dead.
to impact many ocean
species to varying
degrees. While some
species will be harmed by
ocean acidification,
photosynthetic algae and
seagrasses may benefit
from higher
CO 2 conditions in the
ocean, as they require
CO 2 to live just like plants
on land.
• The decrease in the amount Corals can survive a bleaching event, but
of carbonate ions available makes it more they are under more stress and are subject
difficult for marine calcifying to mortality.
organisms, such as coral (calcareous • Corals can recover if the water temperature
corals) and some plankton (calcareous drops and the algae are able to recolonise
plankton), to form biogenic calcium the coral reefs
carbonate.
• Commercial fisheries are threatened
because acidification harms calcifying Factors responsible for coral bleaching
organisms which form the base of the Arctic
1. Increased water temperature or reduced
food webs.
water temperatures
• Increasing acidity accentuates coral
bleaching as corals are very sensitive to 2. Oxygen starvation
changes in water composition.
3. Increased solar irradiance
CORAL BLEACHING
4. Increased sedimentation
• It occurs when abnormal environmental 5. Bacterial infections

conditions, such as warmer sea
temperatures, cause coral polyps to expel 6. Changes in salinity
algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues,
7. Herbicides
causing the coral to turn completely white.

8. Extreme low tide and exposure colourful fish, molluscs and starfish, plus
turtles, dolphins and sharks.
9. Cyanide fishing
• According to the United Nations
10. Pollutants such as oxybenzone, Environment Programme, between 2014
butylparaben, octyl methoxycinnamate, or and 2016 the longest recorded global
enzacamene: four common sunscreen bleaching events killed coral on an
ingredients that are nonbiodegradable and unprecedented scale.
can wash off of skin • In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great
Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50
11. Ocean acidification due to elevated levels percent of the reef's coral and in 2017, the
of CO2 caused by air pollution bleaching extended into the central region
of the reef.
12. Being exposed to Oil or other chemical
• The average interval between bleaching
spills events has halved between 1980 and 2016.
Significance and Apprehensions
Coral reefs - Facts and figures
• Coral reefs make up less than one percent
of Earth's marine environment, but • Coral reefs are highly diverse ecosystems
are home to an estimated 25 percent of vital to the welfare of human populations
ocean life, acting as nurseries for many throughout the tropical area.
species of fish.
• More than 450 million people live within 60
• In the 2012–2040 period, coral reefs are
kilometres of coral reefs, with the majority
expected to experience more frequent
directly or indirectly deriving food and
bleaching events and the
income from them
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) sees this as the greatest • Properly managed coral reefs can yield an
threat to the world's reef systems. average of 15 tonnes of fish and other
• Coral reefs worldwide has been lost by seafood per square kilometre each year
19%, and 60% of the remaining reefs are at
immediate risk of being lost. • Occupying less than one quarter of 1% of
the marine environment, coral reefs are
Great Barrier Reef home to more than 25% of all known
marine fish species
• The Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of
Queensland in north-eastern Australia, is • 32 of the 34 recognised animal Phyla are
the largest living thing on Earth, and even found on coral reefs compared to 9 Phyla in
visible from outer space. tropical rainforests
• The 2,300km-long ecosystem comprises
• Average live coral cover on Caribbean
thousands of reefs and hundreds of islands
reefs has declined to just 8% of the reef
made of over 600 types of hard and soft
coral and is home to countless species of
today, compared with more than 50% in the Solar radiation management
1970s
ü Solar radiation management
Climate Engineering technologies ü Stratospheric sulphate aerosols
ü Marine cloud brightening
• Climate engineering is the intentional large- ü Cool roof
scale intervention in the Earth’s climate ü Space sunshade
system to counter climate change. It ü Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate
includes techniques to remove carbon Engineering
dioxide from the atmosphere,
Carbon dioxide removal
and technologies to rapidly cool the Earth
by reflecting solar energy back to space.
ü Carbon dioxide removal
• Some carbon dioxide removal techniques
ü Greenhouse gas removal
(CDR), like reforestation, are well-
ü Biochar
understood. Others entail using
technologies to capture and sequester ü Bio-energy with carbon capture and
carbon dioxide that are in early research storage
stages or currently are difficult to deploy at ü Carbon sequestration
large scales without high costs or ü Direct air capture
substantial negative impacts on energy ü Ocean fertilization
use, water or land. ü Enhanced weathering
• Solar geoengineering, or “solar radiation ü Carbon air capture
management” (SRM) refers to technologies Other greenhouse gas remediation
proposed to rapidly cool down Earth’s
temperature. Proposals include simulating ü Greenhouse gas removal
the cooling effects of volcanic eruptions, ü CFC laser photochemistry
and enhancing the reflectivity of marine
clouds.( Sulphate Aerosol Injection) Other projects
• Marine cloud brightening proposals entail
using sea salt to “seed”—stimulate the ü Arctic geoengineering
formation of—low-altitude clouds over the ü Cirrus Cloud Thinning
ocean, enhance their reflectivity and extend
their lifetimes. These SRM techniques are
also at early stages of research, primarily
based on computer modelling.
• SRM technologies would not limit some of
the most serious impacts of rising carbon
dioxide concentrations, including ocean
acidification.

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT developed under the UN Convention on
PROGRAMME Biological Diversity calls for urgent action to
stop biodiversity decline. Combating climate
change, reducing plastic pollution, halting the
• UNEP is an agency of the United
loss of nature and restoring ecosystems are all
Nations.
part of the draft plan. The goals and
• It coordinates the UN’s environmental
commitments to deliver on them are to be
activities.
adopted later this year at the biodiversity
• It assists developing countries in
conference in Kunming, China.
implementing environmentally sound
policies and practices.
Champions of the Earth award
• It was founded as a result of the United
Nations Conference on the Human • The UN Environment Programme’s
Environment 1972. Champions of the Earth award is the
• UNEP's activities cover a wide range of world’s flagship environmental honour.
issues regarding the atmosphere, marine • Champions of the Earth are celebrated in
and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental four categories:
governance and green economy. o Policy leadership – individuals or
• UN Environment is also one of several organizations in the public sector
Implementing Agencies for the Global leading global or national action for
Environment Facility (GEF) and the the environment. They shape
Multilateral Fund for the Implementation dialogue, lead commitments and act
of the Montreal Protocol. for the good of the planet.
o Inspiration and action – individuals
Conventions under UNEP
or organizations taking bold steps to
inspire positive change to protect our
• Tehran convention
world. They lead by example,
• Bamako convention
challenge behaviour and inspire
• Basel convention
millions.
• Rotterdam convention
o Entrepreneurial vision – individuals
• Stockholm convention
or organizations challenging the
• CMS convention
status quo to build a cleaner future.
• CITES
They build systems, create new
• CBD
technology and spearhead a ground
• Carpathian convention breaking vision.
o Science and innovation –
Need for Nature - A call for biodiversity
individuals or organizations who push
Facing the extinction of 1 million plant and the boundaries of technology for
profound environmental benefit. They
animal species, countries are working on a
invent possibilities for a more
plan to stop biodiversity loss. A draft plan being
sustainable world.
Glowing Glowing Gone The Alliance will provide governments and
other stakeholders relevant evidence-based
In partnership with the United Nations assessment, scenarios, solutions and services
Environment Programme, the Ocean Agency on water quality issues. An estimated 80% of
has launched Glowing Glowing Gone, a creative wastewater is released directly into water
awareness campaign that draws attention to bodies without treatment.
coral fluorescence due to climate change.
Through Glowing Glowing Gone, The Ocean INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON
Agency hopes to garner public support to CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)
inspire policy and funding to conserve coral
reefs and save an ecosystem on which our • IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental
entire planet depends. body under the auspices of the United
Nations.
Faith for Earth Initiative • It was first established in 1988 by two
United Nations organizations, the World
The Faith for Earth initiative from UN Meteorological Organization (WMO) and
Environment is uniting religions around the the United Nations Environment
world to focus on environmental issues. At the Programme (UNEP).
environment assembly 135 faith leaders from • Membership of the IPCC is open to all
12 different religions came together to talk members of the WMO and UNEP.
about using the influence of faith to better our • The IPCC produces reports that support
natural environment. the UNFCCC.
• IPCC reports cover all relevant information
Global Fund for Ecosystem-based to understand the risk of human-induced
Adaptation climate change, its potential impacts and
options for adaptation and mitigation.
The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and
• The IPCC does not carry out its own
the International Union for Conservation of
original research.
Nature (IUCN) are jointly launching the Global
• Thousands of scientists and other experts
Fund for Ecosystem-based Adaptation [2020-
contribute on a voluntary basis.
2024], which aims to provide targeted and
• Recently, a special report, which was
rapid support mechanisms through seed
commissioned to specifically explore the
capital for innovative approaches to
scientific feasibility of the 1.5°C goal set in
ecosystem-based adaptation.
the Paris Agreement, on global warming
World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA) has been released by IPCC.
• It suggests that it has become extremely
The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and improbable to achieve the 1.5°C goal
the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the purely by reducing emission.
European Commission launched the World • As per the IPCC Report, at current rate of
Water Quality Alliance (WWQA) in Ispra, Italy. emissions, the world is set to breach the

global warming limit of 1.5°C between 2030 • The treaty itself sets no binding limits on
and 2052. At present, the world is 1.2°C greenhouse gas emissions for
warmer compared to pre-industrial levels. individual countries.
• The latest report was requested by various
countries in 2015 to explore the possibilities History of UNFCCC
of keeping the temperature rise within
• 1988- IPCC was set up
1.5°C. This was the key demand made by
• 1992- Based on the reports of IPCC, Rio
a number of smaller and poorer countries,
Earth Summit was held
especially the small island states, which
• 1994- UNFCCC came into force
face the maximum risks from the impact of
• 1995- First CoP of UNFCCC
climate change.
• 1997- Idea of Kyoto Protocol was
• One of the key messages from this report is
formulated
that we are already seeing the
• 2001- Adaptation Fund was set up to
consequences of 1°C of global warming
implement Kyoto Protocol
through more extreme weather, rising sea
• 2002- UNFCCC India CoP
levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice,
• 2005- Kyoto Protocol came into force
among other changes.
• 2010- GCF was set up in Cancun Summit
• 2012- Doha Amendment to the Kyoto
Protocol
UNFCCC: UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK • 2015- Paris Climate Agreement
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE • 2018- Katowice Climate Package
Conferences of the Parties (COP) –

• International environmental treaty that
UNFCCC
came into existence under the aegis of UN.
• UNFCCC is negotiated at the Earth
• The COP is the decision-making body of
Summit 1992.
UNFCCC.
• Signed in 1992, New York City.
• All States that are Parties to the Convention
• As of March 2019, UNFCCC has 197
are represented at the COP.
parties.
• They review the implementation of any
• UNFCCC provides a framework for
legal instruments that the COP adopts.
negotiating specific international treaties
• They promote the effective implementation
(called "protocols") that aim to set binding
of the Convention.
limits on greenhouse gases.
• The first COP meeting was held in Berlin,
• Objective of UNFCCC: Stabilize
Germany in March 1995.
greenhouse gas concentrations in the
• The parties to the convention have
atmosphere at a level that would prevent
met annually since 1995.
dangerous consequences.
• In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol (3rd COP) was
• Legal Effect: Treaty is considered legally
concluded and established legally
non-binding.

binding obligations for developed countries Paris Agreement
to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
• COP 21 (2015) was held in Paris in 2015. • The conference negotiated the Paris
• COP 22 (2016) was held at Marrakesh, Agreement, a global agreement on the
Morocco. reduction of climate change.
• COP 23 (2017) was held at Bonn, • It entered into force in November 2016 after
Germany. (ratification by 55 countries that account for
• COP 24 (2018) was held at Katowice, at least 55% of global emissions) had been
Poland. met.
• COP 25 (2019) was to be conducted at • Signatories: 195 as of 2019; 180+ countries
Santiago, Chile during Nov-Dec 2019, have ratified; India signed and ratified in
but happened in Madrid, Spain. 2016.
• COP 26 will be held in Glasgow, • The expected key result was an agreement
Scotland to set a goal of limiting global warming
to "well below 2 °C" Celsius compared
Paris Climate Change Conference 2015 to pre-industrial levels.
• The agreement calls for zero net
• Paris Summit is one of the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas
environmental conference because of emissions to be reached during the
the INDC commitments made by major second half of the 21st century.
polluters. • In the adopted version of the Paris
• The conference objective is to achieve a Agreement, the parties will also "pursue
legally binding and universal agreement efforts to limit the temperature increase
on climate to be signed in 2015 and to 1.5 °C.”
implemented by 2020. • The 1.5 °C goal will require zero emissions
• Prior to the conference, 146 national sometime between 2030 and 2050,
climate panels publicly presented draft according to some scientists.
national climate contributions (so-called • The developed countries reaffirmed the
Intended Nationally Determined commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year
Contributions, INDCs). in climate finance by 2020 and agreed to
• However, no detailed timetable or country- continue mobilizing finance at the level of
specific goals for emissions were $100 billion a year until 2025.
incorporated into the Paris Agreement – as
opposed to the previous Kyoto Protocol. What is an INDC?
• There will be neither a mechanism to force
a country to set a target by a specific date • During Warsaw Summit 2013 (COP 19),
nor enforcement measures if a set target is countries agreed to publicly outline what
not met. actions they intend to take under a
global agreement well before the Paris
Summit 2015.

• These country commitments are known as • The second commitment period was
Intended Nationally Determined agreed on in 2012, known as the Doha
Contributions (INDCs). Amendment to the protocol.
• As of January 2019, 124 states have
India’s INDC targets accepted the Doha Amendment, while
entry into force requires the acceptances of
ü To reduce the emissions intensity of its
144 states.
GDP by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030 from
2005 level. The Kyoto Protocol emission target gases
ü To achieve about 40 per cent cumulative include
electric power installed capacity from non-
fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030, • Carbon dioxide (CO2),
with the help of transfer of technology and • Methane (CH4),
low cost international finance, including • Nitrous oxide (N2O),
from Green Climate Fund. • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),
ü To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 • groups of hydro fluorocarbons (HCFs)
to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent and
through additional forest and tree cover by • groups of Per fluorocarbons (PFCs).
2030.
Flexible Market Mechanisms – Kyoto
KYOTO PROTOCOL Protocol
• Countries bound to Kyoto targets have to

• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto,
meet them largely through domestic action
Japan, in 1997.
— that is, to reduce their emissions
• India ratified Kyoto Protocol in 2002.
onshore.
• The Kyoto Protocol came into force in
• But they can meet part of their targets
February 2005.
through three “market-based
• Goal: Fight global warming by reducing
mechanisms”.
greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere to “a level that would prevent The Kyoto Flexible Market Protocol
dangerous anthropogenic interference mechanisms include:
with the climate system.” 1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• The Protocol is based on the principle 2. Emission Trading
of common but differentiated 3. Joint Implementation (JI)
responsibilities.
• Kyoto Protocol is the only global treaty Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
with binding limits on GHG emissions.
• Under Kyoto Protocol, there are two CDM allows a country with an emission-
commitment periods: reduction or emission-limitation commitment
1. 2008 – 2012 and under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to
2. 2013 – 2020.
implement an emission-reduction project in 2. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in
developing countries. the air is slowly raising the temperature of
the atmosphere, because it absorbs
Joint Implementation (JI) a) the water vapour of the air
and retains its heat.
The mechanism known as “joint
b) the ultraviolet part of the
implementation,” allows a country with an
solar radiation.
emission reduction commitment under the
c) all the solar radiations.
Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn
d) the infrared part of the solar
emission reduction units from an emission-
radiation
reduction project in another Annex B Party,
3. Consider the following.
each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which
1. Energy production
can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto
2. Agriculture
target.
3. Transportation
Emission trading 4. Land use change
Arrange the above given sectors in the
Emissions trading allows countries to sell decreasing order of contribution to
unused emission units to countries that have greenhouse gas emission.
exceeded their targets. Carbon is tracked and a) 1-2-3-4
traded like any other commodity in a "carbon b) 1-4-2-3
market." c) 4-2-3-1
d) 4-3-2-1
4. Consider the following statements.
Practice Through Questions 1. China is topmost GHG emitting
country
1. Consider the following statements. 2. USA has the maximum per capita
1. Earth’s atmosphere is heated up GHG emissions
mainly by shortwave radiations of 3. India has the highest GHG
electromagnetic spectrum. emission intensity
2. Refrigeration, Growing paddy, use Identify the correct statement/s
of fertilizers , burning e-waste are a) 1 and 2 only
some of the activities that produce b) 1 and 3 only
greenhouse gases. c) 2 only
Which of the above given statements is/are d) 1,2 and 3
correct? 5. Consider the following statements.
a) 1 only 1. Heating effect due to global
b) 2 only warming is more in Northern
c) Both 1 and 2 hemisphere compared to the
d) Neither 1 nor 2 Southern hemisphere.

2. Global warming may cause 2. It prepares comprehensive
changes in the global pattern of Assessment Reports about
ocean currents. knowledge on climate change in
Identify the incorrect statement/s. every 3 years since its inception.
a) 1 only 3. The IPCC is an organization of
b) 2 only governments.
c) Both 1 and 2 Which of the above given statements is/are
d) Neither 1 nor 2 correct?
6. Consider the following statements a) 3 only
regarding ocean acidification. b) 1 and 2 only
1. Ocean acidification increases c) 1 and 3 only
the carbonate ion d) 1,2 and 3
concentration in ocean water. 9. Consider the following statements regarding
2. The growth and survival of National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
coral reefs will be adversely Program of IPCC.
affected. 1. The objective of the program is to
Which of the above given statements develop and refine an
is/are correct? internationally- agreed methodology
a) 1 only and software for the calculation and
b) 2 only reporting of national GHG emissions
c) Both 1 and 2 and removals.
d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. India has never submitted the GHG
7. Consider the following inventory report to the IPCC.
1. Elevated sea temperature Which of the above given statements is/are
2. Ocean acidification correct?
3. Chemical pollution a) 1 only
4. Increased sedimentation b) 2 only
Which of the above given factors c) Both 1 and 2
contribute to coral bleaching? d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) 1 and 2 only 10. Consider the following statements regarding
b) 1,2and 3 only India GHG Program.
c) 3 and 4only 1. It is an industry-led voluntary
d) 1,2,3,4 framework to measure and manage
8. Consider the following statements regarding greenhouse gas emissions in India.
IPCC. 2. It is led by World Resource Institute
1. The Intergovernmental Panel on India, Confederation of India
Climate Change (IPCC) is the Industry (CII) and The Energy and
United Nations body for assessing Resources Institute (TERI)
the science related to climate Which of the above given statements is/are
change. correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only 1. Its main objective is to stabilize the
c) Both 1 and 2 quantity of ozone depleting gases in
d) Neither 1 nor 2 the atmosphere at a level that would
11. Consider the following statements regarding prevent dangerous anthropogenic
The World Environment Situation Room. interference with the climate system
1. It is a digital platform that aims at 2. UNFCCC guidelines to the countries
harnessing big data on the will replace the national acts and
environment for sustainable policies once they ratify the
development convention.
2. It was launched by UNEP. Which of the above given statements is/are
Which of the above given statements is/are correct?
correct? a) 1 only
a) 1 only b) 2 only
b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2
c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2 16. Consider the following statements regarding
12. ‘Act Now’ initiative recently appeared in news Clean Development Mechanism under Kyoto
is associated with; Protocol.
a) IPCC 1. The CDM allows emission-
b) UNFCCC reduction projects in developing
c) UNDP countries to earn certified emission
d) MoEFCC, India reduction (CER) credits, each
13. ‘ Annual Emissions Gap Report’ is published equivalent to one ton of CO2.
by; 2. The CDM is the main source of
a) UNFCCC income for the UNFCCC Adaptation
b) UNEP Fund
c) IPCC 3. National Bank for Agriculture and
d) WMO Rural Development (NABARD) is
14. Which of the following was/were launched the implementing agency of
at Earth Summit,1992? Adaptation fund in India.
1. UNFCCC Which of the above given statements is/are
2. UNCBD correct?
3. UNCCD a) 1 only
Choose the correct option from the codes b) 2 and 3 only
given below. c) 1 and 2 only
a) 3 only d) 1,2 and 3
b) 1 and 2 only 17. Which of the following activities are eligible to
c) 1 and 3 only be classified as Certified Emission Reduction
d) 1,2 and 3 activities under Clean Development
15. Consider the following statements regarding Mechanism of Kyoto Protocol?
UNFCCC. 1. climate-smart agriculture
2. food security 2. The Kyoto mechanisms like
3. fisheries International Emissions Trading,
4. forestry Clean Development Mechanism
5. managing coastal zones (CDM) and Joint implementation (JI)
6. collecting and conserving water. were introduced in the second
Choose the correct answer using the codes commitment period of Kyoto
given below. Protocol.
a) 1 ,2 and 3 only Which of the above statement is true?
b) 1,3,4 and 5 only a) 1 only
c) 1,2,3,4 and 5 only b) 2 Only
d) 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 c) Both 1 and 2
18. Consider the following statements regarding d) Neither 1 nor 2
National Adaptation Fund for Climate
Change.
1. The overall aim of NAFCC is to
support concrete adaptation
activities which mitigate the adverse
effects of climate change.
2. It is a Central Sector Scheme.
3. National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development (NABARD) is
the National Implementing Entity of
NAFCC
Which of the above given statements is/are
correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 2 only
d) 1,2 and 3
19. Recently, India has ratified the second

commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol that
commits countries to contain the emission of
greenhouse gases. consider the following
statements regarding the Kyoto protocol:
1. During the second commitment
period, Parties committed to reduce
GHG emissions by at least 18
percent below 1990 levels in the
eight-year period from 2013 to 2020.


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