21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

1ST FINALS
SEM 1 2022
Cavite Mutiny - people who use
NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ITS swords/weapons to fight for the Filipino’s
SOCIAL DIMENSION freedom

“The Filipinos are used to OPPRESSION”

AURELIO TOLENTINO

Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas

OPPRESSION
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
● oxford language: the state of being
subjected to unjust treatment or Sa Dakong Silangan
control
● merriam webster: unjust or cruel
exercise of authority or power
THE MARCOS DICTATORSHIP
● cambridge: a situation in which
people are governed in an unfair and
cruel way and prevented from ❖ they used the public’s funds to buy
having opportunities and freedom everything from villas to diamonds
and a thousand pairs of shoes.
❖ was said that they have stolen 5
types of oppression
billion pesos from the Filipino
economic-based - usual rift between the people.
elite and the unprivileged ❖ Ferdinand Emmanuel Edrali
gender-based - considering the Marcos
patriarchal Filipino structure ❖ September 17, 1917, is his birthday
❖ his father, Mariano Marcos is a
local politician
Filipinos have always had to face
❖ it was rumored that Ferdinand
oppression in some form or another.
Chua was his real father
Spanish - 333 years
❖ Juan Ponce Enrile’s car ambush is
American - 48 years
Japanese - 3 years what triggered the Martial Law but
Illustrado - educated people that use pens on February 22, 1986 Enrile himself
to fight for the freedom of the Philippines. declared that the said ambush was
staged.
JOSE RIZAL ❖ September 21, 1972 - Martial Law
was implemented by President
Noli Me Tangere
El Filibusterismo Ferdinand Marcos signing the
Rizal Bill Proclamation No. 1081
❖ The first person to ever get arrested
after the implementation of Martial

HERMENEGILDO FLORES Law is Benigno “Ninoy” Simeon

Aquino.
Hikbi ng Pilipinas sa Inang España
❖ Midnight at September 23, 1972
some 400 students, journalists, and
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR law-makers were rounded up
❖ During the Martial Law, 70,000
Sagot ng España sa Hikbi ng Pilipinas
Filipinos were jailed without trial

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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
1ST
SEM 1 2022
or political crimes, 35,000-40,000
Filipinos were tortured, and 3,250
Filipinos were executed and 77% of
their corpses were mutilated and
dumped on the streets as a warning
to others.
❖ January 17, 1981 - Martial Law
ended with Proclamation No. 2045.
Marcos himself signed the
Proclamation No. 2045 that
terminates the implementation of
Martial Law.
LITERARY DEVICES
literary device - tool used by writers to hint
at larger themes, idea, and meaning in a
story or piece of writing
Common Literary Devices:
dramatic situation - combination of
setting, character, and action in a poem
persona - speaker of the poem
allegorical/allegory - symbolic
representations of truths; “a story within
a story”
figure of speech - word or phrase used in
a non-literal way to create a rhetorical
effect
COMMON FIGURES OF SPEECH IN
WRITING:
Simile - two dissimilar things are compared
to each other using LIKE or AS.
FINALS
Metaphor - compares two different things
without LIKE or AS
Euphemism - designed to replace words
with phrases that would otherwise be
considered harsh, impolite, or unpleasant.
Personification - attributes human
characteristics to something that is not
human
Hyperbole - use of exaggeration as a
rhetorical device; not meant to be taken
literally
THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE
literary language - form of language used
in its literary writing
poetic language - use of imaginative and
creative language chosen for the sound and
meaning
prosaic language - follows a natural pattern
of speech and communication. this uses
the everyday language.
common types of PROSE
nonfictional - based on real event
fictional - imaginary people that are
presented in a work of fiction
heroic - legends, tales
prose poetry - exhibits poetic quality in a
form of prose, not on verse
PRIMARY FORMATS FOR LIFE STORY
biography - your story that is written by
other people
autobiography - your story that is written
by yourself
memoir - collection of memories written by
the person himself/herself