FENOMENA TOKSIKOLOGI

LINGKUNGAN

OLEH:
YUSTINI ARDILLAH
DEPARTEMEN KESEHATAN LIGKUNGAN
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT UNSRI
Overview
GLOBAL WARMING
Global Warming – What is it?

• Rise in earth’s temperature

• Results from changes in the
natural environment
• Caused by too much carbon
dioxide
Sun Greenhouse Effect
 Earth’s Atmospheric Gases
Nitrogen (N2)
Non-
Greenhouse
Gases
Oxygen (O2)
99%

Water (H2O)

Greenhouse
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gases
1%
Methane (CH4)
The Greenhouse Effect

• Solar radiation from the Sun

reaches the Earth’s atmosphere
• Permukaan Bumi menyerap
sebagian besar insulasi sinar-
pendek dan kemudian
melepaskan panas ini dalam
bentuk radiasi infra merah ke
atmosfer.
• Some of the heat is absorbed by
particles known as “greenhouse
gases.”
• The heat retained by the gases
acts as a “heat blanket.”
Burning of fossil fuels

• The burning of fossil fuels

releases Carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.

• In the past 150 years, burning

fossil fuels has caused a 25 %
increase in Carbon dioxide
emissions.
Carbon dioxide
 Annual
8
Carbon
Carbon (109 metric tons)
Emissions
Annual carbon emissions
Atmospheric CO2
6 Atmospheric CO2 average

0
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Future Carbon Dioxide
Levels
• Increasing CO2 emissions, especially
in China and developing countries
• Likely to double within 150 years:
– Increased coal usage
– Increased natural gas usage
– Decreased petroleum usage (increased
cost and decreasing supply)
Households are Big Contributors to Climate Change

Of all U.S. greenhouse gas

emissions come from
households:

• Vehicles
• Home Heating
• Electricity
Burning of fossil fuels

In the last 200 years:

• Nitrous oxide has increased

17%.

• Methane has increased 150%!!

CO2 | NH4 | N20
The Ties Between
Sardines & Global
Warming
• The over-hunting of sardines has
caused higher levels of phytoplankton in
the ocean.
• While living, phytoplankton release
oxygen into the atmosphere and use
Carbon for photosynthesis
• Ketika mereka mati, pembusukan
mereka melepaskan sejumlah besar
metana dan gas beracun, hidrogen
sulfida. Ini juga menggunakan sejumlah
besar oksigen.
Sardines & Global Warming (Cont.)

• Metana adalah 21 kali lebih

efektif daripada karbon
dioksida dalam
mempertahankan panas di
atmosfer.
• Hal ini mengakibatkan
kematian banyak hewan laut.
 Effects of global warming

• More carbon dioxide ->

increase in plant growth.
• The increase in temperature -
> rise in sea level from melting
glaciers and polar ice caps
(adds 0.2 mm annually)
• Rising temperatures will also
cause drier conditions in many
important agricultural regions.
GLOBAL WARMING:
Sea Life
GLOBAL WARMING’S NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEA LIFE—
Coral Reef Bleaching—
 Change in temperature and elevated sea level cause
loss of algae in the coral.
 Coral appears white, or “bleached.”
 Result is mass death of sea animals, which are
dependent on the coral reef.
The penguin population near Antarctica has been
declining as the distance between them and their food
has increased.
Rising Sea levels

• The rise of temperature,

even to a few degrees,
could lead to the melting of
ice shelves that hold back
glaciers. This results in
rising sea levels
• The Larsen area of North
Antarctic, South of Chili and
Argentina have lost more
than 5,200 sq miles of area.
The Effects of Global
Warming on Land animals
• Global warming can disrupt
the migration, hibernation and
reproductive cycles of certain
types of animals.
• Plants and animals will find it
hard to escape or adjust to the
effects of warming because
humans occupy so much land.
• Farmland or cities interrupt the
movement of species between
habitats.
 Health & Global
Warming
- Extreme temperatures can
directly cause the loss of life (ex:
35,000 people died during heat
wave in Europe, Aug‘03.)
- Warmer weather provides an ideal
breeding environment for
mosquitoes. Diseases such as
West Nile will be more common.
.
 Health & Global
Warming (cont.)

- High temperature can

increase pollution of
water and air, which
harms the human
body.
.
Tropical Diseases

– Pemanasan Global
meningkatkan kekeringan
yang mengurangi pasokan
air minum bersih.
– Cholera

– It increases temperature
providing an ideal
breeding environment for
mosquitoes.
• Dengue fever
• Malaria
• Yellow fever
 IMPACT ON AIR
The atmosphere’s ultimate fate is unclear.
More evaporation  increase in cloud cover

How High Will the Clouds Be? It makes a difference!

• Clouds close to the earth reflect sunlight  cooling effect.
• Clouds high in the atmosphere trap heat  warmingeffect.

Generally:
• Cloud cover increases
• Levels of the greenhouse gas methane may increase
• Badai berkisar lebih jauh ke utara, selatan di atas air yang
lebih hangat
 Pembakaran bahan Industrialisasi Pembakaran Deforestasi
bakar fosil biomassa

Kenaikan
kadar CO2

Pemanasan
global

Kenaikan Perubahan
muka laut iklim

Perubahan Penggenanga Perubahan Abrasi Badai Curah hujan Evapo- Lengas

garis pantai n lahan bentuk meningkat meningkat meningkat transpirasi tanah
ke arah darat bawahan lahan meningkat menurun
pesisir

Penciutan Kerusakan Kerusakan Permu Kebutuhan

lahan dan dan kiman rusak Erosi Banjir air
kehilangan kehilangan meningkat
tambak sawah

Penurunan Perpin- Kerusakan Pening-

produksi dahan lahan katan sistem
pertanian - penduduk irigasi
perikanan
OZON DEPLETION
Ozone
• O3
• a gas composed of three atoms of
oxygen
• bluish gas that is harmful to breathe
• Nearly 90% of the Earth's ozone is in
the stratosphere and is referred to as
the ozone layer
• Ozone absorbs a band of ultraviolet
radiation called UVB
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 30
                                                     

             

EGEE 102 - Pisupati 31

Ozone-Depleting
Substance(s) (ODS):
• CFCs,
• HCFCs,
• halons,
• methyl bromide,
• carbon tetrachloride, and
• methyl chloroform.

EGEE 102 - Pisupati 32

Various sources

EGEE 102 - Pisupati 33

Effects of OLD
• -- Skin Cancer (melanoma and
nonmelanoma)
-- Premature aging of the skin and
other skin problems
-- Cataracts and other eye damage
-- Immune system suppression

EGEE 102 - Pisupati 34

CLIMATE CHANGE
 Effects of Global Climate
Change
• Lautan sebagai CO2 tenggelam - kelebihan CO2
mulai membahayakan kehidupan laut
Effects of Global Climate Change-
Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels
• Sea level rise caused in 2 ways
– Thermal Expansion
• Water expands as it warms
– Melting of land ice
• Retreat of glacier and thinning of ice at the poles
• Melting has positive feedback
– Peningkatan pencairan mengurangi es, yang
mengurangi albedo yang menyebabkan
pemanasan lebih lanjut
Melting Ice and Rising Sea
Levels

1957

1998
 Case-In-Point Impacts in Fragile
Areas
• Eskimo Inuit menjalani
kehidupan tradisional yang
ditentukan oleh iklim yang
membeku
• Perubahan iklim mengubah
keberadaan mereka
– Wildlife are smaller or
displaced
– Reduced snow cover and
shorter river ice seasons
– Pencairan permafrost (right)
 Effects of Global Climate Change-
Changing Precipitation Patterns

• Some areas will get more water, some

areas will have greater droughts
– Ex: Hurricanes will likely get stronger
 Effects of Global Climate Change-
Effects on Organisms

• Zooplankton in parts of California Current

have decreased by 80% since 1951
– Effecting entire food chain
• Decline in krill around Antarctica
– Caused decrease in penguin populations
• Spesies telah mengubah rentang
geografisnya
• Migrating birds are returning to summer
homes earlier
– Food is not available at this time
 Effects on Organisms - Coral
Reefs

• Coral reefs can be bleached (right) due to

increase in water temperature
– Mempengaruhi simbiosis karang dan membuat
mereka lebih rentan terhadap penyakit yang
mereka kebal
Effect on Organisms - Vegetation
Beech Tree Range
 Effects on Human Health

• Increased number of heat-related

illnesses and deaths
 Effects on Agriculture
• Difficult to anticipate
– Produktivitas akan meningkat di beberapa daerah dan
menurun di tempat lain
• Naiknya permukaan laut akan menggenangi dataran
banjir dan lembah sungai (lahan pertanian subur)
• Efek pada hama tidak diketahui
• Suhu yang lebih hangat akan mengurangi kelembaban
tanah - yang membutuhkan lebih banyak irigasi
• Lokasi (mis. Ketinggian dan ketinggian) tempat
tanaman tertentu dapat ditanam mungkin harus
berubah
Dealing with Global Climate Change-
Relationship Between Mitigation and
Adaptation
 Dealing with Global Climate
Change

– Untuk menghindari perubahan iklim terburuk,

tingkat CO2 harus distabilkan pada 550 ppm
– 50% higher than current levels
• Dua cara untuk mencoba mengelola
perubahan iklim
– Mitigation
• Berfokus pada pembatasan emisi gas rumah kaca
hingga moderat perubahan iklim global
– Adaptation
• Berfokus pada pembelajaran untuk hidup dengan
perubahan lingkungan dan konsekuensi sosial yang
ditimbulkan oleh perubahan iklim global
DISCUSSION!!
What can we do to control
global warming, ozone
depletion and climate
change??