DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

1ST FINAL EXAM

SEM 1 2022
● capital - refers to anything that can
LESSON 2: SOCIAL SCIENCE be used to create or manufacture
DISCIPLINES: HISTORY, METHODS, goods and services
AND ARES OF INQUIRY ● entrepreneurship - involves ability
or organize, take risks, introduce a
● anthropology - the study of ancient
new product, and generally create
societies and their cultural traditions
something of value
- came from the word “anthropos”
meaning “humankind”, and logos,
TWO SCOPES OF ECONOMICS
meaning “study”
● microeconomics - the study of
choices made by economic factors
two broad fields of anthropology:
such as households, companies, and
● physical/biological anthropology
individual markets
○ studies the biological
● macroeconomics - studies the
evolution of man
choices of individual as consumers
● cultural anthropology - investigates
and as workers
and seeks to understand the cultural
features of societies

GEOGRAPHY
3 sub-branches of cultural anthropology
● studies the interaction between the
● archaeology - seeks to reconstruct
natural environment and the people
the past life of ancient societies
living in it.
● anthropological linguistics - study
● comes from the two greek words geo
of language
meaning “earth” and graphos
● ethnology - studies marriage
meaning “charting or mapping”
customs, kinship patterns, economic
systems, and religious rites of
cultural group and compare it with ERATOSTHENES OF CYRENE - father of
the way of life of contemporary Geography
societies.

TWO BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY

ECONOMICS
● the study of the efficient allocation
of scarce resources in order to
satisfy unlimited human needs and
wants.
● greek word, oikos meaning “home”
and nomos meaning “management”
● physical geography - studies the
natural features of the earth, like
climate, water, vegetation, and soil
● human geography - studies human
population and the impact of its
activities on the planet

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION HISTORY

● land - anything that comes from ● traditionally regarded as the study
nature and which gives life and of recorded past
support to all living creatures ● comes from the greek noun historia,
● labor - refers to any human effort meaning “learning”
exerted during the production
process which includes physical
exertion, application of skills or
talent or exercise of intellectual
faculties

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DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
1ST FINAL EXAM
SEM 1 2022
TWO HISTORICAL SOURCES PSYCHOLOGY
● primary source - testimony of an ● scientific study of behavior and
eyewitness or account someone who mental processes
has firsthand information on the ● comes from the greek words, psyche
subject meaning “soul” or “spirit”, and
● secondary sources - testimony or an logos meaning “study”
account of someone who is not an ● Wilhelm Wundt - the father of
eyewitness to the event being modern psychology
narrated
3 MAJOR FIELDS IN PSYCHOLOGY
LINGUISTICS ● clinical psychology - assesses and
● studies the nature of language finds treatment for people with
through an examination of the psychological disorders
formal properties of natural ● development psychology - studies the
language, grammar and the process intellectual, social, emotional, and
of language acquisition moral development across a
● came from the Latin word lingua, lifespan.
meaning “language” ● experimental psychology - studies the
most basic concepts of psychology
TYPES OF LINGUISTICS life cognition, perception, memory,
● phonetics - focuses on the and learning but mostly conducted
production and classification of the on animals instead of humans.
world's speech sounds.
● phonology - the study of the patterns SOCIOLOGY
of sounds in a language and across ● systematic study of human society
languages. ● comes from the latin word socius,
● morphology - the study of words, meaning “friend” or “companion”
how they are formed, and their
relationship to other words in the DEMOGRAPHY
same language. ● study of human population
● syntax - the study of how words and ● comes from the ancient greek word,
morphemes combine to form larger demos, meaning “the people” and
units such as phrases and sentences. graphos, meaning “charting or
● semantic - the study of how mapping”
languages organize and express ● main source of data are census and
meanings other vital statistics
● pragmatics - the study of the use of
natural language in communication CHAPTER 1: LESSON 1.1:
MICROLEVEL APPROACHES IN THE
POLITICAL SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCES
● study of politics, power, and
● rational choice theory - powerful tool
government
in making sense of why people act
● came from the greek word politea,
or believe in the way they do
or a person who participates in the
● elster - 1989 - individuals’ actions
polis.
are based on the preferences,
beliefs, and feasible strategies

● symbolic interactionism - sociological

framework that focuses on the

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DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
1ST FINAL EXAM
SEM 1 2022
different meanings individual attach
to objects, people, and interactions LESSON 1.3: MACROLEVEL
as well as the corresponding APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL
behaviors that reflect those meaning SCIENCES
and interpretations
● George Herbert Mead - influential
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM
figure in the field of symbolic
APPROACH
interactionism
● refers to the interaction of human
● gestures - important in
systems with corresponding
communication
environmental or technological
systems

LESSON 1.2: MICROLEVEL

LESSON 2: HISTORICAL-
APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL
HERMENEUTIC APPROACHES IN
SCIENCES
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY
● framework for building a theory that
● particular type of phenomenology
sees society as a complex whose
among a range of phenomenological
parts work together to promote
methodologies
solidarity and stability
- used to interpret the meaning of
● was developed by Talcott Parsons in
lived experiences and communicate
1930 under the influence of the
the interpretation textually or
works of Max Weber and Emile
symbolically
Durkheim

TRANSCENDENTAL
INSTITUTIONALISM
PHENOMENOLOGY
● central to the identity of the
● based on discovering the objective
discipline of political science
universal essences of lived
● normative - concerned with “good
experiences and communication
government”
them through pure description
● structuralist - structures determine
political behavior
FOUR FEATURES OF DESCRIPTIVE
● historicist - the central influence of
AND INTERPRETATIVE
history
● legalist - law plays a major role in ● the aim of phenomenology is
governing descriptive phenomenon
● holistic - concerned with described ● reduction - process that involves
and comparing whole systems of suspending or bracketing the
government phenomena
● essence - core meaning of an
individual’s experience that makes it
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
what it is
● study of “the institutional
● intentionality - refers to
arrangements for the provision of
consciousness since individuals are
public services” or “the study of
always conscious to something
public bureaucracies”

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DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
1ST FINAL EXAM
SEM 1 2022
REFLEXIVITY
● person’s reflection upon or
examination of a situation or
experience

LESSON 3: EMPIRICAL
APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES

MARXISM
● owes its name and origins to Karl
Marx (1818-1883), a german
philosopher, historian, and
economist
● a social, political, and economic
theory by Karl Marx, which focuses
on the struggle between capitalists
and the working class.

FEMINIST THEORY
● a support of equality for women and
men.
● liberal feminism, socialist feminism,
and radical feminism are various
ways to approach this theory.