18 Dec 2021 - Database (SQL)

Functional Testing
1. B
2. I
3. E
4. D/B
5. S
6. C
Database Testing
Sign Up form – Check on UI (Front End)
FN- M
LN- C
Email- CM
Mb. No-12
Address-Pune
Submit
“Sign up is successful” – we can check for success message
Database-
Customer Sign Up Table
- Validate correctness & completeness
Database/ Backend Testing
Database- storage location – collection of related data
1. Structured data- Facebook, filpkart, amazon, MSEB, MPSC, IRCTC

2. Unstructured data- Random data- social media post- Data cannot be stored in DB
Database management system (DBMS)
- To perform any operations on the data we need the DBMS

- Different database- Oracal, sql server, My Sql, MangoDB
When we deal with structured data we use RDBMS
What is SQL-
SQL – Structured Query Language
It is designed for managing data in a RDBMS
Pronounced- SQL or See-Qwell
SQL- is a database language / not the database
SQL- used
- Database creation
- deletion
- Fetching row
- Modifying row
Why SQL is required
- To create database/table
- To insert record
- To update record
- To delete records
- To retrieve data
SQL Syntax
SQL follows some unique set of rules & regulation called syntax
SQL- is not case sensitive. Generally SQL keywords are written in Uppercase
SQL Statement
SQL statement are stared with any of the SQL command/keyword
Iike- SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, DROP

Statement ends with a semicolon (;)
Ex. SELECT “Column name” FROM “table name”;
Why use semicolon?
Used to separate SQL statement
SQL Commands / Keyword
Select- extract data from the database
Update- update data in database
Delete-
Create table-
Alter table-
Drop table-
Inert in to –
SQL Commands- are instruction. It is used to communicate with the database also used to
perform specific task
Types of SQL commands
Five types of SQL commands
1. DDL- data definition language

2. DML- data manipulation language
3. DCL- data control language
4. TCL – transaction control language
5. DQL- data query language
DDL- data definition language
- Changes the structure of the table like creating a table, delete a table, altering table etc….
- All DDL command- auto committed – means – it permanently save all the changes in the
database
- DDL commands
1. Create
2. Alter
3. Drop
4. Truncate
DML- data manipulation language
- DML commands used to modify the database

- DML- not auto committed- means it can’t permanently save all the changes in the
database
- They can be rollback
- DML – commands
1. Insert
2. Update
3. Delete
Data query language
- DQL is used to fetch the data from the database/ table

- DQL command
1. Select
Database- collection of data- storage – no of table – row (records) & column (field)
Ex. Sign up, login credentials, orders, employee info, student’s registration
Table Name- Sign Up – front end- UI- ID,FN,LN,MObNo,EmailID, City- submit- successful
ID FN LN MobNo EmailId City
1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune
2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai
3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune
4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati
5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune

1. SQL SELECT statement
- Fetch the data from the database
- Retrieve the data from the database
- Following sql statement selects or fetch the record in the sign up table
SELECT Syntax
SELECT * FROM tablename;
Example
SELECT * FROM SIgnUP;
Output
We get the all the records from the tables
* - rows & column select
Select particular column in the table
For EX. select FN & LN column
Syntax
SELECT column1, column2….n FROM tablename;
or
SELECT column1, column2….N
FROM tablename;
Example-
SELECT FN, LN FROM SignUP;
Or
SELECT FN, LN
FROM SignUP;
Output-
FN LN
1 Rahul Gandhi
2 Arvind Kejriwal
3 Anna Hajare
4 Sharad Pawar
5 Soniya Gandhi
2. Distinct
- Keyword / statement is used to return only distinct value/ different value/ unique value in
the particular column
- Table – column- many duplicate value – sometimes we want only unique value
- Ex. LN – distinct value select
Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column 1, 2, 3….n
FROM tablename;
Example
SELECT DISTINCT LN FROM SignUp;
Output
LN
1 Gandhi
2 Kejriwal
3 Hajare
4 Pawar
Count
Syntax
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT column 1, 2, 3….n)
FROM tablename;
Example
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT LN) FROM SignUp;
Output
Number of records- 4
Without Distinct
SELECT coumnname 1, 2…n FROM tablename;
Example
SELECT LN FROM SignUp;
Output
LN
1 Gandhi
2 Kejriwal
3 Hajare
4 Pawar
5 Gandhi
TOP (SQL server)
SQL statement it used to display the top records in a table
Syntax
SELECT TOP value/number/percentage * FROM tablename;
Example
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM SignUp;
SELECT TOP 50% * FROM SignUp;
Output
1 1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune
2 2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai
3 3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune
RONUM(Oracal)
SELECT * FROM tablename
Where RONUM<=value;
SELECT * FROM SignUp
Where RONUM<=3;

Limit (MySql)
LIMIT value;
LIMIT 2;
Output
ORDER BY
Order by keyword – it used to sort the result set in ascending & descending order
It is used to display the records by ascending & descending order from selected column
Default- Ascending order
DESC- Descending order
Ascending order
ORDERBY column 1,2,3….n;

ORDERBY FN;
4 4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati
5 5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune
Descending order
ORDERBY column name DESC;
ORDERBY FN DESC;

Where clause
- Where clause is used to filter records

- It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition
- EX. Sign Up- City- Pune
WHERE condition;
CIndition= (Column name = value)
WHERE City=Pune;
WHERE Columnane=value;
WHERE ID=1;

SELECT coulmn1 ,2,3…FROM tablename
WHERE condition;
SELECT email id FROM SignUp
WHERE City=Pune;
Email Id
1 1@gmail.com
2 3@gmail.com
3 5@gmail.com
Type of Where Clause
1. Or
2. And
Logic gates
OR- 1 1 =1 1 0 =1 0 1 =1 0 0 =0
AND- 1 1 =1 1 0 =0 0 1 =0 0 0 =0
OR-
Use to select records when both condition or one condition is true
WHERE condition 1 OR condition 2;

SELECT * FROM SignUP
WHERE FN=’Rahul’ OR LN=’Gandhi’;
ID FN LN Mob. No Email Id City
SELECT column name 1,2, FROM tablename
WHERE condition 1 OR condition 2;
SELECT emaild FROM SignUp
WHERE FN=Rahul OR LN= Gandhi;
Email Id
1 1@gmail.com
2 5@gmail.com
AND
- Select records when both the condition must be true the we get the output will be true
WHERE condition 1 AND condition 2;

WHERE FN=Rahul AND LN=Gandhi;

SELECT column 1, 2 FROM tablename
WHERE condition 1 AND condition 2;
SELECT Mob.No FROM SignUp
WHERE FN=Rahul AND LN=Gandhi;
Mob. No
1 1111
Like Operator
Start name S/B/
End Name H
Like operator it is used in a where clause to search for a specified pattern in a column
1. % -----multiple characters
2. _ ------ single character
For starting with specific alphabets
WHERE columnname LIKE pattern;
WHERE FN LIKE ‘A%’;

SELECT columnname FROM tablename
SELECT LN FROM SignUp
WHERE FN LIKE ‘A%’;
LN
1 Kejriwal
2 Hajare
For ending with specific alphabets
WHERE FN LIKE ‘%d’;

SELECT columnname FROM tablename
SELECT LN FROM SignUp
WHERE FN LIKE ‘%d’;
LN
1 Kejriwal
2 Pawar
A%d
[ABC]%
%[ABC]
WHERE columnname NOT LIKE pattern;
WHERE FN NOT LIKE ‘A%’;

Select all records where the value of the column starts with the letter "A".
Syntax
SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column LIKE “A%”;
Select all records where the value of the column ends with the letter "a".
Syntax
WHERE column LIKE “%a”;
Select all records where the value of the column starts with letter "A" and ends with the
letter "b".
Syntax
WHERE column LIKE “A%b”;
Select all records where the value of the column contains the letter "a".
Syntax
WHERE column LIKE “%a%”;
Select all records where the value of the column does NOT start with the letter "A".
Syntax
WHERE column NOT LIKE “A%”;
For Starting with alphabets ABC
The following SQL statement selects all Sign Up with a FN starting with "A", "B", or "C":
Syntax
WHERE column LIKE “[ABC]%”;
For Ending with alphabets ABC
The following SQL statement selects all Sign Up with a FN ending with "A", "B", or "C":
Syntax
WHERE column LIKE “%[ABC]”;
LIKE Operator Description

WHERE Column LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that start with "a"
WHERE Column LIKE '%a'
Finds any values that end with "a"
WHERE Column LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position
WHERE Column LIKE '_r%'
Finds any values that have "r" in the second
position
WHERE Column LIKE 'a_%'

Finds any values that start with "a" and are at
least 2 characters in length
WHERE Column LIKE 'a__%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at
least 3 characters in length
WHERE Column LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends
with "o"
Wildcard operator
- Used to substitute one or more characters in a string

- Like operator –wildcard
- Like operator – where clause to search specified pattern

WHERE colunmname Like specified pattern;

WHERE FN LIKE ‘_ahul’;
IN operator
- Used to fetch one or more data from the table
- It is use to select those records which specify in query
WHERE Columnname IN (‘Value1’,’value2’,’value3’….);
WHERE FN IN (‘Rahul’,’Soniya’);
WHERE Columnname NOT IN (‘Value1’,’value2’,’value3’….);
WHERE FN NOT IN (‘Rahul’,’Soniya’);

Between Operator
- Selects values within a given range

- Value- number, text, date
- Include- begin & end value are included
- It is use to select value between ranges which specified
WHERE coumnname BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
WHERE ID BETWEEN 2 AND 4;
WHERE EmailId BETWEEN ‘1@gmail.com’ AND ‘3@gmail.com’;
NOT between
WHERE ID NOT BETWEEN 2 AND 4;
INSERT INTO
- INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table
INSERT INTO tablename
VALUES (value1, value2, value3…..)
INSERT INTO SignUp
VALUES (6, “Jayant”, “Patil”, 6666, 6@gmail.com, “Sangli”);
6 6 Jayant Patil 6666 6@gmail.com Sangli

Only insert data in specific column
INSERT INTO tablename (column1, coulmn2,coulmn3…)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3…)
INSERT INTO SignUp (FN,LN,Mob.No)
VALUES (“Amit”, “Deshmukh”, 7777);
6 6 Jayant Patil 6666 6@gmail.com Sangli
7 Amit Deshmukh 7777
UPDATE
- It is used to modify the existing records in a table
Ex. FN=Rahul ----Mob.No=0000, Email id=0@gmail.com, City=Delhi
UPDATE tablename
SET coulmn1=value1, coulmn2=value2….
WHERE codition;
UPDATE SignUp
SET Mob.No=0000, Email Id=0@gmail.com, City=Delhi
WHERE FN=Rahul;
1 1 Rahul Gandhi 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
UPDATE SignUp
SET Mob.No=0000, Email Id=0@gmail.com, City=Delhi
1 1 Rahul Gandhi 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
2 2 Arvind Kejriwal 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
3 3 Anna Hajare 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
4 4 Sharad Pawar 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
5 5 Soniya Gandhi 0000 0@gmail.com Delhi
Condition= Coumnname=value
Delete
- It is used to delete existing records in table

- Used the particular row in to the table
- Ex. delete Mob.No=2222 from the SignUp table
DELETE FROM tablename
WHERE condition;
DELETE FROM SignUp
WHERE Mob.No=2222;
1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Delhi
DELETE FROM SignUp
SELECT INTO
- Select statement it is used to copies data from one table into a new table
SELECT * INTO newtablename FROM oldtablename;
SELECT*INTO Register FROM SignUp;

Tablename- Register
ALIAS
SQL statement it is used for to change the temporary column name & table name without
changing the database
SELECT coumnname AS aliasname
FROM tablename;
SELECT FN AS Firstname, LN AS Lastname
FROM SignUp;
ID Firstname Lirstname Mob. No Email Id City

SELECT coumnname AS aliasname
FROM tablename AS aliastable;
SELECT FN AS Firstname, LN AS Lastname
FROM SignUp AS Register;
Tablename- Register
ID Firstname Lastname Mob. No Email Id City
UNION & UNION ALL
- It is used to combine the result set of two or more select statement

- Same number of column
- Same data type
- Same order

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Functional Testing

Sign Up form – Check on UI (Front End)

“Sign up is successful” – we can check for success message

Customer Sign Up Table

- Validate correctness & completeness

Database/ Backend Testing

Database- storage location – collection of related data

1. Structured data- Facebook, filpkart, amazon, MSEB, MPSC, IRCTC

Database management system (DBMS)

- To perform any operations on the data we need the DBMS

SQL – Structured Query Language

It is designed for managing data in a RDBMS

Pronounced- SQL or See-Qwell

SQL- is a database language / not the database

Why SQL is required

SQL statement are stared with any of the SQL command/keyword

Iike- SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, DROP

Ex. SELECT “Column name” FROM “table name”;

Why use semicolon?

Used to separate SQL statement

SQL Commands / Keyword

Select- extract data from the database

Update- update data in database

Types of SQL commands

Five types of SQL commands

1. DDL- data definition language

DDL- data definition language

DML- data manipulation language

- DML commands used to modify the database

Data query language

- DQL is used to fetch the data from the database/ table

ID FN LN MobNo EmailId City

1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune

2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai

3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune

4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati

5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune

SELECT * FROM tablename;

SELECT * FROM SIgnUP;

We get the all the records from the tables

ID FN LN MobNo EmailId City

1 Rahul Gandhi 1111 1@gmail.com Pune

2 Arvind Kejriwal 2222 2@gmail.com Mumbai

3 Anna Hajare 3333 3@gmail.com Pune

4 Sharad Pawar 4444 4@gmail.com Baramati

5 Soniya Gandhi 5555 5@gmail.com Pune

* - rows & column select

Select particular column in the table

For EX. select FN & LN column

SELECT column1, column2….n FROM tablename;

SELECT column1, column2….N

SELECT FN, LN FROM SignUP;

SELECT DISTINCT column 1, 2, 3….n

SELECT DISTINCT LN FROM SignUp;

SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT column 1, 2, 3….n)

SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT LN) FROM SignUp;

SELECT coumnname 1, 2…n FROM tablename;

SELECT LN FROM SignUp;

TOP (SQL server)

SQL statement it used to display the top records in a table

SELECT TOP value/number/percentage * FROM tablename;

SELECT TOP 3 * FROM SignUp;