Wastewater Engineering

BY
Dr. Mohamed Fekry
 ‫الدراسات االبتدائية لنظام الصرف الصحى‬
‫‪Primary Studies for Sewerage System‬‬

‫خرائط كنتورية شاملة للمنطقة لتحديد مناسيب واتجاهات ميول الشوارع والطرقات‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اقصى كثافة سكانية متوقعة وطبيعة المناطق الصناعية والتجارية وكميات مياه الصرف المتوقعة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫من المناطق الصناعية‪.‬‬
‫خرائط تفصيلية تشمل مخارج الصرف من المبانى ومناسيب البدرومات ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫قطاعات تفصيلية تبين مواقع المرافق األخرى مثل خطوط المياه والكهرباء والتليفون والغاز‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫واالنفاق والمجارى المائية والسكة الحديد والترام‪.........‬الخ‪.‬‬
‫قطاعات طولية تبين طبيعة التربة والطبقات الصخرية ومنسوب المياه الجوفية‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫المواقع التى يفضل اختيارها لمحطات الرفع الفرعيه إذا احتاج األمر لها‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫الموقع المناسب للتجميع النهائى (محطة الرفع الرئيسيه) وتبعاً لذلك اختيار مسارات الخطوط‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫الرئيسية (المجمعات) والخطوط التى تصب فيها‪.‬‬
‫تخطيط االتجاهات للمواسير الفرعية بحيث تكون ميولها مع ميول سطح االرض كلما أمكن ذلك‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫لخفض التكاليف اإلنشائية‪.‬‬
Wastewater Collection Works
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Sources of wastewater:

1- Domestic wastewater.
2- Industrial wastewater.
3- Storm water.
4- Infiltration water.
5- Commercial and governmental
1- Domestic wastewater.

Q av. waste = (0.8 – 0.9) Q av. consumption

Q av. summer= (1.2 – 1.3) Q av. waste

Q av. winter = (0.7 – 0.8) Q av. waste

 𝟏𝟒
Q max. D.W.F. = [1 + ] Q av. waste
𝟒+ 𝑷

or
𝟓
Q max. D.W.F. = [ ] Q av. waste
𝑷𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟕
2- Industrial and Commercial wastewater.
3- Storm water.

Q rain = CIA
 𝑳
tc= + 𝒕𝒆
𝟔𝟎 𝑽𝒇
4- Infiltration water.
Composition and characteristics of wastewater:

Physical characteristics:

1- Total solids. Sewage is 99.9% water and 0.1% solids.

2- Color: Gray tends to black.
3- Temperature: from 15 to 25 ◦C.
4- Odor: offensive. Odor of domestic wastewater caused by gases produced due to the
decomposition of organic matter.
The most odorous gas in septic wastewater hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
5- Density: 1.02 – 1.05 t/m3.
6- Turbidity.
 Total solids

Suspended 30 % Dissolved 70%

Settleable Non settleable Organic 30% Inorganic 40%

Organic 10 % Organic 10 %

Inorganic 5 % Inorganic 5 %
Chemical characteristics:
1- pH : 6 – 8.
2- Biological oxygen demand (BOD):
It is the amount of oxygen required by the bacteria to stabilize the organic matter in
wastewater, under standard conditions of incubation at 20 ◦C for five days.
3- Chemical oxygen demand (COD):
It is the amount of oxygen required to stabilize all organic matter (bio-degradable and non
biodegradable) chemically by strong chemical oxidizing agent.
COD : BOD
3 : 2
4- Ammonia- nitrogen
5- Nitrites and nitrates
6- Chlorides
7- Hydrogen sulfide
Biological characteristics:
Wastewater contains bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and pathogen bacteria.
Pathogen indicator: E-coli, coli form, and fecal coli form.
Sewerage system components

1- Gravity collection system.

Gravity system consists of sewers and inspection chambers (manholes).
2- Waste water pump station.
Waste water pump station consists of pumps, valves, suction pipes, delivery pipes and
discharge gauge.
3- Force main or rising main.

categories of sewers :

• building sewers
• lateral sewers
• main sewers
• interceptor
Planning (patterns) of sewerage systems:
Types of sewerage systems:

1- Combined sewerage system:

Combined system requires only one sewer in a street which is an important consideration in
streets which are crowded with under ground pipes for water, telephone, electric cables and
other utilities.
2- Separate sewerage system:
It is used in rainy cities which the quantities of domestic wastewater in only a small fraction of
the storm water.
A comparison between the combined system and the separate system

Combined system Separated system

Small quantity of rain large quantity of rain

Narrow streets Wide streets

The land is flat The land had a great slops

Concentrated wastewater A near place for disposal is

available
The design criteria of sewers:

1- Sewers should run partially full.

Sewers of diameter ≤ 700 mm run 2/3 full.

Sewers of diameter › 700 mm run 3/4 full.

2- Maximum velocity in sewers should not exceed the velocity that damages the sewer
which is 2 m/s.

3- Minimum velocity in sewers should not go below 0.45 m/s.

4- Minimum cover should not be less than 1.2 m.

5- Maximum excavation should not exceed 5 – 7m depend on the type of soil.

6- Minimum diameter of sewer is 7” and preferably 8”.