NAME: Arya Singh

DATE: 01/02/22

TITLE: Redox Titration

AIM: To identify the element X in the hydrated salt XSO 4.7H2O 

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

 solution A (XSO4.7H2O) of mass concentration 27.8 gdm-3

 solution B KMnO4 of concentration 0.02 mol dm-3
 1 mol dm-3 H2SO4(aq)
 25 cm3 measuring cylinder
 50 ml burette
 25 ml pipette
 conical flask
 beakers
 white tile
 pipette filler

METHOD:

1.  The burette was rinsed and filled with KMnO4 solution.

2. A volume of 25 cm3 of solution A was pipetted into a conical flask
3. A volume of 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid was measured using a 25 cm3 measuring
cylinder and added to the conical flask.
4. The mixture in the conical flask was titrated using the KMnO4 solution until the appearance of the
first pale pink colour.
5. Steps 2 – 4 were repeated until titration values differed by ± 0.1 cm 3.

RESULTS:

Burette readings Titration number

Rough 1 2 3

Final burette reading/ 25.90 24.80 24.90 24.90

cm3

Initial burette 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00

reading/ cm3

Volume used/ cm3 25.90 24.80 24.90 24.90

CALCULATIONS:

24.8+24.9+24.9
Average titre value =
3

74.6
Average titre value =
3

Average titre value = 24.9 cm3

5X3+(aq) + 5e-(aq)  5X2+(aq)

MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq)  Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

5X3+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq)  5X2+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Mole ratio between X3+ and MnO4(aq)

5X3+ : MnO4(aq)
5:1

24.9
No. of moles in KMnO4 = ×0.02
1000

24.9
No. of moles in XSO4.7H2O = ×0.02
1000

No. of moles in XSO4.7H2O = 0.0005 mol dm-3

No. of moles in XSO4.7H2O = 0.0005 ×5

No. of moles in XSO4.7H2O = 0.0025 mol dm-3

Number of moles in 25 cm3 of XSO4.7H2O = 0.0025 mol dm-3

1000
Molar concentration of XSO4.7H2O = ×0.0025
25

Molar concentration of XSO4.7H2O = 0.1 mol dm-3

mass concentration
Molar mass of XSO4.7H2O =
molar concentration

27.8
Molar mass of XSO4.7H2O =
0.1

Molar mass of XSO4.7H2O = 278 g

∆ Ar of X
X + Ar (S) + 4ArO + 7MrH2O = 278 where Ar = Relative atomic mass, Mr = Relative molar mass
X + 32 + 4(16) + 7(18) = 278
X + 222 = 278
X = 278 – 222
X = 56
Element with the relative atomic mass of 56 is Iron.
SOURCES OF ERROR:

- The burette reading could have been read incorrectly due to parallax error.
- The colour of the mixture might not have been accurate as it was not viewed against a
white background.

PRECAUTIONS:

- The titration was performed 3 times and the average volume used was found to ensure
accuracy.
- More than 25cm3 of solution A was filled into the pipette to ensure than exactly 25cm 3
was filled into the conical flask.

CONCLUSION:

The element X is identified as iron (Fe) as it has a relative atomic mass of 56.
NAME: Arya Singh

TITLE: Plan and Design

PROBLEM STATEMENT: A shipping company found that pieces of Zinc bolted on the hull of ships to
reduce rusting had to be replaced more often when small blocks were attached over a wide expanse of the
hull compared to larger blockers at further sites.

HYPOTHESIS: Large blocks of Zinc have a smaller surface area and slower rate of corrosion than
smaller Zinc pieces, over a wide expanse.

AIM: To investigate the effect of surface area of solid Zinc on the rate of reaction between Zinc powder,
Zinc granules, Zinc foil and dilute Hydrochloric acid.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

- Zinc powder - Measuring cylinder

- Zinc granules - Gas syringe
- Zinc foil - Delivery tube
- 0.2 conc. dilute hydrochloric acid - Rubber bung
- 3 beakers - Retort stand
- 3 conical flasks - Electronic balance
- Spatula - Stopwatch

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure 100cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid using a measuring cylinder and place into a conical
flask.
2. Weigh 2.0 grams of Zinc powder in a beaker with an electronic balance.
3. Attach the rubber bungs to the gas syringe and delivery tube.
4. Carefully and quickly pour Zinc into the conical flask with the dilute hydrochloric acid and
immediately stopper the rubber bungs.
5. Immediately start the stopwatch and measure the volume of gas every 30 seconds until no more
gas is produced.
6. Repeat steps 1-5 for the Zinc granules and Zinc foil.
7. Tabulate the results.
8. Plot a graph of volume of gas evolved/cm3 VS time/s.
Variables:

Constant: Volume of Zinc powder, Zinc granules, Zinc foil and dilute hydrochloric acid.

Responding: Volume of gas evolved.

Manipulated: Time.

RESULTS:

Volume of gas evolved/ cm3

Time/s

Zinc powder Zinc granules Zinc foil

00.00
30.00
60.00
90.00
120.0
150.0

Expected Results:

Graph:

If the Zinc foil has the lowest volume of gas evolved, and therefore the slowest rate of corrosion, the
hypothesis would be accepted as Zinc foil has the largest surface area.

If the Zinc foil has the highest volume of gas evolved, and therefore the fastest rate of corrosion, the
hypothesis would be rejected as Zinc foil has the largest surface area.
SOURCES OF ERROR:

- A slow reaction time when starting the stopwatch which would lead to inaccurate results.
- Not all the Zinc would be transferred from the beaker to the conical flask.
- The temperature was not constant as there was no water bath.

PRECAUTIONS:

- Ensure that the rubber bung is tightly secured to reduce the loss of gas.
- Ensure the electronic balance is set at zero before measuring the Zinc.
NAME:
QUADRAT SAMPLING
In this activity, you will collect a sample and estimate the total number of a particular plant,
shown below, in an area of lawn on the school compound.

Apparatus : Quadrats.
Method:
1. Randomly place the quadrats on the lawn.
2. Count the number of plants within the quadrat. Record your answer in the data table.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for a total of 10 quadrats.

Table showing number of plants found in each Quadrat.

Quadrat number Number of plants in quadrat

1
2
3
4
5
 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1. What was the mean number of plants per quadrat?

2. What was the % frequency of the plant?

3. Use the mean to calculate an estimate for the size of the plant population in the field.

Area of 1 quadrat = 0.5 m x 0.5 m =

Area of field =

Number of quadrats that fit into the field =

Mean number of plants per quadrat =

Total number of plants in field =

Discussion:

1. Why must the quadrats be placed randomly?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. How was the plant distributed on the lawn?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Give reasons why the plant was distributed in this manner.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. State any limitations or sources of error that may have affected your results.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. How could the accuracy of this investigation be improved?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
NAME: Arya Singh
DATE: 17/03/22
PROBLEM STATEMENT: Alcohols are useful fuels whose energy values are linked to their molecular
formulae. Devise an experiment that would allow you to link the energy value of ethanol, propanol and
butanol to their molecular formula.
HYPOTHESIS: As the number of carbons present in the molecular formula increases, the energy value
of the alcohol increases. Therefore butanol would have the highest enthalpy of combustion among
ethanol, propanol and butanol.
AIM: To compare and determine the enthalpy of combustion values of ethanol, propanol and butanol,
with a successive number of carbons, and relate to their respective molecular formulae.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

- 1 mol dm-3 ethanol (C2H5OH)

- 1 mol dm-3 propanol (C3H7OH)
- 1 mol dm-3 butanol (C4H9OH)
- Thermometer
- Metal calibrator (copper can)
- Distilled water
- Draught shield
- Spirit lamp
- Retort stand
- Wick
- Electronic balance
- Stopwatch
- Measuring cylinder
- Matches

DIAGRAM:
METHOD:

1. Measure 50cm3 of ethanol (C2H5OH) using the measuring cylinder and place into the spirit lamp
2. Measure the mass of the spirit lamp with the ethanol inside with the electronic balance and record
it in table one as the initial mass of the spirit lamp for ethanol.
3. Measure 100cm3 of distilled water using a measuring cylinder and place in the copper can.
4. Measure the initial temperature of the water and record it in table two as the initial temperature of
water for ethanol.
5. Light the spirit lamp with the matches and place it under the copper can and immediately start the
stopwatch. Using the thermometer, stir the water at regular intervals.
6. Let the spirit lamp burn for 5 minutes.
7. After 5 minutes, record the final temperature of the water in table two under the final temperature
of water for ethanol.
8. Immediately weigh the spirit lamp and ethanol and record the value in table one under the final
mass of the spirit lamp for ethanol.
9. Repeat steps 1-8 for propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH)

Variables

Controlled: Volume of Water Used (100cm3), Volume of Alcohol Used (50cm3)

Responding: Mass of spirit lamp with alcohol, Temperature of the water

Manipulated: The amount of time the spirit lamp was allowed to burn for (5 minutes)

RESULTS:

TITLE: TABLE ONE SHOWING THE INITIAL, FINAL AND CHANGE IN MASS OF THE SPIRIT
LAMP WITH THE ALCOHOL INSIDE FOR THE 3 ALCOHOLS.

Alcohol Ethanol Propanol Butanol

Mass (C2H5OH) (C3H7OH) (C4H9OH)

Initial Mass (mI)/ g

Final Mass (mf)/ g

Change in Mass (mc)/ g

TITLE: TABLE TWO SHOWING THE INITIAL, FINAL AND CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE OF
THE WATER IN THE COPPER CAN FOR THE 3 ALCOHOLS.

Alcohol Ethanol Propanol Butanol

Temperature (C2H5OH) (C3H7OH) (C4H9OH)

Initial temperature (tI)/ oC

Final temperature (tf)/ oC

 Change in temperature (tc)/ oC

CALCULATIONS:

For Ethanol

Change in Mass (mc) = Final Mass (mf) – Initial Mass (mI)

Change in Temperature (tc) = Final Temperature (tf) – Initial Temperature (tI)

Change in Temperature (t∆ ∅)
Enthalpy Change (∆ H) = mc∆ ∅
Enthalpy Change ∆ H = mass of water x specific heat capacity x change in temperature
Enthalpy Change ∆ H = mw x c x tc
Enthalpy Change ∆ H = - X J

mc
Number of Moles = where mc=change in mass, Mr=Molar mass
Mr
= n mols

If n mols = - X J

−X
Then 1 mol =
n

∆ H = - Y kJmol-1

Repeat these calculations for propanol and butanol.

Number of Moles
Expected Results:

The hypothesis is accepted if the butanol has the highest enthalpy of combustion. The hypothesis
is rejected if butanol does not have the highest enthalpy of combustion.

Butanol would have the highest enthalpy of combustion (more negative) as it has the largest
number of carbons among propanol, ethanol and itself. Butanol has 4 carbons while propanol has 3
carbons and ethanol has 2 carbons. As butanol has the largest carbon chain, it takes more energy to break
the bonds. As you move down a homologous chain, a CH2 molecule is added which is why it would
require more energy to break the chain. Therefore as chain length increases, enthalpy of combustion
increases. The butanol also has the largest mass as it has the largest number of carbons. Due to this, there
are more Van de Waal forces between the alcohols and stronger intermolecular forces of attraction. To
break these, a large amount of energy is needed. Therefore as mass increases, heat of combustion
increases.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

- Human error in starting and stopping the stop watch which could lead to inaccurate
recordings.
 - Some of the heat could have been absorbed by the copper can causing inaccurate results.

PRECAUTIONS:

- Ensure the electronic balance is set to zero before measuring the mass of the alcohol and
copper can.
- The draught shield was placed to decrease the amount of heat lost to the environment

LIMITATIONS:

- Although a draught shield was used, heat could still be lost to the environment.
- While stirring the water with the thermometer, it may have rubbed against the copper can
which would exert heat energy through friction and cause inaccurate readings.

ASSUMPTIONS:

- The environment was controlled, that is, there was no air condition on.
- Complete combustion occurred as there was enough oxygen.