FOT325:FOOD INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT

Lecture 11

Composition of Waste from Vegetables and their

potential applications

By
Dr. Manmath Sontakke
Assistant Professor
Lovely Professional University
 Introduction
• Only 7% of the total vegetable are
processed which gives rise to an important
amount of organic by‐products (15–65%).

• About, 38% Vegetable losses occur during

food processing.
• Vegetable wastes or their by-products contain a large number
of primary (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, etc.)
• secondary metabolites (flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids,
etc.) with potential therapeutic efficacy such as antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, anticancer activity.
• Valorization of vegetable by-products through various
processes makes them a potential source of nutraceuticals,
food ingredients, functional foods, food additives, and
cosmetic products.
 Tomato
• Composition of tomato by-products
• Tomato by-product contains dietary fiber; minerals such as K,
P and Mg; vitamins Vit. C and E; carotenoids; phenolic
compounds such as caffeic and ferulic acids and the
flavonoids quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol
• Lycopene is the main carotenoid present in tomato
• High amounts of lycopene and β‐carotene (6.34–15.69 and
2.73–11.95mg/g dry weight [DW], respectively) are present in
tomato by‐products.
• Contain tocopherols, terpenes, sterols, and phenolic
compounds
• Tomato by‐products have even been proposed as a source of
antioxidant peptide.

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 Tomato waste composition
• The skin and seed fractions of tomatoes have been found to
be a rich source of antioxidant components such as
carotenoids (specifically, lycopene and β-carotene), ascorbic
acid, flavonoids, and tocopherols

• In red ripe tomatoes, lycopene represents 70% - 80% of the

total carotenoids.

• Tomato peel also contains nearly five times more lycopene

than tomato pulp.

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 Applications of tomato waste
• Potential to be used as an antioxidant to extend the shelf life food
products.
• Tomato seeds used as a source of oil for nutritive or industrial
purposes, due to the content of linoleic acid
• Bakery products can be supplemented with tomato by‐products flour
for nutritional properties, such as dietary fiber, vitamin C, and
minerals, and also antioxidant activity
• Tomato peel waste is a promising industrial resource for pectin
production applied in food processing and canning industry
• Tomato waste can be used for generating compost or disposed in the
environment
• Edible grade seed oil can also be extracted from seeds.
• Tomato peel can be utilized for preparation of varnishing
• Seed oil used as salad oil and in the manufacture of margarine.
• The seed meal can be used in fields as fertilizers and also for the
preparation of surfactants such as veterinary agents and detergents.
 Carrot
• Phytochemical composition
• Carrot waste contains major valuable compound i.e.
carotenes, uronic acids, and neutral sugars is still retained in
the pomace, which is usually disposed as feed or as fertilizer
• solid waste from carrot juice production is rich in insoluble
fiber
• Carrot pomace represents a valuable natural source of α- and
β-carotene that may be recovered and applied as functional
food ingredients in their genuine proportion

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 Applications
• Carrot waste contains high amounts of residual bioactives,
with currently little commercial values.
• These phytochemicals could be profitably utilized for the
fortification and development of functional foods,
pharmaceuticals, and medicines.
 Composition of Onion waste

• Residues from industrially processed onions consist of

numerous compounds and are rich in two types of
phytochemicals—flavonoids and alkyl cysteine sulfoxides—
that are beneficial to human health
• Flavonols are the main flavonoids of pigmented scales of
onion and are potential antioxidants found in a wide range of
foods, but mainly enriched in onions.

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 Applications
• The major by-products resulting from industrial peeling of
onion bulbs are brown skin, the outer two fleshy leaves and
the top and bottom bulbs.
• They are a source of flavor components and fiber compounds
and are particularly rich in quercetin glycosides
• Quercetin from onions is rapidly absorbed and slowly
eliminated, it could contribute significantly to antioxidant
defense
• Extraction of Fructans and fructo-oligosaccharides, the outer
two fleshy leaves

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 Potato waste composition
• Peels are the major waste of potato processing
• Aqueous peel extracts is a good source of phenolic acids,
especially of chlorogenic, gallic, protocatechuic, and caffeic
acids
• Potato tuber contains starch in the range of 8.0%-29.4% (dw),
crude fibers 0.17%3.48% (dw), crude protein 0.64%4.63%
(dw), and other organic compounds like carbohydrates, pectic
substances

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 Applications of potato waste

• Protein Recovery & Its Utilization

Potato protein is rich in lysine and contains methionine and
cystine as the limiting amino acids
• Starch processing plants are recovering potato protein
concentrates as animal feed.
• Single-celled protein are unicelled organisms grown on an
industrial scale specifically for their protein content
Animal feed
• Potato waste is an excellent source of energy for feeding
cattle. It has energy values similar to corn and barley while
being low in calcium and protein.
• Potato peel, a waste by-product of potato processing is a good
source of fibre and polyphenols
• Potato peel, cull potatoes, and products derived from
processing wastes have been utilized for animal feed.
• Potato processing waste (PPW) can replace corn and barley
grain.
• Making potato silage from the wastes is one way of utilizing it
for animal feed as practiced at several places
 Other applications
• Potato waste, when mixed with wheat starch milk, can give an
adhesive with improved properties.
• Pectin can be obtained after the removal of residual starch
from waste by heating in water and subsequent treatment
with glucoamylase
• Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a naturally occurring phenolic
extractable from potato peels. It is a major phenolic in potato
peels, can be extracted from potato wastes with boiling water
and is as good an antioxidant
• Source of extraction of L-ascorbic acid that can be used in an
agar gel.
• Potato is also a major source of starch and serves as a staple
food,
• Potato starch, can be converted to glucose and then to lactic
and citric acids and used to construct biodegradable plastic
• Potato peel and starch are the waste and by-
products obtained during potato processing.
• Potato peel can be used for preparation of alcoholic
beverages as well as compost.
• Starch is utilized as flour or in cosmetic industry
 Chilli
• Composition
• Important source of vitamin C and provitamin A, and
carotenoids (β‐carotene, α‐carotene, and β‐cryptoxanthin), as
well as phenolic compounds (quercetin and luteolin), and
chlorophylls
• Responsible for the antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory,
antidiabetic, anti‐obesity, antihypertensive and antimicrobial
activities

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 Composition

• Chili seeds contain valuable bioactive compounds, organic acids

(oxalic, malic, fumaric, citric, ascorbic), sterols and triterpenes
(campesterol, stigmasterol, β‐sitosterol, and botulin), fatty acids mainly
linoleic acid, and volatile compounds
• The seeds are considered as valuable dietary components rather than
industrial waste, due to their high potential as a nutrient, with protein
content (18.3 g/100 g) and lipids (11.04 g/100 g), mainly
polyunsaturated fatty acids (85%), primarily linoleic acid, and dietary
fibers (61%).
• Seed oil obtained from by‐product seeds is an important source of
phenols (21.5 g/kg) and protects against UV radiation, which can in
turn be redirected to the pharmaceutical or cosmetics industry
• Chili seeds contain tocopherols and the content varies according to
ripening stage and cultivars as well as the lipid content

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Applications
• Red pepper seed oil has been extracted from compressed oil
through steam distillation to obtain the red color and the
spicy components from the oil
• pepper seed oil with flavoring ingredients, which could be
used in mayonnaise and dressings or as raw material as
noodles and bakery foods
• Capsaicin (99.8%) is the main product obtained from red
pepper seeds and skin generated from industrial production
of Capsicum, to develop capsaicin oil, chili powder, chili
sauce base material, or red pigments
• pepper seed, pepper seed oil contains above 30% of the
alpha‐linolenic acid and has intense spicy smell
 Broccoli and cauliflower
• Broccoli florets have higher total phenol and total flavonoid
contents
• The outer leaves of cauliflower contain total phenolic content
of 0.46mg GAE/g DW
• The major glucosinolates in all broccoli by‐products

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 Cucumber
• Cucumber peel is commonly considered a waste;
nevertheless, alkaloids, saponins, diterpenes, steroids, and
flavonoids
• .The main seed components are crude proteins (42%) and fats
(42.5%), with low carbohydrate and fiber contents.
• The presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids,
steroids, and tannins has also been qualitatively detected in
leaves and stems.
• Phytochemicals exert various health‐promoting effects,
including antitumor activity, anti‐inflammatory activity, blood
circulation promoter, immunosuppressant, and antidiabetic
effects

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 Broccoli and cauliflower waste applications
• Cauliflower by‐product flours (florets, curd, stem, and leaves)
were used to replace wheat flour in extrusion products
• Broccoli floret and broccoli stalk freeze‐dried powders were used
to develop a ready‐soup rich in bioactive isothiocyanates and in
sulforaphane
• Broccoli leaves powder used to improve the content of biological
active compounds and the antioxidant capacity of gluten‐free
cakes
• Flours obtained from broccoli stems and leaves were used to
enrich a spreadable cheese.
• The inclusion of 5% of by‐product into cheese formulation
increases total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content
(TFC), and antioxidant activity
• Stalks and trimmings can be used as cattle feed
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 Garlic waste
• During harvesting garlic bulbs yields considerable
amount of husk, stem, and leaf which is simply
thrown or disposed.
• Garlic stem and leaf contains allicin a major
bioactive component of garlic.
• Major Garlic byproducts such as straws, peels
 Okra/ Ladyfinger waste utilization

• Black or brown seeds of ripened okra are roasted and used as

a substitute for coffee.
• The wastes available in the field such as stem of the plant is
used for extraction of fibre in paper industry.
• Stalks are the main by-product in leading processing industry,
which can be used as animal feed.
 Peas waste utilization

• Peas are highly nutritive and contain a high percentage of

digestible protein along with carbohydrates and vitamins.
• It is an excellent food taken either as a vegetable or in soup,
canned, frozen or dehydrated form.
• The winnings and rolls are the main waste material from
green peas.
• These wastes can be directly fed to animals or can be dried to
make ingredient in animal feed.
• These wastes are also used as compost
 Beet root
• It is rich in betalains, the pomace from the juice industry
accounting for 15–30% of the raw material is disposed as feed
or manure
• The colored portion of the beetroot ranges from 0.4% to 2.0%
of the dry matter,
• Possesses antioxidant capacity due to total phenolic content
of 50–60 mmol/g dry weight
• Colored fraction consisted of betacyanins and betaxanthins,
the phenolic portion of the peel

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