Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products

Martin
Weidenbörner
Mycotoxins
in Plants and
Plant Products
Cocoa, Coffee, Fruits and Fruit Products,
Medicinal Plants, Nuts, Spices, Wine
Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products
Martin Weidenbörner
Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products

Cocoa, Coffee, Fruits and Fruit Products,
Medicinal Plants, Nuts, Spices, Wine
Martin Weidenbörner
Bonn, Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-92849-4 ISBN 978-3-319-92850-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92850-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947379
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Preface
Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products—Cocoa, Coffee, Fruits and Fruit Products, Medicinal Plants, Nuts, Spices, Wine
(Volume II) deals with the mycotoxin contamination of all the remaining plants and plant products, which have not
been covered in the first volume Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products—Cereals and Cereal Products. Although not
being mentioned in the title of the book, mycotoxin contamination of, e.g., beans, beverages, chocolate, figs, jams, oils,
pastes, peanut butter, sauces, seeds, vine fruit, and vinegar is also considered. Extraordinary and exotic items, usually not
associated with mycotoxins like halva, honey, ice cream, kubeba, kuru-kuru, margarine, marzipan, muhallebi, pekmez,
shiitake, tahini, and tea, form also an essential part of the book.
The foodstuffs are listed in alphabetical order. Terms within brackets are followed by terms separated by a comma. The
single items are ordered and grouped together normally according to their botanical origin. However, because of the
easier use of the book, some items have been arranged due to the current language. All types of, e.g., flours, fruits, juices,
meals, nuts, oils, pastes, products, spices, and wines are put together to get a quicker overview about mycotoxins involved
in the corresponding foodstuffs. This was done as far as possible. Data of more than 280 new publications are added to
Volume II. In the end, data of more than 900 articles have been considered in the book. Each item contains the relevant
information as far as possible. The present book will be followed by an additional volume, dealing with the mycotoxin
contamination of animal products.
Since mankind exist, the need of food is indispensable. But food supplies can be attacked, including by microorganisms.
If conditions are suitable, microorganisms can grow and subsequently spoil the food. Thereby, filamentous fungi are of
special interest. Once they grow up, they do not even spoil the food but can also contaminate it with mycotoxins. The
presence of these invisible mycotoxins in food is undesirable and can produce serious problems. At high levels mycotoxins
cause even death shortly after exposure. At lower levels, they can cause disorders in various organs and/or impair
immunity. In the end, mycotoxins are a cost factor in human health.
In contrast to bacterial contamination of food, the enhanced contamination by fungi becomes more visual. Each
consumer knows about the appearance of molded food, and the awareness of the public concerning the health hazard of
foods is great. Furthermore, consumers demand for high-quality food. As a prerequisite for producing such food, the
whole food industry must know about fungi and their corresponding mycotoxins. In this case the second volume
Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products—Cocoa, Coffee, Fruits and Fruit Products, Medicinal Plants, Nuts, Spices, Wine
gives very good information about the main mycotoxins occurring in this kind of food.
Mycotoxin contamination of food occurs as a result of crop invasion by field fungi, e.g., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria
spp. Drought of plants, close planting, competition from weeds, reduced fertilization, and other factors are causing stress
to plants which enhance growth of these fungi. Furthermore, the growth of storage fungi (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium
spp.) in improperly stored crops or after processing plants into food products causes spoilage and possible mycotoxin
contamination. Specialists of these genera can also grow when food is preserved, e.g., in a refrigerator.
In the worst case, these fungi produce secondary metabolites, the so-called mycotoxins. They can be very harmful to
humans and animals. In 1960, turkey X disease was caused by a toxin (aflatoxin) produced by molds belonging to the
Aspergillus flavus group which caused the deaths of 100,000 turkeys in the UK. Hence, the study of mycotoxins began.
Approximately 400 known mycotoxins are known today. They have various negative effects on one or several organs in
humans or animals. It is beyond the scope of this book listing all mycotoxins and microbial metabolites contaminating
plants and plant products in extra entries. Briefly this was done in Chapter 2: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Metabolites. This chapter comprises the remaining mycotoxins and microbial metabolites which are not enumerated
under their items. Usually, substances which belong to the masked but not real mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol-3-
glucoside, zearalenone-4-glucoside, and zearalenone-4-sulfate or do not count as main mycotoxins, e.g., alternariol-3-
sulfate, fumonisin B4, and tentoxin, have been listed in Chapter 2: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites.
vii
viii Preface
This book provides a basic overview of the most well-known mycotoxins in plants and plant products except cereals
and cereal products. Their degree of contamination and the range of concentration of mycotoxins, as well as the mean of
the positive samples (as far as possible), are shown in each case. These basic details are intended for readers interested in
this topic.
For detailed information, the more interested reader is referred to the points “Co-contamination” and “Further
contamination.” Co-contaminations of a sample with two or more mycotoxins are listed as described in the corresponding
article. If “For detailed information see the article” occurs behind “Co-contamination,” the corresponding publication
dealt with this co-contamination mostly from a general point of view. All entries contain the point “Further contamination,”
which gives information about additional mycotoxin contamination of food of plant origin except cereals and cereal
products. Besides, if there is written “see also …” in the end of “Further contamination,” a look into Chapter 2: Further
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites, e.g., Dagwa, aflatoxin B1, and literature659, is appropriate. Here, the remaining
mycotoxins/microbial metabolites of a plant/plant product are listed. Finally, the book bears plenty of information if
totally utilized.
The book also shows whether a food of plant origin except cereals or cereal products is predisposed to mycotoxin
contamination, documented by the number of different mycotoxins and the number of citations for the corresponding
food item. This was done as far as possible for each case of mycotoxin contamination. Documenting this, more than 900
publications have been used which are all available at German libraries. The plants and their products are listed in
alphabetical order. As far as possible, food and other items have been considered if food of plant origin has been used in
their preparation. All items dealing with food of plant origin appear either in the present Volume II or in Mycotoxins in
Plants and Plant Products—Cereals and Cereal Products (Volume I). Items having an animal product background will
occur in the third volume dealing with animal products.
The main part of the book represents Chapter 1: Mycotoxin Contamination of Plants and Plant Products (Except
Cereals and Cereal Products). It contains the mycotoxin contamination of single plants as well as plant products in detail.
This is followed by Chapter 2: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites, Chapter 3: Mycotoxins and Their Plant and
Plant Product Spectrum (Except Cereals and Cereal Products), Chapter 4: Plants and Plant Products and Their Mycotoxins
(Except Cereals and Cereal Products), and Chapter 5: Mycotoxin Contamination in Conventional and Organic Farming.
This chapter lists articles with their index numbers which compare the mycotoxin contamination in conventional and
organic production. Finally, the numerical and alphabetical bibliography follows.
The chief publications considered are in English language. Articles in other languages have been chosen only if
comprehensive summaries or tables, listing detailed results, were given in English. Articles that unequivocally describe
the mycotoxin contamination of plants and plant products (best known already apparent in the title) have been selected.
There are exceptions, however. Also, the most cited publications that satisfied the aforementioned requirements have been
considered for the book. Determination methods of mycotoxins are quite beyond the scope of this book (see the title of
the book). The focus lies on natural mycotoxin contamination of plants and plant products without cereals and cereal
products. Publications containing data about mycotoxins due to artificial contamination (infected by direct fungal
inoculation) have not been included in this volume. Results of field trials have been taken into account only to a minor
extent. The treated publications are mainly dealing with natural mycotoxin contamination of marketed plants and plant
products. Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products—Cocoa, Coffee, Fruits and Fruit Products, Medicinal Plants, Nuts,
Spices, Wine will contribute to more information and transparency about plants and plant products consumed by humans
in relation to mycotoxin contamination. It is a suitable reference text for mycotoxin contamination in this kind of
foodstuff.
This fundamental book is especially written for scientists and researchers who are interested in the mycotoxin
contamination of food of plant origin other than cereals and cereal products for human consumption and will be
especially suitable for those working in food microbiology, food technology, and the food industry (e.g., food producers,
supervisors of food, food traders), as well as ministries, offices, and departments of farming and environmental regulation
at national and international levels, bureaus, associations, agricultural bodies, mycologists, mycotoxicologists, toxicologists,
biologists, chemists, biochemists, plant pathologists, supervisors in food quality control, lawyers and experts in food law,
students of the respective fields, and other interested groups.
Bonn, Germany Martin Weidenbörner

How to Handle the Book
The different mycotoxins in plants and plant products (except cereals and cereal products) are classified by the fungal
genera which produce them. However, also other fungal genera may be able to produce a special mycotoxin, but only main
producers or relevant species interesting for this book are chosen. For a quick overview, each mycotoxin can furthermore
be looked up for its presence in plants and plant products (except cereals and cereal products) at the end of the book
(Chapter 3: Mycotoxins and Their Plant and Plant Product Spectrum, Tables 1–6) and vice versa (Chapter 4: Plants and
Plant Products and Their Mycotoxins).
In Chapter 1: “Mycotoxin Contamination of Plants and Plant Products—Cocoa, Coffee, Fruits and Fruit Products,
Medicinal Plants, Nuts, Spices, Wine (Volume II),” mycotoxins are arranged in the following way:
Alternaria Toxins
Altenuene (ALT), alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME), altertoxin I (ATX-I), tenuazonic acid (TA)
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin/s: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1),
aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), aflatoxin/s (AF/AFS)
Other Aspergillus Toxins: Gliotoxin (GT), sterigmatocystin (STG)
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), citreoviridin (CTV), citrinin (CIT), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), kojic acid (KA), ochra-
toxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), penicillic acid (PA), viomellein (VIOM)
Fusarium Toxins
Depsipeptides: Beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A (ENA), enniatin A1 (ENA1), enniatin B (ENB), enniatin B1 (ENB1), ennia-
tin B2 (ENB2), enniatin B3 (ENB3), enniatin B4 (ENB4), enniatin/s (EN/ENS)
Fumonisin/s: Fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), fumonisin B3 (FB3), fumonisin/s (FB/FBS)
Type A Trichothecenes: Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), neosolaniol
(NEO), scirpentriol (STO), T-2 toxin (T-2), T-2 tetraol (T-2TET), T-2 triol (T-2TRI)
Type B Trichothecenes: Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-
AcDON) fusarenon X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV)
Other Fusarium Toxins: Fusaproliferin (FP), fusaric acid (FA), moniliformin (MON), zearalenone (ZEA)
Penicillium Toxins
Mycophenolic acid (MA), roquefortine (ROQ), roquefortine-C (ROQ-C), rubratoxin (RBT)
Each declaration of the mycotoxin contamination of plants and plant products comprises seven main pieces of
information:
incidence: 3/7 = 3 positives for aflatoxin contamination in relation to 7 investigated

concentration range: minimum and maximum residue values or only the maximum residue value
Ø concentration: Ø mycotoxin contamination for the positive samples (as far as possible)
sample origin: location, where the sample/s come/s from (as far as possible)
sample year: in which month/year the sample was collected/investigated (as far as possible)
country: origin of publication
literature number: Japan732
ix
x How to Handle the Book
Usually, the highest mycotoxin value or the lowest and the highest value of mycotoxin contamination is given. In
general, mean values of the mycotoxin-positive samples are stated. The presented concentrations (measuring units) occur
always in μg/kg or μg/l. If a variant of a trial is not listed, “no contamination” was determined in the corresponding article.
In some cases, a variant may be stated although mycotoxin concentration has not been detected. In this case “no
contamination” is written.
Each entry is marked with an index number, which is located behind the name of the involved country/countries where
the publication has been carried out. This index number stands for the article where the presented results can be checked.
It occurs again in the numerical bibliography. The index number refers to the title of the corresponding article. In the
alphabetical bibliography, the literature is additionally arranged according to the author´s first name of a publication.
Behind each alphabetical literature, there is a number in brackets giving information about the position of the literature
in the numerical bibliography, e.g., (620) in the alphabetical bibliography denotes the 620th position in the numerical
bibliography.
For easier finding of further mycotoxin-contaminated plants or plant products in an entry, the reader has to keep in
mind the following scheme:
“Further contamination”: Yams, FB1, literature774
– title of item: Yams
– mycotoxin: FB1
– index number: literature774
With these facts, further contaminated/co-contaminated plants or plant products presented in the original publication
can be found in this book. Moreover, all mycotoxins, contaminating the same plant or plant product (listed in “Further
contamination”), are quoted in this book. Additionally, the corresponding data in “Further contamination” are marked
with an index number. This number can be related to the article, which is presented in the numerical bibliography.
Acknowledgments
My family, especially my wife, is thanked for the patience, valuable advice, and support given to me in writing this book.
I also wish to thank Mrs. Beate Frohn and Mrs. Ursula Kleinheyer-Thomas as well as the whole staff from the Bran
Library for Medicine, Science and Agricultural Science, Bonn University, for very good support in searching and finding
the corresponding publications. I also appreciate the support of my daughter Anna as well as Dr. Ursula Monnerjahn-
Karbach for the valuable advice.
xi
Contents
Mycotoxin Contamination of Plants and Plant Products (Except Cereals and Cereal Products)�� 1
Alcoholic drink�� 1
Almond paste�� 1
Almonds �� 1
Ammi�� 1
Amontillado�� 1
Anise �� 1
Aperitif �� 1
Apple�� 1
Apple cider �� 1
Patulin�� 1
Apple concentrate �� 1
Apple flavor products �� 1
Apple juice�� 1
Apple juice concentrate�� 1
Apple leather�� 1
Patulin�� 1
Apple marmalade�� 2
Apple products�� 2
Apple puree�� 2
Apple rings�� 2
Patulin�� 2
Apricot kernels�� 2
Apricots�� 2
Apulian Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wines�� 2
Areca nuts�� 2
Aromatic herbs�� 2
Asparagus�� 2
Asure �� 2
Aflatoxin/s�� 2
“Auslese”�� 2
Baby food �� 2
Aflatoxin B1�� 2
Aflatoxin G1�� 2
Aflatoxin M1 �� 3
Aflatoxin/s�� 3
Ochratoxin A �� 3
Patulin�� 4
Barbera �� 5
Bars �� 5
Aflatoxin/s�� 5
xiii
xiv Contents

Type B Trichothecenes �� 5
Deoxynivalenol�� 5
Nivalenol�� 5
Bean curd �� 5
Beans�� 5
Aflatoxin/s�� 6
Penicillic Acid�� 8
Fumonisin/s�� 8
Fumonisin B1�� 8
Type A Trichothecenes�� 8
T-2 Toxin�� 8
Nivalenol�� 8
Zearalenone�� 8
Beans (black bean)�� 9
Aflatoxin/s�� 9
HT-2 Toxin �� 9
T-2 Toxin�� 9
Beans (broad bean)�� 9
Beans (brown bean)�� 10
Beans (butter bean)�� 10
Beans (cowpea) �� 10
Aflatoxin/s�� 10
Fumonisin/s�� 11
Beans (green bean) �� 11
Beans (kidney bean) �� 11
Beans (locust bean)�� 12
3-Nitropropionic Acid�� 12
Citrinin�� 12
Depsipeptides�� 12
Beauvericin�� 12
Beans (mung bean)�� 12
Contents xv

HT-2 Toxin �� 12
T-2 Toxin�� 13
Zearalenone�� 13
Beans (pinto bean)�� 13
Beans (saltani saltapya bean)�� 13
Beans (soybean)�� 14
Alternariol �� 14
Alternariol Methyl Ether�� 14
T-2 Toxin�� 16
Nivalenol�� 17
Bee pollen�� 17
Neosolaniol�� 18
T-2 Toxin�� 18
Nivalenol�� 19
“Beerenauslese”�� 19
Berries (blueberry) �� 19
Patulin�� 19
Berries (grape)�� 19
Berries (lingonberry) �� 20
Patulin�� 20
Betel nuts�� 20
xvi Contents

Beverages�� 21
Patulin�� 23
Zearalenone �� 23
Biscuits �� 23
T-2 Toxin�� 24
Biryani masala�� 24
Black gram �� 24
Black radish �� 24
Black tea �� 24
Bondakadledkai�� 24
Brazil nuts�� 24
Breadfruit �� 24
Breakfast cereals�� 24
Citrinin�� 25
Nivalenol�� 27
Bsissa�� 27
Bukolo�� 27
Bush mango seeds�� 27
Butter (cocoa butter)�� 27
Butter (nut butter)�� 27
Contents xvii

Butter (peanut butter)�� 29
Butter (sesame butter)�� 41
Cabernet Sauvignon �� 41
Cake (date) �� 41
Cake (peanut)�� 41
Sterigmatocystin�� 43
Kojic Acid�� 43
Candies �� 44
Candies (coconut candy) �� 44
Candies (peanut candy) �� 44
Candies (pistachio candy) �� 45
Cashew nuts �� 46
Cassava �� 46
Altertoxin I�� 46
Tenuazonic Acid�� 46
xviii Contents

Citreoviridin�� 48
Citrinin�� 48
Cyclopiazonic Acid �� 48
Kojic Acid�� 48
Ochratoxin B�� 49
Patulin�� 49
Enniatin A�� 49
Enniatin A1 �� 49
Enniatin B�� 50
Enniatin B1 �� 50
Diacetoxyscirpenol�� 51
Monoacetoxyscirpenol�� 51
T-2 Toxin�� 51
T-2 Tetraol�� 52
Nivalenol�� 52
Fusaric Acid �� 52
Fusaproliferin�� 52
Moniliformin�� 53
Mycophenolic Acid�� 53
Roquefortine C�� 53
Cassava flour�� 53
Cassia�� 53
Cassis�� 53
Cayenne pepper�� 53
Chardonnay �� 53
Chenin Blanc�� 53
Chestnuts�� 53
Chickpeas �� 53
Chilli�� 53
Chilli pickles�� 54
Chilli sauce�� 54
Chinese rice wine�� 54
Chips (cassava chips)�� 54
Contents xix

Chips (yam chips) �� 54
Chocolate�� 55
Chocolate bars �� 59
Chocolate sauce �� 59
Cigarettes�� 59
Cinnamon�� 59
Cocoa�� 59
Cocoa beans�� 60
Cocoa hazelnut creme�� 62
Cocoa products �� 62
Coconut oil�� 62
Coconut products�� 62
Coconuts�� 62
Citrinin�� 63
Coffee�� 63
xx Contents
Enniatin A�� 71
Enniatin B�� 71
T-2 Toxin�� 72
3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol �� 72
Nivalenol�� 72
Coffee beans�� 72
Coffee beverage �� 77
Compote �� 77
Confectionery�� 77
Congressbele�� 78
Cookies �� 78
Copra�� 79
Coriander �� 79
Cortese�� 79
Costers del Segre �� 79
Cowpea �� 79
Cream �� 79
Crianza �� 79
Cumin �� 79
Curd (bean curd)�� 79
Contents xxi

Currants�� 80
Curry�� 81
Dagwa �� 81
Citrinin�� 82
Kojic Acid�� 82
Viomellein �� 83
Enniatin A�� 83
Enniatin B�� 84
Nivalenol�� 85
Dates �� 86
Enniatin B�� 88
Dessert wine�� 88
Dietary plants�� 88
xxii Contents
Dietary supplements�� 88

Patulin�� 90
Enniatin A�� 90
Enniatin B�� 91
T-2 Toxin�� 92
Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol)�� 93
Dinners �� 93
Dolcetto�� 93
Dried fruits�� 93
Dried vegetables�� 93
Drinking water�� 94
Drinks �� 94
Drinks (alcoholic drink)�� 94
Drinks (apple drink)�� 94
Patulin�� 94
Drinks (chocolate drink) �� 94
Drinks (coffee drink)�� 94
Drinks (tiger nut drink)�� 94
Eggplant�� 95
Contents xxiii

Egusi �� 95
Egusi meal�� 95
Egusi melon seeds�� 95
Emu aran�� 95
Entrees�� 95
Erbaluce�� 95
Extracts�� 95
Fennel �� 95
Field mustard�� 95
Figpie�� 96
Figs�� 96
Kojic Acid�� 103
Enniatin B�� 105
Filberts�� 106
Fino �� 106
Flakes (cassava) �� 106
Flour�� 106
Flour (cassava flour) �� 106
xxiv Contents
Flour (chestnut flour) �� 108
Citrinin�� 108
Mycophenolic Acid �� 109
Flour (gram flour)�� 109
Flour (lentil flour) �� 109
Flour (peanut flour)�� 110
Flour (potato flour)�� 110
Flour (soybean flour)�� 110
Fusarenon-X (4-acetylnivalenol) �� 113
Nivalenol�� 113
Flour (vetch flour)�� 113
Flour sauce �� 114
Fondillón�� 114
Food�� 114
Contents xxv

Citrinin�� 118
Patulin�� 119
Enniatin A�� 120
Scirpentriol�� 122
Nivalenol�� 123
Food colorant�� 125
Citrinin�� 125
Fruit juices �� 125
Fruit products�� 125
Fruit punch�� 125
Fruit salad�� 125
Patulin�� 125
Fruit sauce�� 125
Fruits�� 125
Fruits (apple) �� 126
Altenuene �� 126
xxvi Contents

Citrinin�� 127
Patulin�� 127
Enniatin/s (A, A1, B, B1)�� 128
Fruits (cherry) �� 128
Fruits (goji)�� 128
Fruits (hawthorn) �� 128
Patulin�� 128
Fruits (lemon) �� 128
Fruits (mandarin) �� 129
Fruits (mango)�� 129
Fruits (melon)�� 130
Fruits (orange)�� 130
Fruits (peach)�� 130
Patulin�� 130
Fruits (pear)�� 131
Patulin�� 131
Fruits (plum) �� 131
Patulin�� 131
Fruits (quince)�� 131
Patulin�� 131
Fruits (tangerine)�� 131
Fruits (tomato)�� 132
Contents xxvii

Fruits, dried�� 133
Altenuene�� 133
Patulin�� 137
Fruits and nuts, dried �� 139
Fruits and vegetables�� 139
Functional Food�� 139
Gabi �� 139
Garlic�� 139
Garlic pickles �� 139
Garnacha�� 139
Garri�� 139
“Gewürztraminer”�� 139
Ginger �� 139
Ginkgo�� 139
T-2 Toxin�� 139
Ginseng�� 139
Glavinuša�� 139
Goji fruits �� 139
Gram �� 139
Grape extract �� 139
Grape juice �� 139
Grape pomace and wine lees �� 139
Grape pulp�� 139
Grapes�� 139
Greater cardamom�� 139
Green gram�� 139
Green tea�� 139
xxviii Contents
Grogannuts�� 139
Citrinin�� 140
Groundnut sauces �� 140
Groundnuts�� 140
Gums, food-grade �� 140
Halva �� 140
Hazelnuts�� 141
Helva �� 141
Herbal drugs�� 141
Herbal medicines�� 141
Herbs�� 141
Herbs (camomile) �� 142
Herbs (linden) �� 142
Herbs (rosehip) �� 142
Herbs (sage)�� 142
Herbs and spices �� 142
Honey�� 142
Ice cream�� 142
Infant food �� 143
Infant formula �� 144
Instant coffee �� 144
Iru�� 144
Contents xxix

Citrinin�� 145
T-2 Toxin�� 145
Irvingia gabonensis�� 146
Isoflavones �� 146
Jaggery�� 146
Jam�� 146
Jam (apple jam) �� 147
Patulin�� 147
Jam (bean jam)�� 147
Jam (fig jam)�� 147
T-2 Toxin�� 148
Jam (pear jam)�� 148
Patulin�� 148
Jam (quince jam)�� 148
Patulin�� 148
Jellies�� 148
Patulin�� 148
Jello �� 148
Juices �� 148
Altenuene�� 148
Patulin�� 149
Juices (apple concentrate)�� 151
xxx Contents

Patulin�� 151
Juices (apple juice)�� 152
Citrinin�� 153
Patulin�� 153
Juices (apricot concentrate)�� 160
Patulin�� 160
Juices (apricot juice) �� 160
Patulin�� 160
Juices (banana juice)�� 161
Juices (blackcurrant juice) �� 161
Citrinin�� 161
Patulin�� 161
Juices (carrot juice)�� 161
Juices (cherry juice)�� 161
Citrinin�� 161
Patulin�� 161
Juices (citrus juice) �� 162
Juices (cranberry juice)�� 162
Juices (grape juice)�� 162
Patulin�� 164
Juices (grapefruit juice)�� 164
Juices (guava juice) �� 164
Juices (hawthorn juice)�� 164
Patulin�� 164
Juices (lychee juice)�� 164
Patulin�� 164
Juices (orange juice) �� 164
Patulin�� 165
Juices (peach concentrate) �� 165
Patulin�� 165
Contents xxxi
Juices (peach juice) �� 165

Patulin�� 165
Juices (pear concentrate)�� 165
Patulin�� 165
Juices (pear juice)�� 166
Patulin�� 166
Juices (pineapple concentrate)�� 166
Patulin�� 166
Juices (pineapple juice)�� 166
Juices (pomegranate juice)�� 167
Patulin�� 167
Juices (raspberry juice)�� 167
Juices (rosehip juice)�� 167
Patulin�� 167
Juices (strawberry juice)�� 167
Juices (sugarcane juice)�� 167
Juices (tomato juice) �� 168
Altenuene�� 168
Citrinin�� 169
Patulin�� 170
Juices (tropical-fruit juice)�� 170
Juices (vegetable juice) �� 170
Joven �� 170
“Kabinett”�� 170
Karahi masala�� 170
Kernels (apricot) �� 170
Keskul �� 171
Ketchup�� 171
xxxii Contents
Kokonte�� 171
Korma masala�� 171
Kubeba�� 171
Kucha�� 171
Kuru-kuru�� 171
Aflatoxin G1 �� 171
Aflatoxin G2 �� 172
Legume products�� 175
Legumes�� 175
Lentils �� 175
T-2 Toxin�� 176
Licorice �� 176
Citrinin�� 176
Linseeds�� 178
Lupines �� 178
Macabeo �� 178
Mahua seeds�� 178
Contents xxxiii
Malaga�� 178
Mandarins�� 178
Manzanilla�� 178
Marmalade (apple marmalade)�� 178
Patulin�� 178
Marmalade (pear marmalade)�� 178
Patulin�� 178
Marsala �� 178
Masala�� 178
Margarine�� 178
Marzipan (almond paste)�� 179
Meal (copra meal) �� 179
Meal (cycad meal) �� 179
Meal (egusi meal)�� 179
Meal (peanut meal)�� 180
Meal (pistachio meal)�� 180
Meal (soybean meal)�� 180
Medicinal herbs�� 181
Medicinal plants�� 181
Gliotoxin�� 191
Citrinin�� 192
Patulin�� 196
xxxiv Contents
T-2 Toxin�� 199
Nivalenol�� 201
Medicinal seeds �� 204
Meju�� 204
Melon seed products�� 204
Melon seeds�� 204
Melons�� 204
Merlot �� 204
Milk thistle �� 204
T-2 Toxin�� 204
Mistelle �� 205
Moscatel�� 205
Muhallebi �� 205
Mulberries�� 205
Muscatel�� 205
Must�� 205
Fumonisin B2 �� 206
Mustard�� 206
Nectars (apple nectar)�� 206
Patulin�� 206
Nectars (cranberry nectar)�� 206
Nectars (prune nectar)�� 206
Nihari masala�� 206
Nut bar�� 206
Contents xxxv
Nut cereals�� 206

Nut crème�� 207
Nut products�� 207
Nutmeg �� 207
Nuts and seeds�� 207
Nuts �� 207
Nuts (almond) �� 210
Rubratoxin �� 216
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut)�� 216
Nuts (cashew nut) �� 220
Citrinin�� 221
Nuts (chestnut)�� 222
xxxvi Contents

Citrinin�� 223
Nuts (hazelnut)�� 224
T-2 Toxin�� 231
Nuts (peanut)�� 231
Citrinin�� 263
Contents xxxvii
T-2 Toxin�� 267
Nivalenol�� 268
Nuts (pecan nut)�� 269
Nuts (pine nut)�� 270
Nuts (pistachio nut)�� 270
Nuts (tigernut)�� 279
Nuts (walnut)�� 281
xxxviii Contents

Ogbono �� 285
Ogiri-ugba�� 285
Ogiri�� 285
Citrinin�� 286
Ogoro�� 287
Oil seeds �� 287
Oils�� 288
T-2 Toxin�� 289
Oils (coconut oil)�� 291
Contents xxxix
Oils (maize oil)�� 291

T-2 Toxin�� 291
Oils (mustard oil)�� 292
Oils (olive oil)�� 293
Oils (peanut oil)�� 294
Oils (rapeseed oil)�� 296
Oils (sesame oil)�� 296
Oils (soybean oil)�� 297
Oils (sunflower oil) �� 298
T-2 Toxin�� 299
Oils (vegetable oil)�� 299
xl Contents

Okra�� 299
Olives�� 299
Altenuene�� 299
Citrinin�� 300
Oloroso �� 300
Palomino�� 300
Paranuts�� 300
Paste�� 301
Paste (bean paste) �� 301
Paste (curry paste)�� 301
Nivalenol�� 301
Paste (fig paste) �� 302
Paste (hazelnut paste)�� 302
Paste (peanut paste)�� 303
Contents xli
Paste (pipian paste)�� 308
Paste (red pepper paste)�� 308
Paste (sesame paste) �� 308
Paste (soybean paste) �� 309
Paste (tomato paste) �� 309
Peach concentrate �� 310
Peanut brittle �� 310
Peanut butter �� 310
Peanut candies�� 310
Peanut pastes �� 310
Peanut products�� 310
Peanut sauce�� 310
Peanuts �� 310
Pear concentrate�� 310
Pear marmalade�� 310
Peas �� 310
Peas (chickpea)�� 311
T-2 Toxin�� 312
Pedro Ximenez�� 312
Pekmez�� 312
Penedés�� 312
Pepper �� 312
Pickles�� 312
xlii Contents

Pies�� 313
Pili-pili�� 313
Pinhol�� 313
Pinotage�� 313
Pipian pastes�� 313
Pistachio candies�� 313
Pistachio nuts�� 313
Pizza�� 313
Plant food supplements�� 313
Plant products �� 314
Plavac Mali �� 314
Plums�� 314
Port wine�� 314
Potato products �� 314
Potatoes�� 314
Powder (cocoa powder)�� 314
Primitivo�� 316
Products �� 316
Products (almond product)�� 316
Products (apple flavor product)�� 316
Patulin�� 316
Products (apple product)�� 316
Patulin�� 316
Products (cassava product) �� 317
Products (cocoa product)�� 318
Contents xliii

Products (coconut product)�� 320
Citrinin�� 320
Products (fruit product)�� 320
Patulin�� 320
Products (ginger product) �� 320
Products (legume product) �� 320
Patulin�� 321
Products (melon seed product)�� 321
Products (nut product)�� 321
Products (peanut product)�� 322
Products (pistachio product)�� 324
Products (plant product) �� 326
Products (potato product) �� 326
Scirpentriol�� 326
Products (sesame product)�� 327
Products (soybean product)�� 327
Products (tobacco product)�� 327
xliv Contents
Products (tomato product)�� 327

Prunes�� 328
Pudding�� 328
Pulp (apple pulp)�� 328
Patulin�� 328
Pulp (grape pulp)�� 328
Pulp (plum pulp)�� 328
Patulin�� 328
Pulp (tomato pulp) �� 328
Pulses�� 329
Pumpkin kernels �� 329
Puree �� 329
Patulin�� 330
“QbA”�� 331
Quinoa�� 331
Raisins�� 331
Aflotoxin B2�� 332
Aflotoxin G1 �� 332
Aflotoxin G2 �� 332
Citrinin�� 332
Rapeseeds�� 336
Red kidney beans�� 336
Red pepper �� 336
Reserva �� 336
Retsina�� 336
Rhine Riesling �� 336
Rice wine�� 336
Riesling �� 336
Contents xlv
Rioja�� 336
Roero Arneis�� 336
Rootcrops �� 336
Aflotoxin/s �� 336
Roero Arneis�� 336
Safflower seeds�� 336
Sago�� 336
Salep�� 336
Sauces�� 337
Sauces (apple sauce) �� 337
Sauces (chilli sauce)�� 337
Nivalenol�� 337
Sauces (chocolate sauce)�� 338
Sauces (flour sauce)�� 338
Sauces (fruit sauce)�� 338
Sauces (leaf-sauce)�� 338
Sauces (peanut sauce)�� 338
Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce)�� 338
Sauces (pepper sauce)�� 339
Sauces (pepper and barbecue sauce)�� 339
Sauces (soy sauce)�� 339
Sauces (tomato sauce)�� 340
Altenuene�� 340
Sauvignon�� 341
Sauvignon Blanc�� 341
Seasonings�� 341
Seeds �� 341
Seeds (bush mango) �� 341
xlvi Contents

T-2 Toxin�� 343
Nivalenol�� 343
Seeds (linseed)�� 344
Seeds (lupine)�� 344
Seeds (melon)�� 344
Citrinin�� 347
Seeds (pumpkin)�� 348
Seeds (sesame)�� 348
Contents xlvii

Citrinin�� 351
T-2 Toxin�� 351
Seeds (sunflower)�� 352
Altenuene�� 352
T-2 Toxin�� 355
Sesame oils�� 356
Sesame products �� 356
Sesame seeds�� 356
Shea nuts�� 356
Sherry �� 356
Shiitake �� 356
Shiraz�� 356
Shiro�� 356
Singkamas�� 356
Snack bar�� 356
Snacks �� 356
xlviii Contents
Soft drink �� 359
Soups�� 359
Soy isoflavones�� 363
Soy sauce�� 364
Soybean paste�� 364
Soybean products�� 364
Soybeans�� 364
Sparkling wine�� 364
“Spätlese”�� 364
Spices�� 364
Contents xlix
Spices (ammi)�� 370
Spices (anise) �� 370
Ochratoxin �� 370
Spices (basil)�� 371
Spices (black cumin)�� 371
Citrinin�� 371
Spices (caraway)�� 371
Spices (cardamom) �� 371
Citrinin�� 373
Spices (cassia)�� 373
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)�� 374
Citrinin�� 390
T-2 Toxin�� 395
Spices (celery)�� 396
l Contents

Spices (cinnamon)�� 396
Spices (coriander) �� 397
Citrinin�� 399
Spices (cumin)�� 401
Citrinin�� 403
Spices (curcuma)�� 404
Citrinin�� 406
Spices (curry)�� 406
T-2 Toxin�� 412
Nivalenol�� 412
Contents li
Spices (fennel) �� 413

Citrinin�� 415
Spices (fenugreek)�� 415
Spices (garlic)�� 416
Nivalenol�� 418
Spices (garlic/onion)�� 418
Spices (ginger)�� 418
T-2 Toxin�� 423
Nivalenol�� 423
Spices (laurel leave)�� 423
Spice (majoran) �� 423
lii Contents
Spices (masala)�� 424
Spices (mustard) �� 425
Spices (nutmeg)�� 426
Spices (onion)�� 430
Spices (oregano)�� 430
Spices (paprika)�� 430
T-2 Toxin�� 435
Spices (pepper)�� 436
Contents liii

Citrinin�� 441
Spices (peppermint) �� 443
Spices (pili-pili) �� 443
Spices (poppy seed)�� 443
Spices (prickly ash)�� 444
Spices (rosemary) �� 444
Spices (saffron)�� 444
Spices (star anise) �� 444
Spices (sumac)�� 444
Spices (tandoori)�� 444
T-2 Toxin�� 445
Nivalenol�� 445
Spices (thyme) �� 445
Spices (turmeric)�� 446
Starch (cassava starch) �� 446
Strawberries�� 446
Sugar �� 446
Sugar beets �� 446
Sugarcane �� 447
liv Contents

Sugarcane juice�� 447
Sultanas�� 447
Citrinin�� 448
Sunflower seeds �� 449
Sweet potatoes �� 449
Sweets �� 450
Tahini�� 450
Tandoori �� 450
Tea �� 450
Tempranillo�� 452
Tigernuts�� 452
Tikka masala�� 452
Tobacco�� 452
T-2 Toxin�� 453
Tobacco products�� 453
Toffees�� 453
Tofu �� 453
Tomato concentrate�� 453
Altenuene�� 453
Tomato juice�� 454
Tomato ketchup�� 454
Contents lv

Tomato puree�� 455
Tomato sauce �� 455
Tomatoes�� 455
Traditional Chinese medicine �� 455
“Trockenbeerenauslese”�� 455
Tubers �� 455
Tugi �� 455
Turmeric�� 455
Ubi�� 455
Ugba�� 455
T-2 Toxin�� 456
Utiel-Requena�� 456
Vanilla extract�� 457
Vegetables�� 457
Vegetables (asparagus)�� 457
Vegetables (black radish) �� 460
Vegetables, dried �� 460
Vermouth �� 460
Vine fruits, dried �� 460
lvi Contents

Vinegar �� 462
Patulin�� 462
Vinegar (apple)�� 462
Patulin�� 463
Vinegar (balsamico) �� 463
Vinegar (wine)�� 463
Vinho Verde �� 463
“Vollreiflese”�� 463
Walnuts�� 463
Weaning food�� 463
“Weisser Riesling”�� 463
Wine�� 463
Patulin�� 465
Wine (red)�� 465
T-2 Toxin�� 476
Wine (rosé)�� 476
Wine (white)�� 478
Contents lvii

T-2 Toxin�� 484
Wine, miscellaneous �� 484
Yams�� 487
Zinfandel�� 488
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites�� 489
Tables�� 493
Plants and Plant Products and Their Mycotoxins (Except Cereals and Cereal Products) �� 499
Apple cider �� 499
Apple leather�� 499
Apple rings�� 499
Asure �� 499
Baby food �� 499
Bars �� 499
Beans�� 499
Beans (black bean)�� 499
Beans (broad bean)�� 499
Beans (brown bean)�� 499
Beans (butter bean)�� 499
Beans (cowpea) �� 499
Beans (green bean) �� 499
Beans (kidney bean) �� 499
Beans (locust bean)�� 499
Beans (mung bean)�� 499
Beans (pinto bean)�� 499
Beans (saltani saltapya bean)�� 500
Beans (soybean)�� 500
Bee pollen�� 500
Berries (blueberry) �� 500
Berries (grape)�� 500
Berries (lingonberry) �� 500
Betel nuts�� 500
Beverages�� 500
Biscuits �� 500
Bondakadledkai�� 500
Breadfruit �� 500
Breakfast cereals�� 500
lviii Contents
Bsissa�� 500
Butter (cocoa butter)�� 500
Butter (nut butter)�� 500
Butter (peanut butter)�� 500
Butter (sesame butter)�� 501
Cake (date) �� 501
Cake (peanut)�� 501
Candies �� 501
Candies (coconut candy) �� 501
Candies (peanut candy) �� 501
Candies (pistachio candy) �� 501
Cassava �� 501
Cassis�� 501
Chips (cassava chips)�� 501
Chips (yam chips) �� 501
Chocolate�� 501
Cocoa�� 501
Cocoa beans�� 501
Coconuts�� 501
Coffee�� 501
Coffee beans�� 502
Confectionery�� 502
Congressbele�� 502
Cookies �� 502
Copra�� 502
Cream �� 502
Curd (bean curd)�� 502
Currants�� 502
Dagwa �� 502
Dates �� 502
Dietary plants�� 502
Dietary supplements�� 502
Dates �� 502
Drinks �� 503
Drinks (alcoholic drink)�� 503
Drinks (apple drink)�� 503
Drinks (chocolate drink) �� 503
Drinks (coffee drink)�� 503
Drinks (tiger nut drink)�� 503
Eggplant�� 503
Emu aran�� 503
Extracts�� 503
Field mustard�� 503
Figs�� 503
Flakes (cassava) �� 503
Flour�� 503
Flour (cassava flour) �� 503
Flour (chestnut flour) �� 503
Flour (gram flour)�� 503
Flour (peanut flour)�� 503
Flour (soybean flour)�� 504
Flour (vetch flour)�� 504
Food�� 504
Contents lix
Food colorant�� 504

Fruit salad�� 504
Fruits�� 504
Fruits (apple) �� 504
Fruits (cherry) �� 504
Fruits (goji)�� 504
Fruits (hawthorn) �� 504
Fruits (lemon) �� 504
Fruits (mandarin) �� 504
Fruits (mango)�� 504
Fruits (melon)�� 504
Fruits (orange)�� 504
Fruits (peach)�� 505
Fruits (pear)�� 505
Fruits (plum) �� 505
Fruits (quince)�� 505
Fruits (tangerine)�� 505
Fruits (tomato)�� 505
Fruits and vegetables�� 505
Fruits, dried�� 505
Ginkgo�� 505
Grape extract �� 505
Grape pomace and wine lees �� 505
Grogannuts�� 505
Gums, food-grade �� 505
Halva �� 505
Herbs�� 505
Herbs (camomile) �� 505
Herbs (linden) �� 505
Herbs (roseship)�� 505
Herbs (sage)�� 505
Herbs and spices �� 506
Honey�� 506
Ice cream�� 506
Infant food �� 506
Iru�� 506
Jaggery�� 506
Jam�� 506
Jam (apple jam) �� 506
Jam (bean jam)�� 506
Jam (fig jam)�� 506
Jam (pear jam)�� 506
Jam (quince jam)�� 506
Jellies�� 506
Jello �� 506
Juices �� 506
Juices (apple concentrate)�� 506
Juices (apple juice)�� 506
Juices (apricot concentrate)�� 507
Juices (apricot juice) �� 507
Juices (banana juice)�� 507
Juices (blackcurrant juice) �� 507
Juices (carrot juice)�� 507
Juices (cherry juice)�� 507
Juices (citrus juice) �� 507
lx Contents
Juices (cranberry juice)�� 507

Juices (grape juice)�� 507
Juices (grapefruit juice)�� 507
Juices (guava juice) �� 507
Juices (hawthorn juice)�� 507
Juices (lychee juice)�� 507
Juices (orange juice) �� 507
Juices (peach concentrate) �� 507
Juices (peach juice) �� 507
Juices (pear concentrate)�� 507
Juices (pear juice)�� 507
Juices (pineapple concentrate)�� 507
Juices (pineapple juice)�� 507
Juices (pomegranate juice)�� 507
Juices (rasberry juice)�� 507
Juices (rosehip juice)�� 508
Juices (strawberry juice)�� 508
Juices (sugarcane juice)�� 508
Juices (tomato juice) �� 508
Juices (vegetable juice) �� 508
Kernels (apricot) �� 508
Keskul �� 508
Kubeba�� 508
Kuru-kuru�� 508
Legumes�� 508
Lentils �� 508
Licorice �� 508
Mahua seeds�� 508
Marmalade (apple marmalade)�� 508
Marmalade (pear marmalade)�� 508
Margarine�� 508
Marzipan (almond paste)�� 508
Meal (copra meal) �� 508
Meal (cycad meal) �� 509
Meal (egusi meal)�� 509
Meal (peanut meal)�� 509
Meal (pistachio meal)�� 509
Meal (soybean meal)�� 509
Medicinal plants�� 509
Meju�� 509
Milk thistle �� 509
Muhallebi �� 509
Must�� 509
Nectars (apple nectar)�� 509
Nectars (cranberry nectar)�� 509
Nectars (prune nectar)�� 509
Nut cereals�� 509
Nut crème�� 509
Nuts �� 509
Nuts (almond) �� 509
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut)�� 510
Nuts (cashew nut) �� 510
Nuts (chestnut)�� 510
Nuts (hazelnut)�� 510
Nuts (peanut)�� 510
Contents lxi
Nuts (pecan nut)�� 510

Nuts (pine nut)�� 510
Nuts (pistachio nut)�� 510
Nuts (tiger nut)�� 510
Nuts (walnut)�� 510
Ogbono �� 511
Ogili-ugba�� 511
Ogiri�� 511
Ogoro�� 511
Oil seeds �� 511
Oils�� 511
Oils (coconut oil)�� 511
Oils (maize oil)�� 511
Oils (mustard oil)�� 511
Oils (olive oil)�� 511
Oils (peanut oil)�� 511
Oils (rapeseed oil)�� 511
Oils (sesame oil)�� 511
Oils (soybean oil)�� 511
Oils (sunflower oil) �� 511
Oils (vegetable oil)�� 511
Okra�� 511
Olives�� 512
Paste (bean paste) �� 512
Paste (curry paste)�� 512
Paste (fig paste) �� 512
Paste (hazelnut paste)�� 512
Paste (pipian paste)�� 512
Paste (red pepper paste)�� 512
Paste (sesame paste) �� 512
Paste (soybean paste) �� 512
Peas �� 512
Peas (chickpea)�� 512
Pekmez�� 512
Pickles�� 512
Pies�� 512
Pinhol�� 512
Pizza�� 513
Plant food supplements�� 513
Potatoes�� 513
Powder (cocoa powder)�� 513
Products �� 513
Products (almond product)�� 513
Products (apple flavor product)�� 513
Products (apple product)�� 513
Products (cassava product) �� 513
Products (cocoa product)�� 513
Products (coconut product)�� 513
Products (fruit product)�� 513
Products (ginger product) �� 513
Products (legume product) �� 513
Products (melon seed product)�� 513
Products (nut product)�� 513
lxii Contents
Products (peanut product)�� 513

Products (pistachio product)�� 513
Products (plant product) �� 513
Products (potato product) �� 514
Products (sesame product)�� 514
Products (soybean product)�� 514
Products (tobacco product)�� 514
Products (tomato product)�� 514
Pudding�� 514
Pulp (apple pulp)�� 514
Pulp (grape pulp)�� 514
Pulp (plum pulp)�� 514
Pulp (tomato pulp) �� 514
Puree �� 514
Raisins�� 514
Rootcrops �� 514
Salep�� 514
Sauces�� 514
Sauces (apple sauce) �� 514
Sauces (chilli sauce)�� 514
Sauces (chocolate sauce)�� 514
Sauces (flour sauce)�� 514
Sauces (leaf-sauce)�� 514
Sauces (peanut sauce)�� 514
Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce)�� 515
Sauces (pepper sauce)�� 515
Sauces (pepper- and barbecue sauce)�� 515
Sauces (soy sauce)�� 515
Sauces (tomato sauce)�� 515
Seeds �� 515
Seeds (bush mango) �� 515
Seeds (linseed)�� 515
Seeds (lupine)�� 515
Seeds (melon)�� 515
Seeds (pumpkin)�� 515
Seeds (sesame)�� 515
Seeds (sunflower)�� 515
Shea-nuts�� 515
Shiitake �� 516
Shiro�� 516
Snacks �� 516
Soups�� 516
Soy isoflavones�� 516
Spices�� 516
Spices (ammi)�� 516
Spices (anise) �� 516
Spices (basil)�� 516
Spices (black cumin)�� 516
Spices (caraway)�� 516
Spices (cardamom) �� 516
Spices (cassia)�� 516
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)�� 516
Spices (celery)�� 517
Spices (cinnamon)�� 517
Spices (coriander) �� 517
Contents lxiii
Spices (cumin)�� 517

Spices (curcuma)�� 517
Spices (curry)�� 517
Spices (fennel) �� 517
Spices (fenugreek)�� 517
Spices (garlic)�� 517
Spices (garlic/onion)�� 517
Spices (ginger)�� 517
Spices (laurel leave)�� 518
Spices (majoran) �� 518
Spices (masala)�� 518
Spices (mustard) �� 518
Spices (nutmeg)�� 518
Spices (onion)�� 518
Spices (oregano)�� 518
Spices (paprika)�� 518
Spices (pepper)�� 518
Spices (peppermint) �� 518
Spices (poppy seed)�� 518
Spices (prickly ash)�� 518
Spices (rosemary) �� 518
Spices (saffron)�� 518
Spices (star anise) �� 518
Spices (sumac)�� 518
Spices (tandoori)�� 518
Spices (thyme) �� 519
Starch (cassava starch) �� 519
Strawberries�� 519
Sugar �� 519
Sugar beets �� 519
Sugarcane �� 519
Sultanas�� 519
Sweet potatoes �� 519
Sweets �� 519
Tea �� 519
Tobacco�� 519
Toffees�� 519
Tofu �� 519
Tomato concentrate�� 519
Tomato ketchup�� 519
Tubers �� 519
Ugba�� 519
Vegetables�� 520
Vegetables (asparagus)�� 520
Vegetables (black radish) �� 520
Vegetables, dried �� 520
Vine fruits, dried �� 520
Vinegar �� 520
Vinegar (apple)�� 520
Vinegar (balsamico) �� 520
Vinegar (wine)�� 520
Wine�� 520
Wine (red)�� 520
Wine (rosé)�� 520
Wine (white)�� 520
lxiv Contents
Wine, miscellaneous �� 520

Yams�� 520
Mycotoxin Contamination in Conventional and Organic Farming�� 521
Articles dealing with the mycotoxin contamination of organic products�� 522
Literature�� 523
Numerical Bibliography�� 523
Alphabetical Bibliography �� 554
Abbreviations
15-AcDON 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
3-AcDON 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
3-NPA 3-Nitropropionic acid
AC Agroclavine
AFB1 Aflatoxin B1
AFB2 Aflatoxin B2
AFG1 Aflatoxin G1
AFG2 Aflatoxin G2
AFL-I Aflatoxicol I
AF/S Aflatoxin/s
ALT Altenuene
AME Alternariol methyl ether
AOH Alternariol
ATX-I Altertoxin I
AVE-Y Avenacein Y
BEA Beauvericin
BEN Balkan endemic nephropathy
BGY fluorescence Bright greenish-yellow fluorescence
CAOBISCO Association of the Chocolate, Biscuit and Confectionery Industries of the EU
CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation
CHAE Chaetoglobosin A
CIT Citrinin
CL-ELISA Chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
COL-ELISA Colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
CNV Chanoclavine
CPA Cyclopiazonic acid
DAS Diacetoxyscirpenol
DOCa Denominación de Origen Calificada
DON Deoxynivalenol
DPDON Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
EN Endemic nephropathy
ENA Enniatin A
ENA1 Enniatin A1
ENB Enniatin B
ENB1 Enniatin B1
ENB2 Enniatin B2
ENB3 Enniatin B3
EN/S Enniatin/s
EMOD Emodin
ESM Electronic sorting machine
EU European Union
EVENA Estación de Viticulture y Enología de Navarra
FA Fusaric acid
FB1 Fumonisin B1
lxv
lxvi Abbreviations
Iso-FB1 Iso-fumonisin B1
FB2 Fumonisin B2
Iso-FB2,3 Iso-fumonisin B2,3
FB3 Fumonisin B3
3-epi-FB3 3-Epi-fumonisin B3
FB4 Fumonisin B4
3-epi-FB4 3-Epi-fumonisin B4
FB5 Fumonisin B5
Iso-FB5 Iso-fumonisin B5
FB/S Fumonisin/s
FDA US Food and Drug Administration
FP Fusaproliferin
FUS-X Fusarenon-X
GLI Gliotoxin
GRIS Griseofulvin
HACCP Hazard analysis and critical control points
HCC Human hepatocellular carcinoma
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
HT-2 HT-2 toxin
KA Kojic acid
KSU Kahramanmaras Sutcu Iman University
LOD Limit of detection
LOQ Limit of quantification
MA Mycophenolic acid
MAS Monoacetoxyscirpenol
MeOTA Methylochratoxin A
MeOTB Methylochratoxin B
MON Moniliformin
NEO Neosolaniol
NIV Nivalenol
NSW New South Wales
NWFP North-West Frontier Province
OTA Ochratoxin A
OTB Ochratoxin B
PA Penicillic acid
PAT Patulin
PEA Penitrem A
pr Present
QbA Quality wine produced in specified regions
RBT Rubratoxin
ROQ-C Roquefortine C
ROR Roridin A
sa Sample/s
SCIRP Scirpentriol
STG Sterigmatocystin
STO Scirpentriol
SUL Sulochrin
T-2 T-2 toxin
T-2TET T-2 tetraol
T-2TRI T-2 triol
TA Tenuazonic acid
TCM Traditional Chinese medicine
TEN Tentoxin
TLC Thin-layer chromatography
TRFIA Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay
Abbreviations lxvii
VER Verruculogen
VIOM Viomellein
WHO World Health Organization
ZEA Zearalenone
ZEAA Zearalanone
ZEAOL Zearalenol
ɑ-ZEL ɑ-Zearalenol
ß-ZEL ß-Zearalenol
Mycotoxin Contamination of Plants and Plant Products
(Except Cereals and Cereal Products)
Alcoholic drink see Drinks (alcoholic drink) incidence: 9*/100, conc. range: ≤45,000 μg/l, sample origin: cider
mills, USA, sample year: 1971, country: USA40, *5 organic apple
Almond paste see Marzipan (almond paste) ciders contained ≤45,000 μg/l and 4 conventional apple ciders
contained ≤25,000 μg/l
Almonds see Nuts (almond) • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Ammi see Spices (ammi) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article40: not reported
Amontillado see Wine (white)
incidence: 55/324*, conc. range: 4.8–329.8 μg/l, sample origin:
Anise see Spices (anise) cider mills and retail establishments, Michigan (state), USA,
sample year: fall seasons in 2002–2004, country: USA41, *food
Aperitif see Wine, miscellaneous safety control measures: none
incidence: 27/95*, conc. range: 4.6–467.4 μg/l, sample origin: cider
Apple see Fruits (apple) mills and retail establishments, Michigan (state), USA, sample
year: fall seasons in 2002–2004, country: USA41, *food safety
Apple cider may contain the following mycotoxins: control measures: thermal pasteurization
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 10/74*, conc. range: 5.5–59.1 μg/l, sample origin: cider
mills and retail establishments, Michigan (state), USA, sample
Patulin year: fall seasons in 2002–2004, country: USA41, *food safety
incidence: 1/2, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local supermarkets control measures: UV light radiation
or organic food shops, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Portugal27 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: not reported than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article41: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature41
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ For detailed information see the article.
article27: Baby food, Fruits (apple), Fruits (quince), Jam (quince
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 12.3–48.3 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 30.3 μg/l,
jam), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature27
sample origin: Czech retail market, Czech Republic, sample year:
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 5–10 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 7.5 μg/l, sample unknown, country: Czech Republic911
origin: retail outlets in Cape Town (city), South Africa, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: 1996–1998, country: South Africa37, *apple cider, alcoholic • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article911: Baby food, Fruit salad, Fruits (apple), Fruits (pear),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), Pulp (apple pulp), PAT,
article37: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Products (apple product), literature911
PAT, literature37
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: tr (1sa.), LOQ-2.8 μg/l (1 sa.), sample Apple concentrate see Juices (apple concentrate)
origin: supermarkets and handicraft producers, Belgium, sample
year: 2001, country: Belgium38 Apple flavor products see Products (apple flavor product)
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 6.1 μg/l, sample origin: imports from France,
Apple juice see Juices (apple juice)
Germany, and Switzerland purchased in supermarkets, Belgium,
sample year: 2001, country: Belgium38 Apple juice concentrate see Juices (apple concentrate)
• Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Apple leather may contain the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article38: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature38 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 244–3,993 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1,902 μg/l, Patulin
sample origin: roadside stands or directly from producers, middle incidence: 35/35, conc. range: <10–2,559 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 620 μg/kg,
and north Georgia (state), USA, sample year: unknown, country: sample origin: retail markets, Iran, sample year: 2010/2011, country:
USA39, *apple cider, pasteurized Iran795
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article39: not reported article795: not reported
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 1

M. Weidenbörner, Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92850-0_1
2 1 Mycotoxin Contamination of Plants and Plant Products (Except Cereals and Cereal Products)
Apple marmalade see Marmalade (apple marmalade) article88: Baby food, AFM1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits, OTA,
literature88; Flour, AFB1 and OTA, literature88
Apple products see Products (apple product) incidence: 0/4* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June
Apple puree see Puree 2007, country: Portugal/Netherlands88, *conventional, **sa.
consisted of milk and one or more ingredient(s) (vegetable or
Apple rings may contain the following mycotoxins:
vegetal fish oils in each sa.)
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins • Co-contamination: not reported
Patulin than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: ~10 μg/kg, sample origin: industrial article88: Baby food, AFM1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits, OTA,
sa., South Africa, sample year: unknown, country: South Africa51, literature88; Flour, AFB1 and OTA, literature88
*apple rings, dried For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 181.6–4,806 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2,494 μg/l,
sample origin: locally-made and from markets in Ibadan (city),
Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria105, *weaning
food
Apricot kernels see Kernels (apricot) • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
Apricots see Fruits, dried • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present
Apulian Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) book/article105: Baby food, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1,
wines see Wine (red) literature105
For detailed information see the article (authors emphasized that
Areca nuts see Betel nuts and Medicinal plants there was an extremely high AFS-conc. in the pos. sa.).
Aflatoxin B2
Aromatic herbs see Herbs and Medicinal plants
incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: 103–8,290 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2,311 μg/l,
Asparagus see Vegetables (asparagus) sample origin: locally made and from markets in Ibadan (city),
Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria105, *weaning food
Asure may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
AFM1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG2, and AFM1; 1 sa.
Aspergillus Toxins co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 2/4, conc. range: ≤1.773 μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries
article105: Baby food, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1, literature105
and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119,
*AFS total
there was an extremely high AFS-conc. in the pos. sa.).
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Aflatoxin G1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 144 μg/l, sample origin: locally made and
article119: Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello, Keskul, from markets in Ibadan (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups, country: Nigeria105, *weaning food
AF/S, literature119 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
Asure is a Turkish dessert. Ingredients were sugar, potato starch, AFM1
dehydrated beans, chickpeas, dried grapes, and currants. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
“Auslese” see Wine article105: Baby food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and AFM1, literature105
Baby food may contain the following mycotoxins: there was an extremely high AFS-conc. in the pos. sa.).
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin G2
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 1,169–1,699 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1,434 μg/l,
incidence: 1/3* **, conc.: 0.003 μg/kg, sample origin: organic sample origin: locally made and from markets in Ibadan (city),
product retail outlets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria105, *weaning food
May/June 2007, country: Portugal/Netherlands88, *organic, **sa. • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG2, and
consisted of soy proteins or milk and vegetable oils AFM1
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cereals and their products reported in the present book/article105:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Baby food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1, literature105
Baby food 3
For detailed information see the article (authors emphasized that For detailed information see the article (authors emphasized that
there was an extremely high AFS-conc. in the pos. sa.). there was an extremely high AFS-conc. in the pos. sa.).
Aflatoxin M1 Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 2/3* **, conc. range: 0.007–0.011 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 1/17*, conc.: 19.0 µg/kg**, sample origin: retailers,
0.009 μg/kg, sample origin: organic product retail outlets in factories, and stores, Libya, sample year: unknown, country: UK/
Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June 2007, country: Libya663, *cereal with nuts, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Portugal/Netherlands88, *organic, **sa. consisted of soy proteins incidence: 1/24*, conc.: 70.1 µg/kg**, sample origin: retailers,
or milk and vegetable oils factories, and stores, Libya, sample year: unknown, country: UK/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFM1 and OTA; Libya663, *cereal with milk, vegetable, and fruits, **AFB1, AFB2,
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFM1 AFG1, and AFG2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article88: Baby food, Flour, AFB1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, literature88 article663: not reported
incidence: 4/4* **, conc. range: 0.005–0.041 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: For detailed information see the article.
0.017 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Lisbon (capital),
Portugal, sample year: May/June 2007, country: Portugal/
Netherlands88, *conventional, **sa. consisted of milk and one or Ochratoxin A
more ingredient(s) (vegetable or vegetal fish oils in each sa.) incidence: 2/3* **, conc. range: 0.011–0.136 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
• Co-contamination: not reported 0.074 μg/kg, sample origin: organic product retail outlets in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June 2007, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Portugal/Netherlands88, *organic, **sa. consisted of soy proteins
article88: Baby food, Flour, AFB1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits, or milk and vegetable oils
OTA, literature88 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFM1 and OTA;
For detailed information see the article. 1 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.016 μg/kg or μg/l, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supermarkets and drug stores in Corum (city), Turkey, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: January/February 2011, country: Turkey89, *infant formula article88: Baby food, AFB1 and AFM1, literature88; Biscuits, OTA,
(for infants aged up to 4–6 months) literature88; Flour, AFB1 and OTA, literature88
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/4* **, conc.: 0.135 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June 2007, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Portugal/Netherlands88, *conventional, **sa. consisted of milk and
article89: Baby food, OTA, literature89 one or more ingredient(s) (vegetable or vegetal fish oils in each sa.)
incidence: 2/36*, conc. range: 0.016–0.020 μg/kg or μg/l, ∅ conc.: • Co-contamination: not reported
0.018 μg/kg or μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and drug stores in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Corum (city), Turkey, sample year: January/February 2011, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Turkey89, *follow-on formula (for infants aged from 6 months) article88: Baby food, AFB1 and AFM1, literature88; Biscuits, OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature88; Flour, AFB1 and OTA, literature88
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
article89: Baby food, OTA, literature89 supermarkets and drug stores in Corum (city), Turkey, sample
incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: 0.017–0.022 μg/kg or μg/l, ∅ conc.: year: January/February 2011, country: Turkey89, *infant formula
0.020 μg/kg or μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and drug stores in (for infants aged up to 4–6 months)
Corum (city), Turkey, sample year: January/February 2011, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Turkey89, *toddler formula (for young children aged 12–36 months) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFM1 and OTA; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFM1 article89: Baby food, AFM1, literature89
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/36*, conc. range: 0.017–0.029 μg/kg or μg/l, ∅ conc.:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 0.023 μg/kg or μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and drug stores in
article89: Baby food, OTA, literature89 Corum (city), Turkey, sample year: January/February 2011, country:
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 4.6–530 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 221 μg/l, sample Turkey89, *follow-on formula (for infants aged from 6 months)
origin: locally made and from markets in Ibadan (city), Nigeria, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria105, *weaning food • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFM1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG2, and AFM1 article89: Baby food, AFM1, literature89
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 10/20*, conc. range: 0.024–0.184 μg/kg or μg/l, ∅ conc.:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 0.119 μg/kg or μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and drug stores
article105: Baby food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature105 in Corum (city), Turkey, sample year: January/February 2011,
country: Turkey89, *toddler formula (for young children aged community), Spain, sample year: June/July 2008, country: Spain42,
12–36 months) *multifruit compote
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFM1 and OTA; • Co-contamination: not reported
9 sa. contaminated solely with OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article42: Juices (apple juice), Products (apple products), PAT,
article89: Baby food, AFM1, literature89 literature42
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.01 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 10 μg/kg**, sample origin: unknown,
fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: September/ sample year: November 1993, country: UK107, *baby apple and
October 2008, country: Canada90, *formulas, soy-based orange juices/drinks, **apple and blackcurrant drink
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and • Co-contamination: not reported
fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year: September/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
October 2009, country: Canada90, *formulas, soy-based cereals and their products reported in the present book/article107:
• Co-contamination: not reported not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 4–6.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.10 μg/kg, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ origin: Greek market, Greece, sample year: October 2004–June 2006,
article90: Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), Candies, country: Greece108, *baby fruit juice containing apple pulp
Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza, • Co-contamination: not reported
Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 63/97, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (60 sa.), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
≤2.13 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995– article108: Drinks (apple drink), Juices, Juices (apple concen-
1998, country: EU698 trate), Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot concentrate), Juices
(orange juice), Juices (pineapple concentrate), Juices (rosehip
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: <5 μg/kg (6 sa.), sample origin:
juice), PAT, literature108
Ireland, sample year: 1999, country: EU698
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 78/120* **, conc. range: 3–6 μg/kg (37 sa.), 6–8 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (15 sa.), 8–9 μg/kg (26 sa.), ∅ conc.: 6.28 μg/kg, sample origin: Italian
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- supermarkets, Italy, sample year: 2008/2009, country: Italy109,
cle698: Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, *homogenized fruit-based (60 apple tastes and 60 mixed tastes sa.)
Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape juice), baby food products, **80 conventional and 40 organic sa.
Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas (chickpea), • Co-contamination: not reported
Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices (cayenne • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), article109: not reported
Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 incidence: 15/30*, conc. range: ≤67.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
supermarkets and stores in Changchun (city), China, sample year:
Patulin 2009, country: China890, *baby food made from apple products
incidence: 1*/2, conc.: 9.1 μg/kg**, sample origin: local • Co-contamination: not reported
supermarkets or organic food shops in Porto (city), Portugal, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: unknown, country: Portugal27, *75 and 100%**apple- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
based (100%) baby food article890: Juices, Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice),
• Co-contamination: not reported PAT, literature890
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 7/25, conc. range: ≤165 μg/l sample origin: major
article27: Apple cider, Fruits (apple), Fruits (quince), Jam supermarkets and stores, Tunisia, sample year: 2011?, country:
(quince jam), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature27 Tunisia895, *baby food made from apple products
incidence: 3/12*, conc. range: 6.25–10 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
9.2 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 7.5 μg/kg, sample origin: hypermarkets and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarkets in 12 main cities, Catalonia (autonomous article895: Juices, Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature895
community), Spain, sample year: June/July 2008, country: Spain42,
*apple juice incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 2.1–5.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.6 μg/kg,
sample origin: Czech retail market, Czech Republic, sample year:
incidence: 15/36*, conc. range: 6.25–10 μg/kg (15 sa., maximum: unknown, country: Czech Republic911, *apple-based baby food
9.6 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 7.4 μg/kg, sample origin: hypermarkets and • Co-contamination: not reported
supermarkets in 12 main cities, Catalonia (autonomous • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
community), Spain, sample year: June/July 2008, country: Spain42, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article911:
*apple compote Apple cider, Fruit salad, Fruits (apple), Fruits (pear), Juices
incidence: 24/76*, conc. range: 6.25–10 μg/kg (24 sa., maximum: (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), Pulp (apple pulp), PAT,
8.6 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 6.9 μg/kg, sample origin: hypermarkets and literature911
supermarkets in 12 main cities, Catalonia (autonomous see also Biscuits, Flour and Butter (peanut butter)
Beans 5
Barbera see Wine (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cay-
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices
Bars may contain the following mycotoxins: (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut,
paranut), AFB1, literature277
Aspergillus Toxins
Fusarium Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 4/41*, conc. range: 0.1–4.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, Type B Trichothecenes
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2008–2010,
country: New Zealand277, *snack bars Deoxynivalenol
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: available in New
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand277, *snack bars
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: not reported
article277: Bars, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter
and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts
(pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cay- (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cay-
paranut), AFB1, literature277 enne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut,
Aflatoxin/s paranut), AFB1, literature277
incidence: 4/41*, conc. range: 0.2–7.7 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.1 μg/kg**,
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2008–2010, Nivalenol
country: New Zealand277, *snack bars, **AFS total incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: available in New
• Co-contamination: not reported Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand277, *snack bars
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
article277: Bars, AFB1, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter cereals and their products reported in the present book/article277:
(peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, and OTA, literature277; Butter (peanut but-
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 ter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts
and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, litera-
(pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cay- ture277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits,
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and
paranut), AFB1, literature277 OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Bean curd see Curd (bean curd)
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 40/47*, conc. range: ≤3.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
Beans may contain the following mycotoxins:
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Aspergillus Toxins
Kiel, Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany262, *nut bars Aflatoxin B1
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 4?/381*, conc. range: 1.4–254 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *beans for
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ bean jam
article262: Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs, Fruits, • Co-contamination: not reported
dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Powder • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(cocoa powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (ses- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ame), Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262 article97: Beans, AFB2, literature97; Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1
and AFB2, literature97; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil),
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 0.21–0.30 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.255 μg/kg,
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices (nut-
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2011,
meg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97
country: New Zealand277, *snack bars
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 4?/293*, conc. range: 4.7–52.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 17.9 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: imports from Myanmar, commercially available
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan,
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, and NIV, literature277; Butter sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99, *beans for bean jam
(peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article99: Beans, AFB2, literature99; Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 incidence: 1/231*, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: commercial sources
and AFB2, literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: November 1977–June 1982,
paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pea- country: Japan129, *small red beans as raw material for bean jam
nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99 article129: Beans, AFB1, literature129; Beans (butter beans), Beans
incidence: 2/145, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, (kidney bean), Beans (saltani saltapya bean), AFB1 and AFB2,
sample year: 1990–1996, country: Cuba126 literature129; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture129; see also Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Aflatoxin G1
article126: Beans (soybean), Cocoa beans, Nuts (peanut), Peas, incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: 20**–50*** μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 35 μg/kg,
AFB1, literature126 sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand,
incidence: 1/231*, conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: commercial sources sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133, *different
in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: November 1977–June 1982, kinds of beans, **lantao bean, ***fava bean
country: Japan129, *small red beans as raw material for bean jam • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article133: Beans (soybean), Curd (bean curd), Nuts (peanut),
article129: Beans, AFB2, literature129; Beans (butter beans), Beans Sauces (soy sauce), AFB1 and AFG1, literature133
(kidney bean), Beans (saltani saltapya bean), AFB1 and AFB2,
literature129; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1, litera- Aflatoxin/s
ture129; see also Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further incidence: 233/416*, Ø conc.: 19.1 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country:
Philippines1, *bean and bean products, **AFS of pos sa.?
sample origin: Mashhad (city), Khorasan (historical region), Iran,
sample year: unknown, country: Iran131
article1: Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee, Drinks
(alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Products
(coconut product), Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
article131: Beans, OTA, literature131
Sweet potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 2/29, conc. range: >30–≤86 μg/kg*, sample origin:
incidence: 4?/381*, conc. range: 1.2–8.5 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in or near Manila (capital), Philippines, sample year:
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *beans for 1967–1969, country: USA134, *AF
bean jam • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: not reported • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanuts), Products (coconut prod-
book/article97: Beans, AFB1, literature97; Jam (bean jam), uct), Products (peanut product), Tubers, AF/S, literature134
Spices (AFB1 and AFB2), literature97; Butter (peanut butter), incidence: 10/160, ∅ conc.: 34.4 μg/kg*, sample origin: Highveld,
Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, lit- Middleveld, Lowveld, and Lubombo Region, Swaziland, sample
erature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, year: July 1982–June 1983, country: South Africa/France/Kenya/
literature97 Netherlands135, *AFS total
incidence: 4?/293*, conc. range: 0.4–1.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: imports from Myanmar, commercially available • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99, *beans for bean jam article135: Beans (cowpea), Beans (soybean), Nuts (peanut),
• Co-contamination: not reported AF/S, literature135
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 46/64, conc. range: 1–100 μg/kg* (30 sa.), 100–1,000 μg/kg*
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (11 sa.), >1,000 μg/kg* (5 sa.), sample origin: natives homes and
article99: Beans, AFB1, literature99; Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 markets, Uganda, sample year: September 1966–June 1967,
and AFB2, literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut country: Uganda/USA137, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts • Co-contamination: 15 sa. contained AFB1, 42 sa. contained
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFB2, 11 sa. contained AFG1, 1 sa. contained AFG2
AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99 article137: Cassava, Nuts (peanut), Peas, AF/S, literature137
Beans 7
incidence: 10/322*, conc. range: ≤1,620 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 213 μg/kg**, incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and supermarkets and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada,
distributors, Thailand, sample year: September 1967–July 1969, sample year: September/October 2009, country: Canada90, *beans,
country: Thailand139, *Phaseolus aureus Roxb., **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, baked and canned as well as beans, string
and AFG2 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: not reported • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- article90: Baby food, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter),
cle139: Beans (mung bean), Food, Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sesame), Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (garlic/onion), Starch Pies, Pizza, Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA,
(cassava starch), Vegetables, AF/S, literature139 literature90
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 5/30*, conc. range: 0.23–0.39 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.29 μg/kg,
incidence: 4/79, conc. range: >6.8–10 μg/kg* (2 sa.), −15 μg/kg* sample origin: Mashhad (city), Khorasan (historical region), Iran,
(2 sa.), sample origin: different Ecuadorian regions, Ecuador, sample year: unknown, country: Iran131
sample year: April 1992–October 1994, country: Switzerland140, • Co-contamination: not reported
*AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article131: Beans, AFB1, literature131
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/28, conc. range: 0.7–19.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10 μg/kg,
article140: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature140 sample origin: individual households in BEN control area, Bulgaria,
incidence: 38/51*, conc. range: 0.025–0.42 μg/kg**, sample origin: sample year: harvest 1981–February/March 1982, country: Bulgaria/
different households from employees of the University of São France141
Paulo at Pirassununga (municipality), Brazil, sample year: June incidence: 4/24, conc. range: 4.8–33.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
2011–March 2012, country: Brazil752, *in natura, **AFB1, AFB2, individual households in BEN area, Bulgaria, sample year: harvest
AFG1, and AFG2 1981–February/March 1982, country: Bulgaria/France141
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases incidence: 4/42, conc. range: 12.0–22.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.7 μg/kg,
and donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: sample origin: markets or farmers, Egypt, sample year: unknown,
December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, country: Egypt142
*Phaseolus vulgaris L. • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus article142: Coffee beans, OTA, literature142
vulgaris L. incidence: 1*/50, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 0.2–6.2 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.4 μg/kg**, across UK, sample year: August 1996, country: UK143, *beans,
sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, baked (cut and normal price)
sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/ • Co-contamination: not reported
Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus vulgaris L. , **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/0, conc.: no sa. analyzed, sample origin: purchases than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005, article143: Legumes, Powder (cocoa powder), Wine (red), OTA,
country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 literature143
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 17/45*, conc. range: 0.25–0.92 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.41 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: farmers in 13 counties, Croatia, sample year: fall
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2001, country: Croatia145, *Phaseolus vulgaris L.
article804: Beans, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans (soy- • Co-contamination: not reported
bean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature804 article145: not reported
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 1/12, conc. range: ≤107 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
Ochratoxin A Republic811
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.01–0.53 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
supermarkets and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: September/October 2008, country: Canada90, *beans, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
baked and canned as well as beans, string article811: Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs and
Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products Type B Trichothecenes

(ginger product), Raisins, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
Deoxynivalenol
Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices
incidence: 5/22*, conc. range: 2–160 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 42.8 μg/kg,
(mustard), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper),
sample origin: individual household storage in EN region, Croatia,
Tea, Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811
sample year: unknown, country: Croatia/Japan149, *ncac
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 3.7 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, China, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV;
sample year: unknown, country: China853 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and ZEA; 3 sa. contaminated
• Co-contamination: not reported solely with DON
article853: Oils (maize oil), AFB1, AFB2, and ZEA, literature853; article149: Beans, NIV and ZEA, literature149
Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and AFB2, literature853
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases
Penicillic Acid and donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year:
incidence: 5/20*, conc. range: 11–179 μg/kg, sample origin: North December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804,
Central States, USA, sample year: spring 1973, country: USA102, *Phaseolus vulgaris L.
*beans, dried incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 24 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and
• Co-contamination: not reported donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ vulgaris L.
incidence: 6/10*, conc. range: 13–35 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 26 μg/kg,
Fusarium Toxins sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city),
Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country:
Fumonisin/s South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Fumonisin B1 incidence: 0/0, conc.: no sa. analyzed, sample origin: purchases
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 746 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005,
donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: December country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
vulgaris L. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December article804: Beans, AF/S, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans (soy-
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus bean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON, and
vulgaris L. ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and
ZEA, literature804
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 28–1,350.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 690 μg/kg,
sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city), Nivalenol
Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country: incidence: 1/22*, conc.: 24 μg/kg, sample origin: individual
South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus vulgaris L. household storage in EN region, Croatia, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 0/0, conc.: no sa. analyzed, sample origin: purchases country: Croatia/Japan149, *ncac
and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV
country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article149: Beans, DON and ZEA, literature149
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article804:
Beans, AF/S, DON, and ZEA, literature804; Beans (soybean), AF/S, Other Fusarium Toxins
DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON, and ZEA, litera- Zearalenone
ture804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and ZEA, incidence: 1/22*, conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample origin: individual
literature804 household storage in EN region, Croatia, sample year: unknown,
country: Croatia/Japan149, *ncac
Type A Trichothecenes
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and ZEA
T-2 Toxin • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 1,500–1,900 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,700 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg, sample origin: market in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample article149: Beans, DON and NIV, literature149
year: unknown, country: Turkey150, *beans, dried incidence: 1/5, conc.: 7 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
article150: Lentils, Peas (chickpea), T-2, literature150 than cereals and their products reported in the present
Beans (broad bean) 9
book/article151: Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, Fusarium Toxins

T-2, and ZEA, literature151; Products (potato product), DAS,
HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), Type A Trichothecenes
HT-2 and ZEA, literature151; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), HT-2 Toxin
ZEA, literature151 incidence: 2/15, conc. range: 21.1–22.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 21.7 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 57 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and sample origin: Jinju, Masan, and Sancheon/Samcheon-po (cities)
donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: December in Gosung and Ham-an (counties), Gyeongnam (province), South
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus Korea, sample year: unknown country: South Korea/Tanzania762
vulgaris L. • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus article762: Beans (black beans), T-2, literature762
vulgaris L.
T-2 Toxin
incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 27–81 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 39 μg/kg, incidence: 4/15, conc. range: 10–100 μg/kg (3 sa.), 199.3 μg/kg
sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city), (1 sa.), sample origin: Jinju, Masan, and Sancheon/Samcheon-
Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country: po (cities) in Gosung and Ham-an (counties), Gyeongnam
South Africa/Bulgaria804, *Phaseolus vulgaris L. (province), South Korea, sample year: unknown country: South
incidence: 0/0, conc.: no sa. analyzed, sample origin: purchases Korea/Tanzania762
and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article762: Beans (black beans), HT-2, literature762
article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Beans (soy- Beans (broad bean) may contain the following mycotoxins:
bean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON, and
Aspergillus Toxins
ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and
ZEA, literature804 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/30* **, conc.: 125.0 μg/kg, sample origin: different
Beans (black bean) may contain the following storage facilities, Egypt, sample year: November 1978–April 1979,
mycotoxins: country: Egypt4, *faba beans, **sa. moldy with mechanical or
Aspergillus Toxins insect damage
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
Aflatoxin/s • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 6–20 μg/kg** (4 sa., maximum: 20 μg/kg**), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: silos, homes, and small shops in different villages article4: Beans (broad bean), AFB2, literature4; Lentils, Nuts
on the southern coast, Guatemala, sample year: 1976, country: (almond), AFB1, literature4; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Guatemala136, *sa. stored for 6 months during dry season, **AFB1, and AFG2, literature4
AFB2, and AFG1 incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 1.7 μg/kg**, sample origin: Alexandria,
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 6–20 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 30 μg/kg** Luxor (cities), and Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown,
(1 sa.), sample origin: silos, homes, and small shops in different country: Egypt/USA127, *3 sa. freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for
villages on the southern coast, Guatemala, sample year: 1976, 12 months, **stored sa.
country: Guatemala136, *sa. collected within 20 days after • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
harvest (June) middle of the rainy season, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article127: Beans (broad bean), AFB2, literature127; Lentils, AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature127; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature127; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (fenugreek), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature127
article136: Coffee, Seeds (sesame), AFB1, literature136
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/17*, conc.: 22 μg/kg**, sample origin: storage facilities, incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 12.5 µg/kg**, sample origin: different
silos sacks, small shops, and fields in zones with different climatic storage facilities, Egypt, sample year: November 1978–April 1979,
conditions, Guatemala, sample year: 1975/1976–?, country: country: Egypt4, *faba beans, **sa. moldy with mechanical or
Guatemala138, *sa. collected at the end of rainy season, **AFB1, insect damage
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Beans (broad bean), Lentils, Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature4;
article138: Coffee beans, Nuts (peanuts), AF/S, literature138 Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature4
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 1.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: Alexandria, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Luxor (cities), and Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Egypt/USA127, *3 sa. freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), AFB1, literature129; Beans
12 months, **stored sa. (kidney bean), Beans (saltani saltapya bean), AFB1 and AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 literature129; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture129; see also Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article127: Beans (broad bean), Lentils, AFB1, literature127; Nuts
(peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature127; Spices (fenugreek), Beans (cowpea) may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature127
Aspergillus Toxins
Beans (brown bean) may contain the following mycotoxins: Aflatoxin B1
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 5/16, conc. range: 26–68 μg/kg, sample origin: villages
of Khagaria and Saharsa (districts) of North Bihar (state), India,
Ochratoxin A sample year: August–October 1987, country: India128
incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 0.1–5 μg/kg, sample origin: ethnic • Co-contamination: not reported
stores, health-food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
in the four largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996– than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
summer 1998, country: Sweden13 article128: Beans (mung bean), Field mustard, Lentils, Seeds
• Co-contamination: not reported (linseed), Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature128
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 6/92*, conc. range: 0.40–8.04 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.58 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: farmer stocks in Forest Mosaic Savannah, Southern
article13: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond), Guinea Savannah, Northern Guinea Savannah, and Sudan
AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio Savannah, Benin, sample year: July 2005–September 2006,
nut), Oil seeds, Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S, lit- country: Benin/Ghana/Denmark324, *collected after 3 months of
erature13; Peas, Peas (chickpea), OTA, literature13 storage
incidence: 4/31, conc. range: 10–442 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 124 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: retail outlets, Sweden, sample year: 1976, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Sweden144 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/22, conc. range: 139–277 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 208 μg/kg, article324: Beans (cowpea), FB1, literature324
sample origin: retail outlets, Sweden, sample year: 1977, country: For detailed information see the article.
Sweden144 Aflatoxin/s
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 7/101, ∅ conc.: 14.1 μg/kg*, sample origin: Highveld,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Middleveld, Lowveld, and Lumbobo Region, Swaziland, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: July 1982–June 1983, country: South Africa/France/Kenya/
article144: Peas, OTA, PA, and ZEA, literature144 Netherlands135, *AFS total
Beans (butter bean) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aspergillus Toxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article135: Beans, Beans (soybean), Nuts (peanut), AF/S,
Aflatoxin B1 literature135
incidence: 4/20*, conc. range: 45–112 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 75.8 μg/kg**,
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample
sample origin: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,
year: November 1977–June 1982, country: Japan129, *raw material
Ibadan (city), Nigeria and Egyptian Agricultural Organization,
for bean jam
Egypt, sample year: 1987/1988, country: Egypt325, *ncac, **AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Beans, Beans (butter beans), AFB2, literature129; Beans (kidney
bean), Beans (saltani saltapya bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature129;
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1, literature129; see also
Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 1.8–2.6 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 2.2 μg/kg*,
Metabolites sample origin: retail shops and local markets, Pakistan, sample
year: January–November 2009, country: Pakistan782, *AFB1, AFB2,
Aflatoxin B2 AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 5/99*, conc. range: 0.7–2.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.24 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: November 1977–June 1982, country: Japan129, *raw than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
material for bean jam article782: Beans (kidney bean), Beans (soybean), Peas, Peas
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 (chickpea), AF/S, literature782
Beans (kidney bean) 11
Fusarium Toxins • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,

and AFG2
Fumonisin/s • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Fumonisin B1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 3/92*, conc. range: 10–68 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 30 μg/kg, article130: Beans (kidney bean), AFG1 and AFG2, literature130;
sample origin: farmer stocks in Forest Mosaic Savannah, Southern Beans (pinto bean), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature130;
Guinea Savannah, Northern Guinea Savannah, and Sudan Flour (cassava flour), OTA, literature130
Savannah, Benin, sample year: July 2005–September 2006, country: incidence: 6/20*, conc. range: 3.6–21.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.93 μg/kg,
Benin/Ghana/Denmark324, *collected at harvest sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai (city)
• Co-contamination: not reported areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country: China/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other USA132, *red beans, dried
article324: Beans (cowpea), AFB1, literature324 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
For detailed information see the article. cereals and their products reported in the present book/article132:
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 120–610 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 255 μg/kg, Butter (peanut butter), Curd (bean curd), Nuts (peanut), Oils
sample origin: Agricultural Research Council—Grain Crops (rapeseed oil), Oils (soybean oil), Paste (bean paste), Sauces (soy
Institute in Potchefstroom (city), South Africa, sample year: sauce), Tofu, Wine, miscellaneous, AFB1, literature132
unknown, country: South Africa326, *ncac
Aflatoxin B2
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan,
sample year: November 1977–June 1982, country: Japan129, *raw
material for bean jam (red beans)
Beans (green bean) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), Beans (saltani saltapya
Ochratoxin A bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; Beans (kidney bean), AFB1,
incidence: 3/11, conc. range: 0.14–0.76 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.45 literature129; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1, litera-
μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops ture129; see also Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
across Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Japan146
• Co-contamination: not reported Aflatoxin G1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 31 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores including
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ large supermarkets and small neighborhood grocery shops in
article146: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, Campinas (municipality), Brazil, sample year: May 1985-June 1986,
literature146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146; Coffee, country: Brazil , *Mulatinho beans, dried
130
Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature 146 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
and AFG2
Beans (kidney bean) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aspergillus Toxins Beans (kidney bean), AFB1 and AFG2, literature130; Beans (pinto
bean), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature130; Flour (cassava
Aflatoxin B1
flour), OTA, literature130
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan, Aflatoxin G2
sample year: November 1977–June 1982, country: Japan129, *raw incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores
material for bean jam (red beans) including large supermarkets and small neighborhood grocery
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and shops in Campinas (municipality), Brazil, sample year: May 1985–
AFB2 June 1986, country: Brazil130, *Mulatinho beans, dried
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2
article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), Beans (saltani saltapya • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; Beans (kidney bean), AFB2, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
literature129; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1, litera- cle130: Beans (kidney bean), AFB1 and AFG1, literature130; Beans
ture129; see also Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further (pinto bean), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature130; Flour
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites (cassava flour), OTA, literature130
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 52 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores including
Aflatoxin/s
large supermarkets and small neighborhood grocery shops in
Campinas (municipality), Brazil, sample year: May 1985–June 1986,
sample origin: retail shops and local markets, Pakistan, sample
country: Brazil , *Mulatinho beans, dried
130
year: January–November 2009, country: Pakistan782, *red kidney Beans (mung bean) may contain the following mycotoxins:
beans, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported Aspergillus Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Aflatoxin B1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 15/25, conc. range: tr-2,800 μg/kg, sample origin:
article782: Beans (cowpea), Beans (soybean), Peas, Peas (chick- storage centers in Bhagalpur (city) and adjoining areas, India,
pea), AF/S, literature782 sample year: unknown, country: India125
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
Ochratoxin A • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 4.64 μg/kg**, sample origin: stores, Taiwan, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan/Russia147, *red kidney article125: Beans (mung bean), AFB2, literature125
bean, **CL-ELISA incidence: 14/27, conc. range: 21–100 μg/kg (4 sa.), 101–500 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (7 sa.), 501–1,000 μg/kg (1 sa.), >1,000 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 1,040 μg/kg), sample origin: villages of Khagaria and Saharsa
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (districts) of North Bihar (state), India, sample year: August–
article147: Berries (grape), Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature147 October 1987, country: India128
Beans (locust bean) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle128: Beans (cowpea), Field mustard, Lentils, Seeds (linseed),
3-Nitropropionic Acid Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature128
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 5,500.5 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in
incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 1.6–1.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.65 μg/kg,
Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest Nigeria, sample year:
sample origin: cultivated in Indonesia, Myanmar, and Taiwan
March 2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/Austria/Ireland361
purchased in Taiwanese stores, Taiwan, sample year: unknown,
country: Taiwan/Russia893
article361: Beans (locust bean), BEA and CIT, literature361; Iru,
CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, BEA, CIT,
and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, BEA,
and STG, literature361 Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/25, conc.: pr, sample origin: storage centers in
Citrinin
Bhagalpur (city) and adjoining areas, India, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 0.9–6.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.7 μg/kg, sample
country: India125
origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest
Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/
Austria/Ireland361
article125: Beans (mung bean), AFB1, literature125
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Aflatoxin/s
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA and BEA, literature361; incidence: 7/140, conc. range: ≤112 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 16 μg/kg*,
Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, BEA, sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and
CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, distributors, Hong Kong (British colony) and Thailand, sample
BEA, and STG, literature361 year: September 1967–July 1969, country: Thailand139, *AFB1, AFB2,
Fusarium Toxins AFG1, and AFG2
Depsipeptides • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Beauvericin
article139: Beans, Food, Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sesame), Spices
incidence: 6/9, conc. range: 0.12–29.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6 μg/kg,
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (garlic/onion), Starch (cassava
sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest
starch), Vegetables, AF/S, literature139
Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/
For detailed information see the article.
Austria/Ireland361
• Co-contamination: not reported Fusarium Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Type A Trichothecenes
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA and CIT, literature361; Iru, HT-2 Toxin
CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, BEA, CIT, incidence: 28/40*, conc. range: ≤45.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.9 μg/kg, sample
and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, BEA, origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops, Japan, sample year:
and STG, literature361 summer 2010–winter 2012, country: Japan892, *azuki beans
Beans (saltani saltapya bean) 13

• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 21 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail stores
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ including large supermarkets and small neighborhood grocery
article892: Beans (mung bean), DON, T-2, and ZEA, literature892; shops in Campinas (municipality), Brazil, sample year: May 1985–
Beans (soybean), HT-2 and T-2, literature892; Seeds (sesame), June 1986, country: Brazil130, *Carioquinha** and *Rosinha beans,
T-2 and ZEA, literature892 dried
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and
T-2 Toxin AFG2; no further information available
incidence: 28/40*, conc. range: ≤48.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11.1 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops, Japan, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
sample year: summer 2010–winter 2012, country: Japan892, *azuki cle130: Beans (pinto bean), AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature130;
beans Beans (kidney bean), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature130; Flour
• Co-contamination: not reported (cassava flour), OTA, literature130
article892: Beans (mung bean), DON, HT-2, and ZEA, litera- incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 4 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail stores including
ture892; Beans (soybean), HT-2 and T-2, literature892; Seeds large supermarkets and small neighborhood grocery shops in
(sesame), T-2 and ZEA, literature892 Campinas (municipality), Brazil, sample year: May 1985–June 1986,
country: Brazil130, *Carioquinha** and *Rosinha beans, dried
Type B Trichothecenes • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and
AFG2; no further information available
Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 15/40*, conc. range: ≤38.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.2 μg/kg,
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops, Japan,
article130: Beans (kidney bean), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
sample year: summer 2010–winter 2012, country: Japan892, *azuki
ture130; Beans (pinto bean), AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature130;
beans
Flour (cassava flour), OTA, literature130
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
article892: Beans (mung bean), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature892; Ochratoxin A
Beans (soybean), HT-2 and T-2, literature892; Seeds (sesame), incidence: 2/13*, conc. range: 94**–160*** μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 127 μg/kg,
T-2 and ZEA, literature892 sample origin: retail stores including large supermarkets and small
neighborhood grocery shops in Campinas (municipality), Brazil,
Other Fusarium Toxins sample year: May 1985–June 1986, country: Brazil130, *Carioquinha**
and *Rosinha*** beans, dried
Zearalenone • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 29/40*, conc. range: ≤125 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 44.6 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops, Japan, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: summer 2010–winter 2012, country: Japan892, *azuki article130: Beans (kidney bean), Beans (pinto bean), AFB1, AFG1,
beans and AFG2, literature130; Flour (cassava flour), OTA, literature130
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Beans (saltani saltapya bean) may contain the following
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- mycotoxins:
cle892: Beans (mung bean), DON, HT-2, and T-2, literature892;
Beans (soybean), HT-2 and T-2, literature892; Seeds (sesame), T-2 Aspergillus Toxins
and ZEA, literature892 Aflatoxin B1
Beans (pinto bean) may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample
Aspergillus Toxins year: November 1977–June 1982, country: Japan129, *raw material for
bean jam
Aflatoxin B1 • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 39 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail stores • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
including large supermarkets and small neighborhood grocery shops than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in Campinas (municipality), Brazil, sample year: May 1985–June 1986, article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), Beans (kidney bean),
country: Brazil130, *Carioquinha** and *Rosinha beans, dried AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; Beans (saltani saltapya bean),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFB2, literature129; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1,
AFG2; no further information available literature129; see also Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle130: Beans (kidney bean), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature130; Aflatoxin B2
Beans (pinto bean), AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature130; Flour incidence: 3/37*, conc. range: 0.4–3.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.0 μg/kg,
(cassava flour), OTA, literature130 sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan,
sample year: November 1977–June 1982, country: Japan129, *raw • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
material for bean jam cereals and their products reported in the present book/article384:
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 Beans (soybean), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384; Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1, conc.: 4.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Nepal, sample year:
article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), Beans (kidney bean), unknown, country: Japan/Nepal403
AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; Beans (saltani saltapya bean), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
AFB1, literature129; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1, as well as other aflatoxins
literature129; see also Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article403: Beans (soybean), AFG1, literature403; Nuts (peanut),
Beans (soybean) may contain the following mycotoxins: AFB1 and AFG1, literature403
Alternaria Toxins incidence: 4/40, conc. range: ≤24 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.00 μg/kg,
sample origin: several villages and markets in Kichha (town) as
Alternariol
well as Haldwani, Rudrapur, and Bareilly (cities) in Nainital
incidence: 23/50, conc. range: 25–211 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 71.3 μg/kg,
(district), Uttar Pradesh (state), India, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: local grain storage company, Argentina, sample
country: India632
year: 2006–2008, country: Argentina631
• Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with AME and
AOH; 8 sa. contaminated solely with AOH
article631: Beans (soybean), AME, literature631 incidence: 1/4, conc.: 6.1 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
wholesale markets of agro-products in Yangtze Delta region,
Alternariol Methyl Ether China, sample year: April 2010, country: China748
incidence: 22/50, conc. range: 62–1,153 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 334 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AF/S, and
sample origin: local grain storage company, Argentina, sample ZEA
year: 2006–2008, country: Argentina631 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with AME and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AOH; 7 sa. contaminated solely with AME article748: Beans (soybean), AF/S and ZEA; Oils, AFB1, AF/S,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and ZEA, literature748
article631: Beans (soybean), AOH, literature631 Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
Aspergillus Toxins year: unknown, country: UK384, *ncac
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Aflatoxin B1
AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 12/260, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), >50–100 μg/kg
(11 sa.), sample origin: unknown, sample year: 1990–1996, country:
Cuba126
article384: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384;
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384
article126: Beans, Cocoa beans, Nuts (peanut), Peas, AFB1, incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 20–100 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 53.3 μg/kg,
literature126 sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand,
incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 10–20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.3 μg/kg, sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133, *fermented
sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand, soybean (tao-chiew)
sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1;
*fermented soybean (tao-chiew) 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFG1
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article133: Beans, AFG1, literature133; Beans (soybean), AFB1, lit-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ erature133; Curd (bean curd), Nuts (peanut), Sauces (soy sauce),
article133: Beans, Beans (soybean), AFG1, literature133; Curd AFB1 and AFG1, literature133
(bean curd), Nuts (peanut), Sauces (soy sauce), AFB1 and AFG1, incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 11 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
literature133 year: unknown, country: UK384, *ncac
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 97 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
year: unknown, country: UK384, *ncac AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Beans (soybean) 15
article384: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature384; 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *AFB1, AFB2,
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384 AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 5.0 μg/kg, sample origin: Nepal, sample year: incidence: 0/2, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases
unknown, country: Japan/Nepal403 and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
as well as other aflatoxins incidence: 1/2, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg*, sample origin: purchases and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, sample year: December
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *AFB1, AFB2,
article403: Beans (soybean), AFB1, literature403; Nuts (peanut), AFG1, and AFG2
AFB1 and AFG1, literature403
incidence: 0/0, conc.: no sa. analyzed, sample origin: purchases
Aflatoxin G2 and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 3.5 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
year: unknown, country: UK384, *ncac • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (soybean), DON and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON and
article384: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature384; ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384 ZEA, literature804
Aflatoxin/s Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins

incidence: 11/133, ∅ conc.: 22.8 μg/kg*, sample origin: Highveld,
Ochratoxin A
Middleveld, Lowveld, and Lumbobo Region, Swaziland, sample
incidence: 26/31, conc. range: ≤0.100 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
year: July 1982–June 1983, country: South Africa/France/Kenya/
stores in Detmold, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Kulmbach, and Trier
Netherlands135, *AFS total
(cities), as well as Berlin (capital), Germany, sample year: 1996–
1998, country: Germany597
Beans, Beans (cowpea), Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature135
incidence: 35/100, conc. range: 5–35 µg/kg*, sample origin: localities article597: Legumes, OTA, literature597
in Egyptian governorates, Egypt, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 5/31, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.09 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample
Egypt714, *5 sa. contained only AFB1 and AFB2 (5–13 μg/kg), while
origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698
the remaining 30 sa. contained AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFB2
(9–35 μg/kg)
article698: Baby food, Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans,
Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape
juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 7.6 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices
wholesale markets of agro-products in Yangtze Delta region, (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
China, sample year: April 2010, country: China748 Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AF/S, Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA,
and ZEA literature698
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fusarium Toxins
article748: Beans (soybean), AFB1 and ZEA; Oils, AFB1, AF/S, Fumonisin/s
and ZEA, literature748
incidence: 3/20, conc. range: 3.2–10.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 6.4 μg/kg*, Fumonisin B1
sample origin: retail shops and local markets, Pakistan, sample incidence: 13/82, conc. range: ≤8.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.5 μg/kg,
year: January–November 2009, country: Pakistan782, *AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in seven
AFG1, and AFG2 major cities, Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2007,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Japan85
article782: Beans (cowpea), Beans (kidney bean), Peas, Peas than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(chickpea), AF/S, literature782 article85: Beans (soybean), FB2, literature85; Beverages,
Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, Raisins, Spices (coriander),
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 3.9 μg/kg*, sample origin: purchases and Wine, OTA, literature85; Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2,
donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: December literature85
incidence: 4/39, conc. range: 138–1,495 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 543 μg/kg, Type A Trichothecenes

sample origin: shops and food stores in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa
HT-2 Toxin
Catarina (states), southern Brazil, sample year: March–October
2013, country: Brazil392
sample origin: Cordoba (province), Argentina, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2; 2
2008/2009, country: Argentina/Italy636, *ncac
sa. contaminated solely with FB1
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2 and T-2
article392: Beans (soybean), FB2, literature392
article636: Beans (soybean), T-2, literature636
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 8,700 μg/kg, sample origin: agricultural
incidence: 1/36, conc.: 3.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets
cooperatives and factories, Spain, sample year: 1994–1996,
and small retail shops, Japan, sample year: summer 2010–winter
country: Spain635, *ncac
2012, country: Japan892
article892: Beans (mung bean), DON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: ture892; Beans (soybean), T-2, literature892; Seeds (sesame), T-2
purchases and donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample and ZEA, literature892
year: December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/
Bulgaria804 T-2 Toxin
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and incidence: 2/44*, conc. range: 110–184 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 147 μg/kg,
donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December sample origin: Cordoba (province), Argentina, sample year:
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 2008/2009, country: Argentina/Italy636, *ncac
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 365 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2 and T-2
donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, sample year: December • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article636: Beans (soybean), HT-2, literature636
and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005, incidence: 1/36, conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets
country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 and small retail shops, Japan, sample year: summer 2010–winter
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. 2012, country: Japan892
article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(soybean), AF/S and DON, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON and article892: Beans (mung bean), DON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and ture892; Beans (soybean), HT-2, literature892; Seeds (sesame),
ZEA, literature804 T-2 and ZEA, literature892
Type B Trichothecenes
Fumonisin B2
incidence: 3/82, conc. range: ≤4.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.3 μg/kg, sample Deoxynivalenol
origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in seven major incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 36 μg/kg, sample origin: imported and
cities, Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2007, country: purchased in supermarkets in Port Moresby (city), Papua New
Japan85 Guinea, sample year: 1991, country: Papua New Guinea/Japan633,
• Co-contamination: not reported *ncac
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV
article85: Beans (soybean), FB1, literature85; Beverages, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, Raisins, Spices (corian- article633: Beans (soybean), NIV, literature633
der), Wine, OTA, literature85; Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and incidence: 1/13* **, conc.: 110 μg/kg, sample origin: different
FB2, literature85 locations, Serbia, sample year: 2004, country: Serbia634, *ncac,
incidence: 2/39, conc. range: 178–552 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 365 μg/kg, **soybean and soybean meal
sample origin: shops and food stores in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa incidence: 1/11* **, conc.: 100 μg/kg, sample origin: different
Catarina (states), southern Brazil, sample year: March–October locations, Serbia, sample year: 2005, country: Serbia634, *ncac,
2013, country: Brazil392 **soybean and soybean meal
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 • Co-contamination: not reported
article392: Beans (soybean), FB1, literature392 article633: Seeds (sunflower), DON, literature634
Bee pollen 17
incidence: 9/53*, conc. range: 100–500 μg/kg (5 sa.), 500–1,000 μg/kg • Co-contamination: not reported
(4 sa.), sample origin: homegrown as well as imported and purchased • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
in retail outlets and from Portuguese cereal traders, Portugal, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: unknown, country: Portugal787, *for food and feed article637: not reported
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 11–130 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 71 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: supermarkets and wholesale markets of agro-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ products in Yangtze Delta region, China, sample year: April 2010,
article787: Beans (soybean), ZEA, literature787; Seeds (sun- country: China748
flower), DON and ZEA, literature787 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AF/S, and
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases ZEA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with ZEA
and donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 0/2, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases article748: Beans (soybean), AFB1 and AF/S; Oils, AFB1, AF/S,
and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December and ZEA, literature748
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 incidence: 21/53*, conc. range: 5–100 μg/kg (21 sa.), sample origin:
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 13–207 µg/kg, ∅ conc.: 110 µg/kg, homegrown as well as imported and purchased in retail outlets
sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city), and from Portuguese cereal traders, Portugal, sample year:
Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country: unknown, country: Portugal787, *for food and feed
South Africa/Bulgaria804 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005,
cle787: Beans (soybean), DON, literature787; Seeds (sunflower),
country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
DON and ZEA, literature787
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
see also Flour (soybean flour)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Bee pollen may contain the following mycotoxins:
article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans
(soybean), AF/S and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON and Aspergillus Toxins
ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and
Aflatoxin/s
ZEA, literature804
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 15.80–16.20 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
Nivalenol 16.00 μg/kg**, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 50 μg/kg, sample origin: imported and year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *poppy bee pollen, frozen,
purchased in supermarkets in Port Moresby (city), Papua New Guinea, **AFS total
sample year: 1991, country: Papua New Guinea/Japan633, *ncac • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV OTA, T-2, and ZEA
article633: Beans (soybean), DON, literature633 article153: Bee pollen, DON, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
literature153
sample origin: imports to Japan, sample year: 1983, country: Japan640 incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 3.50–3.70 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 3.58 μg/kg**,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample year: spring 2009,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Slovakia153, *rape bee pollen, frozen, **AFS total
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON,
article640: not reported OTA, T-2, and ZEA
Other Fusarium Toxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article153: Bee pollen, DON, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
Zearalenone literature153
incidence: 2/17* **, conc. range: >200 μg/kg**, sample origin:
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 1.20–1.60 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 1.40 μg/kg**,
imported and domestic sa. from Uruguay, sample year: 1993–1995,
sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample year: spring
country: Uruguay269, *ncac, **soybeans and by-products
2009, country: Slovakia153, *sunflower bee pollen, frozen, **AFS
total
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, FBS, DON,
OTA, T-2, and ZEA
article269: Cocoa beans, AF/S, literature269; Fruits, dried, Oil
seeds, Vegetables, dried, AF/S and ZEA, literature269
incidence: 7/75, conc. range: 1.01–15.26 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.70 μg/kg, article153: Bee pollen, DON, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
sample origin: eight provinces in Korea, sample year: March– literature153
September 1988, country: Korea/USA637
Dried and UV-radiated bee pollen was also investigated. For Dried and UV-radiated bee pollen was also investigated. For
detailed information see the article. detailed information see the article.
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Type A Trichothecenes
Ochratoxin A Neosolaniol
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 6.12–6.41 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.21 μg/kg, incidence: 2/15, conc. range: 22–30 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 26 μg/kg,
sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample year: spring 2009, sample origin: supermarkets, Valencia (city) metropolitan area,
country: Slovakia153, *poppy bee pollen, frozen Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain154
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with NEO and NIV
OTA, T-2, and ZEA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- article154: Bee pollen, NIV, literature154
cle153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, T-2, and ZEA, literature153
T-2 Toxin
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 9.70–9.87 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.81 μg/kg,
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 299.00–299.60 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
299.38 μg/kg, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample
2009, country: Slovakia153, *rape bee pollen, frozen
year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *poppy bee pollen, frozen
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON,
OTA, T-2, and ZEA
OTA, T-2, and ZEA
cle153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, T-2, and ZEA, literature153
article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA,
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 6.89–6.93 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.91 μg/kg, literature153
2009, country: Slovakia153, *sunflower bee pollen, frozen
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, FBS, DON,
year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *rape bee pollen, frozen
OTA, T-2, and ZEA
OTA, T-2, and ZEA
article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, T-2, and ZEA,
literature153
article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA,
Dried and UV-radiated bee pollen was also investigated. For
literature153
detailed information see the article.
Fusarium Toxins 364.72 μg/kg, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample
year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *sunflower bee pollen,
Fumonisin/s frozen
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, FBS,
beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample year: spring 2009, country: OTA, T-2, and ZEA
Slovakia153, *poppy bee pollen, frozen • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- literature153
cle153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature153 Dried and UV-radiated bee pollen was also investigated. For
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: detailed information see the article.
beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample year: spring 2009, country:
Slovakia153, *rape bee pollen, frozen Type B Trichothecenes
• Co-contamination: not reported Deoxynivalenol
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 183.10–183.70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article153: 183.38 μg/kg, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample
Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature153 year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *poppy bee pollen, frozen
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 9.40–9.70 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 9.60 μg/kg**, • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON,
sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample year: spring OTA, T-2, and ZEA
2009, country: Slovakia153, *sunflower bee pollen, frozen, **FBS • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
total than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
OTA, T-2, and ZEA literature153
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 215.00–215.70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- 215.32 μg/kg, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample
cle153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature153 year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *rape bee pollen, frozen
Berries (grape) 19
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, “Beerenauslese” see Wine and Wine (white)
OTA, T-2, and ZEA
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Berries (blueberry) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
literature153 Patulin
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 203.10–203.50 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 1/12, conc.: 21 μg/kg (pulp), sample origin: Uppsala
203.24 μg/kg, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample (city) and Stockholm (capital) area, Sweden, sample year: summer
year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *sunflower bee pollen, 1976, country: Sweden155
frozen • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, T-2, and ZEA than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article155: Berries (lingonberry), Fruits (peach), Fruits (plum),
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- PAT, literature155
cle153: Bee pollen, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature153 incidence: 3/16*, conc. range: ≤190 μg/kg, sample origin: Malmö
Dried and UV-radiated bee pollen was also investigated. For (city), Sweden, sample year: 1975, country: Sweden156, *blueberries,
detailed information see the article. frozen
Nivalenol • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/15, conc. range: ~1 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Valencia (city) metropolitan area, Spain, sample year: unknown, article156: not reported
country: Spain154
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with NEO and NIV Berries (grape) may contain the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
article154: Bee pollen, NEO, literature154 Ochratoxin A
Other Fusarium Toxins incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 15.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: stores, Taiwan,
sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan/Russia147, *black grape,
Zearalenone **COL-ELISA
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 361.30–361.90 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: • Co-contamination: not reported
361.58 μg/kg, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *poppy bee pollen, frozen than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, article147: Beans (kidney beans), Coffee, Raisins, OTA,
OTA, T-2, and ZEA literature147
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 0/12*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ vineyards in Apulia (region) area, southern Italy, sample year:
article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, OTA, and T-2, harvest season 2001, country: Italy157, *Apulian wine grapes rotten
literature153 (intact berries)
incidence: 5?/5*, conc. range: 181.40–181.60 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 2/12*, conc. range: 0.06–0.08 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.07 μg/kg,
181.50 μg/kg, sample origin: beekeepers, west Slovakia, sample sample origin: vineyards in Apulia (region) area, southern Italy,
year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *rape bee pollen, frozen sample year: harvest season 2001, country: Italy157, *Apulian wine
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, grapes rotten by Aspergillus spp.
OTA, T-2, and ZEA
incidence: 12/12*, conc. range: 0.06–681 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 108.46 μg/kg,
sample origin: vineyards in Apulia (region) area, southern Italy,
sample year: harvest season 2001, country: Italy157, *Apulian wine
article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, OTA, and T-2,
grapes rotten by Aspergillus spp. and damaged by larvae of Lobesia
literature153
botrana
sample origin: vineyards in Apulia (region) area, southern Italy,
year: spring 2009, country: Slovakia153, *sunflower bee pollen,
sample year: harvest season 2002, country: Italy157, *Apulian wine
frozen
grapes (intact berries)
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, FBS,
OTA, T-2, and ZEA incidence: 5/5* **, conc. range: 0.03–0.36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.19 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: vineyards in Apulia (region) area, southern Italy,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: harvest season 2002, country: Italy157, *Apulian wine
article153: Bee pollen, AF/S, DON, FB/S, OTA, and T-2, grapes rotten by Aspergillus spp.
literature153 incidence: 5/5* **, conc. range: 0.09–9.59 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.22 μg/kg,
Dried and UV-radiated bee pollen was also investigated. For sample origin: vineyards in Apulia (region) area, southern Italy,
detailed information see the article. sample year: harvest season 2002, country: Italy157, *Apulian wine
grapes rotten by Aspergillus spp. and damaged by larvae of Berries (lingonberry) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Lobesia botrana
• Co-contamination: not reported Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Patulin
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/2, conc.: 265 μg/kg (pulp), sample origin: Uppsala
article157: not reported (city) and Stockholm (capital) area, Sweden, sample year: summer
incidence: 21/23*, conc. range: 0.10–0.50 μg/l (2 sa.), 0.50–1.00 μg/l 1976, country: Sweden155
(6 sa.), 1.00–2.00 μg/l (3 sa.), >2.00–15.62 μg/l (10 sa.), sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Spain158, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*grapes dried by sun than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 1.74 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample article155: Berries (blueberry), Fruits (peach), Fruits (plum),
year: unknown, country: Spain158, *grapes dried in a warm chamber PAT, literature155
incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: 0.50–1.00 μg/l (1 sa.), 1.00–2.00 μg/l Betel nuts may contain the following mycotoxins:
(1 sa.), >2.00–4.79 μg/l (2 sa.), sample origin: unknown, sample
year: unknown, country: Spain158, *grapes dried in a fresh chamber Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 2.1–10.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
article158: Must, Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature158 imported from Asian countries, produced from different
commercial outlets in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area,
South Africa, sample year: unknown, country: South Africa56,
sample origin: producers and markets across Greece, sample year:
*betel nuts, raw and sliced
August–October 2005, country: Greece159, *grapes of different
varieties for winemaking and/or table grapes incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: ≤0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: imported
• Co-contamination: not reported from Asian countries, produced from different commercial outlets
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area, South Africa, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: unknown, country: South Africa56, *betel nuts, boiled
article159: not reported • Co-contamination: not reported
For detailed information see the article. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article56: Betel nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature56
sample origin: supermarkets and small shops in the northeast of
China, sample year: January–June 2010, country: China302 incidence: 12/32, conc. range: 18–208 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 94.2 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: markets of some important north Indian cities,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other India, sample year: unknown, country: India57
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article302: Coffee, Wine (red), OTA, literature302 AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 3 sa. con-
incidence: 3/4*, conc. range: 0.0095–0.1156 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.0731 μg/l,
taminated solely with AFB1
sample origin: Dão (region) and Madeira (island) Portugal, sample
year: September/October 2003, country: Portugal841, *grapes for
wine production
article57: Betel nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature57
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 21/21, conc. range: 10–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), ≤262.0 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (19 sa.), ∅ conc.: 92.5 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from India
article841: not reported collected at the port of Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample year:
2010/2011, country: Pakistan681
incidence: 11/63, conc. range: 0.003–0.020 μg/l, sample origin:
northern Italy, sample year: 2003–2007, country: Italy914 incidence: 41/51, conc. range: 2–10 μg/kg (19 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg
(19 sa.), ≤39.2 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: imported from
incidence: 1/30, conc. range: 0.003–0.020 μg/l, sample origin:
Indonesia collected at the port of Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample
central Italy, sample year: 2003–2007, country: Italy914
year: 2010/2011, country: Pakistan681
incidence: 50/111, conc. range: 0.003–0.020 μg/l (23 sa.), 0.02–
incidence: 25/34, conc. range: 2–10 μg/kg (3 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg
0.20 μg/l (16 sa.), 0.20–2.00 μg/l (6 sa.), >2.00 μg/l (5 sa.), sample
(9 sa.), ≤103.4 μg/kg (13 sa.), sample origin: imported from Sri
origin: southern Italy, sample year: 2003–2007, country: Italy914
Lanka collected at the port of Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample
year: 2010/2011, country: Pakistan681
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 52/172, conc. range: 2–10 μg/kg (50 sa.), ≤77.0 μg/kg
article914: not reported (2 sa.), sample origin: imported from Indonesia collected at the
Beverages 21
port of Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample year: 2010/2011, country: in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area, South Africa, sample
Pakistan681 year: unknown, country: South Africa56, *betel nuts, boiled
article681: not reported article56: Betel nut, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature56
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 3/32, conc. range: tr-<20.0 μg/kg, sample origin:

incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 0.2–1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: markets of some important north Indian cities, India, sample
imported from Asian countries, produced from different year: unknown, country: India57
commercial outlets in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area, • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
South Africa, sample year: unknown, country: South Africa56, AFG1, and AFG2
*betel nuts, raw and sliced • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/20*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported article57: Betel nut, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature57
from Asian countries, produced from different commercial outlets
in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area, South Africa, sample Aflatoxin/s
year: unknown, country: South Africa56, *betel nuts, boiled incidence: 20/80, conc. range: <30 μg/kg*, sample origin: 16 districts
• Co-contamination: not reported of eastern Nepal, sample year: 1995–2003, country: Nepal58, *AF
article56: Betel nuts, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature56 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 6/32, conc. range: 10.0–52.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 24.3 μg/kg, cle58: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature58
sample origin: markets of some important north Indian cities,
India, sample year: unknown, country: India57 Beverages may contain the following mycotoxins:
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Alternaria Toxins
and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Alternariol
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.27 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
article57: Betel nuts, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature57 available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160, *fruit
punch
Aflatoxin G1 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 0.2–16.6 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
imported from Asian countries, produced from different than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
commercial outlets in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area, article160: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices
South Africa, sample year: unknown, country: South Africa56, (orange juice), Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice),
*betel nuts, raw and sliced Wine (red), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH,
incidence: 0/20*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported literature160; Beverages, AME, literature160
Alternariol Methyl Ether
in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area, South Africa, sample
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
year: unknown, country: South Africa56, *betel nuts, boiled
available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160, *fruit
punch
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
article56: Betel nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature56
incidence: 9/32, conc. range: tr-81.0 μg/kg, sample origin: markets article160: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices
of some important north Indian cities, India, sample year: (orange juice), Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice),
unknown, country: India57 Wine (red), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, literature160; Beverages, AOH, literature160
AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
article57: Betel nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature57
sample origin: brewers in Dar es Salaam (city), Tanzania, sample
Aflatoxin G2 year: 1988, country: Finland/Tanzania161, *brewed or distilled
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 0.1–1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: beverages included 15 locally made beers produced from grain,
imported from Asian countries, produced from different fruits, or sugarcane and honey
commercial outlets in greater Durban (city) metropolitan area, • Co-contamination: not reported
South Africa, sample year: unknown, country: South Africa56, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*betel nuts, raw and sliced than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 0/20*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported
incidence: 3/25*, conc. range: 1.2–3.1 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2.4 μg/l, Aflatoxin G1

sample origin: supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars, and ice incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 20–30 μg/l, sample origin: shops and
cream parlors, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, markets, Assiut (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown,
country: Spain162, *tigernut beverage country: Egypt443, *apple beverage
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article162: article443: Beverages, AFB1, literature443; Juices (guava juice),
Beverages, AFB2 and AFG2, literature162; Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB1, literature443
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature162 incidence: 2/3*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local supermarkets,
incidence: 12/190*, conc. range: 0.8–1.7 μg/l, sample origin: Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain793, *soy beverage
supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars, and ice cream parlors, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: March 2009–March 2010, AFG2, OTA, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1, AFG2,
country: Spain163, *included sterilized, concentrated, pasteurized, and OTA
and fresh serving horchata (tigernut beverage) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article793: Beverages, AFB1, AFG2, OTA, and ZEA, literature793
article163: Beverages, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163; Nuts Aflatoxin G2
(tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163 incidence: 3/25*, conc. range: 1.3–1.4 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.36 μg/l,
For detailed information see the article. sample origin: supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars, and ice
cream parlors, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 20–30 μg/l, sample origin: shops and country: Spain162, *tigernut beverage
markets, Assiut (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
country: Egypt443, *apple beverage AFG2
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article162: Beverages, AFB1 and AFB2, literature162; Nuts (tiger-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature162
article443: Beverages, AFG1, literature443; Juices (guava juice),
AFB1, literature443 incidence: 1?/190*, conc. range: 1.2–2.3 μg/l, sample origin:
supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars, and ice cream parlors,
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local supermarkets, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: March 2009–March 2010,
Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain793, *soy beverage country: Spain163, *included sterilized, concentrated, pasteurized,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and fresh serving horchata (tigernut beverage)
AFG2, OTA, and ZEA • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
article793: Beverages, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and ZEA, literature793 article163: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature163; Nuts
Aflatoxin B2 (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163
incidence: 3/25*, conc. range: 1.3–2.2 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.8 μg/l, sample For detailed information see the article.
origin: supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars, and ice cream incidence: 2/3*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local supermarkets,
parlors, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain793, *soy beverage
Spain162, *tigernut beverage • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, OTA, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1, AFG2,
AFG2 and OTA
article162: Beverages, AFB1 and AFG2, literature162; Nuts (tiger- article793: Beverages, AFB1, AFG1, OTA, and ZEA, literature793
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature162
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 2/190*, conc. range: 1.1–1.6 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.35 μg/l, sample incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 0.772–5.937 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
origin: supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars, and ice cream 2.572 μg/kg**, sample origin: groceries and supermarkets, Turkey,
parlors, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: March 2009–March sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119, *instant fruit flavored drink,
2010, country: Spain163, *included sterilized, concentrated, **AFS total
pasteurized, and fresh serving horchata (tigernut beverage) • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article119: Asure, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello, Keskul,
article163: Beverages, AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature163; Nuts Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups,
(tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163 AF/S, literature119
Biscuits 23
Instant fruit flavored drink ingredients contained sugar, acidity Fusarium Toxins
regulator, fruit flavor, thickener agent, sweetener, and coloring
agents. Zearalenone
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local supermarkets,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain793, *soy beverage
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
Ochratoxin A
AFG2, OTA, and ZEA
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in seven
major cities, Japan, sample year: 2006–winter 2007, country: Japan85,
book/article793: Beverages, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
*coffee beverage
literature793
see also Juices (apple juice)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Biscuits may contain the following mycotoxins:
article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2,
literature85; Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, Raisins, Aspergillus Toxins
Spices (coriander), Wine, OTA, literature85
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.05 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and
fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: September/
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city),
October 2008, country: Canada90, *soy beverage, fortified
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903, *biscuits
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.02 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and with fig filling
fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year: September/
October 2009, country: Canada90, *soy beverage, fortified
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903,
*biscuits with cherry filling
article90: Baby food, Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Candies,
Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza,
Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90
article903: Biscuits, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature903; Jam (fig jam),
incidence: 2/190*, conc. range: 2–2.4 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2.2 μg/l, sample AFB1, AFB2, OTA, and T-2, literature903
origin: supermarkets, street vendors, juice bars, and ice cream
parlors, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: March 2009–March Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
2010, country: Spain163, *included sterilized, concentrated, Ochratoxin A
pasteurized, and fresh serving horchata (tigernut beverage) incidence: 1/1* **, conc.: 0.052 μg/kg, sample origin: organic
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. product retail outlets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other May/June 2007, country: Portugal/Netherlands88, *organic
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ baby food, **biscuits consisted of wheat 60%, grape juice 28%,
article163: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature163; Nuts sunflower oil 2%, and ginger 1%
(tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 2/3*, conc.: <LOQ-0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarkets, Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain793, article88: Baby food, AFB1, AFM1, and OTA, literature88; Flour,
*soy beverage AFB1 and OTA, literature88
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, For detailed information see the article.
AFG2, OTA, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1, AFG2, incidence: 14/25*, conc. range: 1.58–11.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.68 μg/kg,
and OTA sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *biscuits with fig filling
article793: Beverages, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and ZEA, literature793
Patulin sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city),
incidence: 29/66*, conc. range: 2.5–27 μg/l, sample origin: partly Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903,
Swedish and partly imported, Sweden, sample year: unknown, *biscuits with cherry filling
country: Sweden451, *apple beverages • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article903: Biscuits, AFB1, T-2, and ZEA, literature903; Jam (fig jam),
article451: not reported AFB1, AFB2, OTA, and T-2, literature903
Fusarium Toxins • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,

AFG1, and AFG2; no further information available
Type A Trichothecenes • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
T-2 Toxin than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 11/25*, conc. range: 2.75–26.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.72 μg/kg, article199: Bondakadledkai, AFB1, literature199; Congressbele,
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Toffees, AFB1 and AFB2, literature199
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903, *biscuits Bondakaledkai is a groundnut-based (whole seeds are used),
with fig filling spiced snack product.
Brazil nuts see Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut)
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903, Breadfruit may contain the following mycotoxins:
*biscuits with cherry filling
Aflatoxin B1
article903: Biscuits, AFB1, OTA, and ZEA, literature903; Jam (fig jam),
sample origin: markets in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria, sample
AFB1, AFB2, OTA, and T-2, literature903
year: November 2004–March 2005, country: Nigeria210
Other Fusarium Toxins • Co-contamination: not reported
Zearalenone
article210: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature210
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903, *biscuits Breakfast cereals may contain the following mycotoxins:
with fig filling
incidence: 6/14*, conc. range: 1.05–8.86 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.78 μg/kg, Aspergillus Toxins
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Aflatoxin B1
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903, incidence: 2/4* **, conc. range: LOD-2 μg/kg (1 sa.), >2 μg/kg (1 sa.),
*biscuits with cherry filling sample origin: supermarkets in Athens (capital), Greece, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91, *breakfast cereals+dried fruits,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other **conventional
incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
article903: Biscuits, AFB1, OTA, and T-2, literature903; Jam (fig
(capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91,
jam), AFB1, AFB2, OTA, and T-2, literature903
*breakfast cereals+dried fruits, **organic
Biryani masala see Spices (biryani masala) incidence: 1/1* **, conc.: >2 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
supermarkets in Athens (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007,
Black gram see Products (legume product) country: Greece91, *breakfast cereals+dried fruits+cinnamon,
**conventional
Black radish see Vegetables (black radish) incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
Black tea see Tea *breakfast cereals+dried fruits+cinnamon, **organic
Bondakadledkai may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 1/3* **, conc.: LOD-2 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
Aspergillus Toxins country: Greece91, *breakfast cereals, multicereal+nuts,
Aflatoxin B1 **conventional
incidence: 22/54, conc. range: 3–1,500 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1/1* **, conc.: 0.59 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
Mysore (city) market, India, sample year: October 1991–January in Athens (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country:
1992, country: India199 Greece91, *breakfast cereals, multicereal+nuts, **organic
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 2/6* **, conc. range: LOD-2 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum:
AFG1, and AFG2; no further information available 1.90 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets in Athens (capital),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91, *breakfast
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cereals+dried fruits+nuts, **conventional
article199: Bondakadledkai, AFB2, literature199; Congressbele,
incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
Toffees, AFB1 and AFB2, literature199
Aflatoxin B2 *breakfast cereals+dried fruits+nuts, **organic
incidence: 14/54, conc. range: 3–370 μg/kg, sample origin: Mysore incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
(city) market, India, sample year: October 1991–January 1992, (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91,
country: India199 *breakfast cereals, (wheat+maize-based+cocoa), **conventional
Breakfast cereals 25
incidence: 0/1* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
country: Greece91, *breakfast cereals, (wheat+maize-based+cocoa), Citrinin
**organic incidence: 8/45*, conc. range: <LOQ-42 μg/kg, sample origin:
retail outlets, France, sample year: unknown, country: France94,
incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens *breakfast cereals in part with fruits, raisins, and/or cocoa
(capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91, • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, FB1, and
*breakfast cereals, multicereal formula+cocoa (maize+barley- OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and OTA
based), **conventional • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/1* **, conc.: 0.88 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in Athens (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: article94: Breakfast cereals, FB1 and OTA, literature94
Greece91, *breakfast cereals, multicereal formula+cocoa For detailed information see the article.
(maize+barley-based), **organic
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Ochratoxin A
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/5* **, conc.: >2 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Athens (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91,
article91: Breakfast cereals, OTA, literature91 *breakfast cereals, wheat-based+chocolate, **conventional
incidence: 18/26*, conc. range: ≤0.130 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year: (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91,
unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part *breakfast cereals, wheat-based+chocolate, **organic
with chocolate incidence: 2/4* **, conc. range: LOD-3 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. 0.87 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets in Athens (capital),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91, *breakfast
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cereals+dried fruits, **conventional
article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB1, FB2, incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature537 (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91,
Aflatoxin B2 *breakfast cereals+dried fruits, **organic
incidence: 7/26*, conc. range: ≤0.011 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1/3* **, conc.: LOD-3 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year: in Athens (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country:
unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part Greece91, *breakfast cereals, multicereal+nuts, **conventional
with chocolate incidence: 1/1* **, conc.: 0.10 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. in Athens (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Greece91, *breakfast cereals, multicereal+nuts, **organic
incidence: 5/6* **, conc. range: LOD-3 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample
article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB1, FB2,
origin: supermarkets in Athens (capital), Greece, sample year:
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature537
2006/2007, country: Greece 91, *breakfast cereals+dried
Aflatoxin G1 fruits+nuts, **conventional
incidence: 1/26*, conc.: 0.014 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91,
Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part with chocolate *breakfast cereals+dried fruits+nuts, **organic
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 0/0* **, no sa. investigated, supermarkets in Athens
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Greece91,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *breakfast cereals, multicereal formula+cocoa (maize+barley-
article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, DON, FB1, FB2, based), **conventional
incidence: 0/1* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
Aflatoxin M1 supermarkets in Athens (capital), Greece, sample year: 2006/2007,
incidence: 3/26*, conc. range: ≤0.024 μg/kg, sample origin: country: Greece91, *breakfast cereals, multicereal formula+cocoa
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year: (maize+barley-based), **organic
unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
with chocolate • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article91: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, literature91
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- incidence: 31/45*, conc. range: <LOQ-8.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
cle537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, DON, FB1, FB2, NIV, retail outlets, France, sample year: unknown, country: France94,
OTA, and ZEA, literature537 *breakfast cereals in part with fruits, raisins, and/or cocoa
• Co-contamination: 13 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and OTA; Fusarium Toxins

6 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, FB1, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contami-
nated with CIT and OTA; 10 sa. contaminated solely with OTA Fumonisin/s
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Fumonisin B1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 30/32*, conc. range: <LOQ-1,113 μg/kg, sample origin:
article94: Breakfast cereals, CIT and FB1, literature94 retail outlets, France, sample year: unknown, country: France94,
For detailed information see the article. *breakfast cereals in part with fruits, raisins, and/or cocoa
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 127.5 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets • Co-contamination: 13 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and OTA;
and pharmacies in Rabat (capital), Morocco, sample year: 6 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, FB1, and OTA; 11 sa. contami-
unknown, country: Morocco/Spain/Italy95, *breakfast cereals with nated solely with FB1
fruit rings • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article94: Breakfast cereals, CIT and OTA, literature94
article95: not reported incidence: 15/26*, conc. range: ≤67.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 18/26*, conc. range: ≤0.100 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year:
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part
unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part with chocolate
with chocolate • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB2,
article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB1, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature537
FB2, NIV, and ZEA, literature537 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 24.8 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.53 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in and pharmacies in Rabat-Salé (area), Morocco, sample year:
Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample year: 2012, country: Serbia900, unknown, country: Morocco/Spain656, *breakfast cereals with
*multigrain + cinnamon fruit rings
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 0.08–0.09 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.085 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3
sample origin: supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: 2012, country: Serbia900, *multigrain + chocolate than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article656: Breakfast cereals, FB2 and FB3, literature656
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample year: 2012, Fumonisin B2
country: Serbia900, *multigrain + nuts incidence: 10/26*, conc. range: ≤14.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 3/14*, conc. range: 0.08–11.81 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.01 μg/kg, supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year:
sample origin: supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part
year: 2012, country: Serbia900, *multigrain + dried fruits with chocolate
incidence: 4/13*, conc. range: 0.11–8.14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.04 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: 2012, country: Serbia900, *multigrain + nuts + dried fruit than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB1,
supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample year: 2015,
country: Serbia900, *multigrain + cinnamon incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 20.4 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
and pharmacies in Rabat-Salé (area), Morocco, sample year:
unknown, country: Morocco/Spain656, *breakfast cereals with
supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample year: 2015,
fruit rings
country: Serbia900, *multigrain + chocolate
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.14 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample year: 2015, country: Serbia900, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*multigrain + nuts article656: Breakfast cereals, FB1 and FB3, literature656
sample origin: supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample Fumonisin B3
year: 2015, country: Serbia900, *multigrain + dried fruits incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 2.7 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
pharmacies in Rabat-Salé (area), Morocco, sample year: unknown,
country: Morocco/Spain656, *breakfast cereals with fruit rings
sample origin: supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2,
year: 2015, country: Serbia900, *multigrain + nuts + dried fruit
and FB3
article656: Breakfast cereals, FB1 and FB2, literature656
Butter (nut butter) 27
Type B Trichothecenes • Further contamination of plants and plant products other

Deoxynivalenol
article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB2, literature211; Powder
(cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature211; Products
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year:
(cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature211
unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part
with chocolate Aflatoxin B2
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/25, conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: different stages of
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Brazil211
article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, FB1, FB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature537 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nivalenol article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB1, literature211; Powder
incidence: 1/26*, conc.: 27.1 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature211; Products
Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature211
Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part with chocolate
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Ochratoxin A
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article537: incidence: 20/25, conc. range: ≤0.06 μg/kg, sample origin:
Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB1, FB2, OTA, processing plants in the region of Ilhéus (city) in Bahia (state)
and ZEA, literature537 and São Paulo (city) in São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year:
Other Fusarium Toxins unknown, country: Brazil212
Zearalenone • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 19/26*, conc. range: ≤5.6 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year: article212: Powder (cocoa powder), Products (cocoa product),
unknown, country: Portugal/Brazil537, *breakfast cereals in part OTA, literature212
with chocolate incidence: 1?/5, conc.: 0.08 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, sample
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. year: unknown, country: Canada864
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
article537: Breakfast cereals, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
FB2, NIV, and OTA, literature537 article864: Chocolate, Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa product),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder (cocoa
Bsissa may contain the following mycotoxins: powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 24/36, conc. range: ≤1.88 μg/kg, sample origin: Kumba?
(city), Cameroon, sample year: 2005–2007, country: Cameroon/
Ochratoxin A France907
incidence: 11/11*, conc. range: 0.4–12,770 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/France345, *bsissa • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sa. composed of wheat, barley, chickpea, and a kind of lentil than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article907: Chocolate, Powder (cocoa powder), OTA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature907
article345: Olives, Vegetables, dried, OTA, literature345 Butter (nut butter) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Bukolo see Sauces (flour sauce) Aspergillus Toxins
Bush mango seeds see Seeds (bush mango) Aflatoxin B1

incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 0.2 μg/kg (1 sa.), 2.5 μg/kg** (1 sa.),
Butter (cocoa butter) may contain the following mycotoxins: ∅ conc.: 1.35 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample
year: September 2001, country: UK203, *included almond, cashew,
Aspergillus Toxins hazelnut, and three nut butter**
Aflatoxin B1
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
incidence: 7/25, conc. range: ≤0.38 μg/kg, sample origin: different
stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year:
unknown, country: Brazil211
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, lit-
erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 2.9 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *crunchy three nut sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *crunchy 3 nut butter
butter • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, lit-
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, lit- erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea- AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
Aflatoxin G2
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *included almond,
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *included almond, cashew, hazelnut, and 3 nut butter
cashew, hazelnut, and three nut butter • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, lit-
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, lit- erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *crunchy 3 nut
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *crunchy three nut butter
butter • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, lit-
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, lit- erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea-
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Aflatoxin G1 Ochratoxin A
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 0.7–2.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.35 μg/kg,
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *included almond, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001,
cashew, hazelnut, and three nut butter country: UK203, *included almond, cashew, hazelnut, and 3 nut
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, butter
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, lit- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA,
Butter (peanut butter) 29
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts article3: Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature3; Nuts (almond),
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea- AFB1 and AF/S, literature3
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 incidence: 8/8, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: shops,
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail supermarkets, and wholesalers, France, sample year: 1989/1990,
outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, country: France5
*crunchy 3 nut butter • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article5: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, literature5
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- incidence: 22?/26, conc. range: 0.09–2.65 μg/kg, sample origin:
erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Korea9
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea- article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 ture9; Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
ture9; Products (nut product), Tea, AFB1, literature9
Butter (peanut butter) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins sample origin: grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon,
Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea,
Aflatoxin B1
sample year: May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10
incidence: 7/16* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg (6 sa.), 7 μg/kg (1 sa.),
sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, England,
sample year: January 1982, country: UK3, *regular food, **peanut
butter, smooth
article10: Nuts, Nuts (almonds), Nuts (peanuts), Nuts (pistachio
incidence: 5/16* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg (3 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg nuts), Paste (soybean paste), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (cay-
(1 sa.), 12 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different enne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
regions, England, sample year: January 1982, country: UK3, literature10
*regular food, **peanut butter, crunchy
incidence: 4/11* **, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg sample origin: local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year:
(2 sa., maximum: 49 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 unknown, country: GDR29
different regions, England, sample year: January 1982, country: • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
UK3, *health food, **peanut butter, smooth AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 10/14* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg (2 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(1 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg (1 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), >100 μg/kg (5 sa., than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
maximum: 318 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different article29: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
regions, England, sample year: January 1982, country: UK3, ture29; Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
*health food, **peanut butter, crunchy literature29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice),
incidence: 5/6* **, conc. range: 11–30 μg/kg (3 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg PAT, literature29; Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut product),
(2 sa., maximum: 76 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29
different regions, sample year: June 1983, country: UK3, *health incidence: 20*/101**, conc. range: 64–1,736 μg/kg, sample origin:
food, **peanut butter, smooth 16 districts of eastern Nepal, sample year: 1995–2003, country:
incidence: 7/9* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg (5 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), Nepal58, *>30 μg/kg, **peanut butter/vegetable oil
58 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different • Co-contamination: not reported
regions, England, sample year: June 1983, country: UK3, *health • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
food, **peanut butter, crunchy than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article58: Betel nuts, AF/S, literature58; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
incidence: 1/4* **, conc.: 13 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in literature58
20 different regions, England, sample year: December 1984,
country: UK3, *health food, **peanut butter, smooth incidence: 3?/6, conc. range: 0.6–2.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97
incidence: 7/15* **, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg • Co-contamination: not reported
(3 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: 73 μg/kg), sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
retail outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: December cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
1984, country: UK3, *health food, **peanut butter, crunchy cle97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, literature97;
Butter (peanut butter), AFB2 and AFG1, literature97; Oils (peanut article181: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, and AFG1, literature181;
oil), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices Nuts (hazelnut), Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature181;
(nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97 Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature181; Spices
incidence: 7/8, conc. range: 2.0–4.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), >4.0–≤249.0 μg/kg (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature181
(6 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets and/or traditional markets in incidence: 21?/74, conc. range: 1.2–73 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 40.6 μg/kg,
Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999, country: sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic
Indonesia/Austria/Canada106 products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–
• Co-contamination: not reported 1996, country: Cyprus200
article106: Cake (peanut), Food, Nuts (peanut), Products, Sauces cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
(peanut-chilli sauce), AFB1, literature106 cle200: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200;
incidence: 1/13, conc.: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: main kitchen store, Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200;
California (state), USA, sample year: August 1985, country: USA113 Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame product), Spices,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200
article113: not reported incidence: 19/29, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (13 sa.), >2–5 μg/kg
incidence: 40/62, conc. range: 0.5–54.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.10 μg/kg, (5 sa.), 7.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 1.82 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai (city) outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country: China/ • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
USA132 AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 4 sa. co-
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article132: contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
Beans (kidney bean), Curd (bean curd), Nuts (peanut), Oils AFB1 and OTA; 4 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
(rapeseed oil), Oils (soybean oil), Paste (bean paste), Sauces (soy • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sauce), Tofu, Wine, miscellaneous, AFB1, literature132 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
incidence: 10*/21, conc. range: 0.17–2.59 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.07 μg/kg,
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across
literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, AFB1, AFB2,
Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Japan146,
AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pistachio nut),
*domestic and imported products
AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and
AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 3
AFB2, literature203
sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 16/27, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (14 sa.), 2.5 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (1 sa.), 2.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 1.14 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
article146: Beans (green bean), Coffee, Raisins, Wine, OTA, lit- outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
erature146; Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
ture146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146 AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA;
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 3 sa. co-contami-
sample origin: retail stores in Osaka (prefecture), Japan, sample
nated with AFB1 and AFG1; 7 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
year: 1988–1992, country: Japan173
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
article173: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2 and AFG1, literature173;
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts
Nuts (peanut), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper),
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
AFB1, literature173; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea-
literature173
incidence: 6/50* **, conc. range: 2.5–5 μg/kg (2 sa.), 11 to
sample origin: local stores in Munich (city), Germany, sample
≤28.6 μg/kg (4 sa.), sample origin: retail health-food outlets in 25
year: unknown, country: Germany181
different geographical locations, UK, sample year: 1986, country:
UK213, *health food, **peanut butter, smooth
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 9/79* **, conc. range: 2.5–5 μg/kg (2 sa.), 5.1–10 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (3 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg (3 sa.), 41.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail
health-food outlets in 25 different geographical locations, UK, incidence: 12/12*, conc. range: 17–170 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 101 μg/kg,
sample year: 1986, country: UK213, *health food, **peanut butter, sample origin: street sellers, Omdurman (city) area, Sudan,
crunchy sample year: 2005/2006, country: Sudan219, *traditionally
• Co-contamination: not reported processed peanut butter (homemade)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 10/14, conc. range: 1–57 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.5 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: retail stores, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year:
article213: Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature213 2005/2006, country: Sudan219
incidence: 14/30, conc. range: 5–117 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article219: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 5.82–6.44 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.13 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan,
article214: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Daejeon, Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year:
ture214; Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, June/July 2004, country: Korea220
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 10/63, conc. range: 2–20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7 μg/kg, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origin: supermarkets in East Lansing (city), USA, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: USA215 article220: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, literature220; Nuts, AFB1
• Co-contamination: not reported and AFB2, literature220; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG2, literature220; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature220
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 19/20, conc. range: 2.06–63.72 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16.6 μg/kg,
article215: not reported sample origin: markets in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
incidence: 9/16, conc. range: 20–730 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 218 μg/kg, unknown, country: Turkey221
sample origin: USA and Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Taiwan216 and AFG1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article221: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2 and AFG1, literature221;
article216: Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, literature216 Seeds (sesame), AFG1, literature221
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 1.8–5.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.7 μg/kg, incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.62–14.3 µg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.6 μg/kg,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA222
Denmark217 • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature222
article217: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- incidence: 1/1, conc.: 26.3 μg/kg, sample origin: market in
ture217; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?,
and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2, country: UK/Sudan223
literature217 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
incidence: 15?/21, conc. range: 3.2–16.0 μg/kg, sample origin: AFG1
storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2 and AFG1, literature223;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223; Okra,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223
article218: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- incidence: 41/50*, conc. range: 0.39–68.51 μg/kg, sample origin:
ture218; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, retail markets in Changchun, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang,
literature218 Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital), China, sample year:
incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: 29–128 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 63.9 μg/kg, 2007, country: China224, *manufactured domestically
sample origin: street sellers, Khartoum (capital, state) area, Sudan, • Co-contamination: 41 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
sample year: 2005/2006, country: Sudan219, *traditionally AFB2; no further information available
processed peanut butter (homemade) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 21–131 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 54.5 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: street sellers, Khartoum (capital, state) north area, article224: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
Sudan, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Sudan219, *traditionally ture224; Paste (sesame paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
processed peanut butter (homemade) literature224
incidence: 7?/12, conc. range: 13.3–56.6 μg/kg, sample origin: article790: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) ture790; Food, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, literature790
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225 incidence: 8/11*, conc. range: 0.5–1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: market
• Co-contamination: not reported in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Malawi790, *peanut butter, imported
article225: Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, literature225; Cake (pea- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
nut), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; cereals and their products reported in the present book/article790:
Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), Products (nut product), AFB1 Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature790; Food,
and AFB2, literature225 Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature790
incidence: 4/10, conc. range: 5–61 μg/kg, sample origin: traditional incidence: 10/11, conc. range: 6.1–191 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 55.7 μg/kg,
markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: 2001/2002, sample origin: retail shops and vendors at informal markets in
country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226 Bulawayo metropolitan area, Zimbabwe, sample year: October/
• Co-contamination: not reported November 2011, country: Botswana/South Africa797
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
article226: Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature226; Cake (pea- AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 5 sa. con-
nut), Nuts (peanut), Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce), Snacks, AFB1 taminated solely with AFB1
and AF/S, literature226 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 31?/33, conc. range: ≤51.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local cereals and their products reported in the present book/article797:
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature797; Nuts
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227 (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature797
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Aflatoxin B2
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article227: incidence: 22?/26, conc. range: 0.04–0.65 μg/kg, sample origin:
Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, and AFM2, litera- unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Korea9
ture227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, and AFM2, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature227 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 31/75, conc. range: 0.1–2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010, ture9; Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
country: New Zealand277 ture9; Products (nut product), Tea, AFB1, literature9
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year:
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; unknown, country: GDR29
Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
(pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, litera- AFG1, and AFG2
ture277; Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, lit- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
erature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), article29: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, litera- ture29; Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
ture277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277 literature29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice),
PAT, literature29; Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut product),
incidence: 28/43, conc. range: 73.9–534 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 223 μg/kg, Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29
sample origin: households, small factories, supermarkets, and
grocery shops in Khartoum State, Sudan, sample year: January incidence: 1/6, conc.: 0. 4 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
2010, country: Sudan718 year: unknown, country: Japan97
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article718: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature718 article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
ture97; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFG1, literature97; Oils
incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: 13.2–40.6 μg/kg, sample origin: (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, ture97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
country: Malawi790, *peanut butter, local literature97
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 7*/21, conc. range: 0.16–0.52 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.27 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Japan146,
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 6/27, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (6 sa., maximum:
AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 0.6 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
article146: Beans (green bean), Coffee, Raisins, Wine, OTA, lit- AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
erature146; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA;
ture146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 0.1–0.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: retail stores in Osaka (prefecture), Japan, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: 1988–1992, country: Japan173 article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
article173: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFG1, literature173; nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea-
Nuts (peanut), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
AFB1, literature173; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, incidence: 5/30, conc. range: 5–50 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18 μg/kg, sample
literature173 origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.12–1.38 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.75 μg/kg, year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
sample origin: local stores in Munich (city), Germany, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: unknown, country: Germany181 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article214: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture214; Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214
article181: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (hazelnut), Spices incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.4–1.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.7 μg/kg,
(paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature181; Nuts (pistachio nut), sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature181; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, Denmark217
AFB2, and AFG1, literature181 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 21?/74, conc. range: 0.3–9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.4 μg/kg, AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992– than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1996, country: Cyprus200 article217: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture217; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature217
article200: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- incidence: 15?/21, conc. range: 1.6–20.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
ture200; Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January
ture200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, 1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218
and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame • Co-contamination: not reported
product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature200 article218: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
incidence: 10/29, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (10 sa., maximum: ture218; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
1.8 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.72 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, literature218
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 incidence: 1/2, conc.: 1.15 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon, Gwangju (cities), and
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/July 2004, country:
AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Korea220
AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Co-contamination: not reported
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, article220: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1,
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and literature220; Nuts, AFB1 and AFB2, literature220; Nuts (peanut),
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature220
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts incidence: 20/20, conc. range: 0.14–4.68 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.23 μg/kg,
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil sample origin: markets in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea- unknown, country: Turkey221
• Co-contamination: 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported

and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article718: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
article221: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFG1, literature221; literature718
Seeds (sesame), AFG1, literature221 incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: 1.7–7.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.14–3.3 µg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.0 μg/kg, market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA222 country: Malawi790, *peanut butter, local
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 AFG1, and AFG2
article222: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, article790: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
literature222 ture790; Food, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 9.72 μg/kg, sample origin: market in literature790
Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?, incidence: 8/11*, conc. range: 0.2–0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: market
country: UK/Sudan223 in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Malawi790, *peanut butter, imported
AFG1 • Co-contamination: not reported
article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFG1, literature223; article790: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223; Okra, ture790; Food, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223 literature790
incidence: 41/50*, conc. range: ≤5.52 μg/kg, sample origin: retail incidence: 4/11, conc. range: 6.2–25.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15.8 μg/kg,
markets in Changchun, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, sample origin: retail shops and vendors at informal markets in
Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital), China, sample year: Bulawayo metropolitan area, Zimbabwe, sample year: October/
2007, country: China224, *manufactured domestically November 2011, country: Botswana/South Africa797
• Co-contamination: 41 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFB2; no further information available AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFG1
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article224: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224; Paste than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(sesame paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224 article797: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
incidence: 7?/12, conc. range: 3.31–10.8 μg/kg, sample origin: ture797; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature797
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) Aflatoxin G1
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, incidence: 22?/26, conc. range: 0.13–2.21 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225 unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Korea9
article225: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, literature225; Cake (pea- article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera-
nut), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; ture9; Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), Products (nut product), AFB1 ture9; Products (nut product), Tea, AFB1, literature9
and AFB2, literature225
incidence: 31?/33, conc. range: ≤14.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local sample origin: local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year:
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang unknown, country: GDR29
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, and AFG2
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, and article29: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera-
AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, ture29; Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227 literature29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice),
incidence: 42/43, conc. range: 0.18–23.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.20 μg/kg, PAT, literature29; Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut product),
sample origin: households, small factories, supermarkets, and Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29
grocery shops in Kharthoum State, Sudan, sample year: January incidence: 3?/6, conc. range: 0.1–0.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
2010, country: Sudan718 unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. con-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ taminated solely with AFG1
article97: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Jam (bean jam), Spices, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1 and AFB2, literature97; Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97 literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
incidence: 4*/21, conc. range: 0.17–0.81 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts
Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Japan146, (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
*domestic and imported products nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea-
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 8/27, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (8 sa., maximum: 1 μg/kg),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ∅ conc.: 0.44 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ September 2001, country: UK203
article146: Beans (green bean), Coffee, Raisins, Wine, OTA, lit- • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
erature146; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera- AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
ture146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146 AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA;
incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 0.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
origin: retail stores in Osaka (prefecture), Japan, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1988–1992, country: Japan173 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
AFG1 literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts
article173: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature173; (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
Nuts (peanut), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
AFB1, literature173; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
literature173 incidence: 5/30, conc. range: 6–135 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 54 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 0.52 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in Munich sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
(city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany181 sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article214: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera-
article181: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature181; ture214; Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1,
Nuts (hazelnut), Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature181; AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214
Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature181; Spices incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.6–1.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.9 μg/kg, sample
(nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature181 origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Denmark217
incidence: 21?/74, conc. range: <0.4–0.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic AFG1, and AFG2
products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992– • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1996, country: Cyprus200 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article217: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture217; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2,
article200: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera- literature217
ture200; Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- incidence: 15?/21, conc. range: 3.2–20.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
ture200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January
and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame 1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218
product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 • Co-contamination: not reported
and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
literature200 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 13/29, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (13 sa., maximum: cle218: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature218;
1.4 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.79 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature218
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 incidence: 20/20, conc. range: 1.66–32.78 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.6 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: markets in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, unknown, country: Turkey221
and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG1 than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other book/article790: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature790; Food, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
article221: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature221; AFG2, literature790
Seeds (sesame), AFG1, literature221 incidence: 7/11*, conc. range: 0.5–1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: market
incidence: 4/5, conc. range: 0.11–2.01 µg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA222 Malawi790, *peanut butter, imported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature790; Food,
article222: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature790
literature222 incidence: 5/11, conc. range: 9.3–47.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25.5 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 84.5 μg/kg, sample origin: market in sample origin: retail shops and vendors at informal markets in
Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?, Bulawayo metropolitan area, Zimbabwe, sample year: October/
country: UK/Sudan223 November 2011, country: Botswana/South Africa797
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1 AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature223; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223; Okra, article797: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera-
AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223 ture797; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature797
incidence: 40/50*, conc. range: ≤21.22 μg/kg, sample origin: retail Aflatoxin G2
markets in Changchun, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, incidence: 2/26, conc. range: 0.21–0.30 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.255 μg/kg,
Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital), China, sample year: sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Korea9
2007, country: China224, *manufactured domestically • Co-contamination: not reported
article224: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera- ture9; Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
ture224; Paste (sesame paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, ture9; Products (nut product), Tea, AFB1, literature9
literature224
incidence: 31?/33, conc. range: ≤20.8 μg/kg, sample origin: local sample origin: local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year:
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang unknown, country: GDR29
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ than cereals and their products reported in the present
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, and book/article29: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, literature29; Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227 AFG2, literature29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple
incidence: 43/43, conc. range: 26.5–401 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 137 μg/kg, juice), PAT, literature29; Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut
sample origin: households, small factories, supermarkets, and product), Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
grocery shops in Khartoum State, Sudan, sample year: January literature29
2010, country: Sudan718 incidence: 4*/21, conc. range: 0.12–0.46 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.21 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Japan146,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *domestic and imported products
article718: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
literature718 AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: 14.8–65.0 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Malawi790, *peanut butter, local article146: Beans (green bean), Coffee, Raisins, Wine, OTA, litera-
• Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, ture146; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
AFG1, and AFG2 ture146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146
incidence: 1/74, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of primary and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2,
storage or processing (domestic products) and sites of importation, literature217
Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200 incidence: 15?/21, conc. range: 1.6–20.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218
article200: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
ture200; Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- cereals and their products reported in the present book/article218:
ture200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature218; Nuts
and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature218
product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1
incidence: 4/5, conc. range: 0.11–0.44 µg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg,
and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA222
literature200
incidence: 5/29, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum: AFG1, and AFG2
0.5 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.38 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article222: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, literature222
AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 37/50*, conc. range: ≤6.36 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
markets in Changchun, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang,
Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital), China, sample year:
2007, country: China224, *manufactured domestically
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
article224: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea-
ture224; Paste (sesame paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature224
incidence: 2/27, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum:
incidence: 31?/33, conc. range: ≤4.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local
0.3 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.25 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227
AFG1, and AFG2
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, and
AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, lit-
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227
erature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pistachio nut), incidence: 4/43, conc. range: 8.60–30.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18.5 μg/kg,
AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), sample origin: households, small factories, supermarkets, and
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and grocery shops in Khartoum State, Sudan, sample year: January
AFB2, literature203 2010, country: Sudan718
incidence: 3/30, conc. range: 33–124 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 68 μg/kg,
sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
article718: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
literature718
article214: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera- market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012,
ture214; Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, country: Malawi790, *peanut butter, local
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214 • Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Denmark217
cle790: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature790;
AFG1, and AFG2
Food, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature790
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/11*, conc. range: 0.2–0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: market
article217: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera- in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
ture217; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Malawi790, *peanut butter, imported
• Co-contamination: not reported England, sample year: January 1982, country: UK3, *health food,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than **peanut butter, smooth, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article790: incidence: 10/14* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg***
Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature790; Food, (2 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), >100
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature790 μg/kg*** (5 sa., maximum: 345 μg/kg***), sample origin: retail
incidence: 1/11, conc.: 8.8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops and outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: January 1982,
vendors at informal markets in Bulawayo metropolitan area, country: UK3, *health food, **peanut butter, crunchy, ***AFB1, AFB2,
Zimbabwe, sample year: October/November 2011, country: AFG1, and AFG2
Botswana/South Africa797 incidence: 6/6* **, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg***
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, (1 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg*** (3 sa.), 175 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), sample origin:
AFG1, and AFG2 retail outlets in 20 different regions, sample year: June 1983, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other UK3, *health food, **peanut butter, smooth, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and AFG2
incidence: 7/9* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg*** (3 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg***
ture797; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature797
(2 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), 211 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), sample origin:
Aflatoxin M1 retail outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: June
incidence: 31?/33, conc. range: ≤4.2 μg/kg, sample origin: local 1983, country: UK3, *health food, **peanut butter, crunchy,
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227 incidence: 1/4* **, conc.: 27 μg/kg***, sample origin: retail outlets
• Co-contamination: not reported in 20 different regions, England, sample year: December 1984,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: UK3, *health food, **peanut butter, smooth, ***AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
(1 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg*** (2 sa.), >100 μg/kg*** (3 sa., maximum:
147 μg/kg***), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions,
Aflatoxin M2 England, sample year: December 1984, country: UK3, *health food,
incidence: 31?/33, conc. range: ≤1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: local **peanut butter, crunchy, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang • Co-contamination: not reported
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article3: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, literature3; Nuts (almond),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB1 and AF/S, literature3
AFM1, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, incidence: 98/2,092, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (47 sa.), 10.0–
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227 14.9 μg/kg* (36 sa.), 15.0–19.9 μg/kg* (12 sa.), >25 μg/kg* (3 sa.),
sample origin: brokers, distributors, growers, processors, and
Aflatoxin/s
retail trade, Canada, sample year: 1970–1975, country: Canada15,
incidence: 478/483, Ø conc.: 143.6 μg/kg*, sample origin: greater
*AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country:
Philippines1, *AF of pos sa.?
article15: Cocoa beans, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts
(peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (wal-
article1: Beans, Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee, Drinks (alcoholic
nut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature15
drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Products (coconut
product), Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Sweet incidence: 17/104, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg* (13 sa.), >20 μg/kg*
potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1 (4 sa., maximum: 27 μg/kg*), sample origin: FDA districts, USA,
sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 7/16* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg*** (6 sa.), 8 μg/kg***
(1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, incidence: 1/3, conc.: 43 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported to USA,
England, sample year: January 1982, country: UK3, *regular food, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
**peanut butter, smooth, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: not reported
(1 sa.), 14 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different
cle19: Candies (peanut candy), Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts,
regions, England, sample year: January 1982, country: UK3, *regular
Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut),
food, **peanut butter, crunchy, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (pea-
incidence: 6/11* **, conc. range: 2–5 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg*** nut oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian paste), Products
(2 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg*** (2 sa., maximum: (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
85 μg/kg***), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, literature19
incidence: 29/29, conc. range: >30–8,600* μg/kg**, sample origin: article229: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature229; Figs, Nuts (peanut),
markets in or near Manila (capital), Philippines, sample year: Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature229; Spices, Spices (cayenne
1967/1968, country: USA134, *baby food, **AF pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, literature229
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 256/400, conc. range: 32–54 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 43.5 μg/kg*,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: local market and processing centers, central region
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ of Sudan, sample year: unknown, country: Sudan/Saudi Arabia230,
article134: Beans, Nuts (peanut), Products (coconut product), *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Products (peanut product), Tubers, AF/S, literature134 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/3, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
from USA purchased on markets in or near Manila (capital), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Philippines, sample year: 1967/1968, country: USA134 article230: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature230
incidence: 13/42, conc.: 1.0–3.9 μg/kg* (8 sa.), 4.0–10 μg/kg* incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 6.50–14.90 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 10.7 μg/kg*,
(4 sa.), 21 μg/kg* (1 sa.), sample origin: retail sa. from Norwich sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA231,
area and health food stores, market stalls, and supermarkets *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
across the UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK206, *AFB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article231: Paste (peanut paste), AF/S, literature231
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 27/95, conc. range: <20 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 3.5 μg/kg*,
article206: Figs, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts sample origin: market basket sa. commercially available in
(pistachio nut), Paste (fig paste), AF/S, literature206 Virginia (state), USA, sample year: 1982, country: USA232, *AFB1,
incidence: 6/50* **, conc. range: 2.5–5 μg/kg*** (2 sa.), 11–30 AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
μg/kg*** (3 sa.), 40.1 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), sample origin: retail health- incidence: 273/355, conc. range: <20 μg/kg* (242 sa.), ≥20 μg/kg*
food outlets in 25 different geographical locations, UK, sample (31 sa.), ∅ conc.: 7.7 μg/kg*, sample origin: market basket sa.
year: 1986, country: UK213, *health food, **peanut butter, smooth, commercially available in Virginia (state), USA, sample year: 1983,
*** AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 country: USA232, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 12/79* **, conc. range: 2.5–5 μg/kg*** (4 sa.), 5.1–10 incidence: 196/258, conc. range: <20 μg/kg* (189 sa.), ≥20 μg/kg*
μg/kg*** (4 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg*** (2 sa.), 31 to ≤53.3 μg/kg*** (2 sa.), (7 sa.), ∅ conc.: 6.6 μg/kg*, sample origin: market basket sa.
sample origin: retail health-food outlets in 25 different geographical commercially available in Virginia (state), USA, sample year: 1984,
locations, UK, sample year: 1986, country: UK213, *health food, country: USA232, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
**peanut butter, crunchy, *** AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 184/235, conc. range: <20 μg/kg* (179 sa.), ≥20 μg/kg*
(5 sa.), ∅ conc.: 5.7 μg/kg*, sample origin: market basket sa.
commercially available in Virginia (state), USA, sample year: 1985,
country: USA232
article213: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, literature213
incidence: 435/465, conc. range: <20 μg/kg* (375 sa.), ≥20 μg/kg*
incidence: 4/10, conc. range: 7–228 μg/kg*, sample origin:
(60 sa., maximum: 76.6 μg/kg*), ∅ conc.: 9.6 μg/kg*, sample
traditional markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year:
origin: market basket sa. commercially available in Virginia
2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *AFB1, AFB2,
(state), USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA232, *AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, and AFG2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 404/449, conc. range: <20 μg/kg* (273 sa.), 20–50 μg/kg*
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (24 sa.), 50–100 μg/kg* (70 sa.), >100 μg/kg* (37 sa., maximum:
article226: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, literature226; Cake (pea- 215 μg/kg*), ∅ conc.: 33.0 μg/kg*, sample origin: market basket sa.
nut), Nuts (peanut), Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce), Snacks, AFB1 commercially available in Virginia (state), USA, sample year: 1987,
and AF/S, literature226 country: USA232, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 10/18, conc. range: 1 to 1.0 to <5.0 µg/kg* (1 sa.), 5.0 to incidence: 187/322, conc. range: <20 μg/kg* (175 sa.), ≥20 μg/kg*
<10.0 µg/kg* (3 sa.), 10.0 to <50.0 µg/kg* (4 sa.), 50.0 to <100.0 µg/kg* (12 sa.), ∅ conc.: 8.9 μg/kg*, sample origin: market basket sa.
(1 sa.), 775.0 µg/kg* (1 sa.), sample origin: commercially available, commercially available in Virginia (state), USA, sample year: 1988,
sample year: unknown, country: UK228, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 country: USA232, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 144/331, conc. range: <20 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 2.5 μg/kg*,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: market basket sa. commercially available in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Virginia (state), USA, sample year: 1989, country: USA232, *AFB1,
article228: not reported AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 7/7, conc. range: 0.32–13.26 μg/kg*, sample origin: sales • Co-contamination: not reported
outlets, Qatar, sample year: October 2002, country: Qatar229, *AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 16/35, conc. range: 0.1–5 μg/kg* (5 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg*
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (6 sa.), 11–20 μg/kg* (3 sa.), 21–35 μg/kg* (2 sa.), sample origin:
commercial and imported food from retail outlets and points of • Co-contamination: not reported
entries, Malaysia, sample year: 1995–1999, country: Malaysia233, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
*AF not specified cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: not reported cle700: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature700
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 31/75, conc. range: ≤3.4 μg/kg*, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand701, *AFB1,
article233: Candies (peanut candy), Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Products (peanut product), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Co-contamination: not reported
AF/S, literature233 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 31/75, conc. range: 0.1–3.4 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.7 μg/kg*, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010, article701: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature701; Nuts
country: New Zealand277, *AFS total (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Products (nut product),
• Co-contamination: not reported Products (peanut product), AF/S, literature701
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: 34.2–115.6 μg/kg**, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ supermarkets in Lilongwe (capital), Malawi, sample year:
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; December 2012, country: Belgium/Malawi722, *manufactured in
Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts Malawi, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
(pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, litera-
incidence: 8/11*, conc. range: ≤4.3 μg/kg**, sample origin:
ture277; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, literature277; Coffee, Dates,
supermarkets in Lilongwe (capital), Malawi, sample year:
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, lit-
December 2012, country: Belgium/Malawi722, *imported from
erature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry),
South Africa, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, litera-
ture277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
incidence: 10/11, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg* (1 sa.), 20–100 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg* (3 sa.), 100–1,000 μg/kg* (4 sa.), ≤2,720 μg/kg* (2 sa.), article722: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature722
sample origin: open-air markets in Port-au-Prince (capital), Haiti,
sample year: July 2012, country: USA376, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
AFG2
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 21/21, conc. range: 20–100 μg/kg* (2 sa.), 100–1,000 μg/kg* incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
(17 sa.), ≤1,850 μg/kg* (2 sa.), sample origin: open-air markets in Cap and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year:
Haitien, Haiti, sample year: July 2013, country: USA376, *AFB1, AFB2, September/October 2008, country: Canada90
AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
supermarkets and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada,
sample year: September/October 2009, country: Canada90
article376: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature376
incidence: 75/142, conc. range: 0.2–32.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
traditional markets, supermarkets, grocery stores, wholesale article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Candies, Chocolate,
stores, and convenience stores in 25 counties, Taiwan, sample year: Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza, Products,
1997–2011 (with exceptions), country: Taiwan540, *AFB1, AFB2, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90
AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001,
country: UK203
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
article540: Candies (peanut candy), Flour (peanut flour), Nuts
AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
(peanut), AF/S, literature540
incidence: 16/32, conc. range: ≤32.2 μg/kg*, sample origin: article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
markets, superstores, malls, and venders of major districts of literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
Punjab (province), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: AFG2, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
Pakistan573, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts
• Co-contamination: not reported (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
article573: Cookies, Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut product),
incidence: 2/27, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum:
AF/S, literature573
0.4 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.35 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
incidence: 5/160, conc. range: 2–20 μg/kg*, sample origin: sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
imported to New Zealand, sample year: 1997–1999, 2001–2004, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
country: New Zealand700, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 AFG1, and OTA
Cake (peanut) 41
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: supermarkets and village stores in five districts of
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, Penang (state) including Penang Island and Wellesley (province),
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *gung tang
AFG2, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea- cereals and their products reported in the present book/article225:
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), Products
see also Food (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (peanut), AFB2
and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
Butter (sesame butter) may contain the following mycotoxins: literature225
Aspergillus Toxins incidence: 3/10, conc. range: 4–117 μg/kg, sample origin:
Aflatoxin/s 2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226
incidence: 1/14*, conc.: >176 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail • Co-contamination: not reported
markets, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey234, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
*tahini, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: not reported cle226: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Sauces (peanut-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other chilli sauce), Snacks, AFB1 and AF/S, literature226; Cake (peanut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AF/S, literature226
incidence: 15/15*, conc. range: <LOQ-183 μg/kg, sample origin:
different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year: unknown,
Cabernet Sauvignon see Wine (red)
country: Belgium235, *“kulikuli”
Cake (date) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Aspergillus Toxins AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2,
and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and
Aflatoxin/s
OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 3/19, conc. range: ≤8.15 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets
and local shops in big cities of Punjab (province), Pakistan, sample
year: November 2011–March 2012, country: Pakistan/Malaysia574,
cle235: Cake (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature235;
Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, DAS, FB1, and ZEA,
literature235
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 7/10*, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (2 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (2 sa.),
article574: Cookies, Dates, Halva, AF/S, literature574 ≤39.1 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Babile (town), eastern parts of
Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389,
Cake (peanut) may contain the following mycotoxins: *“Halawa” (local cake)
incidence: 8/10*, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (2 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (1 sa.),
Aspergillus Toxins
20–100 μg/kg (3 sa.), ≤158.1 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Dire
Aflatoxin B1 Dawa (city), eastern parts of Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015,
incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 2.0 to ≤3.0 μg/kg, sample origin: country: Ethiopia/USA389, *“Halawa” (local cake)
supermarkets and/or traditional markets in Yogyakarta (city), incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 2.8 μg/kg (1 sa.), ≤9.4 μg/kg (9 sa.),
Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999, country: Indonesia/Austria/ sample origin: Jijiga (city), eastern parts of Ethiopia, sample year:
Canada106, *”ampyang” (peanut-brown sugar cake) 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389, *“Halawa” (local cake)
article106: Butter (peanut butter), Food, Nuts (peanut), Products, article389: Cake (peanut), AFB2, literature389; Nuts (peanut),
Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce), AFB1, literature106 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature389
incidence: 8/33, conc. range: 6–52 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22 μg/kg, sample incidence: 29/29, conc. range: 12.6–2,824 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 561 μg/kg,
origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year:
year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214 unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria738
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut oil), article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, BEA,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Cake (peanut), AFB2, KA, OTA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chap-
AFG1, and AFG2, literature214 ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 5/15, conc. range: 120–340 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 219 μg/kg, incidence: 26/29, conc. range: 5–533 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 117 μg/kg,
sample origin: Cameroon, sample year: December 2010, country: sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year:
Belgium/Russia805 unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria738
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
article805: Cake (peanut), OTA, literature805; Flour (cassava article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, BEA,
flour), AFB1, FB1, and OTA, literature805 KA, OTA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chap-
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 9/33, conc. range: 8–66 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample Aflatoxin G1
origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample incidence: 7/33, conc. range: 8–120 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 54 μg/kg,
year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214 sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Cake (peanut), article214: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut
AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214 oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Cake (peanut),
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 13.0–22.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 17.7 μg/kg, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature214
sample origin: supermarkets and village stores in five districts incidence: 14/15*, conc. range: <LOQ-79 μg/kg, sample origin:
of Penang (state) including Penang Island and Wellesley different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year: unknown,
(province), Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, country: Belgium235, *“kulikuli”
*gung tang • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
(peanut), AFB1 and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, ture235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, DAS, FB1, and ZEA,
AFB2, and AFG2, literature225 literature235
incidence: 10/15*, conc. range: <LOQ-31 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 24/29, conc. range: 5.8–477 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 75 μg/kg,
different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year: unknown, sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year:
country: Belgium235, *“kulikuli” unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria738
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and OTA article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, BEA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other KA, OTA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chap-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
ture235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, DAS, FB1, and ZEA, Aflatoxin G2
literature235 incidence: 7/33, conc. range: 18–84 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 40 μg/kg,
incidence: 7/10*, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (6 sa.), ≤4.6 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
sample origin: Babile (town), eastern parts of Ethiopia, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389, *“Halawa” • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(local cake) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 8/10*, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (6 sa.), ≤15.3 μg/kg (2 sa.), article214: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Oils (peanut
sample origin: Dire Dawa (city), eastern parts of Ethiopia, sample oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Cake (peanut),
year: 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389, *“Halawa” (local cake) AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature214
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg (10 sa.), sample incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 14.5 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
origin: Jijiga (city), eastern parts of Ethiopia, sample year: and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) including
2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389, *“Halawa” (local cake) Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample year:
• Co-contamination: not reported unknown, country: Malaysia225, *gung tang
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
article389: Cake (peanut), AFB1, literature389; Nuts (peanut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature389 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Cake (peanut) 43
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Confectionery, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Nuts (walnut), Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
ture225; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225 3-Nitropropionic Acid
incidence: 26/29, conc. range: 24.5–471 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 181 μg/kg,
incidence: 15/15*, conc. range: 6–96 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 43 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year: country: Nigeria/Austria738
unknown, country: Belgium235, *“kulikuli” • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, article738: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, BEA,
and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and KA, OTA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut),
OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2 chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Kojic Acid
article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera- incidence: 28/29, conc. range: 86–7,478 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,356 μg/kg,
ture235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, DAS, FB1, and ZEA, sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
literature235 country: Nigeria/Austria738
incidence: 11/29, conc. range: 4.3–113 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria738 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other BEA, OTA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chap-
article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, BEA, Ochratoxin A
KA, OTA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chap- incidence: 9/15*, conc. range: <LOQ-2 μg/kg, sample origin:
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year: unknown,
Aflatoxin M1 country: Belgium235, *“kulikuli”
incidence: 19/29, conc. range: 4.4–126 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2,
country: Nigeria/Austria738 and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature235; Flour
article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, DAS, FB1, and ZEA, literature235
KA, OTA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chap- incidence: 4/29, conc. range: 5–13 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
country: Nigeria/Austria738
Aflatoxin/s • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/10, conc. range: 5–302 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
traditional markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226 article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
• Co-contamination: not reported BEA, KA, and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chap-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article226: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Sauces (pea- incidence: 5/15, conc. range: 2–15 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.66 μg/kg,
nut-chilli sauce), Snacks, AFB1 and AF/S, literature226; Cake sample origin: Cameroon, sample year: December 2010, country:
(peanut), AFB1, literature226 Belgium/Russia805
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
Other Aspergillus Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Sterigmatocystin
article805: Cake (peanut), AFB1, literature805; Flour (cassava
flour), AFB1, FB1, and OTA, literature805
sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year:
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria738 Fusarium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Depsipeptides
than cereals and their products reported in the present Beauvericin
book/article738: Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 29/29, conc. range: 0.05–3.36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.92 μg/kg,
AFG2, AFM1, BEA, KA, and OTA, literature738; see also Cake sample origin: markets in five states, Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
(peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial country: Nigeria/Austria738
Metabolites • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Aflatoxin G2

cereals and their products reported in the present book/article738: incidence: 4/6, conc. range: 40–100 μg/kg, sample origin: local
Cake (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, KA, OTA, markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India,
and STG, literature738; see also Cake (peanut), chapter: Further sample year: 1982, country: India236
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
Candies may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article236: Candies (coconut candy), Oils (coconut oil), AFB1,
AFB2, and AFG1, literature236; Copra, Meal (copra meal), AFB1,
Ochratoxin A AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.01 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: Candies (peanut candy) may contain the following mycotoxins:
September/October 2008, country: Canada90 Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
supermarkets and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, Aflatoxin B1
sample year: September/October 2009, country: Canada90 incidence: 39/48*, conc. range: 0.50–43.29 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.33 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira (cities),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June 2006–May
than cereals and their products reported in the present 2007, country: Brazil237, *Paçoca (candy, ground)
book/article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut incidence: 21/48*, conc. range: 0.52–32.85 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.78 μg/kg,
butter), Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira
Pies, Pizza, Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, (cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June
literature90 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, salty
Candies (coconut candy) may contain the following mycotoxins: sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira
Aspergillus Toxins (cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, sweet
Aflatoxin B1 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 4/6, conc. range: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year: cereals and their products reported in the present book/article237:
1982, country: India236 Candies (peanut candy), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature237; Nuts
• Co-contamination: not reported (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature237
incidence: 12/27, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (10 sa.), >20 μg/kg
(2 sa., maximum: 69.6 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná
article236: Candies (coconut candy), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
(state), Brazil, sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784
erature236; Copra, Meal (copra meal), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
literature236
Aflatoxin B2 Candies (peanut candy), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature784; Nuts
incidence: 4/6, conc. range: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature784
oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year:
Aflatoxin B2
1982, country: India236
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira (cities),
northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June 2006–May
2007, country: Brazil237, *Paçoca (candy, ground)
Candies (coconut candy), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236;
Copra, Meal (copra meal), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- incidence: 11/48*, conc. range: <LOQ-2.55 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <LOQ,
ture236; Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature236 sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June
Aflatoxin G1 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, salty
incidence: 4/6, conc. range: 40–100 μg/kg, sample origin: local incidence: 13/48*, conc. range: <LOQ-3.40 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <LOQ,
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira
sample year: 1982, country: India236 (cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June
• Co-contamination: not reported 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, sweet
article236: Candies (coconut candy), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, lit- cereals and their products reported in the present book/article237:
erature236; Copra, Meal (copra meal), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature237; Nuts
AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature237
literature236
Candies (pistachio candy) 45
incidence: 11/27, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (11 sa., maximum: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
10.6 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article784:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature784; Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature784
Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature784; Nuts Aflatoxin/s
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature784 incidence: 10/18, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported
to the USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Aflatoxin G1 and AFG2
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira (cities), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June 2006–May than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2007, country: Brazil237, *Paçoca (candy, ground) article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (pistachio candy),
incidence: 19/48*, conc. range: 0.54–3.65 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.83 μg/kg, Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June paste), Paste (pipian paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, salty (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices
(nutmeg), AF/S, literature19
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira incidence: 44/63*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg** (2 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg**
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June (14 sa.), 11–20 μg/kg** (6 sa.), 21–35 μg/kg** (8 sa.), 36–40 μg/kg**
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, sweet (3 sa.), 41–60 μg/kg** (4 sa.), 61–80 μg/kg** (2 sa.), 81–150 μg/kg**
• Co-contamination: not reported (2 sa.), >150 μg/kg** (3 sa.), sample origin: commercial and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other imported food from retail outlets and points of entries, Malaysia,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: 1995–1999, country: Malaysia233, *kacang tumbuk
article237: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, lit- (finely ground peanut and sugar), **AF not specified
erature237; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 7/27, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (7 sa., maximum:
article233: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Products
2.7 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil,
(peanut products), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S,
sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784
literature233
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 338/1031, conc. range: 0.2–513.4 μg/kg*, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ traditional markets, supermarkets, grocery stores, wholesale
article784: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, lit- stores, and convenience stores in 25 counties, Taiwan, sample year:
erature784; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, 1997–2011 (with exceptions), country: Taiwan540, *AFB1, AFB2,
Aflatoxin G2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 30/48*, conc. range: 0.57–9.85 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.70 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira (cities), article540: Butter (peanut butter), Flour (peanut flour), Nuts
northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June 2006–May (peanut), AF/S, literature540
2007, country: Brazil237, *Paçoca (candy, ground) For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 17/48*, conc. range: <LOQ-2.45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <LOQ,
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira Candies (pistachio candy) may contain the following
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June mycotoxins:
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, salty Aspergillus Toxins
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira Aflatoxin/s
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June incidence: 1/1, conc.: 78 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported to the USA,
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *dragee, sweet sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle237: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera- cle19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Nuts, Nuts
ture237; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature237 (almond), Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
(pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut
incidence: 3/27, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian paste), Products (pea-
1.8 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil, nut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784 Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, literature19
Cashew nuts see Nuts (cashew nut) Tenuazonic Acid

Cassava may contain the following mycotoxins: sample origin: households and markets, Ghana, sample year:
unknown, country: UK/Ghana238, *kokonte (cassava, dried)
Alternaria Toxins
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with STG and TA; 1
Alternariol sa. contaminated solely with TA
incidence: 114/405*, conc. range: ≤1,051 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed article238: Cassava, CPA, PA, PAT, and STG, literature238
and stored incidence: 158/405*, conc. range: ≤2,642 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 10/222*, conc. range: ≤76.8 μg/kg, sample origin: households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
and stored incidence: 26/222*, conc. range: ≤562.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and stored
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, • Co-contamination: not reported
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
and Microbial Metabolites ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS,
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, and
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
incidence: 202/405*, conc. range: ≤1,430 μg/kg, sample origin:
and Microbial Metabolites
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed Aspergillus Toxins
and stored
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 57/222*, conc. range: ≤51.8 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 43/405*, conc. range: ≤76.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
and stored and stored
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: households
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014, country:
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AOH, Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, TA, T-2, T-2TET, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH,
and Microbial Metabolites ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
Altertoxin I NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
incidence: 17/405*, conc. range: ≤25.8 μg/kg, sample origin: ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September and Microbial Metabolites
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
and stored Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/222*, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: households and households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014, country: 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored and stored
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
AOH, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and stored
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, • Co-contamination: not reported
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and Microbial Metabolites article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH,
Cassava 47
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, Aflatoxin/s
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, incidence: 142/142*, Ø conc.: 467.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country:
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins Philippines1, *cassava and cassava products, **AFS of pos sa.?
and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin G1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 39/405*, conc. range: ≤60.7 μg/kg, sample origin: article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa, Coffee, Drinks
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September (alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Products
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed (coconut product), Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
and stored Sweet potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1
incidence: 2/222*, conc. range: ≤1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 4/34, conc. range: 100–1,000 μg/kg* (2 sa.), >1,000 μg/kg*
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April (2 sa.), sample origin: natives homes and markets, Uganda, sample
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed year: September 1966–June 1967, country: Uganda/USA137, *AFB1,
and stored AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 2 sa. contained AFB1 and AFG1, 4 sa. contained
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2 (2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2, 2 sa. contami-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nated solely with AFB2); no further information available
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, article137: Beans, Nuts (peanut), Peas, AF/S, literature137
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1,700 μg/kg*, sample origin: Africa, sample
and Microbial Metabolites year: unknown, country: USA/Thailand240, *AF
incidence: 1/405*, conc.: 4.3 μg/kg, sample origin: households and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country: article240: not reported
Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
Other Aspergillus Toxins
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April Sterigmatocystin
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed incidence: 10/27*, conc. range: 130–1,670 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 545 μg/kg,
and stored sample origin: households and markets, Ghana, sample year:
• Co-contamination: not reported unknown, country: UK/Ghana238, *kokonte (cassava, dried)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with TA and STG; 1 sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ co-contaminated with CPA, PA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, AME, AOH, with CPA and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with PA, PAT, and STG;
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, 1 sa. co-contaminated with PA and STG; 4 sa. contaminated
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, solely with STG
and Microbial Metabolites article238: Cassava, CPA, PA, PAT, and TA, literature238
incidence: 90/405*, conc. range: ≤144 μg/kg, sample origin:
Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 2/405*, conc. range: ≤0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: households
and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country:
and stored
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
and stored
and stored
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS,
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins unknown, country: UK/Ghana238, *kokonte (cassava, dried)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, PA, and PAT;
3-Nitropropionic Acid 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contami-
incidence: 260/405*, conc. range: ≤5,159 μg/kg, sample origin: nated with CPA and STG; 1 sa. contaminated solely with CPA
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and stored article238: Cassava, PA, PAT, STG, and TA, literature238
incidence: 66/222*, conc. range: ≤2,598 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 23/405*, conc. range: ≤560 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/222*, conc.: 28.0 μg/kg, sample origin: households
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014, country:
article823: Cassava, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, TA, T-2, T-2TET, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
and Microbial Metabolites AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
Citreoviridin MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA,
incidence: 1/405*, conc.: 18.6 μg/kg, sample origin: households and and ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further
markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country: Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Kojic Acid
incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: incidence: 345/405*, conc. range: ≤650,379 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 110/222*, conc. range: ≤93,654 μg/kg, sample origin:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014,
cle823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and Microbial Metabolites AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, MA, MAS, MON,
Citrinin NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
incidence: 9/405*, conc. range: ≤462 μg/kg, sample origin: ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September and Microbial Metabolites
and stored Ochratoxin A
incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
and stored
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 2/222*, conc. range: ≤24.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, and stored
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, • Co-contamination: not reported
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
Cyclopiazonic Acid MON, NEO, NIV, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
incidence: 4/27*, conc. range: 80–720 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 430 μg/kg, ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
sample origin: households and markets, Ghana, sample year: and Microbial Metabolites
Cassava 49
Ochratoxin B Fusarium Toxins

households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September Depsipeptides
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed Beauvericin
and stored incidence: 329/405*, conc. range: ≤527 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 1/222*, conc.: 23.5 μg/kg, sample origin: households households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014, country: 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored and stored
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 199/222*, conc. range: ≤280 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, and stored
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, • Co-contamination: not reported
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and Microbial Metabolites AOH, ATX-I, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
Patulin
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA,
and ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further
sample origin: households and markets, Ghana, sample year:
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
unknown, country: UK/Ghana238, *kokonte (cassava, dried)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, PA, and
Enniatin A
PAT; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-
contaminated with PA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated
with PA and PAT
and stored
article238: Cassava, CPA, PA, STG, and TA, literature238 incidence: 22/222*, conc. range: ≤46.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014,
Penicillic Acid country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
incidence: 5/27*, conc. range: 110–850 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 302 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: households and markets, Ghana, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: UK/Ghana238, *kokonte (cassava, dried) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, PA, and article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
PAT; 1 sa. co-contaminated with PA and STG; 1 sa. co-contam- AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
inated with PA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with PA ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
and PAT; 1 sa. contaminated solely with PA NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and Microbial Metabolites
article238: Cassava, CPA, PAT, STG, and TA, literature238
incidence: 3/405*, conc. range: ≤17.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Enniatin A1
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September incidence: 20/405*, conc. range: ≤125 μg/kg, sample origin: households
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country:
and stored Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENB, ENB1,
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
and Microbial Metabolites and Microbial Metabolites
Enniatin B incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:

incidence: 126/405*, conc. range: ≤29.5 μg/kg, sample origin: households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
and stored • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 68/222*, conc. range: ≤50.4 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
and stored AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
• Co-contamination: not reported ENB1, ENB2, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, and Microbial Metabolites
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, Fumonisin/s
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and Fumonisin B1
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins incidence: 3/59*, conc. range: 4.8–41.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 21.8 μg/kg,
and Microbial Metabolites sample origin: five Colombian Amazon communities, Colombia,
sample year: May–October 2013, country: Colombia/Austria709,
Enniatin B1 *cassava root, processed
incidence: 103/405*, conc. range: ≤146.1 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and stored article709: Cassava, FB2, HT-2, MON, T-2, and ZEA,
incidence: 37/222*, conc. range: ≤163 μg/kg, sample origin: literature709
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April incidence: 27/405*, conc. range: ≤115 μg/kg, sample origin:
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
and stored 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
• Co-contamination: not reported and stored
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and stored
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, • Co-contamination: not reported
and Microbial Metabolites article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
Enniatin B2 ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
incidence: 3/405*, conc. range: ≤0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: households NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country: ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: households
and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014, country: Fumonisin B2
Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored incidence: 2/59*, conc. range: 3.9–7.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.5 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: five Colombian Amazon communities, Colombia,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: May–October 2013, country: Colombia/Austria709,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *processed cassava root
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, • Co-contamination: not reported
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENB1, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and article709: Cassava, FB1, HT-2, MON, T-2, and ZEA,
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins literature709
and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 17/405*, conc. range: ≤160 μg/kg, sample origin:
Enniatin B3 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
incidence: 55/405*, conc. range: ≤309.5 μg/kg, sample origin: and stored
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
and stored
Cassava 51
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed book/article709: Cassava, FB1, FB2, MON, T-2, and ZEA,
and stored literature709
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 3/405*, conc. range: ≤26.2 μg/kg, sample origin: households
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
and stored
incidence: 9/405*, conc. range: ≤17.7 μg/kg, sample origin: article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
and stored NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: and Microbial Metabolites
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed Monoacetoxyscirpenol
and stored incidence: 59/405*, conc. range: ≤93.2 μg/kg, sample origin: households
• Co-contamination: not reported and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
and stored
Type A Trichothecenes article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
Diacetoxyscirpenol ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MON,
incidence: 82/405*, conc. range: ≤80.7 μg/kg, sample origin: NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and Microbial Metabolites
and stored
incidence: 35/222*, conc. range: ≤32.9 μg/kg, sample origin: Neosolaniol
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April incidence: 51/405*, conc. range: ≤20.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
and stored 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
• Co-contamination: not reported and stored
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 12/222*, conc. range: ≤53.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and stored
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, • Co-contamination: not reported
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
HT-2 Toxin ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS,
incidence: 6/59*, conc. range: 37.5–251.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 121.1 μg/kg, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
sample origin: five Colombian Amazon communities, Colombia, ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
sample year: May–October 2013, country: Colombia/Austria709, and Microbial Metabolites
*cassava root, processed
• Co-contamination: not reported T-2 Toxin
than cereals and their products reported in the present sample origin: five Colombian Amazon communities, Colombia,
sample year: May–October 2013, country: Colombia/Austria709, ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
*processed cassava root and Microbial Metabolites
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nivalenol
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 74/405*, conc. range: ≤376 μg/kg, sample origin:
article709: Cassava, FB1, FB2, HT-2, MON, and ZEA, literature709 households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
incidence: 14/405*, conc. range: ≤147 μg/kg, sample origin: 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September and stored
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed incidence: 33/222*, conc. range: ≤44.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
and stored households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April and stored
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed • Co-contamination: not reported
and stored • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, MON, NEO, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2TET, TA, and and Microbial Metabolites
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins Other Fusarium Toxins
Fusaric Acid
T-2 Tetraol incidence: 88/405*, conc. range: ≤6,207 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 7/405*, conc. range: ≤433 μg/kg, sample origin: households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
and stored
incidence: 2/222*, conc. range: ≤138 μg/kg, sample origin: households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and and Microbial Metabolites
Microbial Metabolites
Fusaproliferin
Deoxynivalenol households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
incidence: 22/405*, conc. range: ≤157 μg/kg, sample origin: 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September and stored
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed incidence: 1/222*, conc.: 197 μg/kg, sample origin: households
and stored and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014, country:
incidence: 12/222*, conc. range: ≤27.4 μg/kg, sample origin: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April 2014, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed and stored • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, MON, ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and and Microbial Metabolites
Chilli 53
Moniliformin incidence: 50/222*, conc. range: ≤2,279.7 μg/kg, sample origin:

incidence: 1/59*, conc.: 313.9 μg/kg, sample origin: five Colombian households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
Amazon communities, Colombia, sample year: May–October 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
2013, country: Colombia/Austria709, *processed cassava root and stored
article709: Cassava, FB1, FB2, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature709 article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
incidence: 131/405*, conc. range: ≤73.2 μg/kg, sample origin: AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MAS, MON,
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and
and stored ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April Roquefortine C
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed incidence: 6/405*, conc. range: ≤138.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
and stored households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September
• Co-contamination: not reported 2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and stored
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, incidence: 59/222*, conc. range: ≤1,455 μg/kg, sample origin:
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April
ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS, 2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed
NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and and stored
ZEA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins • Co-contamination: not reported
and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Zearalenone article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
incidence: 3/59*, conc. range: 0.9–3.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.7 μg/kg, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
sample origin: five Colombian Amazon communities, Colombia, ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FP, HT-2, KA, MA, MAS,
sample year: May–October 2013, country: Colombia/Austria709, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, STG, T-2, T-2TET, TA, and ZEA,
*processed cassava root literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
• Co-contamination: not reported Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Cassava flour see Flour (cassava flour)
article709: Cassava, FB1, FB2, HT-2, MON, and T-2, literature709
Cassia see Spices (cassia)
households and markets, Tanzania, sample year: June–September Cassis may contain the following mycotoxins:
and stored Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
incidence: 104/222*, conc. range: ≤2,826 μg/kg, sample origin: Ochratoxin A
households and markets, Rwanda, sample year: July 2013–April incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.38 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
2014, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed year: unknown, country: Japan112, *cassis, dry
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article112: Cocoa, Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, litera-
article823: Cassava, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, ture112; Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Powder (cocoa
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, CTV, DAS, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112
MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PA, ROQ-C, STG, T-2, T-2TET, and Cayenne pepper see Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)
TA, literature823; see also Cassava, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
and Microbial Metabolites Chardonnay see Wine (white)
Penicillium Toxins Chenin Blanc see Wine (white)
Mycophenolic Acid Chestnuts see Nuts (chestnut)

Chickpeas see Peas (chickpea)
2012, country: Austria/Tanzania/Rwanda823, *cassava, processed Chilli see Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)
and stored
Chilli pickles see Pickles • Co-contamination: not reported

Chilli sauce see Sauces (chilli sauce) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Chinese rice wine see Wine, miscellaneous For detailed information see the article.
Chips (cassava chips) may contain the following mycotoxins: Chips (yam chips) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 0.4–4.38 μg/kg, sample origin: markets incidence: 10/44, conc. range: 10.3–65.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28.1 μg/kg,
in Brazzaville (capital), Congo, sample year: unknown, country: sample origin: markets in Ogun (state) in the rain forest belt of
Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256 Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria257
incidence: 7?/7*, conc. range: ≤1.58 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 7/32, conc. range: 8.5–80.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25.6 μg/kg,
Mtwara, Mkongi, Ugunja, and Zanzibar Island (regions), Tanzania, sample origin: markets in Oyo (state) in the rain forest belt of
sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria257
*fresh sa. • Co-contamination: not reported
Mtwara, Mkongi, Ugunja, and Zanzibar Island (regions), Tanzania, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256, article257: not reported
*stored sa. incidence: 52/96*, conc. range: 4–186 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23 μg/kg,
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 0.9–1.44 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: markets in the rainforest belt, Nigeria, sample year:
Mtwara, Mkongi, Ugunja, and Zanzibar Island (regions), Tanzania, June–September 2001, country: Nigeria258, *yam chips, dried
sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256, • Co-contamination: not reported
*smoked sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.86–6.98 μg/kg, sample origin:
Chips (yam chips), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature258
Mtwara, Mkongi, Ugunja, and Zanzibar Island (regions), Tanzania,
sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256, incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 11–27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 19 μg/kg,
*fresh sa. sample origin: Bodija (market) in Ibadan (city), Oyo State,
Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria660, *yam chips,
dried
Mtwara, Mkongi, Ugunja, and Zanzibar Island (regions), Tanzania,
sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256, incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: 14–21 μg/kg, sample origin: Ojaoba
*stored sa. for 3–7 days (market) in Ibadan (city), Oyo State, Nigeria, sample year:
unknown, country: Nigeria660, *yam chips, dried
Mtwara, Mkongi, Ugunja, and Zanzibar Island (regions), Tanzania, incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 169–216 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 190 μg/kg,
sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256, sample origin: Oje (market) in Ibadan (city), Oyo State, Nigeria,
*stored sa. for 1–4 months sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria660, *yam chips, dried
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 141–196 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 180 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Omiadio (market) in Ibadan (city), Oyo State, Nigeria,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria660, *yam chips, dried
article256: Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, literature256 • Co-contamination: Further aflatoxins are found. For detailed
information see the article.
Aflatoxin/s
sample origin: Yaoundé (capital), Cameroon, sample year: June–
article660: see co-contamination
August 1999, country: Nigeria/Cameroon/Denmark/Ethiopia719,
*cassava chips (pellets), stored Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 7/36*, conc. range: 5.2–14.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.3 μg/kg, incidence: 31/96*, conc. range: 2–55 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11 μg/kg,
sample origin: Ebolowa (city), Cameroon, sample year: June– sample origin: markets in the rainforest belt, Nigeria, sample year:
August 1999, country: Nigeria/Cameroon/Denmark/Ethiopia719, June–September 2001, country: Nigeria258, *yam chips, dried
*cassava chips (balls), stored • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Chips (yam chips), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature258
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 5/96*, conc. range: 4–18 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6 μg/kg, sample
incidence: 18/60, conc. range: ≤4.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Kumi origin: markets in the rainforest belt, Nigeria, sample year: June–
(district), Uganda, sample year: unknown, country: Uganda756 September 2001, country: Nigeria258, *yam chips, dried
Chocolate 55
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 25/25*, conc. range: 0.04–0.91 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.43 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (municipalities), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260,
article258: Chips (yam chips), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, *dark chocolate
literature258 • Co-contamination: 25 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
(only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further informa-
Aflatoxin G2 tion available
incidence: 2/96*, conc. range: 5–11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origin: markets in the rainforest belt, Nigeria, sample year: June– than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
September 2001, country: Nigeria258, *yam chips, dried article260: Chocolate, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature260
supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil,
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *milk chocolate
article258: Chips (yam chips), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
literature258
Aflatoxin/s tion available
incidence: 86/107*, conc. range: 4–15 μg/kg* (61 sa.), >15 μg/kg* • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(25 sa., maximum: 200 μg/kg*), sample origin: central and southern than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
part of Benin, sample year: July/August 2000 and May/June 2001, article260: Chocolate, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature260
country: France/Benin259, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 5/25*, conc. range: ≤0.10 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *white chocolate
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
article259: not reported • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Chocolate may contain the following mycotoxins: article260: Chocolate, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature260
Aspergillus Toxins incidence: 7*/9**, conc. range: ≤0.53 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada,
sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **baking
Aflatoxin B1 chocolate
incidence: 22*/42**, conc. range: 0.11–0.60 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.18 μg/kg, incidence: 16*/20**, conc. range: ≤0.63 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across Japan, Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Japan146, *domestic **dark chocolate
products, **bitter chocolate
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 7*/10**, conc. range: ≤0.18 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **milk chocolate
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
article146: Beans (green bean), Chocolate, Raisins, Wine, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
literature146; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864:
AFG2, literature146 Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa prod-
incidence: 24/25*, conc. range: ≤0.96 μg/kg, sample origin: uct), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder
supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil, (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *powdered chocolate
• Co-contamination: 24 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA Aflatoxin B2
(only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further informa- incidence: 20/25*, conc. range: ≤0.60 μg/kg, sample origin:
tion available supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *powdered chocolate
article260: Chocolate, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature260 (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further informa-
incidence: 25/25*, conc. range: 0.10–0.87 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.33 tion available
μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(municipalities), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*bitter chocolate article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature260
• Co-contamination: 25 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA incidence: 19/25*, conc. range: ≤0.15 μg/kg, sample origin:
(only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further informa- supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil,
tion available sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *bitter chocolate
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and OTA (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further
article260: Chocolate, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature260 information available
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 24 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and OTA (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature260 information available
supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *dark chocolate article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature260
• Co-contamination: 22 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 2/25*, conc. range: ≤0.06 μg/kg, sample origin:
and OTA (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil,
information available sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *dark chocolate
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature260 information available
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *milk chocolate article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature260
• Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and OTA incidence: 5/25*, conc. range: ≤0.07 μg/kg, sample origin:
tion available sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *milk chocolate
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and OTA
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further informa-
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature260 tion available
incidence: 0/25*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *white chocolate article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature260
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 0/25*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *white chocolate
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature260 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 7*/9**, conc. range: ≤0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **baking than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
chocolate article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature260
incidence: 13*/20**, conc. range: ≤0.11 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1?*/9**, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada,
Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **baking
**dark chocolate chocolate
incidence: 7*/10**, conc. range: ≤0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1?*/20**, conc.: 0.09 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada,
Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **dark
**milk chocolate chocolate
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1*/10**, conc.: 0.28 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **milk
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864: chocolate
Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, AFB1, AFG1, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa prod- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
uct), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864:
(cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864 Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa prod-
Aflatoxin G1 uct), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder
incidence: 11/25*, conc. range: ≤0.48 μg/kg, sample origin: (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *powdered chocolate Aflatoxin G2
• Co-contamination: 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and OTA incidence: 3/25*, conc. range: ≤0.10 μg/kg, sample origin:
tion available sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *powdered chocolate
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFG2 and OTA
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further informa-
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature260 tion available
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *bitter chocolate article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature260
Chocolate 57
incidence: 5/25*, conc. range: ≤0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: literature85; Beverages, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, Raisins,
supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo (municipalities), Brazil, Spices (coriander), Wine, OTA, literature85
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *bitter chocolate incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.30 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2, and and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year:
OTA (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further September/October 2008, country: Canada90, *chocolate bars
information available
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.13 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year:
September/October 2009, country: Canada90, *chocolate bars
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature260
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.02 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and
fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: September/
October 2008, country: Canada90, *milk, chocolate, 1%
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *dark chocolate
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.01 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ September/October 2009, country: Canada90, *milk, chocolate, 1%
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature260 • Co-contamination: not reported
article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter),
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *milk chocolate
Candies, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 27*/41**, conc. range: 0.10–0.94 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.35 μg/kg,
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature260 sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across
*domestic products, **bitter chocolate
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *white chocolate
article146: Beans (green bean), Coffee, Raisins, Wine, OTA, lit-
erature146; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature260
literature146; Chocolate, AFB1, literature146
incidence: 0*/9**, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Canada,
incidence: 25/25*, conc. range: 0.03–0.92 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.39
sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **baking
μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo
chocolate
(municipalities), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260,
incidence: 1*/20**, conc.: 0.08 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, *powdered chocolate
sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **dark • Co-contamination: 24 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
chocolate OTA; 20 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and OTA; 11 sa. co-
incidence: 1?*/10**, conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, contaminated with AFG1 and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with
sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **milk AFG2 and OTA (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no
chocolate further information available
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature260
article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate,incidence: 25/25*, conc. range: 0.06–0.60 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.31 μg/kg,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864; Cocoa beans, Products sample origin: supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo
(cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- (municipalities), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260,
ture864; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, *bitter chocolate
literature864 • Co-contamination: 25 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and OTA; 24 sa. co-contam-
inated with AFG1 and OTA; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFG2
Ochratoxin A and OTA (only co-contamination with OTA stated); no further
incidence: 84/115, conc. range: ≤1.75 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.31 information available
μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
seven major cities, Japan, sample year: 2005–winter 2007, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Japan85 article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature260
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (municipalities), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260,
article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2, *dark chocolate
• Co-contamination: 25 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and incidence: 30/40, conc. range: 0.1 μg/kg (12 sa.), 0.2–4.0 μg/kg
OTA; 22 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and OTA; 2 sa. co- (18 sa., maximum: 0.6 μg/kg), sample origin: 13 regions in UK,
contaminated with AFG1 and OTA (only co-contamination sample year: May 1998, country: UK263
with OTA stated); no further information available • Co-contamination: not reported
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature260 article263: Currants, Figs, Juices (grape juice), Powder (cocoa
incidence: 25/25*, conc. range: 0.08–0.45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.15 μg/kg, powder), Raisins, Sultanas, Wine (red), OTA, literature263
sample origin: supermarkets in Campinas and São Paulo incidence: 86/87, conc. range: 0.025–4.289* μg/kg, sample origin:
(municipalities), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, different countries, sample year: 2001–2003, country: Spain264,
*milk chocolate *chocolate containing raisins
• Co-contamination: 18 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and incidence: 169/169*, conc. range: 0.012–0.693 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
OTA; 15 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and OTA; 5 sa. co- 0.139 μg/kg, sample origin: different countries, sample year:
contaminated with AFG1 and OTA (only co-contamination 2001–2003, country: Spain264, *milk chocolate
with OTA stated); no further information available
incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: 0.016–0.190 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
0.050 μg/kg, sample origin: different countries, sample year:
2001–2003, country: Spain264 *white chocolate
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature260
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil260, *white chocolate article264: Powder (cocoa powder), OTA, literature264
sample origin: sa. available in Canada, sample year: unknown,
tion available
country: Canada265 *baking chocolate
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: 0.17–0.88 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.38 μg/kg,
article260: Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature260 sample origin: sa. available in Canada, sample year: unknown,
country: Canada265, *dark chocolate
sample origin: Cameroon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria, sample incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: ≤0.19 μg/kg, sample origin: sa.
year: unknown, country: Spain261, *chocolate and chocolate cream available in Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada265,
• Co-contamination: not reported *milk chocolate
article261: Cocoa beans, Powder (cocoa powder), Products than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(cocoa product), OTA, literature261 article265: Powder (cocoa powder), OTA, literature265
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, discount stores in south, center, and north Italy, sample year:
Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, unknown, country: Italy266, *dark chocolate bars
country: Germany262, *whole milk chocolate incidence: 21/78*, conc. range: ≤0.26 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 78/78*, conc. range: 0.020–0.660 μg/kg, sample origin: discount stores in south, center, and north Italy, sample year:
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, unknown, country: Italy266, *milk chocolate bars
Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, incidence: 21/47*, conc. range: ≤0.42 μg/kg, sample origin:
country: Germany262, *half bitter/bitter chocolate discount stores in south, center, and north Italy, sample year:
incidence: 31/35*, conc. range: ≤0.160 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, country: Italy266, *chocolate candies
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, incidence: 5/15*, conc. range: ≤0.50 μg/kg, sample origin: discount
Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, stores in south, center, and north Italy, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany262, *chocolate with nuts country: Italy266, *easter eggs
incidence: 55/58*, conc. range: ≤0.340 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Germany262, *chocolate, filled article266: Powder (cocoa powder), OTA, literature266
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 18/18*, conc. range: ≤1.66 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.377 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: supermarkets and fresh provision shops, Hong
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Kong, China, sample year: August/September 2005, country:
article262: Bars, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs, Fruits, dried, China697, *chocolate and its products
Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Powder • Co-contamination: not reported
(cocoa powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(sesame), Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Cocoa 59
article697: Coffee, Fruits, dried, Juices, Legumes, Spices, OTA, Chocolate bars see Chocolate
literature697
Chocolate sauce see Sauces (chocolate sauce)
incidence: 297/352*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (295 sa.),
≤3.60 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Germany, sample year: Cigarettes see Tobacco
1995–1998, country: EU698, *chocolate and sweets
• Co-contamination: not reported Cinnamon see Spices (cinnamon)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Cocoa may contain the following mycotoxins:
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee Aspergillus Toxins
beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape
juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas Aflatoxin B1
(chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices incidence: 1/40*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Norway201, *cocoa and cocoa products
Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 5/12*, conc. range: ≤1.01 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Republic811, *bitter chocolate article201: Cocoa, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts
(Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
incidence: 2/12*, conc. range: ≤0.33 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFB2,
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech AFG1, and AFG2, literature201
Republic811, *filled chocolate
incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: ≤0.40 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 Aflatoxin B2
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech incidence: 1/40*, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
Republic811, *milk chocolate area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201,
• Co-contamination: not reported *cocoa and cocoa products
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2
article811: Beans, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs and Spices, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (ginger than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
product), Raisins, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cara- article201: Cocoa, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts
way), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFB2,
(red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811 AFG1, and AFG2, literature201
incidence: 9*/9**, conc. range: ≤0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, Aflatoxin G1
sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **baking incidence: 1/40*, conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo
chocolate (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
incidence: 20*/20**, conc. range: ≤0.65 μg/kg, sample origin: Norway201, *cocoa and cocoa products
Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
**dark chocolate AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 7*/10**, conc. range: ≤0.33 μg/kg, sample origin:
Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
article201: Cocoa, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts
**milk chocolate
(Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
(walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature201
Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, AFB1, AFB2, Aflatoxin G2
AFG1, and AFG2, literature864; Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa prod- incidence: 1/40, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
uct), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201,
(cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864 *cocoa and cocoa products
incidence: 24/36, conc. range: ≤16.15 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Kumba? (city), Cameroon, sample year: 2005–2007, country: AFG1, and AFG2
Cameroon/France907 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article201: Cocoa, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature201; Nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
article907: Butter (cocoa butter), Powder (cocoa powder), OTA, (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFB2,
literature907 AFG1, and AFG2, literature201
Aflatoxin/s incidence: 5?/8, conc. range: 0.11–0.35 μg/kg, sample origin:

incidence: 19/27*, Ø conc.: 50.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan112
Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Philippines1, *cocoa and products, **AF of pos sa.? • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTB, literature112; Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, litera-
article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Coffee, Drinks ture112; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and
(alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Products OTB, literature112
(coconut product), Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), incidence: 23/130*, conc. range: ≤274.900 μg/kg, sample origin:
Sweet potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1 southern region of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 2.090–25.753 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 7.483 country: Brazil615, *cocoa clones
μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries and supermarkets, Turkey, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119, *AFS total • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article615: Cocoa, AF/S, literature615; literature615
article119: Asure, Beverages, Cream, Ice cream, Jello, Keskul, incidence: 1/2, conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups, year: unknown, country: Germany673
AF/S, literature119 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA
incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 12.6–21.7 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 17.6 μg/kg*, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: markets from Aswan, Assiut, El-Minya, Qena, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Sohag, (governorates), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: article673: Cocoa, AF/S, literature673; Raisins, Sultanas, CIT and
Egypt196, *AFB1 and AFB2 OTA, literature673
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 91/96, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (88 sa.),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ≤1.80 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Germany, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 1995–1998, country: EU698
article196: Tea, AF/S, literature196 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 49/130* conc. range: ≤17.795 μg/kg**, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
southern region of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Brazil615, *cocoa clones, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Coffee,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices,
article615: Cocoa, OTA, literature615 Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices
For detailed information see the article. (paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.2–0.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.45 μg/kg, (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: literature698
Germany673 Ochratoxin B
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA; 1 incidence: 1/8, conc.: 0.10 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
sa. contaminated solely with AFS year: unknown, country: Japan112
article673: Cocoa, OTA, literature673; Raisins, Sultanas, CIT and cereals and their products reported in the present book/article112:
OTA, literature673 Cassis, Cocoa, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Coffee,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder (cocoa pow-
der), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112
Ochratoxin A see also Coffee
incidence: 37/38, conc. range: ≤3.45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.89
μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in Cocoa beans may contain the following mycotoxins:
seven major cities, Japan, sample year: 2006–winter 2007, country:
Japan85 Aspergillus Toxins
• Co-contamination: not reported Aflatoxin B1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 14/200, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg (14 sa.), sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, sample year: 1990–1996, country: Cuba126
article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature85; Beverages, Chocolate, Coffee, Coffee beans, Raisins, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (coriander), Wine, OTA, literature85 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Cocoa beans 61
article126: Beans, Beans (soybean), Nuts (peanut), Peas, AFB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: imported sa. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
collected by the Mycotoxin Research Association, Japan, sample article268: Cocoa beans, AFB1 and AFG1, literature268
year: 1985, country: Japan171 incidence: 13*/15**, conc. range: ≤0.44 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other **cocoa, natural
article171: Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature171 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864:
incidence: 4/151*, conc. range: ≤2.6 μg/kg, sample origin: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, Products
imported to USSR, sample year: 1985–1987, country: USSR267, (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864;
*cocoa beans and products Cocoa beans, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder
• Co-contamination: not reported (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 0/25*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms
article267: Coffee beans, Legumes, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, in Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268,
literature267 *before fermentation
incidence: 0/25*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms in incidence: 1/51*, conc.: 0.06 μg/kg, sample origin: farms in Bahia
Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, *during
*before fermentation fermentation
incidence: 2/51*, conc. range: ≤0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: farms in incidence: 0/85*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms in
Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268,
*during fermentation *during sun drying
incidence: 11/85*, conc. range: ≤6.66 μg/kg, sample origin: farms incidence: 0/65*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms in
in Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268,
*during sun drying *during storage
incidence: 3/65*, conc. range: ≤0.14 μg/kg, sample origin: farms in • Co-contamination: not reported
Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*during storage than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article268: Cocoa beans, AFB1 and AFB2, literature268
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7*/15**, conc. range: ≤0.43 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
article268: Cocoa beans, AFB2 and AFG1, literature268 **cocoa, natural
incidence: 14*/15**, conc. range: ≤2.60 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
**cocoa, natural cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, Products
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864;
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864: Cocoa beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder
Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, Products (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864
(cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864;
Cocoa beans, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder Aflatoxin G2
(cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864 incidence: 2*/15**, conc. range: ≤0.07 μg/kg, sample origin:
Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
Aflatoxin B2 **cocoa, natural
incidence: 0/25*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
in Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
*before fermentation cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864:
incidence: 1/51*, conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: farms in Bahia Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, Products
(state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, *during (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864;
fermentation Cocoa beans, Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
OTA, literature864
incidence: 4/85*, conc. range: ≤0.37 μg/kg, sample origin: farms in
Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, Aflatoxin/s
*during sun drying incidence: 2/47, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (2 sa.), sample origin:
incidence: 0/65*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms in brokers, distributors, growers, processors, and retail trade,
Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil268, Canada, sample year: 1970–1975, country: Canada15, *AFB1, AFB2,
*during storage AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 5/9*, conc. range: >LOD<LOQ (5 sa.), sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other south of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Brazil/France705, *conventional production, early crop season
article15: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew incidence: 5/9*, conc. range: >LOD<LOQ (3 sa.), 0.2–2.0 μg/kg
nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), (2 sa.), sample origin: south of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year:
Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature15 unknown, country: Brazil/France705, *conventional production,
incidence: 3/91*, conc. range: 2–20 μg/kg** (1 sa.), >20 μg/kg** harvest season
(2 sa.), sample origin: imported and domestic sa. from Uruguay, incidence: 7/9*, conc. range: >LOD<LOQ (3 sa.), 0.2–2.0 μg/kg
sample year: 1993–1995, country: Uruguay269, *cocoa beans and (4 sa.), sample origin: south of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year:
by-products, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 unknown, country: Brazil/France705, *organic production, early
• Co-contamination: not reported crop season
incidence: 7/9*, conc. range: >LOD<LOQ (5 sa.), 0.2–2.0 μg/kg
(2 sa.), sample origin: south of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year:
article269: Beans (soybean), ZEA, literature269; Fruits, dried, Oil
unknown, country: Brazil/France705, *organic production, harvest
seeds, Vegetables, dried, AF/S and ZEA, literature269
season
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 9/9*, conc. range: 0.2–2.0 μg/kg (5 sa.), >2.0 μg/kg
Ochratoxin A (4 sa.), sample origin: south of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year:
incidence: 16/21, conc. range: 0.1–3.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.45 μg/kg, unknown, country: Brazil/France705, *fine and flavor production,
sample origin: Cameroon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal, early crop season
sample year: unknown, country: Spain261 incidence: 5/9*, conc. range: >LOD<LOQ (2 sa.), 0.2–2.0 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (3 sa.), sample origin: south of Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unknown, country: Brazil/France705, *fine and flavor production,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ harvest season
article261: Chocolate, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (cocoa • Co-contamination: not reported
product), OTA, literature261 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 24/33, conc. range: 0.041–14.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.85 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: Ivory Coast, sa. imported from a national import article705: not reported
factory, Spain, sample year: 2003/2004, country: Spain270 incidence: 15*/15**, conc. range: ≤4.72 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 3/7, conc. range: 0.055–3.88 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.55 μg/kg, Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
sample origin: Cameroon, sa. imported from a national import **cocoa, natural
factory, Spain, sample year: 2003/2004, country: Spain270 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: Equatorial Guinea, sa. imported from a national article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate,
import factory, Spain, sample year: 2003/2004, country: Spain270 Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature864; Cocoa beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture864; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
incidence: 0/25*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms in Cocoa hazelnut creme see Nut creme
Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: 2006–2008, country: Brazil/
Australia272, *before fermentation Cocoa products see Products (cocoa product)
incidence: 14/51*, conc. range: ≤1.7 μg/kg**, sample origin: farms
Coconut oil see Oils (coconut oil)
in Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: 2006–2008, country: Brazil/
Australia272, *sa. remained for fermentation in wooden boxes
Coconut products see Products (coconut product)
(1–6 days), **only 3 sa. above 0.10 μg/kg
incidence: 41/8*, conc. range: ≤5.54 μg/kg**, sample origin: farms in Coconuts may contain the following mycotoxins:
Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: 2006–2008, country: Brazil/
Australia272, *sa. remained on wooden floor platforms with movable Aspergillus Toxins
roofs for sun drying (1–12 days), **30 sa. lower than 0.10 μg/kg Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 33/65*, conc. range: ≤4.64 μg/kg**, sample origin: incidence: 5/9, conc. range: 28–260 μg/kg, sample origin: major
farms in Bahia (state), Brazil, sample year: 2006–2008, country: local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–
Brazil/Australia272, *dried cocoa bean sa. in storage, **only 1 sa. 1985, country: India7
with the high value of 4.64 μg/kg • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was present
• Co-contamination: not reported in a sa.
article272: not reported article7: Coconuts, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
Coffee 63
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, Aflatoxin G2

AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 20–68 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 44 μg/kg, sample
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts year: 1983–1985, country: India7
(peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera- ent in a sa.
ture7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
literature7 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7:
incidence: 5/25, conc. range: 15–25 μg/kg, sample origin: markets Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and CIT, literature7; Dates, AFB1,
of different sanitation levels in the Upper Egyptian Governorates, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Egypt, sample year: March 1992, country: Egypt275 AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: not reported RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio
article275: Coconuts, OTA, literature275 nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.65 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.06 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
Japan339 in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2 Japan339
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2
article339: Coconuts, Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, literature339; Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and article339: Coconuts, Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, literature339;
AFG2, literature339; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame),
Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature339 AFB1 and AFG2, literature339; Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
and AFG2, literature339 Raisins, AFG2, literature339
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 5/9, conc. range: 15–109 μg/kg, sample origin: major Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: Citrinin
1983–1985, country: India7 incidence: 4/9, conc. range: 5–60 μg/kg, sample origin: major local
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
ent in a sa. country: India7
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7: ent in a sa.
Coconuts, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7:
AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature7; Dates, AFB1,
RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2,
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio
Aflatoxin G1 nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut),
incidence: 5/9, conc. range: 12–75 μg/kg, sample origin: major AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983– Ochratoxin A
1985, country: India7 incidence: 3/25, conc. range: 50–205 μg/kg, sample origin: markets
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- of different sanitation levels in the Upper Egyptian Governorates,
ent in a sa. Egypt, sample year: March 1992, country: Egypt275
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, article275: Coconuts, AFB1, literature275
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), Coffee may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea-
nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Aspergillus Toxins
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera- Aflatoxin B1
ture7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 21–100 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 37
literature7 μg/kg), sample origin: silos, homes, and small shops in different
villages on the southern coast, Guatemala, sample year: 1976, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
country: Guatemala136, *sa. stored for 6 months during dry season AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. co-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2
article136: Beans (black bean), AF/S, literature136; Seeds (sesame), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, literature136 article279: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature279; Coffee
incidence: 9/30*, conc. range: 0.36–3.01 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279
sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo (capital), incidence: 25/169*, conc. range: 2.54–50.80 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.05
Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt279, * coffee (beans), μg/kg?, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain,
ground and roasted sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 3 sa. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-contaminated article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON,
with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
article279: Coffee, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279; Coffee
beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279 Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 37/169*, conc. range: 0.75–1.14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.91 sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo (capital),
μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt279, *coffee (beans),
sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed ground and roasted
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 1 sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated
article731: Coffee, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON, with AFG1 and AFG2; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFG2
15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article279: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature279; Coffee
Aflatoxin B2 beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279
incidence: 7/30*, conc. range: 0.52–1.52 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, incidence: 42/169*, conc. range: 0.99–25.87 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.03
sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo (capital), μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain,
Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt279, *coffee (beans), sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
ground and roasted • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 3 sa. article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON,
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
article279: Coffee, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279; Coffee
beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279 Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 9/17*, Ø conc.: 11.2 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater
incidence: 17/169*, conc. range: 0.51–1.57 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country:
0.69 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Philippines1, *instant coffee, **AF of pos sa.?
Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Drinks
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON, (alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Products
15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV, (coconut product), Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 Sweet potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 5/30*, conc. range: 0.80–2.91 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.53 μg/kg, Sterigmatocystin
sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo (capital), Egypt, incidence: 27/169*, conc. range: 7.65–63.19 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
sample year: unknown, country: Egypt279, *coffee (beans), ground 22.63 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain,
and roasted sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
Coffee 65
• Co-contamination: not reported Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB,
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, sample origin: Warsaw (capital) market or food producers,
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, Poland, sample year: 2004, country: Poland116, *coffee, roasted
NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature731
sample origin: Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Poland, sample year: 2005, country: Poland116, *coffee and cocoa
incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 10–90 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 50 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year: article116: Food, AFB1 and AFG1, literature116; Nuts, Spices, AFB1,
unknown, country: GDR29, *moldy AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116; Raisins, OTA, literature116
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across
article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (pea- Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Japan146,
nut product), Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, *coffee, roasted
literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Fruits • Co-contamination: not reported
(apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 18/49*, conc. range: ≤2.75 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.55 μg/kg, article146: Beans (green bean), Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature146;
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in seven Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
major cities, Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2007, ture146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146
country: Japan85, *coffee beans, roasted
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 15.2*–53.6** μg/kg***, sample origin:
incidence: 63/66*, conc. range: ≤4.23 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.72 μg/kg, stores, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan/Russia147,
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in seven *instant and **roasted coffee, ***COL-ELISA
major cities, Japan, sample year: 2005–winter 2007, country:
Japan85, *instant coffee incidence: 2/3, conc. range: 0.96*–3.36** μg/kg***, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported stores, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan/Russia147,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *unroasted and **instant coffee, ***CL-ELISA
article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature85; Beverages, Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee beans, Raisins, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (coriander), Wine, OTA, literature85 article147: Beans (kidney beans), Berries (grape), Raisins, OTA,
literature147
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.02 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and
fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: September/ incidence: 64/80*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-4.9 μg/kg (61 sa.),
October 2008, country: Canada90 5.5–9.9 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: 8.0 μg/kg), sample origin: UK,
sample year: 1994, country: EU194, *coffee, soluble
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.01 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and
fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year: incidence: 17/20*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-4.9 μg/kg (maximum:
September/October 2009, country: Canada90 2.1 μg/kg), sample origin: UK, sample year: 1994, country: EU194,
• Co-contamination: not reported *coffee, roasted and grounded
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than • Co-contamination: not reported
Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), Candies, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Chocolate, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza, Products, article194: Coffee beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90 (curry), Spices (majoran), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature194
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 0.51–0.81 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.66 μg/kg, incidence: 52/113*, conc. range: ≤6.32 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.15 μg/kg,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: sample origin: retail shops, Germany, sample year: unknown,
Japan112, *coffee, raw country: Germany197, *coffee, roasted and ground
incidence: 3/23*, conc. range: 0.25–0.43 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 32/67*, conc. range: ≤3.34 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.01 μg/kg,
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan112, *coffee, roasted sample origin: retail shops, Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany197, *coffee, roasted, ground and decaffeinated
incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: 0.16–1.1 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: Japan112, *instant coffee incidence: 21/60*, conc. range: ≤4.75 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.0 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: retail shops, Germany, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than country: Germany197, *coffee, mild, roasted, and ground
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article112: incidence: 46/52*, conc. range: ≤9.47 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.05 μg/kg,
Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa, Food, sample origin: retail shops, Germany, sample year: unknown,
Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Coffee, OTB, literature112; country: Germany197, *instant coffee
incidence: 19/32*, conc. range: ≤1.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.89 μg/kg, incidence: 11/12*, conc. range: 0.34–1.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.72 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail shops, Germany, sample year: unknown, sample origin: food stores in Debrecen (city) and Budapest
country: Germany197, *instant coffee, decaffeinated (capital), Hungary, sample year: 2001, country: Hungary283, *real
incidence: 5/33*, conc. range: ≤0.96 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.65 μg/kg, coffee blended with “Ersatz coffee” = roasted barley (substitute)
sample origin: retail shops, Germany, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Germany197, *malt coffee • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article283: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: 0.1–0.3 μg/kg (2 sa.), 0.3–0.5 μg/kg
article197: Tea, OTA, literature197 (3 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets in eight counties, Taiwan,
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 0.20 μg/kg, sample origin: sales outles, sample year: spring and fall 2003, country: Taiwan284, *instant coffee
Qatar, sample year: October 2002, country: Qatar229, *instant incidence: 8/19*, conc. range: 0.1–0.3 μg/kg (5 sa.), 0.3–0.5 μg/kg
coffee (3 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets in eight counties, Taiwan,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: spring and fall 2003, country: Taiwan284, *coffee,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than ready-to-drink
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article229: • Co-contamination: not reported
Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AF/S, literature229; Raisins, OTA, literature229; Spices, Spices (cay- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
enne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, literature229 article284: Wine (red), OTA, literature284
incidence: 5/8*, conc. range: 0.28–1.48 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 11/11*, conc. range: LOD-0.99 μg/kg (10 sa.), 3.2 μg/kg
available in New Zealand, sample year: 2007, country: New (1 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, Denmark, sample year: 1995,
Zealand277, *coffee, various country: Denmark285, *coffee, roasted
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 0.09 μg/kg, sample origin: available in New • Co-contamination: not reported
Zealand, sample year: 2011, country: New Zealand277, *coffee, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
brewed than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 38/59*, conc. range: <0.1–2.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.63
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg, sample origin: retail location across Canada, sample year:
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; unknown, country: Canada287, *coffee, non-decaffeinated, roasted
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, and ground
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: <0.1–1.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.55 μg/kg,
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Dates, Spices (nutmeg), sample year: unknown, country: Canada287, *coffee, decaffeinated,
Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, roasted and ground
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger),
incidence: 15/21*, conc. range: <0.1–3.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.11
Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S and OTA, literature277; Nuts
μg/kg, sample year: unknown, country: Canada287, *instant coffee,
(Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
non-decaffeinated
incidence: 5/9*, conc. range: <0.1–2.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.9 μg/kg,
sample origin: food retail stores in Campinas (city), Brazil, sample
sample year: unknown, country: Canada287, *instant coffee,
year: unknown, country: Brazil281, *instant coffee
decaffeinated
incidence: 23/34* **, conc. range: 0.3–6.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: food retail stores in Campinas (city), Brazil, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: unknown, country: Brazil281, *included 2 sa. decaffeinated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
coffee (not contaminated), **coffee, roasted and ground article287: not reported
retail stores and coffee roasters, Germany, sample year:
1995–1999, country: Germany288, *coffee, roasted
incidence: 26/71* **, conc. range: 0.15–2.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
retail stores and coffee roasters, Germany sample year: 1995–1999,
sample origin: Ivory Coast and Uganda, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany288, *coffee, decaffeinated and roasted, as well as
country: Italy282, *coffee, roasted
low-acid coffee, decaffeinated and roasted
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 29/41*, conc. range: 0.28–4.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ retail stores and coffee roasters, Germany sample year: 1995–1999,
article282: Coffee beans, OTA, literature282 country: Germany288, *instant coffee
sample origin: food stores in Debrecen (city) and Budapest
(capital), Hungary, sample year: 2001, country: Hungary283, *coffee,
article288: Coffee beans, OTA, literature288
roasted
Coffee 67
incidence: 11/12*, conc. range: 0.2–8.0 μg/kg, sample origin: retail • Co-contamination: not reported
outlets across the UK, sample year: 1995, country: UK289, *coffee • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
powder, decaffeinated and non-decaffeinated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 31/36*, conc. range: 0.1–4.9 μg/kg, sample origin: retail article294: not reported
outlets across the UK, sample year: 1995, country: UK289, *coffee incidence: 11/24*, conc. range: 0.3–9.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.75 μg/kg,
granules, decaffeinated and non-decaffeinated sample origin: commercially available, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 22/32* **, conc. range: 0.2–3.0 μg/kg, sample origin: country: France295, *coffee, roasted and ground
retail outlets across the UK, sample year: 1995, country: UK289, • Co-contamination: not reported
*freeze-dried coffee, decaffeinated and non-decaffeinated • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 17/20*, conc. range: 0.2–2.1 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
outlets across the UK, sample year: 1995, country: UK289, *coffee,
roasted and ground, non-decaffeinated incidence: 28/28*, conc. range: 0.22–5.64 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.88 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: coffee roasters, Spain, sample year: 1997, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spain296, *coffee, roasted
article289: not reported sample origin: coffee roasters, Spain, sample year: 1997, country:
incidence: 75/101*, conc. range: 0.2–6.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Spain296, *coffee, soluble
different countries, sample year: unknown, country: Switzerland290, • Co-contamination: not reported
*coffee, pure soluble • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia, sample year:
unknown, country: Switzerland290, *coffee, adulterated soluble incidence: 43/45*, conc. range: 1.30–5.24 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.07
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg, sample origin: hypermarkets and supermarkets in 12 cities
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other of Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ November 2008, country: Spain297, *coffee, ground (different
article290: not reported brands)
incidence: 334/633*, conc. range: ≤27.2 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 35/72*, conc. range: 1.21–4.21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.17
retail markets in different European countries, sample year: 1995, μg/kg, sample origin: hypermarkets and supermarkets in 12 cities
country: Netherlands/Germany/Switzerland/Italy291, *partly of Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
roasted, ground, decaffeinated, instant, or mixed coffee sa. November 2008, country: Spain297, *coffee, ground
For detailed information see the article. For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 9/13*, conc. range: 0.1–1.2 μg/kg (9 sa.), ∅ conc.: incidence: 23/25*, conc. range: 0.1–1.0 μg/kg (19 sa.), 1.1–2.0
0.41 μg/kg, sample origin: coffee importer (imported from South μg/kg (3 sa.), 4.1–5.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: M/s. Fresh &
America), sample year: unknown, country: USA292, *coffee, roasted Honest Café Limited, Chennai (city) and M/s. CCL Products
• Co-contamination: not reported (India) Limited, Hyderabad (city), India, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: India298, *special coffee (monsooned)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 0.1–1.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), sample origin:
article292: Coffee beans, OTA, literature292 M/s. Fresh & Honest Café Limited, Chennai (city) and M/s. CCL
incidence: 5/68, conc. range: 3.2–17.0 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 7.6 μg/kg*, Products (India) Limited, Hyderabad (city), India, sample year:
sample origin: imports from different countries purchased on a unknown, country: India298, *special coffee (organic)
market in Nagoya (city), Japan, sample year: January/February incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: M/s.
1987, country: Japan293, *contaminated sa. from Indonesia and Fresh & Honest Café Limited, Chennai (city) and M/s. CCL
Yemen Products (India) Limited, Hyderabad (city), India, sample year:
• Co-contamination: not reported unknown, country: India298, *coffee, roasted and ground
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 13/17*, conc. range: 0.1–1.0 μg/kg (10 sa.), 1.1–2.0
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg (1 sa.), 2.1–3.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: M/s. Fresh &
article293: not reported Honest Café Limited, Chennai (city) and M/s. CCL Products
incidence: 81/82*, conc. range: 0.16–0.50 μg/kg (13 sa.), 0.51– (India) Limited, Hyderabad (city), India, sample year: unknown,
1.00 μg/kg (20 sa.), 1.01–1.50 μg/kg (22 sa.), 1.51–2.00 μg/kg country: India298, *coffee, soluble
(18 sa.), 2.01–2.50 μg/kg (3 sa.), 2.51–5.00 μg/kg (3 sa.), 6.29 μg/kg • Co-contamination: not reported
(1 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets in São Paulo (city), Brazil, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: August–December 2004, country: Brazil294, *instant than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
coffee article298: Coffee beans, OTA, literature298
incidence: 29/30*, conc. range: ≤15.08 μg/kg**, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supermarkets, France, sample year: unknown, country: France299, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*coffee, ground, **evaluated with CEN 15141-1 Entwilse article653: Coffee beans, OTB, literature653
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Chiang Mai City, Thailand, sample year: 2012/2013,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Japan653, *coffee, roasted (Arabica)
incidence: 9/36*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.0–2.0 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(2 sa.), >2.0 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum: 12.4 μg/kg), sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
commercial outlets in Karnataka (state) and Hyderabad (city) article653: Coffee beans, OTB, literature653
regions, India, sample year: unknown, country: India301, *roast incidence: 10/38*, conc. range: 1.28–6.20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.90 μg/kg,
coffee (roast, ground, and instant coffee) sample origin: Chiang Mai City and Bangkok (capital), Thailand,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: 2012/2013, country: Japan653, *instant coffee (mainly
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Robusta)
article301: Coffee beans, OTA, literature301 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and small shops in the northeast of China, sample year: January– article653: Coffee, OTB, literature653
June 2010, country: China302, *coffee, soluble incidence: 3/44*, conc. range: <1–4.61 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported supermarkets in Bangkok (capital), Thailand, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other February/March and November/December 2005, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Thailand/Japan667, *imported and local roasted coffee (Arabica-
article302: Berries (grape), Wine (red), OTA, literature302 Robusta mix)
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 8.6 μg/kg, sample origin: Zaire, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: unknown, country: Italy311, *Robusta (green coffee beans) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: tr, sample origin: Zaire, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Italy311, *Robusta, simulated light roasted (same sa. than article667: not reported
above) For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Zaire, sample incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: <0.15–11.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
year: unknown, country: Italy311, *Robusta, simulated medium north of Portugal, sample year: 2012, country: Portugal691, *plain
roasted (same sa. than above) soluble coffee
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Zaire, sample incidence: 13/13*, conc. range: <0.15–6.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
year: unknown, country: Italy311, *Robusta, simulated dark roasted north of Portugal, sample year: 2012, country: Portugal691,
(same sa. than above) *substitutes with coffee
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 4.0 μg/kg, sample origin: Brazil, sample incidence: 12/17*, conc. range: <0.15–1.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
year: unknown, country: Italy311, *Arabica conillon (green coffee north of Portugal, sample year: 2012, country: Portugal691,
beans) *substitutes without coffee
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Brazil, sample
year: unknown, country: Italy311, *Arabica conillon, simulated
light roasted (same sa. than above)
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Brazil, sample For detailed information see the article.
year: unknown, country: Italy311, *Arabica conillon, simulated
medium roasted (same sa. than above)
supermarkets and fresh provision shops, Hong Kong, China,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Brazil, sample sample year: August/September 2005, country: China697, coffee
year: unknown, country: Italy311, *Arabica conillon, simulated and tea
dark roasted (same sa. than above) • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article697: Chocolate, Fruits, dried, Juices, Legumes, Spices,
article311: Coffee beans, OTA, literature311 OTA, literature697
incidence: 26/32*, conc. range: 0.24–4.27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.90 μg/kg, incidence: 5/15*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample
sample origin: conventional supermarkets and stores in Ho Chi origin: Finland, sample year: 1997, country: EU698, *coffee,
Minh City and Can Tho City, Vietnam, sample year: 2011/2012, roasted
country: Japan653, *coffee, roasted (Robusta)
incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 1.0–
• Co-contamination: 11 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB;
2.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 3.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Finland, sample
15 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
year: 1998, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted
Coffee 69
incidence: 3/11*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.7 μg/kg (3 sa.), incidence: 5/8*, conc. range: ≤2.20 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample origin:
sample origin: Finland, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *coffee, Portugal, sample year: 1998, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted
roasted incidence: 1/25*, conc.: 2.70 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Portugal,
incidence: 15/25*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), 1.0– sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted
2.9 μg/kg (12 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 5.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample incidence: 29/29*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (15 sa.), 1.0–
origin: Finland, sample year: 1997, country: EU698, *instant coffee 2.9 μg/kg (13 sa.), 5.64 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Spain, sample
incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), 1.0– year: 1997, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted
2.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 6.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample incidence: 9/9*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (8 sa.), 1.08 μg/kg
origin: Finland, sample year: 1998, country: EU698, *instant coffee (1 sa.), sample origin: Spain, sample year: 1997, country: EU698,
incidence: 6/8*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.0– *instant coffee
2.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 7.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Finland, sample incidence: 42/77*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), 1.0–
year: 1999, country: EU698, *instant coffee 2.9 μg/kg (36 sa.), ≤3.90 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands,
incidence: 3/34*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), ≤1.6 μg/kg sample year: 1995, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted
(2 sa.), sample origin: France, sample year: 1998/1999, country: incidence: 15/67*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (12 sa.), 1.0–
EU698, *coffee, roasted 2.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 5.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands,
incidence: 3/13*, conc. range: 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 6.4 μg/kg sample year: 1997–1999, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted
(1 sa.), sample origin: France, sample year: 1998/1999, country: incidence: 7/14*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (6 sa.), 3.30 μg/kg
EU698, *instant coffee (1 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands, sample year: 1998/1999, country:
incidence: 76/183*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (51 sa.), EU698, *coffee, roasted
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (20 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), ≤6.32 μg/kg (2 sa.), incidence: 5/13*, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 3.60 μg/kg
sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698, (1 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands, sample year: 1995, country:
*coffee, roasted EU698, *instant coffee
incidence: 46/55*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (16 sa.), incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 4.50 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands,
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (19 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (8 sa.), ≤9.47 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample year: 1998/1999, country: EU698, *instant coffee
sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698,
incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (2 sa.),
*instant coffee
≤2.30 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands, sample year: 1995,
incidence: 45/94*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (23 sa.), country: EU698, *coffee, roasted and decaffeinated
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (21 sa.), 3.34 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Germany,
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.20 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698, *coffee, decaffeinated
Netherlands, sample year: 1998/1999, country: EU698, *coffee,
incidence: 5/33*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.96 μg/kg (5 sa.), roasted and decaffeinated
sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698, • Co-contamination: not reported
*malt coffee • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Greece, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 1998, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa,
incidence: 10/11*, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (7 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices
(1 sa.), ≤7.2 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Greece, sample year: (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas,
1999, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: ≤2.6 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin:
(paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine
Greece, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *instant coffee
(red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA,
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Greece, literature698
sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *coffee, decaffeinated
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 0.09 μg/kg, sample origin: New Zealand,
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: <20 μg/kg (6 sa.), sample origin: sample year: 2011, country: New Zealand703, *coffee, brewed
Ireland, sample year: 1998, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 15/15*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (13 sa.), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Ireland, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted article703: not reported
incidence: 46/198*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (18 sa.), incidence: 25/25, conc. range: 0.587–4.5 μg/kg, sample origin: five
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (19 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (8 sa.), 11.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample governates, Kuwait, sample year: unknown, country: Kuwait704
origin: Italy, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 3/13*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.6 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(1 sa.), sample origin: Italy, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*instant coffee article704: Nuts, Spices, AF/S, literature704
incidence: 22?/50*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (29 sa.), incidence: 24/24*, conc. range: 0.30–0.84 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.47 μg/kg,
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 4.1 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Norway, sample origin: specialized stores, markets, and supermarkets in
sample year: 1997, country: EU698, *coffee, roasted Biobío, Metropolitana, and Valparaíso (regions), Chile, sample
year: unknown, country: Chile730, *coffee, roasted
incidence: 39/39*, conc. range: 0.28–5.58 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.80 μg/kg, incidence: 17/22*, conc. range: 0.22–13.66 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: specialized stores, markets, and supermarkets in markets in Lujan and Merlo (cities), Buenos Aires (province),
Biobío, Metropolitana, and Valparaíso (regions), Chile, sample Argentina, sample year: unknown, country: Argentina866, *coffee,
year: unknown, country: Chile730, *instant coffee soluble
article730: not reported article866: Coffee beans, OTA, literature866
incidence: 61/169*, conc. range: 0.67–4.70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.87 μg/kg, incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: <0.2–2.04 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample supermarkets and retail stores, Italy, sample year: 2011, country:
year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed Italy869, *instant coffee, decaffeinated and granulated
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 34/34*, conc. range: <0.2–6.40 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other supermarkets and retail stores, Italy, sample year: 2011, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Italy869, *instant coffee, granulated or powdered
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON,
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2,
sample origin: supermarkets and retail stores, Italy, sample year:
NEO, NIV, STG, and T-2, literature731
2011, country: Italy869, *coffee products (coffee:barley = ca. 30:70)
powdered
incidence: 26/57*, conc. range: ≤21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.3 μg/kg,
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.51 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.51 μg/kg,
sample origin: purchased from retail markets in Denmark, sample
sample origin: supermarkets and retail stores, Italy, sample year:
year: unknown, country: Denmark/Brazil803, *coffee, roasted
2011, country: Italy869, *coffee products (coffee:chicory = ca. 30:70)
incidence: 14/25*, conc. range: ≤8.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.5 μg/kg, granulated or powdered
sample origin: purchased from retail markets in Kenya, Tanzania, • Co-contamination: not reported
and Uganda, sample year: unknown, country: Denmark/Brazil803, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*instant coffee than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Ochratoxin B
article803: Coffee beans, OTA and FB2, literature803; see also incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.10 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
Coffee beans, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial sample year: unknown, country: Japan112, *coffee, raw
Metabolites incidence: 0/23*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
incidence: 7/12*, conc. range: ≤1.04 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan112, *coffee,
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech roasted
Republic811, *coffee, ground and roasted incidence: 0/7*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: unknown,
incidence: 11/12*, conc. range: ≤4.91 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 sample year: unknown, country: Japan112, *instant coffee
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech • Co-contamination: not reported
Republic811, *instant coffee • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article112: Cassis, Coffee, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture112; Cocoa, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112;
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs and Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB,
Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (gin- literature112
ger product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pep- incidence: 11/32*, conc. range: 0.21–0.64 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.40 μg/kg,
per, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices sample origin: conventional supermarkets and stores in Ho Chi
(mustard), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Minh City and Can Tho City, Vietnam, sample year: 2011/2012,
Tea, Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811 country: Japan653, *coffee, roasted (Robusta)
incidence: 8/30*, conc. range: LOD-2.0 μg/kg (7 sa.), 2.0–5.0 μg/kg • Co-contamination: 11 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and
(1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 1.03 μg/kg, sample origin: marketed in Italy, OTB
sample year: unknown, country: Italy820, *coffee, roasted • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article653: Coffee, OTA, literature653
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 0.56 μg/kg, sample origin: Chiang Mai
article820: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Wine (red), OTA, City, Thailand, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Japan653, *coffee,
literature820 roasted (Arabica)
markets in Lujan and Merlo (cities), Buenos Aires (province), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Argentina, sample year: unknown, country: Argentina866, *coffee, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ground and roasted article653: Coffee, OTA, literature653
Coffee 71
incidence: 0/38*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Chiang Enniatin B1

Mai City and Bangkok (capital), Thailand, sample year: 2012/2013, incidence: 127/169*, conc. range: 5.16–3,932.47 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
country: Japan653, *instant coffee (mainly Robusta) 138.57 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city),
• Co-contamination: not reported Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
article653: Coffee, OTA, literature653 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Fusarium Toxins
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO,
Depsipeptides NIV, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
Beauvericin
incidence: 9/169*, conc. range: 0.52–3.07 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.97 μg/kg, Fumonisin/s
sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample
Fumonisin B1
year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
15.55 μg/kg?, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city),
Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON,
15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV,
OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO,
NIV, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
Enniatin A
incidence: 100/169*, conc. range: 5.88–2,875.57 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
282.89 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city),
Fumonisin B2
22.46 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain,
sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO,
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO,
Enniatin A1
incidence: 112/169*, conc. range: 2.22–12,039.12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
246.69 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Type A Trichothecenes
• Co-contamination: not reported Diacetoxyscirpenol
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 12/169*, conc. range: 195.91–402.23 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 196.20 μg/kg?, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city),
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, • Co-contamination: not reported
NIV, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
For detailed information see the article. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DON, 3-AcDON,
Enniatin B 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV,
incidence: 157/169*, conc. range: 4.68–4,147.96 μg/kg, ∅ OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
conc.: 176.26 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia For detailed information see the article.
(city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee,
brewed HT-2 Toxin
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 15/169*, conc. range: 8.41–37.01 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 12.20 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, • Co-contamination: not reported
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
NIV, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON,
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, NEO, article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON,
NIV, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV,
For detailed information see the article. OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
Neosolaniol
incidence: 22/169*, conc. range: 29.06–313.84 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: Nivalenol
86.73 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, incidence: 73/169*, conc. range: 0.12–37.83 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.68
sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON,
NIV, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2,
For detailed information see the article. NEO, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731
T-2 Toxin see also Coffee beans
μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, Coffee beans may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed
Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/57*, conc. range: ≤3.5 μg/kg, sample origin: imported
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, to USSR, sample year: 1985–1987, country: USSR267, *green coffee
3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, • Co-contamination: not reported
NEO, NIV, OTA, and STG, literature731 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article267: Cocoa beans, Legumes, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
literature267
Deoxynivalenol incidence: 13/30*, conc. range: 0.57–6.00 μg/kg; ∅ conc.: 2.75 μg/kg,
incidence: 73/169*, conc. range: 16.58–954.91 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo (capital),
102.22 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt279, *green coffee beans
Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 2 sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-contaminated
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, 3-AcDON, with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article279: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279;
Coffee beans, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279
3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
incidence: 34/169*, conc. range: 6.31–24.57 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 0.0024–0.0202 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
10.45 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, 0.0076 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from Yemen collected in
sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed Nagoya (city), Japan, sample year: 1988–1993, country: Japan303,
• Co-contamination: not reported *commercial green coffee beans (Arabica)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
article731: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DAS, DON, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
15-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, HT-2, NEO, NIV, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, STG, and T-2, literature731 article303: Coffee beans, OTA, literature303
sample origin: imported from Tanzania collected in Nagoya (city),
15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol Japan, sample year: 1988–1993, country: Japan303, *commercial
incidence: 69/169*, conc. range: 61.04–884.25 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: green coffee beans (Arabica)
94.86 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
sample year: unknown, country: Spain731, *coffee, brewed 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article303: Coffee beans, OTA, literature303
Coffee beans 73
incidence: 7/9*, conc. range: 0.0025–0.0329 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: • Co-contamination: not reported

0.0010 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from Indonesia collected in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nagoya (city), Japan, sample year: 1988–1993, country: Japan303, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*commercial green coffee beans (Robusta) article860: Coffee beans, OTA, literature860
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Sterigmatocystin
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidende: 1/2* **, conc.: 1,143 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
article303: Coffee beans, OTA, literature303 sample year: unknown, country: South Africa280, *coffee beans,
**sa. condemned as unfit for human consumption
Aflatoxin B2
μg/kg, sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo
(capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt , *green
279
coffee beans
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 1*/502**, conc.: 12,000 μg/kg*, sample origin: sa. from
AFG1, and AFG2; 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and South America, Africa, and Asia collected at the port of Trieste
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 2 sa. (city), Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy , *not
305
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 marketable, **green coffee

article279: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Coffee beans, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279 article305: not reported
Aflatoxin G1 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins

incidence: 9/30*, conc. range: 0.19–2.72 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.23 μg/kg, Ochratoxin A
sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo (capital), Egypt, incidence: 5/21*, conc. range: ≤0.76 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.40
sample year: unknown, country: Egypt279, *green coffee beans μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, seven major cities, Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2007,
AFG1, and AFG2; 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and country: Japan85, *green coffee beans
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 • Co-contamination: not reported
article279: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279; article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2,
Coffee beans, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature279 literature85; Beverages, Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Raisins,
Aflatoxin G2 Spices (coriander), Wine, OTA, literature85
incidence: 3/30*, conc. range: 0.13–0.39 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.26 μg/kg, incidence: 3/20*, conc. range: 13.7–124 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 17.4 μg/kg,
sample origin: local markets in Giza (city) and Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample origin: markets or farmers, Egypt, sample year: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: Egypt279, *green coffee beans country: Egypt142
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article142: Beans, OTA, literature142
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: Austria, sample
article279: Coffee, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature279; year: 1994, country: EU194, *raw green coffee
Coffee beans, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature279
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-4.9 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum:
Aflatoxin/s 2.2 μg/kg), sample origin: Ireland, sample year: 1995, country:
incidence: 1/11* **, conc.: 8 μg/kg***, sample origin: storage EU194, *raw green coffee
facilities, silos sacks, small shops, and fields in zones with different incidence: 2/14*, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 7
climatic conditions, Guatemala, sample year: 1975/1976–?, μg/kg), sample origin: Netherlands, sample year: 1995, country:
country: Guatemala138, *coffee beans, unroasted, **sa. collected at EU194, *green coffee beans
the end of rainy season, ***AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 • Co-contamination: not reported
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article138: article194: Coffee, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry),
Beans (black beans), Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature138 Spices (majoran), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature194
incidence: 2/201*, conc. range: 3–12 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 7.5 μg/kg**, incidence: 9/40*, conc. range: 0.5–23.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.3 μg/kg,
sample origin: FDA in New Orleans (city), USA, sample year: sample origin: different coffee-producing countries, sample year:
unknown, country: USA860, *green coffee, **AF unknown, country: Italy282, *green coffee beans
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 16/16*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (7 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (8 sa.), >10 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: different coffee growing
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ regions in Karnataka (state), India, sample year: unknown,
article282: Coffee, OTA, literature282 country: India301, *cherry with hull
incidence: 22/82*, conc. range: 0.23–24.5 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 17/20*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg
retail stores and coffee roasters, Germany sample year: 1995–1999, (8 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), >10 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin:
country: Germany288, *green coffee different coffee growing regions in Karnataka (state), India,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: unknown, country: India301, *monsooned coffee
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: 0.1–0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: different
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ coffee growing regions in Karnataka (state), India, sample year:
article288: Coffee, OTA, literature288 unknown, country: India301, *low grade/defective coffee beans
incidence: 9/19*, conc. range: 0.1–4.6 μg/kg (9 sa.), ∅ conc.: (plantation blacks)
1.41 μg/kg, sample origin: coffee importer (imported from South incidence: 11/13*, conc. range: 0.2–19.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
America), sample year: unknown, country: USA292, *green coffee different coffee growing regions in Karnataka (state), India, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: unknown, country: India301, *low grade/defective coffee beans
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (rejected beans)
article292: Coffee, OTA, literature292
different coffee growing regions in Karnataka (state), India,
incidence: 36/45*, conc. range: 0.1–1.0 μg/kg (34 sa.), 1.1–2.0 μg/kg sample year: unknown, country: India301, *low grade/defective
(1 sa.), 2.1–3.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: coffee curer/trader and coffee beans (gleanings = windfall cherries)
local auction platforms, India, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
India298, *regular green coffee: Arabica parchment • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 17/18*, conc. range: 0.1–1.0 μg/kg (11 sa.), 1.1–2.0 μg/kg than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(1 sa.), 2.1–3.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), 4.1–5.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 9.8 μg/kg (1 sa.), article301: Coffee, OTA, literature301
sample origin: coffee curer/trader and local auction platforms, incidence: 7/10*, conc. range: 0.7–17.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.0 μg/kg,
India, sample year: unknown, country: India298, *regular green sample origin: imported from Yemen collected in Nagoya (city),
coffee: Arabica cherry Japan, sample year: 1988–1993, country: Japan303, *commercial
incidence: 22/30*, conc. range: 0.1–1.0 μg/kg (20 sa.), 1.1–2.0 μg/kg green coffee beans (Arabica)
(2 sa.), sample origin: coffee curer/trader and local auction • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
platforms, India, sample year: unknown, country: India298, 4 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
*regular green coffee: Robusta parchment • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 0.1–1.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.1–2.0 μg/kg than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(1 sa.), 2.1–3.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 3.1–4.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 5.1–15 μg/kg article303: Coffee beans, AFB1, literature303
(2 sa., maximum: 11.7 μg/kg), sample origin: coffee curer/trader incidence: 5/9*, conc. range: 0.1–7.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.58 μg/kg,
and local auction platforms, India, sample year: unknown, sample origin: imported from Tanzania collected in Nagoya (city),
country: India298, *regular green coffee: Robusta cherry Japan, sample year: 1988–1993, country: Japan303, *commercial
• Co-contamination: not reported green coffee beans (Arabica)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
article298: Coffee, OTA, literature298 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 14/20*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(5 sa.), >10 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: different coffee growing article303: Coffee beans, AFB1, literature303
regions in Karnataka (state), India, sample year: unknown, incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: 0.2–1.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg,
country: India301, *Robusta cherry sample origin: imported from Indonesia collected in Nagoya
incidence: 8/21*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg (city), Japan, sample year: 1988–1993, country: Japan303,
(2 sa.), sample origin: different coffee growing regions in *commercial green coffee beans (Robusta)
Karnataka (state), India, sample year: unknown, country: India301, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
*Robusta parchment • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg (3 sa.),
article303: Coffee beans, AFB1, literature303
>10 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: different coffee growing regions
in Karnataka (state), India, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 29/30*, conc. range: 0.7–72.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.44 μg/kg,
India301, *Arabica cherry sample origin: different countries and unknown, sample year:
unknown, country: Germany304, *green coffee
incidence: 35/74*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (21 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg
(11 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), >10 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin:
different coffee growing regions in Karnataka (state), India, sample
year: unknown, country: India301, *Arabica parchment
Coffee beans 75
incidence: 27/132*, conc. range: 0.7–47.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.1 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: sa. from five coffee-producing states collected at than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sales points in Londrina and Santos (cities), Brazil, sample year: article311: Coffee, OTA, literature311
unknown, country: Brazil306, *green coffee incidence: 76/84*, conc. range: 0.5–48 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.2 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: Africa, sample year: unknown, country: Italy312,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *green coffee beans
sample origin: America, sample year: unknown, country: Italy312,
incidence: 13/25*, conc. range: 1.2–56.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.3 μg/kg, *green coffee beans
sample origin: different countries provided by various coffee
companies, sample year: unknown, country: Switzerland307, *green
sample origin: Asia, sample year: unknown, country: Italy312,
beans
*green coffee beans
incidence: 31/153*, conc. range: 0.26–1.0 μg/kg (19 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg
sample origin: different countries, sample year: unknown,
(8 sa.), 5.0–10.0 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum 9.0 μg/kg), sample origin:
country: Belgium308, *green coffee beans (Arabica)
different countries, sample year: unknown, country: UK313, *green
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 4–27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15.7 μg/kg, coffee beans (Arabica)
incidence: 55/75*, conc. range: 0.26–1.0 μg/kg (34 sa.), 1.0–
country: Belgium308, *green coffee beans (Robusta)
5.0 μg/kg (15 sa.), 5.0–10.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), >10.0 μg/kg (3 sa.,
maximum 27.3 μg/kg), sample origin: different countries,
sample year: unknown, country: UK313, *green coffee beans
(Robusta)
incidence: 41/41*, conc. range: <5 μg/kg (22 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg
(7 sa.), 5.0–10.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: different countries,
(10 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (6 sa.), 31.5 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin:
sample year: unknown, country: UK313, *green coffee beans
different countries collected from various factories, sample year:
unknown, country: Spain309, *green coffee beans (Arabica)
incidence: 16/16*, conc. range: <5 μg/kg (8 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (7 sa.), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
23.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: different countries, sample year: article313: not reported
unknown, country: Spain309, *green coffee beans (Robusta)
sample origin: supermarkets and small shops, Jordan, sample
year: September 2008–March 2009, country: Jordan315, *green
coffee beans
incidence: 19/267*, conc. range: tr-360 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
different countries, sample year: unknown, country: USA310, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*hand-cleaned green coffee beans article315: Nuts, Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature315
incidence: 3/68*, conc. range: tr-80** μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 75/75*, conc. range: tr (6 sa.), <1 μg/kg (47 sa.),
different countries, sample year: unknown, country: USA310, 1–9.9 μg/kg (22 sa., maximum: 7.48 μg/kg), sample origin: Kenya,
*commercial green coffee beans, **a 2nd subsample from the sample year: unknown, country: France/Kenya/Italy316, *sound
batch which contained tr-80 µg OTA/kg did not show any OTA beans not roasted
contamination anymore
incidence: 62/62*, conc. range: tr (8 sa), <1 μg/kg (19 sa.), 1–9.9 μg/kg
(21 sa.), 10–99.9 μg/kg (11 sa.), ≥100 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum:
152.6 μg/kg), sample origin: Kenya, sample year: unknown, country:
France/Kenya/ Italy316, *diseased beans not roasted
incidence: 32/32*, conc. range: tr (1 sa.), <1 μg/kg (11 sa.), 1–9.9 μg/kg
incidence: 13/22*, conc. range: tr 5.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Brazil,
(16 sa.), 10–99.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), ≥100 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 130 μg/kg),
Colombia, Costa Rica, Kenya, and Mexico, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: Kenya, sample year: unknown, country: France/
country: Italy311, *green coffee beans (Arabica)
Kenya/ Italy316, *black beans not roasted
incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: tr-15.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 16/16*, conc. range: tr (3 sa.), <1 μg/kg (4 sa.), 1–9.9 μg/kg
Cameroon, Ivory Coast, and Zaire, sample year: unknown,
(4 sa.), 10–99.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 499.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
country: Italy311, *green coffee beans (Robusta)
Kenya, sample year: unknown, country: France/Kenya/ Italy316,
*insect damaged beans not roasted
incidence: 16?/16*, conc. range: tr (2 sa.), <1 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1–9.9 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(4 sa.), 10–99.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), ≥100 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
727 μg/kg), sample origin: Kenya, sample year: unknown, country: article319: not reported
France/Kenya/ Italy316, *foxy beans not roasted For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: <1 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1–9.9 μg/kg (8 sa.), incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 23.70 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported
32.1 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Kenya, sample year: unknown, from Brazil, Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Uganda to
country: France/Kenya/ Italy316, *stinkers not roasted Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009, country: Italy320,
incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: tr (1 sa.), <1 μg/kg (10 sa.), *green coffee, **contaminated sa. from Costa Rica
1–9.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 29.6 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Kenya, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: unknown, country: France/Kenya/ Italy316, *hulled • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ears not roasted than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article320: Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320;
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 1–9.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), 2.5 μg/kg? (1 sa.),
Nuts (hazelnut), Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
sample origin: Kenya, sample year: unknown, country: France/
AFG2, literature320; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1
Kenya/ Italy316, *coffee, unroasted
and AFB2, literature320; Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 6.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Buon Ma Thuot
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ at Dac Lac plateau in the central highlands, Vietnam, sample year:
article316: not reported October 2010, country: Japan657, *green coffee beans (Robusta)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB2 and OTA
(6 sa.), 5.3–7.3 μg/kg (4 sa.), ∅ conc.: 2.38 μg/kg, sample origin:
Brazil, sample year: 2000, country: Portugal/USA317, *green coffee
article657: Coffee beans, FB2, literature657
beans (Arabica)
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Buon Ma Thuot at
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Dac Lac plateau in the central highlands, Vietnam, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ October 2010, country: Japan657, *green coffee beans (Arabica)
incidence: 22/54*, conc. range: 0.3–160** μg/kg, sample origin:
Bom Jardim area in the highlands of Rio de Janeiro (state), Brazil,
article657: Coffee beans, FB2, literature657
sample year: May–November 1999, country: Brazil318, *green
coffee (Arabica), **varrição (swept from the ground) coffee incidence: 21/99*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 1.0–
• Co-contamination: not reported 2.9 μg/kg (10 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), ≤23.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other origin: Finland, sample year: 1995, country: EU698, *green coffee
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 82/202*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (8 sa.),
article318: not reported 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (36 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (14 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (18 sa.),
incidence: 10/21*, conc. range: 0.2–1.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.816 μg/kg, ≤19.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), sample origin: Finland, sample year: 1996,
sample origin: Chikmagalur, Coorg, and Hassan (districts) in country: EU698, *green coffee
Karnataka (state) as well as Dindigul and Salem (districts) in incidence: 66/148*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (28 sa.),
Tamil Nadu (state), India, sample year: 2006/2007, country: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (22 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (6 sa.),
India319, *Arabica parchment (green coffee beans, destined for 10.0–24.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), ≤80.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Finland,
export) sample year: 1997, country: EU698, *green coffee
incidence: 15/18*, conc. range: 0.5–4.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.97 μg/kg, incidence: 64/119*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (29 sa.),
sample origin: Chikmagalur, Coorg, and Hassan (districts) in 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (16 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (12 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (6 sa.),
Karnataka (state) as well as Dindigul and Salem (districts) in 24 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Finland, sample year: 1998,
Tamil Nadu (state), India, sample year: 2006/2007, country: country: EU698, *green coffee
India319, *Arabica cherry (green coffee beans, destined for incidence: 27/97*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (13 sa.), 1.0–
export) 2.9 μg/kg (10 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), ≤7.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample
incidence: 9/14*, conc. range: 0.5–1.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.91 μg/kg, origin: Finland, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *green coffee
sample origin: Chikmagalur, Coorg, and Hassan (districts) in incidence: 20/42*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (6 sa.),
Karnataka (state) as well as Wayand (district) in Kerala (state), 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (1 sa.),
India, sample year: 2006/2007, country: India319, *Robusta 10.0–24.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), ≤65.5 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample origin: France,
parchment (green coffee beans, destined for export) sample year: 1998/1999, country: EU698, *green coffee
incidence: 25/27*, conc. range: 0.5–13.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.3 μg/kg, incidence: 19/21*, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg
sample origin: Chikmagalur, Coorg, and Hassan (districts) in (4 sa.), 10.0–24.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), ≤200.9 μg/kg (6 sa.), sample origin:
Karnataka (state) as well as Wayand and Palakkad (districts) in Greece, sample year: 1997, country: EU698, *green coffee
Kerala (state), sample year: 2006/2007, country: India319, *Robusta
cherry (green coffee beans, destined for export)
(1 sa.), ≤13.3 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Greece, sample year:
1998, country: EU698, *green coffee
Confectionery 77
incidence: 3/17*, conc. range: 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 7.4 μg/kg (1 sa.), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: Greece, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *green than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
coffee article856: not reported
incidence: 132/564*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (37 sa.), For detailed information see the article.
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (31 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (32 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (21 sa.), incidence: 2/201*, conc. range: 24–96 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 60 μg/kg,
10.0–24.9 μg/kg (7 sa.), ≤42 μg/kg (4 sa.), sample origin: Italy, sample origin: FDA in New Orleans (city), USA, sample year:
sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *green coffee unknown, country: USA860, *green coffee
incidence: 81/98*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (53 sa.), • Co-contamination: not reported
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (21 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), ≤7.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: Norway, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *green than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
coffee article860: Coffee beans, AF/S, literature860
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: manufacture company, Argentina, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Argentina866, *green coffee
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, • Co-contamination: not reported
Coffee, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, article866: Coffee, OTA, literature866
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices see also Coffee
Fusarium Toxins
literature698 Fumonisin/s
Fumonisin B2
sample origin: purchased from retail markets in Kenya, Tanzania,
incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 49 μg/kg, sample origin: Buon Ma Thuot
and Uganda, sample year: unknown, country: Denmark/Brazil803,
at Dac Lac plateau in the central highlands, Vietnam, sample year:
*green coffee
October 2010, country: Japan657, *green coffee beans (Robusta)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB2 and OTA
article803: Coffee, OTA, literature803; Coffee beans, FB2, litera-
ture803; see also Coffee beans, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Microbial Metabolites incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 55 μg/kg, sample origin: Buon Ma Thuot at
Dac Lac plateau in the central highlands, Vietnam, sample year:
incidence: ?/6*, conc. range: ≤0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: farms of
October 2010, country: Japan657, *green coffee beans (Arabica)
Alta Paulista, Sorocabana, and Alta Mogiana (regions) in São
Paulo (state), as well as Cerrado Mineiro in Minas Gerais (state),
Brazil, sample year: 1999/2000, country: Brazil/Australia856,
*Coffea arabica, cherries from tree
incidence: 0/16*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms of
incidence: 8/18*, conc. range: ≤134 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/kg,
Alta Paulista, Sorocabana, and Alta Mogiana (regions) in São
sample origin: purchased from retail markets in Kenya, Tanzania,
Paulo (state), as well as Cerrado Mineiro in Minas Gerais (state),
and Uganda, sample year: unknown, country: Denmark/Brazil803,
Brazil, sample year: 1999/2000, country: Brazil/Australia856, *
*green coffee
Coffea arabica, overripe from tree
incidence: 2/25*, conc. range: 6.0–37 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 21.5 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: farms of Alta Paulista, Sorocabana, and Alta than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Mogiana (regions) in São Paulo (state), as well as Cerrado Mineiro article803: Coffee, Coffee beans, OTA, literature803; see also
in Minas Gerais (state), Brazil, sample year: 1999/2000, country: Coffee beans, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Brazil/Australia856, * Coffea arabica, overripe from soil Metabolites
incidence: 3/40*, conc. range: 5.0–48 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 24 μg/kg,
sample origin: farms of Alta Paulista, Sorocabana, and Alta Coffee beverage see Beverages
Mogiana (regions) in São Paulo (state), as well as Cerrado Mineiro
in Minas Gerais (state), Brazil, sample year: 1999/2000, country: Compote see Products (fruit product)
Brazil/Australia856, * Coffea arabica, drying yard
Confectionery may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample origin: farms of Alta Paulista, Sorocabana, and Alta Aspergillus Toxins
Mogiana (regions) in São Paulo (state), as well as Cerrado Mineiro
Aflatoxin B1
in Minas Gerais (state), Brazil, sample year: 1999/2000, country:
Brazil/Australia856, * Coffea arabica, storage
sample origin: supermarkets and village stores in five districts of
Penang (state) including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), incidence: 10/12*, conc. range: ≤1.78 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225 regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Republic811, *confectionery, sweet
AFG2 • Co-contamination: not reported
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (walnut), Products (nut article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Figs, Herbs and Spices,
product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (peanut), Nuts Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (ginger
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Confectionery, product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper,
AFB2, literature225 chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard),
incidence: 3/17*, conc. range: 0.1–2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.0 μg/kg, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010, (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811
country: New Zealand277, *peanut confectionery
• Co-contamination: not reported Congressbele may contain the following mycotoxins:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Aspergillus Toxins
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Aflatoxin B1
Butter (peanut butter), Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), incidence: 9/41, conc. range: 6–1,100 μg/kg, sample origin: Mysore
Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, (city) market, India, sample year: October 1991–January 1992,
literature277; Confectionery, AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, country: India199
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, lit- • Co-contamination: not reported
erature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277 article199: Bondakadledkai, Toffees, AFB1 and AFB2, literature199;
Congressbele, AFB2, literature199
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 2/16, conc. range: 4.44–7.62 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.03 μg/kg, Aflatoxin B2
sample origin: supermarkets and village stores in five districts of incidence: 5/41, conc. range: 4–700 μg/kg, sample origin: Mysore
Penang (state) including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), (city) market, India, sample year: October 1991–January 1992,
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225 country: India199
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article199: Bondakadledkai, Toffees, AFB1 and AFB2, literature199;
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (walnut), Products (nut Congressbele, AFB1, literature199
product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (peanut), Nuts Congressbele is a groundnut-based (only the cotyledons are
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Confectionery, used), spiced snack product.
AFB1, literature225
Cookies may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aflatoxin/s
Aspergillus Toxins
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: Aflatoxin/s
New Zealand277, *peanut confectionery, **AFS total incidence: 10/24*, conc. range: ≤31.8 μg/kg**, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported markets, superstores, malls, and venders of major districts of
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Punjab (province), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Pakistan573, *peanut cookies, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; • Co-contamination: not reported
Butter (peanut butter), Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), article573: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut
Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Confectionery, AFB1, lit- product), AF/S, literature573
erature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry),
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, litera-
markets and local shops in big cities of Punjab (province),
Pakistan, sample year: November 2011–March 2012, country:
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Pakistan/Malaysia574, *date cookies, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG2
Ochratoxin A • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 6/12*, conc. range: ≤1.16 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Republic811, *chocolate coated confectionery article574: Cake (date), Dates, Halva, AF/S, literature574
Curd (bean curd) 79
Copra may contain the following mycotoxins: Coriander see Spices (coriander)

Aspergillus Toxins Cortese see Wine
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 40/62*, conc. range: 10–4,000 μg/kg, sample origin: Costers del Segre see Wine (red) and Wine (white)
local markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India,
sample year: 1982, country: India236, *copra, dry
Cowpea see Beans (cowpea)
Cream may contain the following mycotoxins:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article236: Aspergillus Toxins
Candies (coconut candy), Meal (copra meal), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
and AFG2, literature236; Copra, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236; Aflatoxin/s
Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature236 incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 0.065–4.905 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
1.550 μg/kg**, sample origin: groceries and supermarkets, Turkey,
Aflatoxin B2 sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119, *cream chantilly, **AFS total
incidence: 20/62*, conc. range: 10–1,000 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
local markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 1982, country: India236, *copra, dry than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Ice cream, Jello, Keskul,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups,
article236: Candies (coconut candy), Meal (copra meal), AFB1, Cream chantilly is whipped cream. Ingredients were sugar, milk
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236; Copra, AFB1, AFG1, and powder, modified starch, emulgator, thickener agent, and vanilla
AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, flavor.
literature236
Crianza see Wine (red)
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 20/62*, conc. range: 20–416 μg/kg, sample origin: local Cumin see Spices (cumin)
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India,
sample year: 1982, country: India236, *copra, dry Curd (bean curd) may contain the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Aflatoxin B1
article236: Candies (coconut candy), Meal (copra meal), AFB1, incidence: 15/45*, conc. range: 0.3–4.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.10 μg/kg,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236; Copra, AFB1, AFB2, and sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai (city)
AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country: China/
literature236 USA132, *fermented bean curd
Aflatoxin G2 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 16/62*, conc. range: 20–400 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
sample year: 1982, country: India236, *copra, dry cle132: Beans (kidney bean), Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (pea-
• Co-contamination: not reported nut), Oils (rapeseed oil), Oils (soybean oil), Paste (bean paste),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Sauces (soy sauce), Tofu, Wine, miscellaneous, AFB1, literature132
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 210 μg/kg, sample origin: markets around
article236: Candies (coconut candy), Meal (copra meal), AFB1, Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand, sample year: July 1983–April
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236; Copra, Oils (coconut oil), 1985, country: Thailand133, *salted bean curd (tao-hoo-yee)
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature236 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
Aflatoxin/s cereals and their products reported in the present book/article133:
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 4 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 4 μg/kg*, sample Beans, Curd (bean curd), AFG1, literature133; Beans (soybean),
origin: copra mills in part from outlying islands, Tonga, sample Nuts (peanut), Sauces (soy sauce), AFB1 and AFG1, literature133
year: unknown, country: Fiji/Zambia321, *AF
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 110–270 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 190 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand,
book/article321: Meal (copra meal), Nuts (peanut), AF/S, sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133, *salted
literature321 bean curd (tao-hoo-yee)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; article263: Chocolate, Figs, Juices (grape juice), Powder (cocoa
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFG1 powder), Raisins, Sultanas, Wine (red), OTA, literature263
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 9/12, conc. range: ≤12.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Peloponissos (peninsula), Greece, sample year: 1998, country:
article133: Beans, AFG1, literature133; Beans (soybean), Nuts Greece327
(peanut), Sauces (soy sauce), AFB1 and AFG1, literature133; Curd
incidence: 24/32, conc. range: ≤13.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
(bean curd), AFB1, literature133
Peloponissos (peninsula), Greece, sample year: 1999, country:
Currants may contain the following mycotoxins: Greece327
Aspergillus Toxins sample origin: Peloponissos (peninsula), Greece, sample year:
Aflatoxin B1 2000, country: Greece327
incidence: 2/18, conc. range: 0.20–0.63 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.41 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in Mashhad • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(city), Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: 2009–2011, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Iran726 article327: Sultanas, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white),
• Co-contamination: not reported Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature327
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: imported from Greece purchased in shops in
article726: Currants, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature726; Raisins, Norwich (city) and supermarkets, small shops, etc. across the UK,
AFB1 and OTA literature726 sample year: unknown, country: UK328
sample origin: Corinth (city), Peloponnes (peninsula), Greece, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 2012, country: Greece767 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and article328: Raisins, Sultanas, OTA, literature328
OTA incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.8–4.85 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.81 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: South Africa and unknown collected in retail
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ locations across Canada, sample year: 1998/1999, country:
article767: Currants, OTA, literature767; Raisins, Sultanas, AFB1 Canada329
and OTA, literature767 • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin B2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/18, conc.: 0.33 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, article329: Raisins, Sultanas, OTA, literature329
shops, and market stalls in Mashhad (city), Khorasan (province),
Iran, sample year: 2009–2011, country: Iran726 incidence: 2/22, conc. range: 0.77–2.59 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.07 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: different supermarkets and traditional bazaars in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: 2008/2009, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Turkey665
article726: Currants, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature726; Raisins, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB1 and OTA, literature726 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin G1 article665: Juices (grape juice), Pekmez, Sultanas, OTA,
incidence: 1/18, conc.: 0.49 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, literature665
shops, and market stalls in Mashhad (city), Khorasan (province), incidence: 9/20, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (7 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg
Iran, sample year: 2009–2011, country: Iran726 (1 sa.), 8.4 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Greece, sample year: 1997,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: EU698
incidence: 5/15, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 3.5 μg/kg (1 sa.),
sample origin: Greece, sample year: 1998, country: EU698
article726: Currants, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature726; Raisins,
AFB1 and OTA, literature726 incidence: 9/12, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.0–
2.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (1 sa.),
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins 12.38 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Greece, sample year: 1999,
Ochratoxin A country: EU698
incidence: 96/100, conc. range: 0.2–4.0 μg/kg (62 sa.), 4.1–10 μg/kg • Co-contamination: not reported
(22 sa.), 10.1–20 μg/kg (7 sa.), 20.1–30 μg/kg (4 sa.), 40.8 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(1 sa.), sample origin: 13 regions in the UK, sample year: October/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
November 1998, country: UK263 article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa,
• Co-contamination: not reported Coffee, Coffee beans, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices,
Dagwa 81
(paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
(red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
literature698 KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 1/18, conc.: 2.99 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
shops, and market stalls in Mashhad (city), Khorasan (province), OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
Iran, sample year: 2009–2011, country: Iran726 paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
• Co-contamination: not reported ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
article726: Currants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature726; Raisins, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
AFB1 and OTA, literature726 flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 23/40, conc. range: 0.16–5 μg/kg (20 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg
(3 sa., maximum: 7.10 μg/kg), sample origin: dried grape factories Aspergillus Toxins
in Hamadan (province), Iran, sample year: October 2012–March
2013, country: Iran742 Aflatoxin B1
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 8/8, conc. range: 2–224 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
article742: Raisins, Sultanas, OTA, literature742 South Africa659
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 10–100 μg/kg, sample origin: Crete • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(island, administrative unit), Greece, sample year: 2012, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Greece767 article659: Dagwa, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON,
incidence: 9/9, conc. range: <0.8–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10–100 μg/kg ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
(4 sa.), >100 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum: 138.3 μg/kg), sample origin: OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
Aigio and Corinth (town and city), Peloponnes (peninsula), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Greece767 KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 10–100 μg/kg, sample origin: American sa. AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
imported to Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Greece767 OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
no further information available ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
article767: Currants, AFB1, literature767; Raisins, Sultanas, AFB1 OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
and OTA, literature767 flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
markets, China, sample year: 2012, country: China897 Aflatoxin B2
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6/8, conc. range: <LOQ-14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
article897: Sultanas, OTA, literature897 South Africa659
For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
see also Fruits, dried, Raisins, and Sultanas • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Curry see Spices (curry) article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON,
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
Dagwa may contain the following mycotoxins: OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Alternaria Toxins flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1,
Alternariol Methyl Ether AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3,
incidence: 5/8, conc. range: 0.4–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.9 μg/kg, sample KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
Africa659 OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, CIT, DON, paste), and Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, Metabolites
Aflatoxin G1 OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
incidence: 8/8, conc. range: 2–149 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 24 μg/kg, sample paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
Africa659 BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON, ENA,
ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, OTB,
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, Citrinin
AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, incidence: 2/8, conc. range: <LOQ-119 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 119 μg/kg,
and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut South Africa659
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, DON,
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter: OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Aflatoxin G2
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
incidence: 5/8, conc. range: <LOQ-12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7 μg/kg,
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
South Africa659
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AME, BEA, CIT, DON, ENA,
ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, OTB,
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, Kojic Acid
AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, incidence: 8/8, conc. range: 421–3,549 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 960 μg/kg,
and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, MA, NIV, OTA,
Other Aspergillus Toxins KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Sterigmatocystin OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
incidence: 6/8, conc. range: <LOQ-3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
South Africa659 BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, Ochratoxin A
OTA, OTB, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), incidence: 8/8, conc. range: <LOQ-6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg,
AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, South Africa659
Dagwa 83
Fusarium Toxins
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), Depsipeptides
AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Beauvericin
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, incidence: 8/8, conc. range: 3.4–31 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and Africa659
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter: article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, CIT, DON,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
Ochratoxin B AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
incidence: 6/8, conc. range: <LOQ-1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1 μg/kg, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
South Africa659 paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
OTA, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, Enniatin A
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, incidence: 5/8, conc. range: <LOQ-0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg,
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera- sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, South Africa659
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
paste), and Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial DON, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
Metabolites OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
Viomellein KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 7/8, conc. range: 20–100 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 56 μg/kg, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
South Africa659 ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
OTA, OTB, STG, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, Enniatin A1
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 3/8, conc. range: <LOQ-0.04 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.04 μg/kg,
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, South Africa659
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, Fumonisin/s
DON, ENA, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
Fumonisin B1
South Africa659
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
Enniatin B AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
incidence: 7/8, conc. range: <LOQ-0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
South Africa659 ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
cle659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON, Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
ENA, ENA1, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, OTB,
Fumonisin B2
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1,
incidence: 8/8, conc. range: 15–37 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23 μg/kg, sample
AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV,
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample
and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA,
year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-
Africa659
C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut paste),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA,
FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
ture659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON,
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG,
literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru,
Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
Enniatin B1 AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
incidence: 8/8, conc. range: 0.01–0.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0. 2 μg/kg, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
Fumonisin B3
South Africa659
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB,
and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour),
Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter: Further
Dagwa 85
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter: KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
Type B Trichothecenes paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
Deoxynivalenol ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
incidence: 8/8, conc. range: 12–116 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 52 μg/kg, ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
South Africa659 flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Zearalenone
Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON,
Africa659
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, litera-
ture659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and
ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
OTA, OTB, STG, and VIOM, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2,
FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour
(soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups,
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Nivalenol
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample year:
July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, Penicillium Toxins
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), Mycophenolic Acid
AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, incidence: 5/8, conc. range: 0.6–5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.9 μg/kg, sample
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut Africa659
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, NIV, OTA,
Other Fusarium Toxins
Fusaric Acid
South Africa659
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), and Soups, chapter: Dates, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1,
Dagwa is a solid, dried, fried paste containing milled peanuts and AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut),
maize. AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea-
nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7;
Dates may contain the following mycotoxins: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera-
ture7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT,
Alternaria Toxins
literature7
Tenuazonic Acid incidence: 16/75, conc. range: 1.1–1.3 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.14 μg/kg*,
incidence: 18/53*, conc. range: 9.6–4,411.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 873.2 sample origin: local and from Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
μg/kg, sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased Turkey, purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
in supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *dates, dried *purchased in Tunisia
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
article815: Dates, MA and PA, literature815; Fruits, dried, AME, article720: Dates, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and OTA,
AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and
OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates and, Fruits, OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
dried, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2,
Aspergillus Toxins ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 19 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail Aflatoxin G1
outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
country: India7, *date palm outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- country: India7, *date palm
ent in a sa. • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than ent in a sa.
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Dates, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1,
RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea-
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7;
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera-
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, literature7
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 8/75, conc. range: <LOQ-1.8 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg*,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: local and from Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Turkey, purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, *purchased in Tunisia
and OTA, literature203; Dates, OTA, literature203; Figs, AFB1, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pista- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and OTA,
AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
Aflatoxin B2 HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2,
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, For detailed information see the article.
country: India7, *date palm
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was Aflatoxin G2
present in a sa. incidence: 15/75, conc. range: <LOQ-2.2 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.7 μg/kg*,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: local and from Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital),
Dates 87
Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *purchased in AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pista-
Tunisia chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/2, conc.: 1.02 μg/kg, sample origin: available in
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and OTA, New Zealand, sample year: 2007, country: New Zealand277
literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
For detailed information see the article. Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
Aflatoxin/s Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 2.1–2.9 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 2.5 μg/kg*, sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Spices (nutmeg),
sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs,
northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger),
country: Pakistan17, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts
• Co-contamination: not reported (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ different markets in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city/state),
article17: Figs, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts (almond), Brazil, sample year: 2002/2003, country: Brazil331, *dates, dried
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (wal- • Co-contamination: not reported
nut), Raisins, AF/S, literature17 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 38/96*, conc. range: ≤26.60 μg/kg**, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
southern areas of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (provinces), article331: Figs, Fruits, dried, Sultanas, OTA, literature331
Pakistan, sample year: November 2011–March 2012, country: incidence: 1/52*, conc.: 0.39 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
Pakistan/Malaysia574, *different varieties, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and stores, USA, sample year: 2012–2014, country: USA599, *conventional
AFG2 incidence: 0/43*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported supermarkets and stores, USA, sample year: 2012–2014, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other USA599, *organic
article574: Cake (date), Cookies, Halva, AF/S, literature574 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article599: Figs, Nuts (pistachio nut), Raisins, OTA, literature599
Ochratoxin A incidence: 18/75, conc. range: 0.57–3.3 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg*,
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: pr, sample origin: major local retail outlets sample origin: local and from Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: Turkey, purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
India7, *date palm Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- *purchased in Tunisia
ent in a sa. • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, and, ENB1,
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and
AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio For detailed information see the article.
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 Penicillic Acid
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 0.9 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, incidence: 14/53*, conc. range: 20.4–85.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 39.1
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 μg/kg, sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased
• Co-contamination: not reported in supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *dates, dried
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1, literature203; Figs, AFB1, article815: Dates, MA and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried, AME,
AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA, Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year:
OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, and Fruits, 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *purchased in Tunisia
dried, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Fusarium Toxins
Depsipeptides article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and OTA,
literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and
Enniatin A1 OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
incidence: 28/75, conc. range: <LOQ-8.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 3.8 μg/kg*, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2,
sample origin: local and from Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital), For detailed information see the article.
Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *purchased in
Spain and Tunisia Penicillium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Mycophenolic Acid
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/53*, conc.: 7.5 μg/kg, sample origin: principally
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENB, ENB1, and OTA, Xinjiang (province), purchased in supermarkets and local markets
literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: 2016/2017, country:
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, China815, *dates, dried
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
For detailed information see the article. cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle815: Dates, PA and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried, AME, AOH,
Enniatin B MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA, OTA,
incidence: 53/75, conc. range: <LOQ-190 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 101.2 μg/kg*, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates and, Fruits, dried,
sample origin: local and from Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital),
Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *purchased in Dessert wine see Wine, miscellaneous
Spain and Tunisia
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Dietary plants may contain the following mycotoxins:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Fusarium Toxins
book/article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB1, Fumonisin/s
and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, Fumonisin B1
ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, incidence: 4/19*, conc. range: 34–524 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 183 μg/kg,
ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, sample origin: different locations, South Africa, sample year:
dried, AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, November 2002, country: South Africa81, *dietary wild plants
literature720 • Co-contamination: not reported
Enniatin B1
article81: Medicinal plants, FB1, literature81
incidence: 3/75, conc. range: 10.7–88.8 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 39.8 μg/kg*,
sample origin: local and from Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
Turkey, purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Dietary supplements may contain the following mycotoxins:
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
*purchased in Spain and Tunisia Alternaria Toxins
Alternariol
incidence: 29/32*, conc. range: 16–4,560 μg/kg, sample origin:
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country:
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, and OTA,
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based
literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and
supplements)
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, incidence: 4/9*, conc. range: 82–223 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
For detailed information see the article. Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects
treatment
Diacetoxyscirpenol Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 2/75, conc. range: <LOQ*, sample origin: local and from Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general
Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey, purchased from markets in health improvement
Dietary supplements 89
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. country: Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other thistle-based supplements)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 24 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, BEA, DAS, DON, retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment
MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286;
incidence: 6/28*, conc.: 5–42 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US
see also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health improvement
Alternariol Methyl Ether • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 31/32*, conc. range: 6–3,200 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based 3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2,
supplements) MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: 5–216 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Microbial Metabolites
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects For detailed information see the article.
treatment Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech and
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general
US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
health improvement
USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based supplements)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
article286: Dietary supplements, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, incidence: 1/28*, conc.: 956 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US
MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
see also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health improvement
and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Tenuazonic Acid
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2,
MA, NEO, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
supplements)
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 1,210 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and For detailed information see the article.
US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects
μg/kg, sample origin: internet vendors, sample year: unknown,
treatment
country: USA865, *dietary supplements containing green coffee
incidence: 1/28*, conc.: 6,780 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and bean extracts
US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech • Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB; 5
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health sa. co-contaminated with OTA, OTB, and MA; 3 sa. co-contami-
improvement nated with OTA, OTB, MA and FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, OTB, and FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and FB1; 1 sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other contaminated solely with OTA
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, article865: Dietary supplements, OTB, FB1, and MA, literature865
MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature286; see
also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Ochratoxin B
Microbial Metabolites incidence: 16/50*, conc. range: 3.5–20.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.68
For detailed information see the article. μg/kg, sample origin: internet vendors, sample year: unknown,
country: USA865, *dietary supplements containing green coffee
Aspergillus Toxins bean extracts
Sterigmatocystin • Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB;
incidence: 2/32*, conc. range: 7–11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample 5 sa. co-contaminated with OTA, OTB, and MA; 3 sa. co-con-
origin: Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, taminated with OTA, OTB, MA and FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated
with OTA, OTB, and FB1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 9/28*, conc. range: 12–215 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
article865: Dietary supplements, OTA, FB1, and MA, literature865 Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health
improvement
Patulin • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based supplements) article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, DAS, DON,
incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech 3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2,
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286;
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects see also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
treatment and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 1/28*, conc.: 380 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US For detailed information see the article.
USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health improvement Enniatin A
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 27/32*, conc. range: 5–8,340 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, supplements)
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: 5–89 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
MA, NEO, OTA, PA, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects
Microbial Metabolites treatment
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 5/28*, conc. range: 5–13 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
Penicillic Acid and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech and Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health
US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/ improvement
USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based supplements) • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 93 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/ article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment 3-AcDON, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, MA,
incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health Microbial Metabolites
improvement For detailed information see the article.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Enniatin A1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 27/32*, conc. range: 5–2,340 μg/kg, sample origin:
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country:
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based
MA, NEO, OTA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see supplements)
also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: 12–224 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and
Microbial Metabolites US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
For detailed information see the article. USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment
Fusarium Toxins incidence: 3/28*, conc. range: 15–56 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
Depsipeptides Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health
Beauvericin improvement
incidence: 29/32*, conc. range: 5–2,730 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supplements) article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
3-AcDON, ENA, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, MA,
incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: 8–131 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
treatment
Dietary supplements 91
Enniatin B unknown, country: Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements

incidence: 28/32*, conc. range: 16–9,260 μg/kg, sample origin: for the general health improvement
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supplements) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 7/9*, conc. range: 5–1,230 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech 3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, MA,
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
treatment Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
incidence: 7/28*, conc. range: 5–136 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health incidence: 5/50*, conc. range: 110.0–415.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 295 μg/kg,
improvement sample origin: internet vendors, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. USA865, *dietary supplements containing green coffee bean
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other extracts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with OTA, OTB, MA,
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, and FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA, OTB, and FB1; 1 sa.
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, co-contaminated with OTA and FB1
NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and cereals and their products reported in the present book/article865:
Microbial Metabolites Dietary supplements, OTA, OTB, and MA, literature865
Fumonisin B2
Enniatin B1 incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech
incidence: 29/32*, conc. range: 6–10,900 μg/kg, sample origin: and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based supplements)
supplements) incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 23 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US
incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: 28–447 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects incidence: 4/28*, conc. range: 7–191 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
treatment and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
incidence: 4/28*, conc. range: 5–71 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech improvement
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
improvement • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, MA,
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also Microbial Metabolites
Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and For detailed information see the article.
For detailed information see the article. Fumonisin B3
incidence: 1/32*, conc.: 13 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US
Fumonisin/s retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based supplements)
Fumonisin B1
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US retail
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/USA286,
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment
supplements) incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech
incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects improvement
treatment • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: Czech and US retail markets, sample year:
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech
NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
For detailed information see the article. incidence: ?/28*, conc. range: 8–? μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and
Type A Trichothecenes US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health
Diacetoxyscirpenol improvement
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech MA, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
treatment Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 1/28*, conc.: 89 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US
T-2 Toxin
USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health improvement
supplements)
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DON,
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 169 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US
MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/
see also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment
and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech
For detailed information see the article. and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
HT-2 Toxin improvement
incidence: 21/32*, conc. range: 59–1,530 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
treatment Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Type B Trichothecenes
improvement Deoxynivalenol
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 16/32*, conc. range: 153–2,890 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, supplements)
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, MA, incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech
NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech
Neosolaniol Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health
incidence: 8/32*, conc. range: 20–126 μg/kg, sample origin: improvement
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supplements) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Dried vegetables 93
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, incidence: 3/9*, conc. range: 27–227 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects
see also Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins treatment
and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 8/28*, conc. range: 5–824 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
For detailed information see the article. and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol improvement
incidence: 5/32*, conc. range: 130–265 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech and 3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2,
US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/ MA, NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, and TA, literature286; see also
USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech Microbial Metabolites
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech For detailed information see the article.
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health Penicillium Toxins
improvement
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Mycophenolic Acid
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/32*, conc. range: 15–1,710 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country:
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, NEO, supplements)
OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: 76–2,590 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech
treatment
Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) incidence: 5/28*, conc. range: 70–3,260 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 4/32*, conc. range: 120–193 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country:
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general
Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements (milk thistle-based health improvement
supplements) • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Republic/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
USA286, *dietary supplements for menopause effects treatment article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON,
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2,
incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Czech NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also
and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements for the general health Microbial Metabolites
improvement For detailed information see the article.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 8/50*, conc. range: 43.1–395.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 145 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: internet vendors, sample year: unknown, country:
article286: Dietary supplements, AME, AOH, BEA, DAS, DON, USA865, *dietary supplements containing green coffee bean extracts
3-AcDON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, HT-2, MA, • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with OTA, OTB, and
NEO, OTA, PA, PAT, STG, T-2, TA, and ZEA, literature286; see also MA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with OTA, OTB, MA, and FB1
Dietary supplements, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Microbial Metabolites cereals and their products reported in the present book/article865:
For detailed information see the article. Dietary supplements, OTA, OTB, and FB1, literature865
Other Fusarium Toxins Dinners see Products
Zearalenone Dolcetto see Wine

incidence: 25/32*, conc. range: 13–751 μg/kg, sample origin:
Czech and US retail markets, sample year: unknown, country: Dried fruits see Fruits, dried
supplements) Dried vegetables see Vegetables, dried
Drinking water may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin B1 article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee,
incidence: 1/27*, conc.: 0.00046 μg/l, sample origin: local stores, Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Products (coconut product),
Portugal, sample year: June 2012–June 2013, country: Portugal789, Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Sweet potatoes,
*commercially bottled water sa. Yams, AF/S, literature1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Drinks (apple drink) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article789: Drinking water, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature789
Patulin
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 3.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Greek market,
incidence: 11/27*, conc. range: 0.00016–0.00048 μg/l, sample Greece, sample year: October 2004–June 2006, country: Greece108,
origin: local stores, Portugal, sample year: June 2012–June 2013, *soft drink
country: Portugal789, *commercially bottled water sa. • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article108: Baby food, Juices, Juices (apple concentrate), Juices
article789: Drinking water, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature789 (apple juice), Juices (apricot concentrate), Juices (orange
juice), Juices (pineapple concentrate), Juices (rosehip juice),
Aflatoxin G1
PAT, literature108
incidence: 1/27*, conc.: 0.00051 μg/l, sample origin: local stores,
Portugal, sample year: June 2012–June 2013, country: Portugal789,
Drinks (chocolate drink) may contain the following
*commercially bottled water sa.
mycotoxins:
article789: Drinking water, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature789 Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
Ochratoxin A
country: Germany262, *chocolate drinks
incidence: 1/27*, conc.: 0.00024 μg/l, sample origin: local stores,
Portugal, sample year: June 2012–June 2013, country: Portugal789, incidence: 34/34*, conc. range: ≤0.050 μg/kg, sample origin:
*commercially bottled water sa. regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
• Co-contamination: not reported Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Germany262, *ready-mixed cocoa drinks
article789: Drinking water, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature789 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Drinks may contain the following mycotoxins: article262: Bars, Chocolate, Figs, Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts,
Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Powder (cocoa powder),
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sun-
Ochratoxin A flower), OTA, literature262
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.10–0.30 μg/kg (dry matter), ∅ conc.:
0.2 μg/kg (dry matter), sample origin: unknown, sample year:
Drinks (coffee drink) may contain the following
mycotoxins:
unknown, country: Switzerland333, *malt-based breakfast drink
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Ochratoxin A
article333: Wine, OTA, literature333 incidence: 30/30*, conc. range: tr-0.037 μg/kg, sample origin: local
supermarkets and small retail outlets, Japan, sample year: 2007,
Drinks (alcoholic drink) may contain the following mycotoxins: country: Japan343, *canned and bottled ready-to-drink coffee
(each sa. corresponds to a different brand)
Aspergillus Toxins • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 26/55, Ø conc.: 1.9 μg/kg*, sample origin: greater Manila than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country: article343: not reported
Philippines1, *AF of pos sa.?
Field mustard 95
Drinks (tiger nut drink) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aspergillus Toxins article449: Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature449;
Aflatoxin B1 Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
incidence: 1/22*, conc.: 0.06 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets literature449
in Belgium and Spain, sample year: 2004, country: Belgium/
Germany342, *soft drink (“horchata”) Egusi see Food
• Co-contamination: not reported Egusi meal see Meal (egusi meal)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Egusi melon seeds see Seeds (melon)
Emu aran may contain the following mycotoxins:
Eggplant may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin/s
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 83*–86** μg/kg***, sample origin:
incidence: 32/50*, conc. range: ≤0.71 μg/kg, sample origin: local Ugbowo in Benin City, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample year: February/March Nigeria346, *stale and **fresh emu aran, ***AFB
2015, country: Turkey449, *eggplants, dried • Co-contamination: not reported
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- article346: Meal (egusi meal), Ogbono, Ogili-ugba, Ogoro, AF/S,
cle449: Eggplant, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449; Spices literature346
(paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449 Emu aran is a beverage from fermented sap of the Raphia palm.
Aflatoxin B2 Entrees see Products

local markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample year: February/ Erbaluce see Wine
March 2015, country: Turkey449, *eggplants, dried
Extracts may contain the following mycotoxins:
book/article449: Eggplant, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- Ochratoxin A
ture449; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
literature449 supermarkets and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada,
sample year: September/October 2008, country: Canada90, *vanilla
Aflatoxin G1 extract
incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 0.32–1.35 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.02 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and
local markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample year: February/ fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year:
March 2015, country: Turkey449, *eggplants, dried September/October 2009, country: Canada90, *vanilla extract
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- than cereals and their products reported in the present
cle449: Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature449; Spices book/article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut
(paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449 butter), Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts,
Aflatoxin G2 Pies, Pizza, Products, Pudding, Seeds, Raisins, Wine, OTA,
incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 0.10–0.23 μg/kg, sample origin: literature90
local markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample year: February/ Fennel see Spices (fennel)
March 2015, country: Turkey449, *eggplants, dried
• Co-contamination: not reported Field mustard may contain the following mycotoxins:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article449: Aspergillus Toxins
Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature449; Spices Aflatoxin B1
(paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449 incidence: 17/41*, conc. range: <20 μg/kg (4 sa.), 21–100 μg/kg
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins (8 sa.), 101–500 μg/kg (4 sa.), 780 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
villages of Khagaria and Saharsa (districts) of North Bihar (state),
Ochratoxin A India, sample year: August–October 1987, country: India128,
incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 8.88–21.35 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 17.67 μg/kg, *Brassica campestris L.
sample origin: local markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: February/March 2015, country: Turkey449, *eggplants, dried • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article128: Beans (cowpea), Beans (mung bean), Lentils, Seeds • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA;
(linseed), Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature128 13 sa. contaminated solely with TA
incidence: 26/148*, conc. range: 8–572 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
mustard growing areas (16 districts) of Bihar (state), India, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: February/March 1987, country: India545, *Brassica article906: Figs, AOH, literature906; Fruits (tomato), Juices
campestris L. (yellow-seeded, Sarson) (tomato juice), AOH and TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil),
• Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; AME, literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce),
19 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Aspergillus Toxins
article545: Field mustard, AFB2, literature545; Spices (mustard),
AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1, literature545 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 2/98*, conc. range: ≤1.02 μg/kg, sample origin: different
Aflatoxin B2 export companies, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 7/148*, conc. range: pr, sample origin: mustard growing Turkey55, *figs, dried
areas (16 districts) of Bihar (state), India, sample year: February/ • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
March 1987, country: India545, *Brassica campestris L. (yellow- (all together 7 sa. contaminated with AFS thereof 2 sa. with
seeded, Sarson) AFB1; see also Figs, AF/S, literature55)
• Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article55: Figs, AF/S and OTA, literature55; Fruits, dried, Sultanas,
article545: Field mustard, AFB1, literature545; Spices (mustard), OTA, literature55
AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1, literature545
incidence: 4?/24*, conc. range: 1.4–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.7 μg/kg,
Figpie see Figs sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic
products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–
Figs may contain the following mycotoxins: 1996, country: Cyprus200, *figs and figpie
Alternaria Toxins
Alternariol than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/14, conc.: 8.7 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores, article200: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2,
Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: Netherlands/ AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Figs, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
Germany906 erature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (ses-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and
article906: Figs, TA, literature906; Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato AFG2, literature200
juice), AOH and TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 0.4–0.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.55 μg/kg,
literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001,
Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, country: UK203
literature906 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2
Tenuazonic Acid
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 25–2,345 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,043
μg/kg, sample origin: Dutch survey program (2013) and retail
shops across The Netherlands, sample year: 2013?, country:
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
Netherlands568, *figs, dried
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pista-
chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut,
paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
article568: Fruits (apple), AOH, literature568; Olives, Seeds (sun-
AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
flower), TA, literature568; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME, AOH,
and TA, literature568; Wine (red), AOH and TA, literature568; see incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 1.1–4.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.5 μg/kg,
also Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
Microbial Metabolites Denmark217
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 14/14, conc. range: 41 (81?)–1,728 μg/kg, sample origin:
retail stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country:
Netherlands/Germany 906
Figs 97
article217: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (cayenne pepper, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Figs, AFB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and article349: Figs, OTA, literature349
AFB2, literature217 incidence: 0/20*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 0.1–3.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.7 μg/kg, markets, Turkey, sample year: 2004, country: Turkey349, *figs, dried
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: New Zealand277, *figs, dried • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article349: Figs, OTA, literature349
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- incidence: 37/52*, conc. range: 5–76,000 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6,341 μg/kg,
cle277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter sample origin: Turkey, sample year: 1991/1992, country:
(peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts Switzerland350, *selected figs (dried) with BGY fluorescence
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, KA,
AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pep- and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and KA; 4
per), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, AF/S and OTA, sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, KA, and OTA; 19 sa. co-con-
literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277; Spices taminated with AFB1 and KA
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 2.5–11.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.2 μg/kg, article350: Figs, AFG1, KA, and OTA, literature350
sample origin: retail outlets in Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year: incidence: 9?/24*, conc. range: 3.7–60.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
January 1989, country: Italy347, *figs, dried orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs from the tree
incidence: 4?/19*, conc. range: 1.8–63.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
article347: Lentils, AFB1, literature347; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs on the ground
AFB2, literature347
incidence: 94/386*, conc. range: 0.2–1 μg/kg (48 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg
(37 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (7 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (1 sa.), 20–30 μg/kg (1 sa.),
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during drying (sun)
sample origin: Turkey, sample year: 1985, country: Switzerland348,
*figs, dried and randomly selected incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: orchards, farmer
store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample year: 1988,
incidence: 8/16*, conc. range: 0.2–1 μg/kg (3 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (3 sa.),
country: Turkey351, *figs in farmer store house
5–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Turkey,
sample year: 1985, country: Switzerland348, *figs, dried and incidence: 7?/12*, conc. range: 0.5–12.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
discolored (dark) orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs before processing
incidence: 52/62*, conc range: 0.2–1 μg/kg (4 sa.), 1–10 μg/kg
(14 sa.), 10–100 μg/kg (8 sa.), 100–1,000 μg/kg (14 sa.), 1,000– incidence: 4?/32*, conc. range: 0.5–4.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
10,000 μg/kg (11 sa.), >10,000 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Turkey, orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
sample year: 1985, country: Switzerland348, *figs, dried and sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during processing
showing BGY fluorescence • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article351: Figs, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351; Paste
article348: Figs, AFG1, literature348 (fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351
incidence: 9/58*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 0.28 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops and
(4 sa.), 5.0–10.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10.0–15.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 35.1 μg/kg local markets in Rabat-Salé (region), Morocco, sample year:
(1 sa.), sample origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: January–October 2006, country: Spain/Morocco352, *figs, dried
2003, country: Turkey349, *figs, dried • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
7 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other book/article352: Figs, AF/S, literature352; Raisins, Nuts (pea-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1 and AF/S,
article349: Figs, OTA, literature349 literature352
incidence: 17/41*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (8 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg incidence: 11/48*, conc. range: 0.1–696.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 114 μg/kg,
(7 sa.), 5.0–10.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 20.6 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: sample origin: orchards in the Aegean Region, Turkey, sample
Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2004, country: Turkey349, year: unknown, country: Turkey353, *figs (dried) positive for
*figs, dried Aspergillus section Flavi contamination
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
15 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, and CPA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Aflatoxin B2
CPA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and CPA incidence: 4?/24*, conc. range: 0.9–1.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.2 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–
article353: Figs, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CPA, literature353 1996, country: Cyprus200, *figs and figpie
For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 49/49*, conc. range: 0.7–2,221 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 285 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: commercial processing facility, Turkey, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: 2005, country: Turkey/UK/Netherlands354, *49 individual figs article200: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2,
unsuitable for food AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Figs, Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (wal-
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut),
AFG1, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, Products (sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts
and OTA; 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 7 (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 4 sa. co-con- incidence: 1/20, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
taminated with AFB1, AFG1, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
with AFB1 and AFB2; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
AFG1; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 5 sa. con- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
taminated solely with AFB1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
article354: Figs, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature354 and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
incidence: 104/2,550*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (76 sa.), 1.0– AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pista-
2.0 μg/kg (10 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg (13 sa.), 10.0–20.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut,
>20.0 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 32.0 μg/kg), sample origin: paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
Turkey355, *figs, dried incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 0.5–1.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.73 μg/kg, sample
incidence: 386/3,096*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (261 sa.), origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Denmark217
1.0–2.0 μg/kg (61 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg (54 sa.), 10.0–20.0 μg/kg • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
(10 sa.), >20.0 μg/kg (14 sa., maximum: 115.3 μg/kg), sample and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2004, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Turkey355, *figs, dried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article217: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (cayenne pepper,
incidence: 740/3,920*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (460 sa.),
chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Figs, AFB1,
1.0–2.0 μg/kg (99 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg (127 sa.), 10.0–20.0 μg/kg
AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and
(31 sa.), >20.0 μg/kg (23 sa., maximum: 288.2 μg/kg), sample
AFB2, literature217
origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2005, country:
Turkey355, *figs, dried incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.94 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 132/830*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (99 sa.), 1.0–
Japan339
2.0 μg/kg (13 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg (17 sa.), 10.0–20.0 μg/kg (3 sa.),
sample origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2006,
country: Turkey355, *figs, dried
Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFG2, litera-
ture339; Figs, Flour (soybean flour), Raisins, AFG2, literature339;
Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature339
article355: Figs, AF/S, literature355
incidence: 8/206*, conc. range: 3.6–320.0 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 102 μg/kg**,
sample origin: from fields during drying, warehouses, and processing
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs from the tree
units in ten regions in the Aegean area, Turkey, sample year: 1986,
country: Turkey717, *figs (dried), **low grade figs collected from the incidence: 0/19*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards,
drying stage farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs on the ground
and AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. incidence: 0/8*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards,
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 3 sa. contaminated farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample
solely with AFB1 year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during drying (sun)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample
article717: Figs, AFB2 and AFG1, literature717 year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs in farmer store house
Figs 99
incidence: 7?/12*, conc. range: 0.5–4.16 μg/kg, sample origin: and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, literature200
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs before processing incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 0.9–1.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.1 μg/kg,
incidence: 4?/32*, conc. range: 0.5–2.2 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, Denmark217
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during processing • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351; Paste than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351 article217: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (cayenne pepper,
incidence: 9/48*, conc. range: 0.1–16.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.92 μg/kg, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Figs, AFB1,
sample origin: orchards in the Aegean Region, Turkey, sample AFB2, and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and
year: unknown, country: Turkey353, *figs (dried) positive for AFB2, literature217
Aspergillus section Flavi contamination incidence: 49/386*, conc. range: 0.2–1 μg/kg (28 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, (17 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 20–30 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin:
AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Turkey, sample year: 1985, country: Switzerland348, *figs, dried and
AFG1, and CPA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and randomly selected
CPA incidence: 3/16*, conc. range: 0.2–1 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (2 sa.),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Turkey, sample year: 1985, country: Switzerland348,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *figs, dried and discolored (dark)
article353: Figs, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and CPA, literature353
incidence: 21/62*, conc range: 0.2–1 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1–10 μg/kg (5 sa.),
10–100 μg/kg (4 sa.), 100–1,000 μg/kg (4 sa.), 1,000–10,000 μg/kg
incidence: 30/49*, conc. range: 0.1–74.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.18 μg/kg, (4 sa.), >10,000 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Turkey, sample year:
sample origin: commercial processing facility, Turkey, sample 1985, country: Switzerland348, *figs, dried and showing BGY
year: 2005, country: Turkey/UK/Netherlands354, *49 individual figs fluorescence
unsuitable for food • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, and OTA; 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and article348: Figs, AFB1, literature348
AFG1; 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 3 sa.
incidence: 14/52* conc. range: 24–180,000 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
15,518 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, sample year: 1991/1992,
country: Switzerland350, *selected figs (dried) with BGY
fluorescence
article354: Figs, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature354
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, KA,
incidence: 4/206*, conc. range: 23.5–71.8 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 50.6 μg/kg**, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and KA
sample origin: from fields during drying, warehouses, and processing • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
units in ten regions in the Aegean area, Turkey, sample year: 1986, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Turkey717, *figs, dried, **low-grade figs collected from the article350: Figs, AFB1, KA, and OTA, literature350
drying stage
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs from the tree
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 4?/19*, conc. range: 15.2–78.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
article717: Figs, AFB1 and AFG1, literature717 orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs on the ground
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 4?/24*, conc. range: 0.8–2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg,
sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during drying (sun)
1996, country: Cyprus200, *figs and figpie incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards,
• Co-contamination: not reported farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs in farmer store house
article200: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Figs, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera- sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs before processing
ture200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 4?/32*, conc. range: 0.5–4.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during processing

• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature351; Paste cle200: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
(fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351 and AFG2, literature200; Figs, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200;
incidence: 5/48*, conc. range: 0.4–192.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 52 μg/kg, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
sample origin: orchards in the Aegean Region, Turkey, sample literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame product), Spices,
year: unknown, country: Turkey353, *figs (dried) positive for AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
Aspergillus section Flavi contamination ture200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 4/20, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum:
AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, 1.1 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.9 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
AFG1, and CPA sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFG2
article353: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and CPA, literature353 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 29/49*, conc. range: 0.2–734.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 54 μg/kg, article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
sample origin: commercial processing facility, Turkey, sample literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
year: 2005, country: Turkey/UK/Netherlands354, *49 individual figs and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
unsuitable for food AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pista-
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
AFG1, and OTA; 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; incidence: 1/4, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and OTA; 4 sa. co- year: unknown, country: Denmark217
contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, and AFG2
article354: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature354 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 3/206*, conc. range: 12.4–97.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 61.4 μg/kg**, article217: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (cayenne pepper,
sample origin: from fields during drying, warehouses, and processing chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Figs, AFB1,
units in ten regions in the Aegean area, Turkey, sample year: 1986, AFB2, and AFG1, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and
country: Turkey717, *figs, dried, **low grade figs collected from the AFB2, literature217
drying stage incidence: 1/1, conc.: 7.89 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country:
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 Japan339
article717: Figs, AFB1 and AFB2, literature717 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 4/28, conc. range: 3.96–6.38 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 5 μg/kg*, article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and
sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2, literature339; Flour (soybean
purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain and Tunis flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
(capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339
*purchased in Tunisia incidence: 9?/24*, conc. range: 0.5–15.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs from the tree
than cereals and their products reported in the present incidence: 4?/19*, conc. range: 0.5–8.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
book/article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey,
ENB1, and OTA, literature720; Figs, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs on the ground
ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS,
incidence: 0/8*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards,
ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits,
farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample
dried, AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA,
year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during drying (sun)
literature720
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards,
Aflatoxin G2 year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs in farmer store house
incidence: 1/24*, conc.: 4.2 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of
primary storage or processing (domestic products) and sites of
importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200,
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs before processing
*figs and figpie
Figs 101
incidence: 4?/32*, conc. range: 0.5–2.0 μg/kg, sample origin: and Kings Lynn (market town) Port Health Authorities, UK,
orchards, farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: UK206, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2,
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during processing AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/29, conc.: 1.0–3.9 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other from Norwich area and health food stores, market stalls, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ supermarkets across the UK, sample year: unknown, country:
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature351; Paste UK206, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
(fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/48*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: orchards in the • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aegean Region, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey353, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*figs (dried) positive for Aspergillus section Flavi contamination article206: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Paste (fig paste), AF/S,
AFG1, AFG2, and CPA literature206
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 0.70–11.8 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 6.25 μg/kg**,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: sales outles, Qatar, sample year: October 2002, country:
article353: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and CPA, literature353 Qatar229, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: commercial processing facility, Turkey, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: 2005, country: Turkey/UK/Netherlands354, *49 individual figs article229: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pista-
unsuitable for food chio nut), AF/S, literature229; Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature229;
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, literature229
AFG2, and OTA incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 0.1–6.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.2 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: New Zealand277, *figs, dried
article354: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature354 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 0.8–12.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.81 μg/kg**, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and northern article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009, country: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
Pakistan17, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
• Co-contamination: not reported sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nut-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other meg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Figs, AFB1 and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
article17: Dates, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature277; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (wal- (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA,
nut), Raisins, AF/S, literature17 literature277
incidence: 7/98*, conc. range: 0.23–4.28 μg/kg**, sample origin: incidence: 6/20*, conc. range: ≤32.9 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 8.70 μg/kg**,
different export companies, Turkey, sample year: unknown, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in Rabat-Salé
country: Turkey55, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 (region), Morocco, sample year: January–October 2006, country:
• Co-contamination: see Figs, AFB1, literature55 and the article Spain/Morocco352, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article55: Figs, AFB1 and OTA, literature55; Fruits, dried, Sultanas, than cereals and their products reported in the present
OTA, literature55 book/article352: Figs, AFB1, literature352; Nuts (peanut), Nuts
(pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Raisins, AFB1 and AF/S,
incidence: 1/49*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: supermarkets literature352
and hypermarkets in 12 main cities of Catalonia (autonomous
community), Spain, sample year: 2008/2009, country: Spain93, incidence: 462/2,550*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg** (338 sa.),
*figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 1.0–2.0 μg/kg** (44 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg** (51 sa.), 10.0–20.0
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg** (16 sa.), >20.0 μg/kg** (13 sa., maximum: 200 μg/kg**),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2003,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Turkey355, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article93: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (cayenne incidence: 518/3,096*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg** (340 sa.),
pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature93 1.0–2.0 μg/kg** (65 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg** (76 sa.), 10.0–20.0
incidence: 16/20*, conc. range: 1.0–3.9 μg/kg** (10 sa.), 10.1– μg/kg** (18 sa.), >20.0 μg/kg** (19 sa., maximum: 155 μg/kg**),
20.0 μg/kg** (3 sa.), 20.1–50.0 μg/kg** (2 sa.), 89 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2004,
sample origin: port sa. from Felixstowe (town), Manchester (city), country: Turkey355, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 897/3,920*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg** (542 sa.), • Co-contamination: not reported
1.0–2.0 μg/kg** (118 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg** (153 sa.), 10.0–20.0 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
μg/kg** (49 sa.), >20.0 μg/kg** (35 sa., maximum: 316 μg/kg**), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2005, article359: Paste (fig paste), AF/S, literature359
country: Turkey , *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
355
incidence: 313/2643* **, conc. range: 0.2–162.76 μg/kg***, sample
incidence: 166/830*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg** (107 sa.), origin: exporting companies in Aydin (province), Turkey, sample
1.0–2.0 μg/kg** (33 sa.), 2.0–10.0 μg/kg** (18 sa.), 10.0–20.0 μg/kg** year: January–August 2007, country: Turkey360, *figs, dried,
(5 sa.), >20.0 μg/kg** (3 sa., maximum: 33 μg/kg**), sample **destined for export, *** AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2006, country: • Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Turkey355, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 AFG1, and AFG2; 13 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1; 20 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 85 sa. co-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 159 sa. contaminated solely
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ with AFB1; 22 sa. contaminated solely with AFG1
article355: Figs, AFB1, literature355 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 11/19*, conc. range: 0.3–2.0 μg/kg** (10 sa.), 1,500 μg than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: imported from Argentina, Chile, article360: Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
Iran, and Turkey purchased from markets in Campinas (city) and Spices (paprika), AF/S, literature360
São Paulo (city, state), Brazil, sample year: 2002/2003, country: incidence: 12/115*, conc. range: 0.1–763.2 μg/kg**, sample origin:
Brazil356, *figs, dried, **AFB1 and AFB2 orchards in Erbeyli, Germencik, Incirliova, Ortaklar, Selcuk,
• Co-contamination: not reported Soke, and Torbali (districts) in Aegean (region), Turkey, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: unknown, country: Turkey362, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2,
article356: Sultanas, AF/S, literature356 • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA; 4
incidence: 24/30, conc. range: 28–241 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 104 μg/kg*, sa. contaminated with 4 mycotoxins; 6 sa. contaminated with 3
sample origin: imported from France, Greece, Turkey, and mycotoxins; 54 sa. contaminated with 2 mycotoxins; 38 sa. con-
unknown origin and purchased in a vegetable shop and health taminated with 1 mycotoxin; no further information available
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK357, *AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: not reported article362: Figs, CPA, FB1, and OTA, literature362
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: ≤6.7 μg/kg**, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702,
article357: not reported *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 1575/4917* **, conc. range: 0.2–259.46 μg/kg***, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origin: exporting companies in Aydin (province), Turkey, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: September–December 2007, country: Turkey/USA358, *figs, article702: Figs, Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, litera-
dried, **destined for export, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 ture702; Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature702; Spices (cayenne pep-
• Co-contamination: 94 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, per, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
AFG1, and AFG2; 152 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AF/S and OTA, literature702
AFG1; 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2; 134 sa. Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 444 sa. co-contaminated
with AFB1 and AFG1; 700 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1; 45 Cyclopiazonic Acid
sa. contaminated solely with AFG1 incidence: 28/48*, conc. range: 25–187 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 58.3
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg, sample origin: orchards in the Aegean Region, Turkey,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: Turkey353, *figs (dried) positive
article358: not reported for Aspergillus section Flavi contamination
For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 11/29*, conc. range: 1.0–10.0 μg/kg** (6 sa.), >10.0 AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
μg/kg** (5 sa., maximum: 96 μg/kg**), sample origin: importers AFG1, and CPA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
and retailers, UK, sample year: November/December 1988, CPA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and CPA; 17 sa. contami-
country: UK359, *Turkish figs, dried, **AFS total nated solely with CPA
incidence: 27/57*, conc. range: 1.0–10.0 μg/kg** (21 sa.), >10.0 μg/kg** • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(6 sa., maximum: 34 μg/kg**), sample origin: containers at port of than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
entry, UK, sample year: April–December 1989, country: UK , 359 article353: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature353
*Turkish figs, dried, **AFS total For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 18/36*, conc. range: 1.0–10.0 μg/kg** (16 sa.), >10.0 μg/kg** incidence: 28/115*, conc. range: 25.0–187.0 μg/kg**, sample origin:
(2 sa., maximum: 25 μg/kg**), sample origin: containers at port of orchards in Erbeyli, Germencik, Incirliova, Ortaklar, Selcuk, Soke, and
entry, UK, sample year: January–July 1990, country: UK359, *Turkish Torbali (districts) in Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year: unknown,
figs, dried, **AFS total country: Turkey 362
, *figs, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Figs 103
• Co-contamination: 17 sa. co-contaminated with CPA and FB1; article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Fruits,
4 sa. contaminated with 4 mycotoxins; 6 sa. contaminated with dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Powder
3 mycotoxins; 54 sa. contaminated with 2 mycotoxins; 38 sa. (cocoa powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (ses-
contaminated with 1 mycotoxin; no further information ame), Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
available incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.5 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: 13 regions in the UK, sample year: May 1998,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: UK263
article362: Figs, AF/S, FB1, and OTA, literature362 • Co-contamination: not reported
Kojic Acid
incidence: 52/52* conc. range: 8,000–6,900,000 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
Chocolate, Currants, Juices (grape juice), Powder (cocoa powder),
1,336,000 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, sample year: 1991/1992,
Raisins, Sultanas, Wine (red), OTA, literature263
country: Switzerland350, *selected figs (dried) with BGY
fluorescence incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 73 μg/kg, sample origin: available in New
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, KA, Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New Zealand277, *figs,
and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and KA; 4 dried
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, KA, and OTA; 19 sa. co-con- • Co-contamination: not reported
taminated with AFB1 and KA; 5 sa. co-contaminated with KA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and OTA; 10 sa. contaminated solely with KA than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Figs, Food, Fruits, dried,
article350: Figs, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature350 Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nut-
Ochratoxin A meg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277;
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 60–120 μg/kg, sample origin: shops Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277; Spices (cayenne
and markets of different sanitation levels, Assiut Governorate, pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
Egypt, sample year: March 1992, country: Egypt54, *figs, dried AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 18/19*, conc. range: 0.1–5.0 μg/kg (13 sa.), 5.1–10.0 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (2 sa.), 10.1–20.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), 20.1–30.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ different markets in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city/state),
article54: Fruits, dried, OTA, literature54 Brazil, sample year: 2002/2003, country: Brazil331, *figs, dried
different export companies, Turkey, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Turkey55, *figs, dried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA article331: Dates, Fruits, dried, Sultanas, OTA, literature331
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7/58*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (1 sa.), 5.0–10.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10.0–15.0 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum:
article55: Figs, AFB1, AF/S, literature55; Fruits, dried, Sultanas, 13.0 μg/kg), sample origin: Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample
OTA, literature55 year: 2003, country: Turkey349, *figs, dried
incidence: 4/20, conc. range: 0.4–151 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 38.9 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, 5 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
country: UK203 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article349: Figs, AFB1, literature349
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/41*, conc. range: <0.1–1.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.0–5.0 μg/kg
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, (1 sa.), >15.0 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: 26.3 μg/kg), sample origin:
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Turkish fig exporters, Turkey, sample year: 2004, country:
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, Turkey349, *figs, dried
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pista- • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, 4 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 27/34*, conc. range: ≤3.95 μg/kg, sample origin: regions article349: Figs, AFB1, literature349
around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 2.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, Turkey, sample year: 2004, country: Turkey349, *figs, dried
country: Germany262, *figs, dried • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article349: Figs, AFB1, literature349
incidence: 12/52* conc. range: 5–12,300 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,680 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, sample year: 1991/1992, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Switzerland350, *selected figs (dried) with BGY fluorescence than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, KA, article363: not reported
and OTA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, KA, and OTA; 5 sa. incidence: 13/20*, conc. range: 0.03–1.42 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.33 μg/kg,
co-contaminated with KA and OTA sample origin: retail shops in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Morocco, sample year: July/August 2005, country: Morocco/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spain364, *figs, dried
article350: Figs, AFB1, AFG1, and KA, literature350 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/24*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample cereals and their products reported in the present book/article364:
year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs from the tree Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), Raisins, OTA, literature364
incidence: 1/19*, conc.: 7.5 μg/kg, sample origin: orchards, farmer incidence: 33/71*, conc. range: 0.12–1.00 μg/kg (31 sa.), >8.01 μg/kg
store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample year: 1988, (2 sa., maximum: 15.31 μg/kg), sample origin: orchards in Aegean
country: Turkey351, *figs on the ground (region), sample year: 2003 harvest, country: Turkey365, *figs,
incidence: 0/8*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards, dried
farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample incidence: 22/44*, conc. range: 0.12–1.00 μg/kg (20 sa.), >8.01
year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during drying (sun) μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 11.56 μg/kg), sample origin: orchards in
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards, Aegean (region), sample year: 2004 harvest, country: Turkey365,
farmer store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample *figs, dried
year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs in farmer store house • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 8.3 μg/kg, sample origin: orchards, farmer
store houses, and fig processing plants, Turkey, sample year: 1988,
country: Turkey351, *figs before processing
incidence: 31/35*, conc. range: ≥0.06–0.49 μg/kg (25 sa.), 0.5–
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: orchards,
0.99 μg/kg (3 sa.), >9.9 μg/kg (3 sa.**, maximum: 275.7 μg/kg),
sample origin: purchased in local supermarkets and retail shops
year: 1988, country: Turkey351, *figs during processing
in Spain: Spanish (29 sa.), Turkish (5 sa.), and French products
(1 sa.), sample year: unknown, country: Spain366, *figs, dried, **2 sa.
from Spain and 1 sa. from Turkey
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature351; Paste
(fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351
incidence: 32/50*, conc. range: 0.5–1,710 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 195 article366: not reported
μg/kg, sample origin: commercial processing facility, Turkey,
sample year: 2005, country: Turkey/UK/Netherlands354, *50
and stores, USA, sample year: 2012–2014, country: USA599,
individual figs unsuitable for food
*conventional
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 3/39*, conc. range: 1.46–3.33 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.20 μg/kg,
AFG1, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, sample origin: supermarkets and stores, USA, sample year: 2012–
and OTA; 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 4 sa. 2014, country: USA , *organic
599
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and OTA; 5 sa. co-contami- • Co-contamination: not reported
nated with AFB1 and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article599: Dates, Nuts (pistachio nut), Raisins, OTA,
article354: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature354 literature599
incidence: 55/115*, conc. range: 0.1–15.3 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 73 μg/kg, sample origin: New Zealand,
orchards in Erbeyli, Germencik, Incirliova, Ortaklar, Selcuk, Soke, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *figs, dried
and Torbali (districts) in Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
unknown, country: Turkey362, *figs, dried • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA; 4 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sa. contaminated with 4 mycotoxins; 6 sa. contaminated with 3 article702: Figs, Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature702; Spices (cayenne
mycotoxins; 54 sa. contaminated with 2 mycotoxins; 38 sa. pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
contaminated with 1 mycotoxin; no further information AF/S and OTA, literature702; Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried,
available OTA, literature702
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 5/28, conc. range: <LOQ*, sample origin: local and of
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey purchased from markets in
article362: Figs, AF/S, CPA, and FB1, literature362 Valencia (city), Spain and Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year:
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 160 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *purchased in Tunisia
year: unknown, country: Switzerland363 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Figs 105
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and
HT-2, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB1, HT-2, and
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2,
For detailed information see the article. ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 0.99 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions, For detailed information see the article.
Czech Republic, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Czech
Republic811, *figs, dried Enniatin B1
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 14/28, conc. range: <LOQ-34.8 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 10.2 μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Herbs and Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (gin- *purchased in Spain and Tunisia
ger product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pep- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
per, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(mustard), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Tea, Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811 article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, HT-2, and
Fusarium Toxins OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2,
Depsipeptides
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
Beauvericin For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 9/28, conc. range: 5.19–3,620 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 822 μg/kg*,
Fumonisin/s
sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey
purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis Fumonisin B1
(capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, incidence: 86/115*, conc. range: 50–3,650 μg/kg, sample origin:
*purchased in Spain orchards in Erbeyli, Germencik, Incirliova, Ortaklar, Selcuk, Soke,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. and Torbali (districts) in Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unknown, country: Turkey362, *figs, dried
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 17 sa. co-contaminated with CPA and FB1; 4
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and sa. contaminated with 4 mycotoxins; 6 sa. contaminated with 3
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and mycotoxins; 54 sa. contaminated with 2 mycotoxins; 38 sa. con-
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, taminated with 1 mycotoxin; no further information available
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article362: Figs, AF/S, CPA, and OTA, literature362
incidence: 64/125*, conc. range: LOD ≤60 μg/kg (41 sa.), 70–80
Enniatin A1
μg/kg (14 sa.), 90–150 μg/kg (8 sa.), 163 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample
incidence: 14/28, conc. range: <LOQ-14.7 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 4.1 μg/kg*,
origin: Aegean region (Small and Big Meander basin), Turkey,
sample year: 2004, country: Turkey367, *figs, dried
purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis
(capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, incidence: 111/137*, conc. range: LOD ≤60 μg/kg (45 sa.),
*purchased in Spain and Tunisia 70–80 μg/kg (20 sa.), 90–150 μg/kg (32 sa.), 160–200 μg/kg (11 sa.),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. 210–400 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: 332 μg/kg), sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Aegean region (Small and Big Meander basin), Turkey, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: 2005, country: Turkey367, *figs, dried
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, article367: Figs, FB2, literature367
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 For detailed information see the article.
Fumonisin B2
Enniatin B incidence: 12/125*, conc. range: LOD ≤60 μg/kg (10 sa.), 90–
incidence: 14/28, conc. range: <LOQ-251 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 132 μg/kg*, 150 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 145 μg/kg), sample origin: Aegean
sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey region (Small and Big Meander basin), Turkey, sample year: 2004,
purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis country: Turkey367, *figs, dried
(capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, incidence: 44/137*, conc. range: LOD ≤60 μg/kg (38 sa.), 70–80
*purchased in Spain and Tunisia μg/kg (1 sa.), 90–150 μg/kg (4 sa.), 198 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
Aegean region (Small and Big Meander basin), Turkey, sample Flour may contain the following mycotoxins:
year: 2005, country: Turkey367, *figs, dried
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/3* **, conc. range: 0.002–0.009 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
article367: Figs, FB1, literature367 0.0055 μg/kg, sample origin: organic product retail outlets in
For detailed information see the article. Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June 2007, country:
Type A Trichothecenes Portugal/Netherlands88, *organic baby food, **sa. consisted of
cereal ingredients and quinoa flour or apple and nuts
Diacetoxyscirpenol • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
incidence: 3/28, conc. range: <LOQ-77.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 77.5 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
μg/kg*?, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, article88: Baby food, AFB1, AFM1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits,
*purchased in Spain Flour, OTA, literature88;
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 0/1* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2007, country: Portugal/Netherlands88, *conventional baby food,
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and **sa. consisted of cereal ingredients and fruits
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 article88: Baby food, AFB1, AFM1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits,
For detailed information see the article. Flour, OTA, literature88
HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/28, conc. range: 3.22–7.76 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 5.5 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Ochratoxin A
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, incidence: 1/3* **, conc.: 0.212 μg/kg, sample origin: organic product
*purchased in Spain retail outlets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. 2007, country: Portugal/Netherlands88, *organic baby food, **sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other consisted of cereal ingredients and quinoa flour or apple and nuts
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, article88: Baby food, AFB1, AFM1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits,
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, OTA, literature88; Flour, AFB1, literature88
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 incidence: 0/1* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
For detailed information see the article. supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: May/June
2007, country: Portugal/Netherlands88, *conventional baby food,
Filberts see Nuts (hazelnut) **sa. consisted of cereal ingredients and fruits
Fino see Wine (white) • Co-contamination: not reported
Flakes (cassava) may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article88: Baby food, AFB1, AFM1 and OTA, literature88; Biscuits,
OTA, literature88; Flour, AFB1, literature88
Ochratoxin A For detailed information see the article.
7.63 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Kaffin Koro, Minna, and Flour (cassava flour) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Pasiko (towns), Niger State, Nigeria, sample year: 2010, country: Aspergillus Toxins
Nigeria785, *garri
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/4, conc. range: <LOQ-9 μg/kg, sample origin: different
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ agroecological zones, Benin, sample year: unknown, country:
article785: Seeds (sesame), OTA, literature785 Belgium235
Flour (cassava flour) 107
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Fusarium Toxins

DAS, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, DAS, FB1,
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and ZEA Fumonisin/s
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 4–21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.5 μg/kg, sample
article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, origin: different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year:
literature235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB2, DAS, FB1, and ZEA, unknown, country: Belgium235
literature235 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: 0.32–1.64 μg/kg, sample origin: DAS, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, DAS, FB1,
markets in Brazzaville (capital), Congo, sample year: unknown, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa.
country: Nigeria/Benin/Tanzania256 co-contaminated with AFB2, DAS, and FB1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
article256: Chips (cassava chips), AFB1, literature256 literature235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, DAS, and ZEA,
incidence: 5/15, conc. range: 41–160 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 87 μg/kg, literature235
sample origin: Cameroon, sample year: December 2010, country: incidence: 2/15, conc. range: LOQ, sample origin: Cameroon,
Belgium/Russia805 sample year: December 2010, country: Belgium/Russia805
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and
OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA OTA
article805: Cake (peanut), AFB1 and OTA, literature805; Flour article805: Cake (peanut), Flour (cassava flour), AFB1 and OTA,
(cassava flour), FB1 and OTA, literature805 literature805
Aflatoxin B2 Type A Trichothecenes

incidence: 2/4, conc. range: <LOQ-8 μg/kg, sample origin: different
Diacetoxyscirpenol
agroecological zones, Benin, sample year: unknown, country:
Belgium235
origin: different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year:
unknown, country: Belgium235
DAS, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, DAS,
and FB1
DAS, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, DAS, FB1,
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, DAS, and FB1
article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
literature235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, DAS, FB1, and ZEA,
article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
literature235
literature235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, FB1, and ZEA,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins literature235
Ochratoxin A Type B Trichothecenes

Deoxynivalenol
sample origin: retail stores including large supermarkets and
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 48 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets in
small neighborhood grocery shops in Campinas (municipality),
Porto (city), Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal96
Brazil, sample year: May 1985–June 1986, country: Brazil130, *raw
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and ZEA
cassava flour
article96: Flour (cassava flour), ZEA, literature96
cle130: Beans (kidney bean), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature130; Other Fusarium Toxins
Beans (pinto bean), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature130
incidence: 5/15, conc. range: 3–20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample Zearalenone
origin: Cameroon, sample year: December 2010, country: incidence: 1/1, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets in
Belgium/Russia805 Porto (city), Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal96
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and ZEA
OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article96: Flour (cassava flour), DON, literature96
article805: Cake (peanut), Flour (cassava flour), AFB1 and OTA, incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 6–12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample
literature805; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1 and FB1, literature805 origin: different agroecological zones, Benin, sample year:
unknown, country: Belgium235
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the
DAS, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, DAS, FB1, article.
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and ZEA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, MA,
article235: Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2,
literature235; Flour (cassava flour), AFB1, AFB2, DAS, and FB1, AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687
literature235 incidence: 15/37, conc. range: ≤116.96 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
outlets principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and
Flour (chestnut flour) may contain the following mycotoxins: Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June
Aspergillus Toxins 2011, country: Italy813
Aflatoxin B1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 23/25, conc. range: ≤58.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA,
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
country: Italy687 OTA, literature813
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 8/25, conc. range: ≤2.54 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, MA, outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687 country: Italy687
outlets principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and
Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2,
2011, country: Italy813
AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7/37, conc. range: ≤2.60 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ outlets principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and
article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June
literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, 2011, country: Italy813
literature813 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 16/25, conc. range: ≤3.30 μg/kg, sample origin: retail article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, literature813
country: Italy687
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Citrinin
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 22/25, conc. range: ≤3.81 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, MA, outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687 country: Italy687
incidence: 11/37, conc. range: ≤3.19 μg/kg, sample origin: retail • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
outlets principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2011, country: Italy813 article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, MA,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687
Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature813; Ochratoxin A
Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature813 incidence: 17/25, conc. range: ≤9.99 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
Aflatoxin G1 (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
incidence: 18/25, conc. range: ≤73.8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail country: Italy687
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Italy687 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Flour (lentil flour) 109
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, • Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
MA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFB2
AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 37/37, conc. range: 1.02–50.37 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.38 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets principally in Campania, article100: Flour (gram flour), AFB1, literature100
Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany (regions), northern
Italy, sample year: January–June 2011, country: Italy813 Flour (lentil flour) may contain the following mycotoxins:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Aspergillus Toxins
article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.57 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
literature813 2002/2003, country: Turkey368
Penicillium Toxins AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
Mycophenolic Acid • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 25/25, conc. range: ≤850 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 237 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present
sample origin: retail outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, book/article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
Piedmont, and Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: OTA, literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
January 2012–June 2013, country: Italy687 literature 368
; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, literature 368
; Flour (vetch flour), AFG1, and OTA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature 368
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687 2002/2003, country: Turkey368
Roquefortine C • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 7/25, conc. range: ≤34.8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article368:
country: Italy687 Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature368;
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368; Flour
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368; Flour
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (vetch flour), AFG1, and OTA, literature368
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, Aflatoxin G1
MA, and OTA, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687 and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
2002/2003, country: Turkey368
Flour (gram flour) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Aspergillus Toxins AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
Aflatoxin B1 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article368:
incidence: 36/127, conc. range: <20 μg/kg (4 sa.), 21–80 μg/kg Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature368; Flour
(3 sa.), 81–120 μg/kg (1 sa.), 121–250 μg/kg (18 sa.), 251–500 μg/kg (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368; Flour (soybean
(5 sa.), 501–750 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum: 682 μg/kg), sample origin: flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368; Flour (vetch
markets and milling factories in the north-east zones of Bihar flour), AFG1, and OTA, literature368
(state), India, sample year: June–November 1987, 1988, and 1989,
country: India100 Aflatoxin G2
• Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.06 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
27 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2002/2003, country: Turkey368
article100: Flour (gram flour), AFB2, literature100 AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
incidence: 9/127, conc. range: 21–80 μg/kg (2 sa.), 81–120 μg/kg article368: Flour (lentil flour), Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2,
(2 sa.), 121–250 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample origin: markets and milling AFG1, and OTA, literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1,
factories in the north-east zones of Bihar (state), India, sample and OTA, literature368; Flour (vetch flour), AFG1, and OTA,
year: June–November 1987, 1988, and 1989, country: India100 literature368
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin A
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.83 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.32 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
2002/2003, country: Turkey368 2002/2003, country: Turkey368
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA OTA
than cereals and their products reported in the present than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
book/article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
AFG2, literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2 and AFG1, literature368;
OTA, literature368; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368;
and OTA, literature368; Flour (vetch flour), AFG1, and OTA, Flour (vetch flour), AFG1 and OTA, literature368
literature368
Flour (soybean flour) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Flour (peanut flour) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin/s incidence: 1/1, conc.: 2.08 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
incidence: 142/322, conc. range: 0.2–53.8 μg/kg*, sample origin: in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country:
traditional markets, supermarkets, grocery stores, wholesale Japan339
stores, and convenience stores in 25 counties, Taiwan, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
1998–2011 (with exceptions), country: Taiwan540, *AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFG1, and AFG2 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. cle339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Nuts, Spices, AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339
article540: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Nuts incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.94 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
(peanut), AF/S, literature540 traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
For detailed information see the article. 2002/2003, country: Turkey368
Flour (potato flour) may contain the following mycotoxins: AFG1, and OTA
Aspergillus Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin B2 article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.11 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera-
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: ture368; Flour (soybean flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera-
2002/2003, country: Turkey368 ture368; Flour (vetch flour), AFG1 and OTA, literature368
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
OTA
South Africa659
article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFG1, and OTA, literature368;
Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368;
Flour (vetch flour), AFG1, and OTA, literature368
Aflatoxin G1 DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: flour), AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
2002/2003, country: Turkey368 KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
OTA OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, and OTA, literature368; BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368; OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
Flour (vetch flour), AFG1, and OTA, literature368 flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
Flour (soybean flour) 111
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.15 μg/kg, sample origin: Thrace, Northwest • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Anatolia, Central Anatolia, West Anatolia (regions), Turkey, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 2008/2009, country: Turkey707 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
article707: not reported flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
FUS-X, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
Aflatoxin B2 AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.18 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659;
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA,
2002/2003, country: Turkey368 ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFG1, and OTA AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups,
cle368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, lit- chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
erature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368;
Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature368; Flour Ochratoxin A
(vetch flour), AFG1 and OTA, literature368 incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.57 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
Aflatoxin G1 2002/2003, country: Turkey368
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: AFG1, and OTA
2002/2003, country: Turkey368 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article368:
AFG1, and OTA Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than ture368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368;
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article368: Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature368; Flour
Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- (vetch flour), AFG1 and OTA, literature368
ture368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature368;
Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature368; Flour Fusarium Toxins
(vetch flour), AFG1 and OTA, literature368
Depsipeptides
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, Beauvericin
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 12–19 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14 μg/kg,
South Africa659 sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other South Africa659
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
flour), AFB1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, flour), AFB1, AFG1, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Kojic Acid
Enniatin B
incidence: 1/10, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Bamenda (region,
western highlands), Cameroon, sample year: July–September
2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
South Africa659
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Further
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean Fumonisin B2
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 7–19 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11 μg/kg,
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut South Africa659
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, FUS-X,
Enniatin B1 AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
incidence: 5/10, conc. range: 0.01–0.04 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean Fumonisin B3
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 2.3–14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.5 μg/kg,
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut South Africa659
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FUS-X,
Fumonisin/s AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
Fumonisin B1 OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 38–69 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 49 μg/kg, paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
cle659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON, Type B Trichothecenes
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), Deoxynivalenol
AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 56–75 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 67 μg/kg,
NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
Flour (vetch flour) 113
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, Other Fusarium Toxins
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean Fusaric Acid
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 33–66 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 47 μg/kg, sample
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample year:
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Fusarenon-X (4-acetylnivalenol) OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 33–42 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37 μg/kg, paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, Zearalenone
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 12–18 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15 μg/kg,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, South Africa659
ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites FUS-X, KA, and NIV, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
Nivalenol OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
incidence: 9/10, conc. range: 0.3–0.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
South Africa659 AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soy-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other bean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, see also Beans (soybean)
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, Flour (vetch flour) may contain the following mycotoxins:
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, Aspergillus Toxins
FUS-X, KA, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
Aflatoxin G1
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA,
MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659;
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year:
Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
2002/2003, country: Turkey368, *Lathyrus sativus L. flour
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and OTA
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1,
FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera-
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
ture368; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, lit-
Metabolites
erature368; Flour (vetch flour), OTA, literature368
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AOH,
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1,
Ochratoxin A FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.71 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
and traditional bazaars in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
2002/2003, country: Turkey368, *Lathyrus sativus L. flour Microbial Metabolites
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and OTA For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Altertoxin I
article368: Flour (lentil flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 3.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
literature368; Flour (potato flour), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera- cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
ture368; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, lit- small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, sample
erature368; Flour (vetch flour), AFG1, literature368 year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included dried
fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sorghum,
Flour sauce see Sauces (flour sauce) and wheat
Fondillón see Wine, miscellaneous incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 10.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
Food may contain the following mycotoxins: small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
Alternaria Toxins
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste
Alternariol product (intended for disposal)
incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, AOH, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1,
sorghum, and wheat FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 8.0–28.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18.2 μg/kg, (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in the local Microbial Metabolites
capital and rural villages in Nampula (province), northern For detailed information see the article.
Mozambique, sample year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, Aspergillus Toxins
*included millet, soy, and waste product (intended for disposal)
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Aflatoxin B1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/48, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and cle99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99;
Microbial Metabolites Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts
For detailed information see the article. (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices
(nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices,
Alternariol Methyl Ether Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and
incidence: 3/30*, conc. range: 12.4–17.2 μg/kg, sample origin: local AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: >4 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: 7 μg/kg),
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
sample origin: supermarkets and/or traditional markets in
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included
Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999, country:
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame,
Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *baby food products
sorghum, and wheat
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 9.0–44.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural article106: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut),
villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample Products, Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce), AFB1, literature106
year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy,
incidence: 175/2,183*, ∅ conc.: 38.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
and waste product (intended for disposal)
Inhambane Province, Mozambique, sample year: 1969–1974,
country: South Africa/UK114, *prepared food sa. (meals)
Food 115
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame,
article114: Food, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature114 sorghum, and wheat
incidence: 34/711* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (27 sa.), >2.0– incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 3.8–427 μg/kg, sample origin: local
10.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural
Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food, **high sugar and nuts villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample
incidence: 19/275* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (12 sa.), >2.0– year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy,
10.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: and waste product (intended for disposal)
different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2008, country: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food, **high sugar and nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 16/43* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (12 sa.), >2.0–
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH,
10.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin:
different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2009, country:
FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food, **high sugar and nuts
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
incidence: 87?/617* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (38 sa.), >2.0– literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
10.0 μg/kg (26 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (8 sa.), >20.0–50.0 μg/kg Microbial Metabolites
(6 sa.), >50.0 μg/kg (8 sa.), sample origin: different exporting For detailed information see the article.
companies, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Turkey115,
incidence: 3/19*, conc. range: 0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample
*commercial Turkish food, **nuts and seeds
origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New
incidence: 139/573* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (71 sa.), Zealand277, *fruits and nuts, dried
>2.0–10.0 μg/kg (30 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), >20.0–50.0 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg (18 sa.), >50.0 μg/kg (14 sa.), sample origin: different • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2008, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food, **nuts and seeds article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
incidence: 26/122* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (11 sa.), >2.0– Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts
10.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), >20.0–50.0 μg/kg (5 sa.), (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and
>50.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: different exporting companies, AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pep-
Turkey, sample year: 2009, country: Turkey115, *commercial Turkish per), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs Spices (cayenne
food, **nuts and seeds pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),,
incidence: 1/49* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Food, AF/S, literature277; Nuts
origin: different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2007, (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
country: Turkey , *commercial Turkish food, **dried fruits and incidence: 14/17*, conc. range: 4–74 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 24 μg/kg,
115
vegetables sample origin: El Atarin, Dokki Square, and Giza Market (districts)
incidence: 1/61* **, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: USA/
origin: different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2008, Egypt 344
, *included hommos (garbanzo beans), peanuts in-shell,
country: Turkey , *commercial Turkish food, **dried fruits and
115 peanuts off-shell, pumpkin seeds, and watermelon seeds (all
vegetables mycotoxin-contaminated to a different degree)
incidence: 0/37* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2009, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food, **dried fruits and vegetables article344: Medicinal plants, Spices, Vegetables, dried, AFB1,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature344
article115: Products (cocoa products), Spices, AFB1, literature115 sample origin: Chinese markets in Beijing (capital city), Anhui,
Hebei, Ningxia, and Sichuan (provinces), China, sample year:
incidence: 4/22*, conc. range: 0.02–0.12 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, country: China/Italy768, *functional food
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB and AFB ;
1 2
year: 2005, country: Poland116, *vegetables (dried), fruits (dried), 2 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
and raisins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article768: Food, AFB2 and OTA, literature768; Spices, AFB1, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture768; Spices (fennel), Spices (star anise), AFG2, literature768
article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFG1, litera- For detailed information see the article.
ture116; Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.5–1.2 μg/kg, sample origin: market
incidence: 4/30*, conc. range: 3.1–19.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain Malawi790, *peanut-based therapeutic food
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article768: Food, AFB1 and OTA, literature768; Spices, AFB1, litera-
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article790: ture768; Spices (fennel), Spices (star anise), AFG2, literature768
Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and For detailed information see the article.
AFG2, literature790; Food, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature790 incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.1–0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: market
incidence: 15/31*, conc. range: >20–8,000 μg/kg, sample origin: in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
households in Makueni, Kitui, and Thika (districts), Kenya, sample Malawi790, *peanut-based therapeutic food
year: May 2004, country: Kenya808, *included maize flour, maize • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
grain, dry maize cobs, muthokoi, millet sorghum, and beans AFG1, and AFG2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article790: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2,
article808: not reported AFG1, and AFG2, literature790; Food, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 2/30*, conc. range: 0.6–3.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.15 μg/kg, literature790
sample origin: different agro-ecological zones in Tamil Nadu Aflatoxin G1
(state), India, sample year: 2005–2007, country: India871, *included incidence: 18/2,183*, ∅ conc.: 13.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
hollow corn, groundnut candies, and raw groundnuts Mozambique, sample year: 1969–1974, country: South Africa/
• Co-contamination: not reported UK114, *prepared food sa. (meals)
article871: not reported than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Aflatoxin B2 article114: Food, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature114
incidence: 61/2,183*, ∅ conc.: 7.4 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 2/22*, conc. range: 0.29–0.48 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.385 μg/kg,
Mozambique, sample year: 1969–1974, country: South Africa/ sample origin: Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers,
UK114, *prepared food sa. (meals) Poland, sample year: 2005, country: Poland116, *vegetables (dried),
• Co-contamination: not reported fruits (dried), and raisins
article114: Food, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature114 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1, litera-
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain ture116; Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
sorghum, and wheat sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 51.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame,
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and sorghum, and wheat
small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 382 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
product (intended for disposal) Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other product (intended for disposal)
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH,
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1,
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
Microbial Metabolites (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
For detailed information see the article. literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
incidence: 1/14*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Chinese markets in Microbial Metabolites
Beijing (capital), Anhui, Hebei, Ningxia, and Sichuan (provinces), For detailed information see the article.
China, sample year: unknown, country: China/Italy768, *functional incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.9–1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: market
food in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 Malawi790, *peanut-based therapeutic food
Food 117
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article790: article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1,
AFG2, literature790; Food, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature790 FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
Aflatoxin G2 literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
incidence: 15/2,183*, ∅ conc.: 4.4 μg/kg, sample origin: Microbial Metabolites
Mozambique, sample year: 1969–1974, country: South Africa/ For detailed information see the article.
UK114, *prepared food sa. (meals)
• Co-contamination: not reported Aflatoxin/s
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 8?/8*, conc. range: 0.2–1.4 μg/kg**, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
article114: Food, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature114 *food, canned, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local • Co-contamination: not reported
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included article16: Food, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S
sorghum, and wheat and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 48.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
product (intended for disposal)
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2,
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV,
literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and
T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, AME, AOH,
T-2, literature16
FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts incidence: 8/30, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg* (3 sa.), 6–15 μg/kg* (2 sa.),
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, 16–25 μg/kg* (1 sa.), 26–50 μg/kg* (2 sa.), sample origin: Keneba
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and (village), Gambia, sample year: October 1988, country: France/
Microbial Metabolites England/Germany/USA/Gambia118, *AF
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.1–0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: market
in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
article118: Nuts (peanut), Sauces (flour sauce), Sauces (leaf-
Malawi790, *peanut-based therapeutic food
sauce), AF/S, literature118
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 22/364*, conc. range: ≤3,904 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 510 μg/kg**,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ distributors, Thailand, sample year: September 1967–July 1969,
article790: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, country: Thailand139, *prepared food, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, and AFG2, literature790; Food, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature790 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aflatoxin M1 cle139: Beans, Beans (mung bean), Nuts (peanut), Seeds (ses-
incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local ame), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (garlic/onion),
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain Starch (cassava starch), Vegetables, AF/S, literature139
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, For detailed information see the article.
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included incidence: 3/19*, conc. range: 0.1–0.7 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg**,
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009,
sorghum, and wheat country: New Zealand277, *fruits and nuts, dried, **AFS total
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 6.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, • Co-contamination: not reported
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Fruits, dried, Nuts,
product (intended for disposal) Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce),
AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (gin- 3-Nitropropionic Acid
ger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; incidence: 6/30*, conc. range: 85.6–1,629 μg/kg, sample origin:
Food, AFB1, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises,
literature277 grain mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina
Faso, sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117,
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg**, sample origin: purchases and *included dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice,
donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: December sesame, sorghum, and wheat
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included
rice, pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes (garri), incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 95.0–3,228 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,662
and fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum), **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed
and AFG2 processing enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in the
local capital and rural villages in Nampula (province), northern
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases Mozambique, sample year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117,
and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December *included millet, soy, and waste product (intended for disposal)
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included rice, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes (garri), and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum) cereals and their products reported in the present book/article117:
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases Food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT,
and donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, sample year: December CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV,
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included rice, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1,
pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes (garri), and AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, literature117; see also Food,
fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum) chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 0/0, conc.: no sa. analyzed, sample origin: purchases For detailed information see the article.
Citrinin
incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills,
and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, sample
year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included dried fruits,
article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans
grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sorghum, and wheat
(soybean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, DON and
ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 7,061 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
ZEA, literature804 cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
Other Aspergillus Toxins Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
Sterigmatocystin
product (intended for disposal)
sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing
enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and
cities, Burkina Faso, sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
Nigeria117, *included dried fruits, grain based processed foods,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2,
millet, rice, sesame, sorghum, and wheat
FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 3.0–49.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 26.1 μg/kg, (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
processing enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in Microbial Metabolites
the local capital and rural villages in Nampula (province), For detailed information see the article.
northern Mozambique, sample year: May 2010, country:
incidence: 10/23, conc. range: 22–105 μg/kg*, sample origin: shops
Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste product
and health food stores in Ingolstadt and Munich (cities), Germany,
(intended for disposal)
sample year: unknown, country: Germany124, *eight vegetarian
“meat-like” products and two Asian food contaminated
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
article124: Food colorant, CIT, literature124
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature117;
Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and Cyclopiazonic Acid
STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
and Microbial Metabolites markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
For detailed information see the article. mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
Food 119
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
sorghum, and wheat 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 789 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, product (intended for disposal)
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
product (intended for disposal) AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, Microbial Metabolites
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, For detailed information see the article.
FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts incidence: 23/69*, conc. range: 2–30 μg/kg (23 sa.), sample origin:
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, stores in individual homes, Yugoslavia, sample year: autumn and
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and winter 1972–1978, country: Yugoslavia/Sweden/USA120, *beans,
Microbial Metabolites paprika, etc.
Ochratoxin A than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 8?/8*, conc. range: 0.1–0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: article120: not reported
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
*food, canned incidence: 10/20*, conc. range: ≤0.263 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than 2015, country: Portugal/France551, *cereal-based food with fruits
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- (10 sa.) for children
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, and ZEA, literature16; Nuts • Co-contamination: 8 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and PAT; 2
(almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and ZEA, sa. contaminated solely with OTA
literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Pastes (curry • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), article551: Food, PAT, literature551
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and incidence: 1/14*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: Chinese markets in
ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, Beijing (capital), Anhui, Hebei, Ningxia, and Sichuan (provinces),
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), China, sample year: unknown, country: China/Italy768, *functional
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, food
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; cereals and their products reported in the present book/article768:
Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 Food, AFB1 and AFB2, literature768; Spices, AFB1, literature768;
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 4.0 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample Spices (fennel), Spices (star anise), AFG2, literature768
year: unknown, country: Japan112, *grape soaked in syrup, puree, For detailed information see the article.
and liquor
Ochratoxin B
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
year: unknown, country: Japan112, *grape soaked in syrup, puree,
and liquor
article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa,
Coffee, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Food, OTB, litera-
ture112; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and
OTB, literature112
article112: Cassis, Juices, Food, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112;
incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 13.8 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, Cocoa, Coffee, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112
small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, sample
year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included dried Patulin
fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sorghum, incidence: 15/20*, conc. range: ≤4.50 μg/kg, sample origin:
and wheat supermarkets in Lisbon (capital) region, Portugal, sample year:
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 5.7 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, 2015, country: Portugal/France551, *cereal-based food with fruits
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and (10 sa.) for children
• Co-contamination: 8 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and PAT; 7 Enniatin A1

sa. contaminated solely with PAT incidence: 8/30*, conc. range: 0.2–9.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
article551: Food, OTA, literature551 sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame,
Fusarium Toxins
sorghum, and wheat
Depsipeptides incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 0.2–4.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.15 μg/kg,
Beauvericin sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed
incidence: 16/30*, conc. range: 0.1–47.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local processing enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain the local capital and rural villages in Nampula (province),
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, northern Mozambique, sample year: May 2010, country:
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste product
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, (intended for disposal)
sorghum, and wheat • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 3.5–486 μg/kg, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1,
villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
and waste product (intended for disposal) literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Microbial Metabolites
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, Enniatin B
AOH, ATX-I, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1, incidence: 8/30*, conc. range: 1.2–16.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local
FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included
Microbial Metabolites dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame,
For detailed information see the article. sorghum, and wheat
Enniatin A incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 0.9 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
incidence: 6/30*, conc. range: 0.3–1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, product (intended for disposal)
sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in the local AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, FB1,
capital and rural villages in Nampula (province), northern FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
Mozambique, sample year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG,
*included millet, soy, and waste product (intended for disposal) literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Microbial Metabolites
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, Enniatin B1
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1, incidence: 8/30*, conc. range: 0.9–21.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local
Food 121
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 4.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste ENB2, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117;
product (intended for disposal) Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and Microbial Metabolites
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, FB1, Fumonisin B2
FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 28.2 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, sample
Microbial Metabolites year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included dried
For detailed information see the article. fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sorghum,
and wheat
Enniatin B2 incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: 11.5–15,254 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 4/30*, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: local local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises,
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain grain mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy,
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, and waste product (intended for disposal)
incidence: 0/7*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, ENB2, FB1, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117;
and waste product (intended for disposal) Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, Fumonisin B3
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
Fumonisin/s incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 74.8–5,115 μg/kg, sample origin: local
Fumonisin B1
mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural
incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 73.8 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample
small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, sample
year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included dried
fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sorghum,
and wheat
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 273–45,450 μg/kg, sample origin: article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
grain mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural ENB2, FB1, FB2, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117;
villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and
year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
and waste product (intended for disposal) and Microbial Metabolites
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. For detailed information see the article.
Type A Trichothecenes (not defatted), flakes (partially defatted and products (crisp), soy
protein (textured), tofu, protein isolate including infant formulas,
Diacetoxyscirpenol
and soy sauce
incidence: 1/45*, conc.: 21 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, MAS,
health food stores, southwestern Germany, sample year: unknown,
STO, T-2TET, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
country: Germany121, *soy food included whole beans, soy nuts
DON, HT-2, MAS, STO, ZEA, ɑ-ZEL and ß-ZEL
(roasted), flakes and flour (not defatted), flakes (partially defatted
and products (crisp)), soy protein (textured), tofu, proteinisolate
including infant formulas, and soy sauce
article121: Food, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, MAS,
T-2TET, and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further
article121: Food, DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, MAS, STO,
T-2TET, and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further T-2 Tetraol
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 1/45*, conc.: 32 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores and
For detailed information see the article. health food stores, southwestern Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany121, *soy food included whole beans, soy nuts
HT-2 Toxin
(roasted), flakes and flour (not defatted), flakes (partially defatted
and products (crisp)), soy protein (textured), tofu, protein isolate
origin: food stores and health food stores, southwestern Germany,
including infant formulas, and soy sauce
sample year: unknown, country: Germany121, *soy food included
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, MAS,
whole beans, soy nuts (roasted), flakes and flour (not defatted),
STO, T-2TET, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL
flakes (partially defatted and products (crisp)), soy protein
(textured), tofu, protein isolate including infant formulas, and soy
sauce
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with DON, HT-2,
STO, and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further
MAS, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, HT-2,
MAS, STO, ZEA, ɑ-ZEL, and ß-ZEL
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Type B Trichothecenes
article121: Food, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, STO,
T-2TET, and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further Deoxynivalenol
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 8?/8*, conc. range: 4–9 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist
For detailed information see the article. food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *food,
canned
Monoacetoxyscirpenol • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 4/45*, conc. range: 5–34 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.8 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: food stores and health food stores, southwestern cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany121, *soy food cle16: Food, AF/S, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Nuts
included whole beans, soy nuts (roasted), flakes and flour (not (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and ZEA,
defatted), flakes (partially defatted and products (crisp)), soy literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry
protein (textured), tofu, protein isolate including infant formulas, paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S,
and soy sauce FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, MAS, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
STO, T-2TET, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ture16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2,
DON, HT-2, MAS, STO, ZEA, ɑ-ZEL and ß-ZEL; 1 sa. co- OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA,
contaminated with DON, HT-2, MAS, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X,
co-contaminated with DON, HT-2, MAS, STO, ZEA, ɑ-ZEL HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic),
and ß-ZEL DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
article121: Food, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, STO, incidence: 10/30*, conc. range: 22.3–250 μg/kg, sample origin:
T-2TET, and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites grain mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina
For detailed information see the article. Faso, sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117,
*included dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice,
Scirpentriol sesame, sorghum, and wheat
incidence: 2/45*, conc. range: 25–108 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 66.5 μg/kg, incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 145 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
sample origin: food stores and health food stores, southwestern cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany121, *soy small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
food included whole beans, soy nuts (roasted), flakes and flour Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
Food 123
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol

product (intended for disposal) incidence: 1/45*, conc.: 11 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. health food stores, southwestern Germany, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Germany121, *soy food included whole beans, soy nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (roasted), flakes and flour (not defatted), flakes (partially defatted
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, and products (crisp)), soy protein (textured), tofu, protein isolate
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2, FB1, including infant formulas, and soy sauce
FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Microbial Metabolites article121: Food, DAS, DON, 3-AcDON, HT-2, MAS, STO, T-2TET,
For detailed information see the article. and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further
incidence: 6/45*, conc. range: 11–260 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 67.2 μg/kg, Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
sample origin: food stores and health food stores, southwestern For detailed information see the article.
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany121, *soy food
included whole beans, soy nuts (roasted), flakes and flour (not 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
defatted), flakes (partially defatted and products (crisp)), soy incidence: 1/45*, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores and
protein (textured), tofu, protein isolate including infant formulas, health food stores, southwestern Germany, sample year: unknown,
and soy sauce country: Germany121, *soy food included whole beans, soy nuts
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with DON, HT-2, (roasted), flakes and flour (not defatted), flakes partially defatted
MAS, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, MAS, and products (crisp), soy protein (textured), tofu, protein isolate
STO, T-2TET, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with including infant formulas, and soy sauce
DON, HT-2, MAS, STO, ZEA, ɑ-ZEL and ß-ZEL; 1 sa. co-con- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and
taminated with DON and 3-AcDON; 1 sa. contaminated solely 3-AcDON
with DON • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article121: Food, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, MAS, STO,
article121: Food, DAS, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, MAS, STO, T-2TET, and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further
T-2TET, and ZEA, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites For detailed information see the article.
Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol)
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 13–18 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15 μg/kg, incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
sample origin: purchases and donations in Bamenda (city), shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *food, canned
Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included rice, pumpkin seeds (egusi), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
fermented cassava flakes (garri), and fermented cassava flour than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(nkum nkum) article16: Food, AF/S, DON, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S
and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included rice, (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes (garri), and Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum) sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 35 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, sample year: December AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included rice, (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes (garri), and (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2,
fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum) and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV,
T-2, literature16
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Nivalenol
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 18 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *food, canned
article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans • Co-contamination: not reported
(soybean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature804 article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S Zearalenone

and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 6.1 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *food, canned
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli • Co-contamination: not reported
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, and OTA, literature16; Nuts
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and ZEA,
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles,
literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce),
T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and
T-2, literature16 ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS,
incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 40.2 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander),
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S,
small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, sample DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included dried ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices
fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sorghum, (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
and wheat Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 76.8–113 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 94.9 μg/kg, incidence: 8/30*, conc. range: 12.3–17.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local
sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in the local mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
capital and rural villages in Nampula (province), northern sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included
Mozambique, sample year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame,
*included millet, soy, and waste product (intended for disposal) sorghum, and wheat
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 78.8–318 μg/kg, sample origin: local
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy,
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; and waste product (intended for disposal)
Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and Microbial Metabolites than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, and STG, literature117;
Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and
Moniliformin
STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
incidence: 5/30*, conc. range: 70.2–320 μg/kg, sample origin: local
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included incidence: 7/45*, conc. range: 2–214 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 47 μg/kg,
dried fruits, grain based processed foods, millet, rice, sesame, sample origin: food stores and health food stores, southwestern
sorghum, and wheat Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany121, *soy food
included whole beans, soy nuts (roasted), flakes and flour (not
incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: 46.8–1,923 μg/kg, sample origin: local
defatted), flakes (partially defatted and products (crisp), soy
protein (textured), tofu, protein isolate including infant formulas,
and soy sauce
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with DON, HT-2,
MAS, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, MAS,
STO, T-2TET, ZEA, and ɑ-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ZEA,
ɑ-ZEL and ß-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, HT-2,
MAS, STO, ZEA, ɑ-ZEL and ß-ZEL; 2 sa. contaminated solely
with ZEA
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, and STG, literature117;
Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and
STO, and T-2TET, literature121; see also Food, chapter: Further
STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
Fruits 125
incidence: 12/100*, conc. range: 5.3–295.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 92.5 μg/kg, Ochratoxin A

sample origin: Beijing, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, incidence: 9/13*, conc. range: <LOQ-32.00 μg/kg, sample origin:
and Zhejiang (provinces), China, sample year: unknown, country: internet or retail stores in Bari (province), Italy, sample year:
China122, *foods and medicinal plants unknown, country: Italy845, *derived from Vitis vinifera (liquid
• Co-contamination: not reported and solid sa.)
article122: not reported cereals and their products reported in the present book/article845:
For detailed information see the article. Grape pomace and wine lees, Plant food supplements, OTA,
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases literature845
and donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: For detailed information see the article.
December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804,
*included rice, pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes Fritillaria see Medicinal plants
(garri), and fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum)
Fruit juices see Juices
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases
and donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December Fruit products see Products (fruit product)
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included rice,
pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes (garri), and Fruit punch see Beverages
fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum)
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 67 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and Fruit salad may contain the following mycotoxins:
donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, sample year: December Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804, *included rice,
pumpkin seeds (egusi), fermented cassava flakes (garri), and Patulin
fermented cassava flour (nkum nkum) incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 14.0 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech retail
incidence: 0/0, conc.: no sa. analyzed, sample origin: purchases market, Czech Republic, sample year: unknown, country: Czech
and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005, Republic911, *mixed fruit salad
country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article911: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruits (apple), Fruits (pear),
article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), Pulp (apple pulp), PAT,
(soybean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S and literature911
DON, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, OTA, and
ZEA, literature804
Fruit sauce see Fruits (apple)
incidence: 8/170*, conc. range: 12.64–26.54 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 20.0 μg/kg, Fruits may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample origin: China, sample year: unknown, country: China876,
*functional food included bulbus, flos, folium, fructus, herba, Aspergillus Toxins
poria, radix, rhizoma, and semen Aflatoxin B1
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1*/32**, conc.: 4,600 μg/kg, sample origin: local
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other marketing institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ GDR29, *moldy, **included fruits and fruit products
Food colorant may contain the following mycotoxins:
article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (pea-
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins nut product), Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature29; Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFG1 and AFG2,
Citrinin literature29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice),
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 157–2,800 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,478 μg/kg, PAT, literature29
sample origin: companies, Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany124 Aflatoxin G1
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1*/32**, conc.: 21.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other marketing institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ GDR29, *moldy, **included fruits and fruit products
article124: Food, CIT, literature124 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 50 μg/kg, sample origin: private households
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article29: of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country:
Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products ( peanut product), Austria850, *moldy
Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1 and AFG2, literature29; Fruits • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle850: Fruits (apple), AME, literature850; Fruits (lemon), Puree,
Aflatoxin G2 MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and MA, literature850; Nuts (chest-
incidence: 1*/32**, conc.: 1,200 μg/kg, sample origin: different nut), AME and AOH, literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA, FB1, FB2,
district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample year: unknown, country: and FB3, literature850; Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, litera-
GDR29, *moldy, **included fruits and fruit products ture850; see also Fruits (lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine
• Co-contamination: not reported (red), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article29: Alternariol Methyl Ether
Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut product), incidence: 8/8, conc. range: ≤2,300 μg/kg, sample origin: cold-
Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; storage facilities in central Pennsylvania (state), USA, sample year:
Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1 and AFG1, literature29; Fruits unknown, country: USA23
(apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29 • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME,
AOH, ATX-I, and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME,
Fruits (apple) may contain the following mycotoxins: AOH, and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, ATX-I,
and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA
Alternaria Toxins
Altenuene than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 5/8, conc. range: ≤500 μ/kg, sample origin: cold-storage article23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature23;
facilities in central Pennsylvania (state), USA, sample year: Fruits (tomato), ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature23
unknown, country: USA23 incidence: 1/22*, conc.: 250 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, sample year: unknown, country: Germany24, *moldy
AOH, ATX-I, and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, • Co-contamination: not reported
AOH, and TA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article24: Fruits (apple), AOH, literature24
article23: Fruits (apple), AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature23;
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 370 μg/kg, sample origin: private households
Fruits (tomato), ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature23
of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country:
Alternariol Austria850, *moldy
incidence: 7/8, conc. range: ≤58,800 μg/kg, sample origin: cold- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
storage facilities in central Pennsylvania (state), USA, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: USA23 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, AOH, article850: Fruits (apple), AOH, literature850; Fruits (lemon),
ATX-I, and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, AOH, Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and MA, literature850; Nuts
and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA (chestnut), AME and AOH, literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature850; Wine (red), AME, AOH, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ MA, literature850; see also Fruits (lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut),
article23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AME, ATX-I, and TA, literature23; Wine (red), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Fruits (tomato), ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature23 Metabolites
incidence: 1/22*, conc.: 160 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, Altertoxin I
sample year: unknown, country: Germany24, *moldy incidence: 5/8, conc. range: pr, sample origin: cold-storage facilities
• Co-contamination: not reported in central Pennsylvania (state), USA, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: USA23
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME,
article24: Fruits (apple), AME, literature24 AOH, ATX-I, and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 29 μg/kg, sample origin: Dutch survey ATX-I, and TA
program (2013) and retail shops across The Netherlands, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: 2013?, country: Netherlands568, *apples, fresh than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature23;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Fruits (tomato), ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature23
Tenuazonic Acid
article568: Figs, Olives, Seeds (sunflower), TA, literature568;
Sauces (tomato sauce), AME, AOH, and TA, literature568; Wine
sample origin: cold-storage facilities in central Pennsylvania
(red), AOH and TA, literature568; see also Seeds (sunflower),
(state), USA, sample year: unknown, country: USA23
Fruits (apple) 127
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AOH, ATX-I, and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AOH, and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, ATX-I, article27: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruits (quince), Jam (quince
and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA jam), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature27
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown,
article23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AME, AOH, and ATX-I, litera- country: GDR29, *apples with rotten spots
ture23; Fruits (tomato), ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature23 • Co-contamination: not reported
Aspergillus Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aflatoxin B1 Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut prod-
incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 35 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample uct), Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29;
year: unknown, country: Germany239, *apples, moldy Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture29; Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 21/21*, conc. range: 2–113,343 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12,464 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Italy30,
article239: Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits (orange), *rotten area
Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew
nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spices incidence: 17/21*, conc. range: 0.05–1,166.00 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
(nutmeg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, 152 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown,
and AFG2, literature239 country: Italy30, *unaffected area with peel
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Italy30,
Citrinin *unaffected area without peel
incidence: 83/351*, ∅ conc.: 601 μg/kg, sample origin: groceries and • Co-contamination: not reported
supermarkets, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal25, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*apples of different varieties with different-sized rotten spots than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 69 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and PT; article30: see the article
14 sa. contaminated solely with CIT incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 150–267 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 220 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: groceries, markets, and supermarkets, Campinas
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: 1992/1993 and 1995,
article25: Fruits (apple), PAT, literature25 country: Brazil32,*fruits, spoiled
Ochratoxin A cereals and their products reported in the present book/article32:
incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 0.23–0.41 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.32 μg/kg, Fruits (peach), Fruits (pear), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature32
sample origin: households and markets, Germany, sample year:
unknown, country: Germany26, *damaged or moldy incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 55 μg/kg, sample origin: orchard,
• Co-contamination: not reported Finland, sample year: March–December 1976, country: Finland33,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *moldy
article26: Fruits (cherry), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Potatoes, Strawberries, OTA, literature26 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article33: Jam (apple jam), Juices (apple concentrate), Juices
Patulin (apple juice), Products (apple flavor product), PAT,
incidence: 310/351*, ∅ conc.: 18,800 μg/kg, sample origin: literature33
groceries and supermarkets, Portugal, sample year: unknown, incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: farms
country: Portugal25, *apples of different varieties with rotten spots representative of the cultivation form, France, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 69 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and PAT; unknown, country: France34, *conventional
241 sa. contaminated solely with PAT
incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: ≤1,240 μg/kg, sample origin: farms
representative of the cultivation form, France, sample year:
unknown, country: France34, *organic
article25: Fruits (apple), CIT, literature25
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: <LOQ-1,500.0 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarket, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal27, article34: not reported
*sa. with different-sized brown rotten areas
incidence: 7/13*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (3 sa.), >10<25 μg/kg
(2 sa.), >25<50 μg/kg (1 sa.), 81.7 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets or organic food shops, Italy, Fruits (cherry) may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample year: November 2003–February 2004, country: Italy35,
*conventional Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 3/9*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (1 sa.), >50 μg/kg Aflatoxin B1

(2 sa., maximum: 50.8 μg/kg), sample origin: markets, supermarkets, incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
hypermarkets or organic food shops, Italy, sample year: November year: unknown, country: Germany239, *cherries, moldy
2003–February 2004, country: Italy35, *organic • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fruits (apple), Fruits (lemon), Fruits (orange), Fruits (peach),
article35: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), Puree, Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazel-
Vinegar (apple), PAT, literature35 nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, litera-
incidence: 16/16*, conc. range: 254.6–653.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 443 μg/kg, ture239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature239
sample origin: juice producer industry, Rio Grande do Sul (state), Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Brazil, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Brazil909, *many damaged
apples Ochratoxin A
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: tr-2.71 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other households and markets, Germany, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Germany26, *damaged or moldy
article909: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature909 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 415.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech retail • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
market, Czech Republic, sample year: unknown, country: Czech than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Republic911, *apples (fresh fruits) article26: Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato),
• Co-contamination: not reported Potatoes, Strawberries, OTA, literature26
Fruits (goji) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Apple cider, Baby food, Fruit salad, Fruits (pear), Juices (apple Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
juice), Juices (pear juice), Pulp (apple pulp), PAT, literature911
Ochratoxin A
Fusarium Toxins incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 1.11–2.08* μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.67 μg/kg,
sample origin: China, sa. purchased in local shops in Poland, sample
Depsipeptides
year: unknown, country: Poland664, *sa. from organic farming
Enniatin/s (A, A1, B, B1) • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 13/20*, conc. range: tr-3,890 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Brdo pri Lukovici (small than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
settlement), Slovenia, sample year: unknown, country: article664: Raisins, AFB1 and OTA, literature664
Denmark/Slovenia36, *apple sa. showing wet apple core rot
symptoms from trees Fruits (hawthorn) may contain the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present Patulin
book/article36: Fruits (apple), MON, literature36; see also incidence: 8/25*, conc. range: 4.56–38.77 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16.26
Fruits (apple), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial μg/kg, sample origin: local pharmacies in Jinan (city), China,
Metabolites sample year: 2010, country: China369, *medicinal hawthorn slices
including dried, baked, and charred ones of different grades
Moniliformin • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 14/20*, conc. range: tr-2,870 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Brdo pri Lukovici (small article369: not reported
settlement), Slovenia, sample year: unknown, country:
Denmark/Slovenia36, *apple sa. showing wet apple core rot Fruits (lemon) may contain the following mycotoxins:
symptoms from trees Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 3/18*, conc. range: 20–60 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
article36: Fruits (apple), EN/S, literature36; see also Fruits sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *lemons, moldy
(apple), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
Fruits (mango) 129
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Fruits (mandarin) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (orange), Fruits (peach), Alternaria Toxins
Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazel- Alternariol
nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, litera- incidence: 2*/3, conc. range: 1,000–5,200 μg/kg, ∅ conc: 3,100
ture239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature239 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata
incidence: 19?/40*, ∅ conc.: 195 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, (regions), Italy, sample year: winter, country: Italy164, *visibly
Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370, affected by Alternaria rot
*pickled in salt, stored in polythene bags • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
• Co-contamination: not reported and TA
article370: Fruits (lemon), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370; article164: Fruits (mandarin), AME and TA, literature164; Fruits
Fruits (mango), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370 (tomato), Spices (pepper), AME, AOH, and TA, literature164;
Fruits (melon), AME and TA, literature164; Olives, ALT, AME,
Aflatoxin B2 AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH,
incidence: 19?/40*, ∅ conc.: 42 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, literature164
Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370,
*pickled in salt, stored in polythene bags Alternariol Methyl Ether
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 2*/3, conc. range: 550–1,400 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 975 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata (regions),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Italy, sample year: winter, country: Italy164, *visibly affected by
article370: Fruits (lemon), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370; Alternaria rot
Fruits (mango), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
and TA
Aflatoxin G1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 19?/40*, ∅ conc.: 110 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article164:
Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370, Fruits (mandarin), AOH and TA, literature164; Fruits (tomato),
*pickled in salt, stored in polythene bags Spices (pepper), AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon),
• Co-contamination: not reported AME and TA, literature164; Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture164; Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature164
article370: Fruits (lemon), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature370; Tenuazonic Acid
Fruits (mango), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370 incidence: 3*/3, conc. range: 21,000–173,900 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
94,033 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities in Apulia and
Aflatoxin G2 Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: winter, country: Italy164,
incidence: 19?/40*, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot
Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and
*pickled in salt, stored in polythene bags TA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with TA
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article164: Fruits (mandarin), Seeds (sunflower), AME and
article370: Fruits (lemon), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG1, literature370; AOH, literature164; Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper), AME,
Fruits (mango), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370 AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, litera-
Penicillium Toxins ture164; Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164
Mycophenolic Acid Fruits (mango) may contain the following mycotoxins:

of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Aspergillus Toxins
Austria850, *moldy Aflatoxin B1
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with MA and ROR incidence: 4?/8*, ∅ conc.: 52 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *pickled in salt, stored in bottles
article850: Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, litera-
incidence: 26?/40*, ∅ conc.: 210 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops,
ture850; Jam, AOH and MA, literature850; Puree, MA, literature850;
Spices (garlic), BEA, FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature850; Wine (red),
*pickled in salt, stored in polythene bags
AME, AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits (lemon), Jam,
Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
article370: Fruits (lemon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot, **toxin
ture370; Fruits (mango), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370 concentrations are referred to dry weight
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA
incidence: 4?/8*, ∅ conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370, article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper),
*pickled in salt, stored in bottles AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME, litera-
incidence: 26?/40*, ∅ conc.: 32 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, ture164; Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds
Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370, (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature164
• Co-contamination: not reported Fruits (orange) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
article370: Fruits (lemon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Aflatoxin B1
ture370; Fruits (mango), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370 incidence: 4/14*, conc. range: 5–50 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *oranges, moldy
Aflatoxin G1
*pickled in salt, stored in bottles
article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits
incidence: 26?/40*, ∅ conc.: 184 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut),
Tirupati? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spices (nut-
*pickled in salt, stored in polythene bags meg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG2, literature239
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fruits (peach) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article370: Fruits (lemon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
ture370; Fruits (mango), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature370 Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin G2 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 4?/8*, ∅ conc.: tr, sample origin: retail shops, Tirupati? incidence: 9/20*, conc. range: 5–15 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
(city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India370, *pickled in sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *peaches, moldy
salt, stored in bottles • Co-contamination: not reported
article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits
(orange), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut),
Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spices (nut-
meg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG2, literature239
Fruits (lemon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature370; Fruits
(mango), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature370 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Fruits (melon) may contain the following mycotoxins: Ochratoxin A

incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 0.59 μg/kg, sample origin: households and
Alternaria Toxins markets, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany26,
*damaged or moldy
incidence: 1*/1, conc.: 51 μg/kg**, sample origin: several localities
in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: late summer,
country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot, **toxin
article26: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (tomato),
concentrations are referred to dry weight
Potatoes, Strawberries, OTA, literature26
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Patulin
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/4* **, conc. range: 200–400 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 300 μg/kg,
article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper), sample origin: local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year:
AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), TA, litera- unknown, country: GDR29, *moldy, **peaches, stewed
ture164; Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds • Co-contamination: not reported
(sunflower), AME and AOH, literature164 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Tenuazonic Acid
article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (pea-
incidence: 1*/1, conc.: 80 μg/kg**, sample origin: several localities
nut product), Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: late summer,
Fruits (tangerine) 131
literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Fruits Fruits (quince) may contain the following mycotoxins:
(apple), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29
Aspergillus Toxins
sample origin: groceries, markets, and supermarkets, Campinas Aflatoxin B1
(city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: 1992/1993 and 1995, incidence: 25/25*, conc. range: 96–8,164 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
country: Brazil32 1,531.9 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Jammu and Kashmir (state),
• Co-contamination: not reported India, sample year: unknown, country: India371, *dry fruit slices
article32: Fruits (apple), Fruits (pear), Juices (apple juice), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
PAT, literature32 article371: not reported
incidence: 1/8, conc.: 6 μg/kg (pulp), sample origin: Uppsala (city) Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
and Stockholm (capital) area, Sweden, sample year: summer 1976,
country: Sweden155 Ochratoxin A
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 8/25*, conc. range: 500–1,630 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 946 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: markets in Jammu and Kashmir (state), India,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: India372, *dry fruit slices
article155: Berries (blueberry), Berries (lingonberry), Fruits • Co-contamination: not reported
(plum), PAT, literature155 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Fruits (pear) may contain the following mycotoxins: article372: not reported
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Patulin
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: <LOQ-118.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
Patulin
supermarket, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal27,
*sa. from 0 to about 75% brown areas
sample origin: groceries, markets, and supermarkets, Campinas
(city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: 1992/1993 and 1995,
country: Brazil32
Apple cider, Baby food, Fruits (apple), Jam (quince jam), Juices
(apple juice), PAT, literature27
article32: Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, Fruits (tangerine) may contain the following mycotoxins:
literature32
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 41.6 μg/kg, sample origin: Czech retail Alternaria Toxins
market, Czech Republic, sample year: unknown, country: Czech Alternariol
Republic911, *pears (fresh fruits) incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 2.5–3.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.1 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: farm near Aguaí (city) in the center of São Paulo
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (state) and local market in Recife (city) in Pernambuco (state),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Brazil, sample year: April 2004, country: Brazil652, *healthy flavedo
article911: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruit salad, Fruits (apple), tissue of tangerines
Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), Pulp (apple pulp), PAT, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and
literature911 AOH
see also Fruits (apple) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Fruits (plum) may contain the following mycotoxins: article652: Fruits (tangerine), AME, literature652
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 13.1–17.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.5 μg/kg,
sample origin: farm near Aguaí (city) in the center of São Paulo
Patulin
(state), Brazil, sample year: April 2004, country: Brazil652,
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 4 μg/kg (pulp), sample origin: Uppsala (city)
*flavedo tissue of tangerines with symptoms of Alternaria
and Stockholm (capital) area, Sweden, sample year: summer 1976,
brown spot
country: Sweden155
AOH
article155: Berries (blueberry), Berries (lingonberry), Fruits
article652: Fruits (tangerine), AME, literature652
(peach), PAT, literature155
Alternariol Methyl Ether ture47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter:
incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: ≤0.9 μg/kg, sample origin: farm near Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Aguaí (city) in the center of São Paulo (state) and local market incidence: 1*/2, conc.: 1,274 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities
in Recife (city) in Pernambuco (state), Brazil, sample year: April in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: late summer,
2004, country: Brazil652, *healthy flavedo tissue of tangerines country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
AOH and TA
article652: Fruits (tangerine), AOH, literature652 article164: Fruits (mandarin), Spices (pepper), AME, AOH, and
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 2.5–3.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.85 μg/kg, TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), Fruits (tomato), AME and TA,
sample origin: farm near Aguaí (city) in the center of São Paulo literature164; Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds
(state), Brazil, sample year: April 2004, country: Brazil652, (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature164
*flavedo tissue of tangerines with symptoms of Alternaria incidence: 4/20*, conc. range: LOQ, sample origin: local
brown spot supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH country: Spain415, *tomato, fresh
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated AME and AOH; 3 sa.
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- contaminated solely with AOH
cle652: Fruits (tangerine), AOH, literature652 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Fruits (tomato) may contain the following mycotoxins: article415: Fruits (tomato), AME, literature415
Alternaria Toxins incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: ≤15 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country:
Altenuene
Netherlands/Germany906, *sieved, chopped, cubes
incidence: 4/19, conc. range: ≤1,100 μg/kg, sample origin:
commercial outlets in New York metropolitan area, USA, sample
year: unknown, country: USA23
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated ALT, AME, AOH,
article906: Figs, Juices (tomato juice), AOH and TA, literature906;
and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, and TA; 1 sa.
Fruits (tomato), TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME,
co-contaminated with ALT and AME; 1 sa. co-contaminated
literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Seeds
with ALT and TA
(sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature906
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Alternariol Methyl Ether
article23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, litera- incidence: 5/19, conc. range: ≤800 μg/kg, sample origin:
ture23; Fruits (tomato), AME, AOH, and TA, literature23 commercial outlets in New York metropolitan area, USA, sample
Alternariol
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated ALT, AME, AOH, and
TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, and TA; 1 sa. co-
contaminated with ALT and AME; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
AME and AOH; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated ALT, AME, AOH,
and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH; 2 sa. co-
contaminated with AOH and TA; 2 sa. contaminated solely
cle23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature23;
with AOH
Fruits (tomato), ALT, AOH, and TA, literature23
than cereals and their products reported in the present incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Swiss
book/article23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010,
TA, literature23; Fruits (tomato), ALT, AME, and TA, country: Switzerland47, *tomatoes, fresh and whole
literature23 incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 1 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss market,
incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Swiss Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, country:
market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, Switzerland47, *tomatoes, peeled and minced
country: Switzerland47, *tomatoes, fresh and whole • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/13*, conc. range: 4–7 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss
market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010,
article47: Fruits (tomato), AOH and TA, literature47; Fruits,
country: Switzerland47, *tomatoes, peeled and minced
dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Puree, Sauces
(tomato sauce), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, litera-
ture47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter:
article47: Fruits (tomato), AME and TA, literature47; Fruits,
dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Puree, Sauces incidence: 2*/2, conc. range: 37–268 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 153 μg/kg,
(tomato sauce), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, litera- sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata (regions),
Fruits, dried 133
Italy, sample year: late summer, country: Italy164, *visibly affected Midwestern and East Coast, as well as California (state), USA,
by Alternaria rot sample year: 1983, country: USA655, *fresh tomatoes used for
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and catsup production, **μg/kg of moldy tissue
TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA • Co-contamination: not reported
article164: Fruits (mandarin), Spices (pepper), AME, AOH, and article655: not reported
TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, literature164; incidence: 6/10*, conc. range: ≤100 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
Fruits (tomato), AOH and TA, literature164; Olives, ALT, AME, stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country:
AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, Netherlands/Germany906, *sieved, chopped, cubes
incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Spain415, *tomato, fresh article906: Figs, Juices (tomato juice), AOH and TA, literature906;
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated AME and AOH; 1 sa. Fruits (tomato), AOH, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME,
contaminated solely with AME literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Seeds
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature906
Aspergillus Toxins
article415: Fruits (tomato), AOH, literature415
Aflatoxin B1
Tenuazonic Acid
year: unknown, country: Germany239, *tomatoes, moldy
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated ALT, AME, AOH, and
TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, and TA; 1 sa. co-
Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits (orange),
contaminated with ALT and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
Fruits (peach), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazel-
AME and TA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA; 5 sa.
nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, litera-
contaminated solely with TA
ture239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature239
article23: Fruits (apple), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, litera-
ture23; Fruits (tomato), ALT, AME, and AOH, literature23 Ochratoxin A
incidence: 6/11*, conc. range: tr-1.44 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 37 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss market,
households and markets, Germany, sample year: unknown,
Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, country:
country: Germany26, *damaged or moldy
Switzerland47, *tomatoes, fresh and whole
incidence: 13/13*, conc. range: 25–200 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 81 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: Swiss market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
winter 2010, country: Switzerland47, *tomatoes, peeled and minced article26: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (peach),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Potatoes, Strawberries, OTA, literature26
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fruits, dried may contain the following mycotoxins:
article47: Fruits (tomato), AME and AOH, literature47; Fruits,
dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Puree, Sauces Alternaria Toxins
(tomato sauce), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, litera- Altenuene
ture47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss market,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, country:
incidence: 2*/2, conc. range: 24–7,210 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3,617 μg/kg, Switzerland47, *tomatoes, dried
sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Italy, sample year: late summer, country: Italy164, *visibly affected • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
by Alternaria rot than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and article47: Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, Sauces (tomato
TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA sauce), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; see
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: Further
article164: Fruits (mandarin), Spices (pepper), AME, AOH, and
TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, literature164; Alternariol
Fruits (tomato), Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, litera- incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss market,
ture164; Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164 Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, country:
Switzerland47, *tomatoes, dried
incidence: 73/146*, conc. range: 400–69,700 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
4,940 μg/kg**, sample origin: catsup processing plants in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other dried, Puree, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Metabolites
article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato incidence: 21/56*, conc. range: 10.4–1,231.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, 237.1 μg/kg, sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province),
AME, and TA, literature47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, purchased in supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital),
dried, Puree, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial China, sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *apricots,
Metabolites dried
incidence: 0/56*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: incidence: 35/54*, conc. range: 23.8–5,665.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 574.8
principally Xinjiang (province), purchased in supermarkets and μg/kg, sample origin: principally Ningxia (province), purchased in
local markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: 2016/2017, supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample
country: China815, *apricots, dried year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *wolfberries, dried
sample origin: principally Ningxia (province), purchased in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *wolfberries, dried article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AME, AOH, MA, and PAT, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other MA, OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ dried, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried,
Aspergillus Toxins
AME, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA,
OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried, Aflatoxin B1
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 9/30*, conc. range: 0.21–5.33 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.88 μg/kg,
sample origin: Mashhad (city), Khorasan (province), Iran, sample
year: unknown, country: Iran53, *apricots, dried
market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, incidence: 2/15*, conc. range: 0.23–1.17 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.70 μg/kg,
country: Switzerland47, *tomatoes, dried sample origin: Mashhad (city), Khorasan (province), Iran, sample
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. year: unknown, country: Iran53, *prunes, dried
article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, article53: Fruits, dried, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature53
AOH, and TA, literature47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, incidence: 2/16*, conc. range: 0.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample
dried, Puree, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country:
Metabolites UK203, *prunes, dried
incidence: 3/56*, conc. range: 0.5–2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased in 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *apricots, dried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: principally Ningxia (province), purchased in
supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB2,
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *wolfberries, dried
and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203;
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203
article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried, incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: available in
AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA, New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand277, *prunes,
OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried, dried
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: available in
New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand277,
Tenuazonic Acid
*apricots, dried
incidence: 7/8*, conc. range: ≤166 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss
market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010,
country: Switzerland47, *tomatoes, dried
Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter (pea-
nut butter), Confectionery, Food, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pis-
tachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277;
article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato
Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried,
ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT,
OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
AME, and AOH, literature47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits,
Fruits, dried 135
(curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, Aflatoxin G1
literature277; Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 0.20 μg/kg, sample origin: Mashhad (city),
paranut), AFB1, literature277 Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran53,
incidence: 9/20, conc. range: 0.10–34.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local * apricots, dried
markets, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia338 incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 0.37 μg/kg, sample origin: Mashhad (city),
• Co-contamination: 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran53,
AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 *prunes, dried
article338: Fruits, dried, AFB2 and AFG1, literature338; Spices, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature338 article53: Fruits, dried, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature53
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 0.08–0.58 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.33 μg/kg, incidence: 1/20, conc.: 0.13 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
sample origin: local supermarket in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia338
sample year: unknown, country: Japan339, *included apple**, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and
cranberry**, kiwifruit, mango, papaya, pineapple**, and prune AFG1
(all dried), **contaminated • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article338: Fruits, dried, AFB1 and AFB2, literature338; Spices,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article339: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature338
Coconuts, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFG2, literature339; Figs,
AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, litera- Aflatoxin G2
ture339; Fruits, dried, Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Nuts, Spices, incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: 0.08–0.43 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.23 μg/kg,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature339 sample origin: local supermarket in Okayama (prefecture), Japan,
For detailed information see the article. sample year: unknown, country: Japan339, *included apple**,
cranberry**, kiwifruit**, mango**, papaya**, pineapple**, and
Aflatoxin B2 prune (all dried), **contaminated
incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 0.32 μg/kg, sample origin: Mashhad (city), • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2;
Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran53, 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFG2
* apricots, dried • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/15*, conc: no contamination, sample origin: Mashhad than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(city), Khorasan (province) Iran, sample year: unknown, country: article339: Coconuts, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFG2, litera-
Iran53, *prunes, dried ture339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour (soybean flour),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, literature339; Fruits, dried, AFB1, literature339; Nuts, Spices,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2,
article53: Fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature53 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/16*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, incidence: 3/27*, conc. range: <LOQ μg/kg**, sample origin: local
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *prunes, dried and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey purchased from
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital), Tunisia,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *apricots, dried,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article203: **purchased in Tunisia
Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- incidence: 7/27*, conc. range: 11.1–15.6 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
ture203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and 12.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel,
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, and Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB1 Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, *plums, dried, **purchased in Spain and Tunisia
and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
ture203; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 8/20, conc. range: ≤6.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present
markets, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia338 book/article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB,
• Co-contamination: 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and ENB1, and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1,
AFG1 ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, DAS,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ dried, AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA,
article338: Fruits, dried, AFB1 and AFG1, literature338; Spices, literature720
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature338 For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin/s incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: 0.96–3.28 μg/kg**, sample origin:

incidence: 4/20*, conc. range: 1.5–10.8 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 4.55 μg/kg**, Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran828,
sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and northern *prunes, dried, **total AFS
areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009, country: incidence: 3/16*, conc. range: 1.36–2.51 μg/kg**, sample origin:
Pakistan17, * apricots, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran828,
incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 1.0–3.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.22 *cherries, dried, **total AFS
μg/kg**, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP • Co-contamination: not reported
and northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2009, country: Pakistan17, *mulberries, dried, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and AFG2 article828: Raisins, AF/S, literature828
• Co-contamination: not reported For detailed information see the article.
article17: Dates, Figs, Kernels (apricot), Nuts (almond), Nuts Ochratoxin A
(peanut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 2.83 μg/kg, sample origin: Mashhad (city),
Raisins, AF/S, literature17 Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran53,
incidence: 6/157, conc. range: 2–20 μg/kg*, sample origin: * apricots, dried
imported and domestic sa. from Uruguay, sample year: 1993–1995, incidence: 3/15*, conc. range: 0.22–2.62 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.28 μg/kg,
country: Uruguay269, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 ample origin: Mashhad (city), Khorasan (province), Iran, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: unknown, country: Iran53, *prunes, dried
article269: Beans (soybean), Fruits, dried, ZEA, literature269; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Cocoa beans, AF/S, literature269; Oil seeds, Vegetables, dried, article53: Fruits, dried, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature53
AF/S and ZEA, literature269
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 50–110 μg/kg, sample origin: shops
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: available in and markets of different sanitation levels, Assiut Governorate,
New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand277, *prunes, Egypt, sample year: March 1992, country: Egypt54, * apricots, dried
dried, **AFS total
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 210–280 μg/kg, sample origin: shops
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.9 μg/kg**, sample origin: available in and markets of different sanitation levels, Assiut Governorate,
New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand277, Egypt, sample year: March 1992, country: Egypt54, *plums, dried
*apricots, dried, **AFS total • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article54: Figs, OTA, literature54
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 0.97 μg/kg, sample origin: different export
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Nuts, Nuts (peanut),
companies, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey55,
Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S,
*apricots, dried
literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper),
Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pep-
per, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Fruits, dried, Nuts (Brazil
Figs, AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature55; Sultanas, OTA, literature55
nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
incidence: 1/16*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.9 μg/kg**, sample origin: New Zealand,
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203, *prunes, dried
sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand , *apricots, dried,
702
**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: New Zealand, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand702, *prunes, dried, cle203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
• Co-contamination: not reported and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB1 and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and
article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203;
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203
Vine fruits, dried, Spices (pepper), OTA, literature702
incidence: 4/16*, conc. range: 0.92–4.53 μg/kg**, sample origin: regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran828, Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
*apricots, dried, **total AFS country: Germany262, *prunes, dried
Fruits, dried 137
incidence: 26/49*, conc. range: ≤0.090 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 3/27*, conc. range: 0.25–0.3 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.28 μg/kg**,
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey
Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain and Tunis (capital),
country: Germany262, *different kinds of dried fruits Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *apricots, dried,
• Co-contamination: not reported **purchased in Tunisia
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7/27*, conc. range: LOQ-0.2 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.16 μg/kg**,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey
article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs, Nut purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital),
crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Powder (cocoa Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *plums, dried,
powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (sesame), **purchased in Spain and Tunisia
Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 0/14*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: different • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city/state), Brazil, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 2002/2003, country: Brazil331, *apricots, dried article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and
incidence: 1/19*, conc.: 0.1–5.0 μg/kg, sample origin: different OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
markets in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city/state), Brazil, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG1, DAS, ENA1,
sample year: 2002/2003, country: Brazil331, *plums, dried ENB, ENB1, and HT-2, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Patulin
article331: Dates, Figs, Sultanas, OTA, literature331 incidence: 1/56*, conc.: 30.6 μg/kg, sample origin: principally
incidence: 6/20, conc. range: 0.46–29.9 μg/kg, sample origin: local Xinjiang (province), purchased in supermarkets and local markets
markets and traditional family reserves, Tunisia, sample year: in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: 2016/2017, country:
2005/2006, country: Tunisia340 China815, *apricots, dried
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other principally Ningxia (province), purchased in supermarkets and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ local markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: 2016/2017,
article340: Spices, OTA, literature340 country: China815, *wolfberries, dried
sample origin: popular markets in Rabat (capital), Morocco, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: unknown, country: Morocco/France341, *prunes, dried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AME, AOH, MA, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried,
article341: Olives, Raisins, OTA, literature341 chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 8/21, conc. range: ≤2.09 μg/kg, sample origin: Fusarium Toxins
sample year: August/September 2005, country: China697 Depsipeptides
Enniatin A1
Chocolate, Coffee, Juices, Legumes, Spices, OTA, literature697
incidence: 2/33, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.6 (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: France, sample year: 1998/1999, *apricots, dried, **purchased in Spain
country: EU698
incidence: 1/27*, conc.: 0.21 μg/kg**, sample origin: local and of
incidence: 75/114, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (74 sa.), 3.95 Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey purchased from markets in
μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year:
country: EU698 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *plums, dried, **purchased in Tunisia
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB,
juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG1, DAS,
(chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried,
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA,
Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine literature720
(rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 For detailed information see the article.
Enniatin B OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
incidence: 8/27*, conc. range: <LOQ-795 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG1, ENA1, ENB,
133 μg/kg**, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1,
and Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, For detailed information see the article.
*apricots, dried, **purchased in Spain and Tunisia
incidence: 4/27*, conc. range: 0.3–1.57 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.66 μg/kg**, HT-2 Toxin
sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey incidence: 8/27*, conc. range: <LOQ-7.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.4 μg/kg**,
purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital), sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey
Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *plums, dried, purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital),
**purchased in Tunisia Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, *apricots, dried,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. **purchased in Spain and Tunisia
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7/27*, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 7.8 μg/kg**,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG1, DAS, ENA1, *plums, dried, **purchased in Spain and Tunisia
ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AFB1, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
For detailed information see the article. than cereals and their products reported in the present
book/article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB,
Enniatin B1 ENB1, and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1,
incidence: 3/27*, conc. range: 19.7–57.1 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 34.2 ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG1,
μg/kg**, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits,
and Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and dried, AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA,
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, literature720
*apricots, dried, **purchased in Spain and Tunisia For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/27*, conc.: 2.69 μg/kg**, sample origin: local and of Other Fusarium Toxins
Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey purchased from markets in
Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: Zearalenone
2012/2013, country: Spain720, *plums, dried, **purchased in incidence: 6/154, conc. range: 100–200 μg/kg (3 sa.), >200 μg/kg
Tunisia (3 sa.), sample origin: imported and domestic sa. from Uruguay,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. sample year: 1993–1995, country: Uruguay269
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, article269: Beans (soybean), ZEA, literature269; Cocoa beans,
ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG1, DAS, Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature269; Oil seeds, Vegetables, dried,
ENA1, ENB, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, AF/S and ZEA, literature269
AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA,
literature720 Penicillium Toxins
Mycophenolic Acid
Type A Trichothecenes incidence: 15/56*, conc. range: 1.0–119.7 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 26.7
μg/kg**, sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased
Diacetoxyscirpenol
in supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China,
incidence: 0/27*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local and
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815, *apricots, dried
of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Turkey purchased from markets
in Valencia (city), Spain, and Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: incidence: 0/54*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
2012/2013, country: Spain720, *apricots, dried principally Ningxia (province), purchased in supermarkets and
local markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: 2016/2017,
incidence: 3/27*, conc. range: LOQ-135 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 110 μg/kg**,
country: China815, *wolfberries, dried
(capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
*plums, dried, **purchased in Spain
AME, AOH, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA,
OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried,
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and
see also Dates, Figs, Raisins, and Sultanas
Grogannuts 139
Fruits and nuts, dried see Food • Co-contamination: not reported

Fruits and vegetables may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article64: Ginkgo, AFB1 and AFB2, literature64
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
Ginseng see Medicinal plant
incidence: 3/7, conc. range: 40–140 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 80 μg/kg, Glavinuša see Must
sample origin: market in Bhagalpur? (city), India, sample
year: unknown, country: India374, *Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., Goji fruits see Fruits (goji)
Momordica charantia L., and Psidium guajava L.
• Co-contamination: not reported Gram see Peas (chickpea)
Grape extract may contain the following mycotoxins:
article374: not reported Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Functional Food see Food Ochratoxin A

incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.3 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
Gabi see Tubers year: unknown, country: Italy729
Garlic see Spices (garlic)
Garlic pickles see Pickles than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Garnacha see Must
Grape juice see Juices (grape juice)
Garri see Flakes (cassava) and Food
Grape pomace and wine lees may contain the following
“Gewürztraminer” see Wine (white) mycotoxins:
Ginger see Spices (ginger) Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Ginkgo may contain the following mycotoxins: Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus Toxins
processing industries in Puglia (region), Italy, sample year:
Aflatoxin B1 unknown, country: Italy845, *starting material for the production
incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: 5–54 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 29.5 μg/kg, of ethyl alcohol, tartrates, dried grape seeds, and dried grape skins
sample origin: USA, pharmacies in Krakow (city), Poland, and (solid sa.)
local supermarkets in Almeria (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Spain64, *ginkgo biloba nutraceutical products • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article845: Food colorants, Plant food supplements, OTA,
article64: Ginkgo, AFB2 and T-2, literature64 For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin B2 Grape pulp see Pulp (grape pulp)

incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: 4–300 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 152 μg/kg,
sample origin: USA, pharmacies in Krakow (city), Poland, Grapes see Berries (grape)
and local supermarkets in Almeria (city), Spain, sample year:
Greater cardamom see Spices (cardamom)
unknown, country: Spain64, *ginkgo biloba nutraceutical products
• Co-contamination: not reported Green gram see Products (legume product)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Green tea see Tea
article64: Ginkgo, AFB1 and T-2, literature64
Grogannuts may contain the following mycotoxins:
Fusarium Toxins
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
T-2 Toxin incidence: 3/9, conc. range: 20–150 μg/kg, sample origin: major
incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: 18–20 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 19 μg/kg, sample local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–
origin: USA, pharmacies in Krakow (city), Poland, and local 1985, country: India7
supermarkets in Almeria (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
country: Spain64, *ginkgo biloba nutraceutical products ent in a sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, Citrinin
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 4–20 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample
AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample
RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, year: 1983–1985, country: India7
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio ent in a sa.
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
Aflatoxin B2 Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts,
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 15–75 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 45 μg/kg, sample AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1,
origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut),
year: 1983–1985, country: India7 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea-
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts
ent in a sa. (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
cle7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Groundnut sauces see Sauces (peanut sauce)
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts,
Groundnuts see Nuts (peanut)
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), Gums, food-grade may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea-
nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts Aspergillus Toxins
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Aflatoxin B1
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 incidence: 2/20, conc. range: <LOQ*, sample origin: market sa.,
Aflatoxin G1 USA, sample year: unknown, country: USA896, *Guar gum and
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 16–76 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 46 μg/kg, sample Tragacanth gum
origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: 1983–1985, country: India7 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ent in a sa. article896: Gums, food grade, ZEA, literature896
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Fusarium Toxins
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, Zearalenone
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 1/20, conc.: 6 μg/kg*, sample origin: market sa., USA,
AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, sample year: unknown, country: USA896, *xanthan gum
RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), article896: Gums, food grade, AFB1, literature896
Halva may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aflatoxin G2
Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail outlets
at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7 Aflatoxin B1
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- incidence: 0/34*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: halva-
ent in a sa. factories and supermarkets in Adana (city), Turkey, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other summer and winter 2004, country: Turkey437, *halva
incidence: 0/34*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: halva-
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
factories and supermarkets in Adana (city), Turkey, sample
year: summer and winter 2004, country: Turkey437, *halva with
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1,
cacao
AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea- incidence: 8/34*, conc. range: 1.5–18 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.5 μg/kg,
nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; sample origin: halva-factories and supermarkets in Adana (city),
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera- Turkey, sample year: summer and winter 2004, country: Turkey437,
ture7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, *halva with pistachio
Herbs 141
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Herbs may contain the following mycotoxins:
article437: not reported Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
incidence: 12/22*, conc. range: ≤5.94 μg/kg, sample origin: retail Ochratoxin A

outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.08 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750, and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year:
*halva without pistachio and almonds September/October 2008, country: Canada90, *herbs and spices
incidence: 20/34*, conc. range: ≤19.56 μg/kg, sample origin: retail incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.07 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year:
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750, September/October 2009, country: Canada90, *herbs and spices
*halva with pistachio, almonds, and milk • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 21/39*, conc. range: ≤19.80 μg/kg, sample origin: retail • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750, cle90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter),
*halva puri Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza,
• Co-contamination: not reported Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/13, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.11 μg/kg (2 sa.),
than cereals and their products reported in the present sample origin: Germany, sample year: unknown, country: EU698
book/article750: Halva, AFM1, literature750; Nuts (almond), • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (pistachio nut), Raisins, Spices (cardamom), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
cle698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee,
Aflatoxin M1 Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape
incidence: 0/22*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas
outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750, (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
*halva without pistachio and almonds Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine
incidence: 15/34*, conc. range: ≤0.08 μg/kg, sample origin: retail (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698
outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750, Fusarium Toxins
*halva with pistachio, almonds, and milk Fumonisin/s
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: different
article750: Halva, Nuts (almond), Nuts (pistachio nut), Raisins, markets, China, sample year: 2009/2010, country: China82, *moldy
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, literature750 aromatic herbs
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 72.2 μg/kg, sample origin: different markets,
Aflatoxin/s
China, sample year: 2009/2010, country: China82, *non-moldy
aromatic herbs
markets and local shops in big cities of Punjab (province),
Pakistan, sample year: November 2011–March 2012, country:
Pakistan/Malaysia574, *date halva, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
cle82: Herbs, FB2, literature82; Medicinal plants, FB/S, literature82
book/article 574: Cake (date), Cookies, Dates, AF/S, Fumonisin B2
literature574 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 139.7 μg/kg, sample origin: different
Halva is a traditional Turkish food (mixture of tahin: milled markets, China, sample year: 2009/2010, country: China82, *moldy
dehulled roasted sesame seeds, sugar, citric or tartaric acid, and aromatic herbs
Saponaria officinalis root extract).
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 449.3 μg/kg, sample origin: different
Hazelnuts see Nuts (hazelnut) markets, China, sample year: 2009/2010, country: China82, *non-
moldy aromatic herbs
Helva see Halva • Co-contamination: not reported
Herbal drugs see Medicinal plants cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Herbal medicines see Medicinal plants cle82: Herbs, FB1, literature82; Medicinal plants, FB/S, literature82
see also Herbs and Spices, Medicinal plants, and Spices
Herbs (camomile) may contain the following mycotoxins: Herbs (sage) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 7/7, conc. range: 2.0–16.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail incidence: 1/2, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: retail sales
sales points in different regions, Iran, sample year: March–May points in different regions, Iran, sample year: March–May 2015,
2015, country: Iran491 country: Iran491
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article491: cereals and their products reported in the present book/article491:
Herbs (sage), AFB1, literature491; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Herbs (camomile), AFB1, literature491; Spices (cayenne pepper,
Spices (curcuma), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), Spices chilli), Spices (curcuma), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), Spices
(thyme), AFB1, literature491 (thyme), AFB1, literature491
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 3.4–38.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28.7 μg/kg, incidence: 9/9*, conc. range: 0.2–32.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.9 μg/kg,
sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey,
year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic camomile sa. sample year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic
• Co-contamination: not reported sage sa.
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cle859: Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip), Herbs (sage), Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
(cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaf), Spices (pepper), Spices Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
(peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), Spices (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaf), Spices (pepper),
(sumac), AFB1, literature859 Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary),
Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859
Herbs (linden) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Herbs and spices may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 3/5*, conc. range: 0.05–40.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14 Ochratoxin A
μg/kg, sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, incidence: 8/12*, conc. range: ≤9.40 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
Turkey, sample year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
*organic linden sa. Republic811, *mixed herbs and spices
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 0.40 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Republic811, *mixed herbs and spices
article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (rosehip), Herbs (sage), • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaf), Spices (pepper), article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Juices,
Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (ginger product),
Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859 Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), Spices
Herbs (rosehip) may contain the following mycotoxins: (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red),
Aspergillus Toxins Wine (white), OTA, literature811
Aflatoxin B1 Honey may contain the following mycotoxins:

incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 20.7–52.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 44.5 μg/kg, Aspergillus Toxins
sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample
year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic rosehip sa. Aflatoxin/s
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 21/21*, conc. range: 0.5–22 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 12.1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg**, sample origin: different regions of the West Bank,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Palestine, sample year: April–August 2009, country: Palestine851,
article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (sage), *fresh honey, **AFS, total
Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaf), Spices (pepper), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), article851: not reported
Infant food 143
Ice cream may contain the following mycotoxins: Aflatoxin B2

Aspergillus Toxins retail level across Canada, sample year: 2002–2005, country:
Aflatoxin/s Canada92, *soy-based infant food
incidence: 5/6, conc. range: ≤3.677 μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries • Co-contamination: not reported
and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*AFS total than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article92: Infant food, AFB1, literature92
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 36/91, conc. range: ≤0.41* μg/kg (36 sa.), sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ origin: households or purchased in pharmacies and specialized
article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Jello, Keskul, organic feeding shops in Pamplona (city), Navarra (chartered
Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups, community), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain98,
AF/S, literature119 *outlier
Ice cream ingredients were sugar, glucose, emulgator, milk protein, • Co-contamination: not reported
stabilizer, fruit flavor, maltodextrin, thickener agent, and sweetener. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article98: Infant food, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature98
Ochratoxin A For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.02 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets
Aflatoxin G1
and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year:
incidence: 60/91, conc. range: <LOD (29 sa.), ≤0.42* μg/kg (31 sa.),
September/October 2008, country: Canada90
sample origin: households or purchased in pharmacies and
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.03 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and specialized organic feeding shops in Pamplona (city), Navarra
fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year: (chartered community), Spain, sample year: unknown, country:
September/October 2009, country: Canada90 Spain98, *outlier
article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), article98: Infant food, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature98
Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Nuts, Pies, Pizza, For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin G2
Infant food may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 39/91, conc. range: <LOD (29 sa.), ≤0.07* μg/kg (10 sa.),
sample origin: households or purchased in pharmacies and
Aspergillus Toxins specialized organic feeding shops in Pamplona (city), Navarra
Aflatoxin B1 (chartered community), Spain, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 30/30*, conc. range: 0.004–0.161 μg/kg, sample origin: Spain98, *outlier
retail level across Canada, sample year: 2002–2005, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Canada92, *soy-based infant food • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article98: Infant food, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature98
article92: Infant food, AFB2, literature92 Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 57/91, conc. range: <LOD (15 sa.), ≤3.11* μg/kg (42 sa.), incidence: 17/49*, conc. range: ≤45.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: households or purchased in pharmacies and Ouagadougou (capital), Burkina Faso, sample year: June 2013–
specialized organic feeding shops in Pamplona (city), Navarra December 2014, country: Burkina Faso/France913, *included flours,
(chartered community), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: oilseeds, and various cereals
Spain98, *outlier • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article913: Infant food, AFB1, FB/S, and OTA, literature913
article98: Infant food, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature98
For detailed information see the article. Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
incidence: 19/49*, conc. range: ≤29.0 μg/kg, sample origin: Ochratoxin A
Ouagadougou (capital), Burkina Faso, sample year: June 2013– incidence: 7/22*, conc. range: ≤0.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.47 μg/kg,
December 2014, country: Burkina Faso/France913, *included flours, sample origin: retail outlets across Canada, sample year: 1997–
oilseeds, and various cereals 1999, country: Canada123, *soy-based infant cereal food
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: not reported
article913: Infant food, AF/S, FB/S, and OTA, literature913 article123: Infant food, DON, FB/S, and ZEA, literature123
incidence: ?/49*, conc. range: ≤0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Ouagadougou (capital), Burkina Faso, sample year: June 2013– • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
December 2014, country: Burkina Faso/France913, *included than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
flours, oilseeds, and various cereals article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, DON, 3-AcDON, FB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
article913: Infant food, AFB1, AF/S, and FB/S, literature913 HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Fusarium Toxins Aspergillus Toxins
Fumonisin/s Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 18/24*, conc. range: ≤130 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 44 μg/kg**, incidence: 1/60*, conc.: 6 μg/kg, sample origin: fermented food sellers,
sample origin: retail outlets across Canada, sample year: 1997–1999, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015–July 2016, country:
country: Canada123, *soy-based infant cereal food, **FB1 and FB2 South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
article123: Infant food, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature123 article330: Iru, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, FB1,
incidence: ?/49*, conc. range: ≤138.0 μg/kg**, sample origin: FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
Ouagadougou (capital), Burkina Faso, sample year: June 2013– Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
December 2014, country: Burkina Faso/France913, *included STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
flours, oilseeds, and various cereals, **FB1 and FB2 HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/60*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: fermented food
than cereals and their products reported in the present sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015–July 2016,
book/article 913: Infant food, AFB 1, AF/S, and OTA, country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented
literature913 locust bean
Type B Trichothecenes • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Deoxynivalenol than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 8/8*, conc. range: ≤240 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 116 μg/kg, article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, FB1,
sample origin: retail outlets across Canada, sample year: 1997– FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
1999, country: Canada123, *soy-based infant cereal food Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
article123: Infant food, FBS, OTA, and ZEA, literature123 Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 2/60*, conc. range: 8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample
Other Fusarium Toxins origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year:
February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/
Zearalenone Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
incidence: 23/30*, conc. range: ≤35 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18.4 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: retail outlets across Canada, sample year: 1997– • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1999, country: Canada123, *soy-based infant cereal food than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, FB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
article123: Infant food, DON, FBS, and OTA, literature123 STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
see also Baby food HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Infant formula see Infant food Aflatoxin G2
Instant coffee see Coffee
origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year:
Iru may contain the following mycotoxins: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/
Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
Alternaria Toxins • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 6/60*, conc. range: 19–77 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 38 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, FB1,
year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/ FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
Iru 145
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
Sterigmatocystin FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 1.71 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/Austria/Ireland361 HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 4/60*, conc. range: 32–42 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 38 μg/kg,
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera- sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
ture361; Iru, CIT and OTA, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, BEA, year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
BEA, and STG, literature361 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Citrinin
FB1, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 2.23 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos,
Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/Austria/Ireland361
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Fumonisin B3
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera-
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
ture361; Iru, OTA and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1,
year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
BEA, CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1,
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
AFB2, BEA, and STG, literature361
incidence: 7/60*, conc. range: ≤21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/ FB1, FB2, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
Kenya330, *fermented locust bean Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330; HT-2 Toxin
Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA, incidence: 9/60*, conc. range: 17–51 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 33 μg/kg,
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 7.04 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos, Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/Austria/Ireland361 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera- Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
ture361; Iru, CIT and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, BEA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
BEA, and STG, literature361
T-2 Toxin
Fusarium Toxins incidence: 7/60*, conc. range: 28–31 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 29 μg/kg,
Fumonisin/s
Fumonisin B1 Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
incidence: 4/60*, conc. range: 61–167 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 113 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, and ZEA, literature330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Penicillium Toxins
Roquefortine C
Deoxynivalenol incidence: 2/60*, conc. range: 10–14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12 μg/kg,
incidence: 4/60*, conc. range: ≤118 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 62 μg/kg, sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/ Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
book/article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, 3-AcDON, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, lit- Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
erature330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
NEO, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
AME, DON, ENB, HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA,
literature330 Irvingia gabonensis see Seeds (bush mango)
3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol Isoflavones see Soy isoflavones

incidence: 1/60*, conc.: ? μg/kg, sample origin: fermented food
sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015–July 2016,
Jaggery may contain the following mycotoxins:
country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented Aspergillus Toxins
locust bean
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Aflatoxin/s
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/25, conc. range: 0.5–1.0 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.75 μg/kg*,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local industries at the nearby regions of Mandya
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, FB1, FB2, FB3, and Mysore (districts), Karnataka (state), India, sample year:
FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330; Ogiri, June/July 2012, country: India453, *AF
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA, STG, and incidence: 2/41, conc. range: 0.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: local
ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, HT-2, vendors at markets in Mysore (district), Karnataka (state), India,
OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 sample year: June/July 2012, country: India453, *AF
incidence: 2/30, conc. range: 0.5–1.0 μg/kg*, sample origin: local
Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) vendors at markets in Mandya (district), Karnataka (state), India,
incidence: 3/60*, conc. range: 40–76 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 62 μg/kg, sample year: June/July 2012, country: India453, *AF
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. article453: Juices (sugarcane juice), AF/S, literature453
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Jaggery is a sweetener on natural basis.
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, Jam may contain the following mycotoxins:
FB1, FB2, FB3, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, literature330;
Alternaria Toxins
Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, Alternariol
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: private households
Other Fusarium Toxins of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country:
Austria850, *moldy
Zearalenone • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, CHAE,
incidence: 5/60*, conc. range: 11–33 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18 μg/kg, EMOD, and MA
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented locust bean article850: Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, litera-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ture850; Fruits (lemon), Jam, Puree, MA, literature850; Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (garlic), BEA, FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature850; Wine (red), AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits (lemon), Jam, Nuts
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, (chestnut), and Wine (red), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, and T-2, literature330; Microbial Metabolites
Jam (fig jam) 147
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Jam (bean jam) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Ochratoxin A Aspergillus Toxins
sample origin: households, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Aflatoxin B1
Germany152, *different jams, moldy incidence: 5/41*, conc. range: 0.1–0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *white bean jam
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/24*, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *red bean jam
incidence: 4/75, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.27 μg/kg (4 sa.), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: not reported cle97: Beans, Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, literature97; Butter (peanut
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other butter), Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, literature97; Jam (bean jam), AFB2, literature97; Spices
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Juices, incidence: 1/68, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo
Peas, Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices • Co-contamination: not reported
(paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
literature698 cle99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99;
Food, Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut,
Penicillium Toxins paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg),
Mycophenolic Acid AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 34–850 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 442 μg/kg, pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
sample origin: private households of staff members, Austria, ture99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99
sample year: unknown, country: Austria850, *moldy Aflatoxin B2
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, CHAE, incidence: 1/24*, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
EMOD, and MA year: unknown, country: Japan97, *red bean jam
than cereals and their products reported in the present • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
book/article850: Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature850; Fruits (lemon), Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH, article97: Beans, Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, literature97; Butter (pea-
literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA, FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature850; nut butter), Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and
Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits AFG1, literature97; Jam (bean jam), AFB1, literature97; Spices
(lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chapter: Further (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97
Jam (fig jam) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Jam (apple jam) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
Patulin incidence: 3/10, conc. range: 0.93–4.17 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.00 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 1,390 μg/kg, sample origin: Finnish customs sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city),
authorities, Finland, sample year: March–December 1976, country: Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903
Finland33, *moldy • Co-contamination: not reported
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article33: article903: Biscuits, AFB1, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature903; Jam
Fruits (apple), Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), (fig jam), AFB2, OTA, and T-2, literature903
Products (apple flavor product), PAT, literature33
incidence: 5/15, conc. range: 4.7–554 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 302 μg/l, Aflatoxin B2
sample origin: local supermarkets, Tunisia, sample year: 2013, incidence: 1/10, conc.: 1.15 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets and
country: Tunisia888 supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), Serbia, sample year: February–
• Co-contamination: not reported June 2014, country: Serbia903
article888: Jam (pear jam), Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(pear juice), Products (fruit product), PAT, literature888 article903: Biscuits, AFB1, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature903; Jam
(fig jam), AFB1, OTA, and T-2, literature903
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Ochratoxin A article905: Juices (apple juice), Juices (tomato juice), Puree, PAT,
incidence: 3/10, conc. range: 12.0–25.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 17.7 μg/kg, literature905
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), For detailed information see the article.
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903 see also Fruits (apple)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Jello may contain the following mycotoxins:
article903: Biscuits, AFB1, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature903; Jam Aspergillus Toxins
(fig jam), AFB1, AFB2, and T-2, literature903
Aflatoxin/s
Fusarium Toxins incidence: 2/3, conc. range: ≤1.727 μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries
and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119,
Type A Trichothecenes *AFS total
T-2 Toxin • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Novi Sad (city), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Serbia, sample year: February–June 2014, country: Serbia903 article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Keskul,
• Co-contamination: not reported Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AF/S, literature119
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Jello is a gelatin dessert. Ingredients were sugar, gelatin, starch,
article903: Biscuits, AFB1, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature903; Jam glucose, fruit flavor, and vanilla.
(fig jam), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature903
Juices may contain the following mycotoxins:
Jam (pear jam) may contain the following mycotoxins: Alternaria Toxins
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Altenuene
Patulin incidence: 1/23, conc.: >LOD, sample origin: retail stores in the
incidence: 7/16, conc. range: 17–325 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 123.7 μg/l, area of Arnsberg and Münster (cities), Germany, sample year:
sample origin: local supermarkets, Tunisia, sample year: 2013, unknown, country: Germany743
country: Tunisia888 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article743: Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Products (tomato prod-
article888: Jam (apple jam), Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices uct), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Seeds (sunflower), ALT,
(pear juice), Products (fruit product), PAT, literature888 AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also Juices, Oils
(vegetable oil), and Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further
Jam (quince jam) may contain the following mycotoxins: Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Alternariol

incidence: 13/23, conc. range: >LOD (6 sa.), 0.65–16 μg/kg (7 sa.),
Patulin sample origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and Münster
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: <LOQ-28.7 μg/kg, sample origin: (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743
local supermarkets in Porto (city), Portugal, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Portugal27, *sa. with different portions of fruit and sugar • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article743: Juices, ALT, AME, and TA, literature743; Oils (vegeta-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ble oil), Products (tomato product), AME, AOH, and TA, lit-
article27: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruits (apple), Fruits (quince), erature743; Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA,
Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature27 literature743; see also Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), and Seeds
(sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Jellies may contain the following mycotoxins: Metabolites
Patulin incidence: 10/23, conc. range: >LOD (7 sa.), 0.14–4.9 μg/kg (3
incidence: 2/4* conc. range: <LOQ-3.22 μg/kg, sample origin: sa.), sample origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and
supermarkets and organic shops, Portugal, sample year: unknown, Münster (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
country: Portugal905, *tomato jellies Germany743
Juices 149
article743: Juices, ALT, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils (vegetable than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
oil), Products (tomato product), AME, AOH, and TA, litera- article697: Chocolate, Coffee, Fruits, dried, Legumes, Spices,
ture743; Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, lit- OTA, literature697
erature743; see also Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), and Seeds incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.14 μg/kg (2 sa.),
(sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial sample origin: Finland, sample year: 1998, country: EU698,
Metabolites *miscellaneous fruit juices
Tenuazonic Acid incidence: 1/19*, conc.: 3.45 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: France,
incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 0.5–10 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample year: 1998/1999, country: EU698, *fruit juices
sample year: unknown, country: Germany166, *included cranberry, incidence: 8/162*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.18 μg/kg (8 sa.),
blueberry, fruit, litchi, passion peach, and raspberry juice sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698,
• Co-contamination: not reported *miscellaneous fruit juices
incidence: 3/19*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.006 μg/kg (3 sa.),
sample origin: Norway, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *fruit
article166: Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), Juices
juices
(banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry
juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.016 μg/kg (4 sa.),
juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), sample origin: Norway, sample year: 1999, country: EU698,
Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), *miscellaneous fruit juices
Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices • Co-contamination: not reported
(pepper), TA, literature166 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 12/23, conc. range: >LOD (1 sa.), 21–250 μg/kg (11 sa.),
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa,
sample origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and Münster
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices
(cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743
(grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas,
Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices,
article743: Juices, ALT, AME, and AOH, literature743; Oils (veg-
etable oil), Products (tomato product), AME, AOH, and TA,
literature698
literature743; Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and
TA, literature743; see also Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds incidence: 7/12*, conc. range: ≤0.059 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
(sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
Metabolites Republic811, *fruit juices
Ochratoxin A
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
incidence: 1/11, conc.: 0.11 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
and Spices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (ginger
year: unknown, country: Japan112
product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper,
chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard),
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine
(red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811
article112: Cassis, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa,
Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder Patulin
(cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112 incidence: 8/45*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (8 sa., maximum:
incidence: 1/14*, conc.: 1.16 μg/l**, sample origin: supermarkets 1.7 μg/kg), sample origin: markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets or
in Rabat (capital), Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: organic food shops, Italy, sample year: November 2003–February
Morocco/France493, *included clementine, cocktail, grapefruit**, 2004, country: Italy35, *conventional
mango, orange, peach, and pineapple juice incidence: 6/12*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (5 sa.), 13.5 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (1 sa.), sample origin: markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets or
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than organic food shops, Italy, sample year: November 2003–February
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article493: 2004, country: Italy35, *organic
Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature493 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 2/12, conc. range: ≤0.22 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supermarkets and fresh provision shops, Hong Kong, China, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: August/September 2005, country: China697 article35: Fruits (apple), Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice),
Puree, Vinegar (apple), PAT, literature35
incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 5 μg/l ∅ conc.: 5 μg/l sample origin: incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: <30 μg/l (1 sa.), 70 μg/l (1 sa.), ∅
retail outlets, Cape Town (city), South Africa, sample year: 1996– conc.: 46 μg/l, sample origin: local retail markets and juice joints
1998, country: South Africa37, *fruit juices, mixed in Lucknow (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India838,
incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: 5–20 μg/l ∅ conc.: 13.8 μg/l, sample *branded mixed juices and orange as well as grape juices
origin: retail outlets, Cape Town (city), South Africa, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
1996–1998, country: South Africa37, *mixed fruit juices for infants • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article838: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature838
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 9/29*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (3 sa.), >10 μg/kg (6 sa.,
article37: Apple cider, Juices (apple juice), Products (apple maximum: 25.4 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets and organic
product), PAT, literature37 food shops, Northwestern Italy, sample year: January–September
incidence: 12/12*, conc. range: 2.8–11.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.60 μg/kg, 2007, country: Italy847, *juices, mixed
sample origin: Greek market, Greece, sample year: October incidence: 35/98*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (21 sa.), >10 μg/kg
2004–June 2006, country: Greece108, *mixed fruit juices (apple (14 sa., maximum: 33.4 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets and
included) organic food shops, Northwestern Italy, sample year: January–
• Co-contamination: not reported September 2007, country: Italy847, *conventional
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 8/27*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (3 sa.), >10 μg/kg (5 sa.,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ maximum: 23.5 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets and organic
article108: Baby food, Drinks (apple drink), Juices (apple con- food shops, Northwestern Italy, sample year: January–September
centrate), Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot concentrate), 2007, country: Italy847, *organic
Juices (orange juice), Juices (pineapple concentrate), Juices • Co-contamination: not reported
(rosehip juice), PAT, literature108 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 35/98*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (20 sa.), 10–50 μg/kg than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(15 sa., maximum: 44.89 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets and article847: Juices (apricot juice), Juices (peach juice), Juices
organic food shops, Italy, sample year: April–November 2005, (pear juice), PAT, literature847
country: Italy438, *conventional mixed and apple juices For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 12/37*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (4 sa.), 10–50 μg/kg incidence: 24/30*, conc. range: 4.5–889 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 158.1 μg/l,
(7 sa.), 55.41 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets and sample origin: Tunisian fruit juice company, Tunisia, sample year:
organic food shops, Italy, sample year: April–November 2005, 2013, country: Tunisia888, *juice, concentrated
country: Italy438, *organic mixed and apple juices incidence: 17/34*, conc. range: 10–55.7 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 28.5 μg/l,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: local supermarkets, Tunisia, sample year: 2013,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Tunisia888, *juice, mixed
incidence: 2/12*, conc. range: 5–6 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 5.5 μg/l, sample article888: Jam (apple jam), Jam (pear jam), Juices (apple juice),
origin: domestic sa. from retail outlets, Tunisia, sample year: Juices (pear juice), Products (fruit product), PAT, literature888
unknown, country: Tunisia/France483, *fruit juice, mixed incidence: 24/30*, conc. range: ≤91.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 5 μg/l, sample origin: imported sa. from supermarkets and stores in Changchun (city), China, sample year:
retail outlets, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/ 2009, country: China890, *juice, mixed
France483, *fruit juice, mixed • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article890: Baby food, Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple
article483: Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), PAT, juice), PAT, literature890
literature483 incidence: 12/30, conc. range: ≤125 μg/l sample origin: major
For detailed information see the article. supermarkets and stores, Tunisia, sample year: 2011?, country:
incidence: 32/35*, conc. range: 1–45 μg/l, sample origin: European Tunisia895
and Italian sa. purchased in retail outlets, Italy, sample year: 2008, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Italy688, *fruit juices, mixed • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article895: Baby food, Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature895
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 14/36*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg (13 sa.), 6.3 μg/kg (1 sa.),
article688: Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), PAT, ∅ conc.: 3.4 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and retail shops
literature688 in Novi Sad (city), Vojvodina (province), Serbia, sample year:
For detailed information see the article. 2013–2015, country: Serbia/Portugal904, *apple-based multifruit
juice for children
Juices (apple concentrate) 151
incidence: 26/66*, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg (23 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg incidence: 23/23, conc. range: 2.6–36.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11.60 μg/kg,
(2 sa.), 30.2 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 5.4 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: imports from Turkey, Greece, sample year: October
supermarkets and retail shops in Novi Sad (city),Vojvodina (province), 2004–June 2006, country: Greece108
Serbia, sample year: 2013–2015, country: Serbia/Portugal904, *apple- incidence: 14/14, conc. range: 3.8–16.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.50 μg/kg,
based multifruit juice (small package juices with straw) sample origin: imports from China, Greece, sample year: October
• Co-contamination: not reported 2004–June 2006, country: Greece108
article904: Juices (apple juice), Puree, PAT, literature904 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article108:
For detailed information see the article. Baby food, Drinks (apple drink), Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices
(apricot concentrate), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pineapple
Juices (apple concentrate) may contain the following concentrate), Juices (rosehip juice), PAT, literature108
mycotoxins:
incidence: 122/234, conc. range: >50–376 μg/l, sample origin:
Alternaria Toxins manufacturers, Turkey, sample year: 1996, country: Turkey446
Alternariol incidence: 41/119, conc. range: >50–153 μg/l, sample origin:
incidence: 13/18, conc. range: tr (1 sa.), 1.35–3.56 μg/l (12 sa.), manufacturers, Turkey, sample year: 1997, country: Turkey446
sample origin: processing plant in Lleida (city), Spain, sample incidence: 5/67, conc. range: >50–103 μg/l, sample origin:
year: 1993, country: Spain488 manufacturers, Turkey, sample year: 1998, country: Turkey446
incidence: 4/14, conc. range: 2.99–5.42 μg/l, sample origin: processing incidence: 5/62, conc. range: >50–119 μg/l, sample origin:
plant in Lleida (city), Spain, sample year: 1994, country: Spain488 manufacturers, Turkey, sample year: 1999, country: Turkey446
article488: Juices (apple concentrate), AME, literature488 article446: not reported
Alternariol Methyl Ether incidence: 5/39*, conc. range: tr, sample origin: domestic sa. from
incidence: 13/18, conc. range: tr, sample origin: processing plant in imported apple juice concentrate purchased in local supermarkets
Lleida (city), Spain, sample year: 1993, country: Spain488 in Tohoku (district), Japan, sample year: March–October 2003,
country: Japan471
incidence: 4/14, conc. range: tr (3 sa.), 1.71 μg/l (1 sa.), sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: processing plant in Lleida (city), Spain, sample year: 1994, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Spain488 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article471: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature471
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 18/23, conc. range: >15–50 μg/l (5 sa.), >50 μg/l (13 sa.,
article488: Juices (apple concentrate), AOH, literature488 maximum: 148.8 μg/l), sample origin: retail outlets and producers,
Iran, sample year: 2001/2002, country: Iran476
Patulin
incidence: 8/16*, conc. range: 5–50 μg/l (6 sa.), >50 μg/l (2 sa.,
article476: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature476
maximum: 646 μg/l), sample origin: retail outlets and directly
from producers in Sydney (city) and NSW (state), Australia, incidence: 1/8, conc.: 5 μg/l, sample origin: domestic sa. from
sample year: August 1989–May 1990, country: Australia31, *apple retail outlets, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/
juice concentrate France483
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 0/7, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sa. from retail outlets, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Tunisia/France483
article31: Juices (apple juice), Products (apple product), PAT, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 13/64, conc. range: 50–690 μg/l, sample origin: imported than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sa. Finnish customs authorities, Finland, sample year: March– article483: Juices, Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature483
December 1976, country: Finland33 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 2/7, conc. range: 460–1,450 μg/l, sample origin: Finland, incidence: 16/16, conc. range: 56–231 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 107 μg/l,
sample year: March–December 1976, country: Finland33 sample origin: juice producer in Rio Grande do Sul (state), Brazil,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: unknown, country: Brazil489
article33: Fruits (apple), Jam (apple jam), Juices (apple juice), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Products (apple flavor product), PAT, literature33 article489: not reported
incidence: 215/215, conc. range: 7–50 μg/l (117 sa.), >50 μg/l (98 Juices (apple juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
sa., maximum: 376 μg/l), sample origin: companies, Turkey,
sample year: September 1996–January 1997, country: Turkey490 Alternaria Toxins
• Co-contamination: not reported Altenuene
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/10, conc.: 45.6 μg/kg, sample origin: Italian
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ supermarkets, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy822
incidence: 14/33*, conc. range: LOD-10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10–50 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(8 sa.), >50 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum: 74.4 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 36.8 μg/kg, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article822:
sample origin: local producers of fruit concentrates in Valencia? Juices (apple juice), TA, literature822; Products (tomato product),
(city), Spain, sample year: 2008, country: Spain786, *non- ALT and AOH, literature822; see also Products (tomato product),
reconstituted apple concentrate chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 0.16–0.22 μg/kg, sample origin:
article786: Juices (apple juice), Juices (peach concentrate), Juices commercially available, sample year: unknown, country:
(pear concentrate), PAT, literature786 Germany160
incidence: 5/28, conc. range: 15.1–30 μg/kg (4 sa.), 41.3 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 24.0 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
producers of Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, article160: Beverages, Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice),
Gillan, Khuzestan, and Tehran (provinces), Iran, sample year: Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine
April–November 2013, country: Iran827 (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160;
• Co-contamination: not reported Juices (apple juice), AME, literature160
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 9/44, conc. range: 1.7–3.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2.4 μg/l, sample
article827: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (peach origin: retail shops, Hesse (federal state), Germany, sample year:
concentrate), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), 2009/2010, country: Germany439
PAT, literature827 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 8/20, conc. range: ≤94.7 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present
supermarkets and stores in Changchun (city), China, sample year: book/article439: Juices (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste),
2009, country: China890 Sauces (apple sauce), Tomato ketchup, Wine (white), AOH,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 11/11, conc. range: 0.04–2.40 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.98 μg/l,
article890: Baby food, Juices, Juices (apple juice), PAT, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
literature890 Canada440
incidence: 549/568, conc. range: ≤29.0 μg/kg, sample origin: AOH; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AOH
major manufacturers of Shaanxi (province), China, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2006/2007, country: China910 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 824/845, conc. range: ≤78.0 μg/kg*, sample origin: article440: Juices (apple juice), AME, literature440; Juices (grape
major manufacturers of Shaanxi (province), China, sample year: juice), Nectars (cranberry nectar), Nectars (prune nectar),
2007/2008, country: China910, *only 4 sa. >50 μg/kg AME and AOH, literature440; Juices (raspberry juice), Wine
incidence: 413/419, conc. range: ≤22.7 μg/kg, sample origin: major (red), AOH, literature440
manufacturers of Shaanxi (province), China, sample year: incidence: 8/15, conc. range: 0.10–7.94 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2.57 μg/l,
2008/2009, country: China910 sample origin: local market, China, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 155/155, conc. range: ≤20.0 μg/kg, sample origin: major country: China724
manufacturers of Shaanxi (province), China, sample year: • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and
2009/2010, country: China910 TA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH; 2 sa. contami-
• Co-contamination: not reported nated solely with AOH
article910: not reported article724: Juices (apple juice), AME and TA, literature724; Wine,
see also Juices (apple juice) miscellaneous, AME, AOH, and TA, literature724
Juices (apple juice) 153
Alternariol Methyl Ether • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/4, conc. range: pr., sample origin: commercially • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article514: Juices (grape juice), TA, literature514; Juices (tomato
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other juice), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice),
article160: Beverages, Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further
Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160; For detailed information see the article.
Juices (apple juice), AOH, literature160 incidence: 6/15, conc. range: 1.75–49.61 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 15.1 μg/l,
incidence: 10/11, conc. range: tr-0.43 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample origin: local market, China, sample year: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: Canada440 country: China724
• Co-contamination: 10 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and TA; 3 sa. contami-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nated solely with TA
article440: Juices (apple juice), AOH, literature440; Juices (grape • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
juice), Nectars (cranberry nectar), Nectars (prune nectar), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AME and AOH, literature440; Juices (raspberry juice), Wine article724: Juices (apple juice), AME and AOH, literature724;
(red), AOH, literature440 Wine, miscellaneous, AME, AOH, and TA, literature724
incidence: 1/7, conc.: 0.85 μg/l, sample origin: local stores, Spain incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 24.3–45.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 34.8 μg/kg,
or Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Spain/Canada487 sample origin: Italian supermarkets, Italy, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Italy822
article487: not reported cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 7/15, conc. range: 0.03–0.88 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.3 μg/l, cle822: Juices (apple juice), ALT, literature822; Products (tomato
sample origin: local market, China, sample year: unknown, product), ALT and AOH, literature822; see also Products (tomato
country: China724 product), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
TA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH; 1 sa. co-con-
taminated with AME and TA Citrinin
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/35, conc.: 0.13 μg/l, sample origin: local retail stores,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany711
article724: Juices (apple juice), AOH and TA, literature724; Wine, • Co-contamination: not reported
miscellaneous, AME, AOH, and TA, literature724 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Tenuazonic Acid article711: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice),
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.6–6 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, Juices (tomato juice), CIT, literature711
sample year: unknown, country: Germany166
• Co-contamination: not reported Ochratoxin A
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 15/51*, conc. range: ≤200 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 123 μg/l, sample
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- origin: retail outlets in Jeddah (city), Saudi Arabia, sample year:
cle166: Juices, Juices (apricot juice), Juices (banana juice), Juices 2008, country: Saudi Arabia444, *local and imported apple juices
(blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices (grape juice), (both kinds contaminated)
Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pomegranate • Co-contamination: not reported
juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices (coriander), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices (gin- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166 article444: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature444
incidence: 1/7, conc.: 58 μg/l, sample origin: retail shops in the Patulin
area of Giessen (town), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 5/39, conc. range: 2–50 μg/kg, sample origin: ethnic
Germany/Indonesia442 stores, health food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets
• Co-contamination: not reported in the four largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than summer 1998, country: Sweden13
Juices (tomato juice), Tomato ketchup, TA, literature442 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/24, conc. range: <LOQ-7.9 μg/kg, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–February article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, Peas (chickpea), OTA, lit-
2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514 erature13; Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut,
paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Oil seeds, Products (peanut incidence: 16/33*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (14 sa.),
product), AFB1 and AF/S, literature13 >10<25 μg/kg (1 sa.), 53.4 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: markets,
incidence: 9/9* **, conc. range: <LOQ-12.6 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, hypermarkets or organic food shops, Italy, sample
local supermarkets or organic food shops in Porto (city), Portugal, year: November 2003–February 2004, country: Italy35, *conventional
sample year: unknown, country: Portugal27, *100% apple juice incidence: 12/24*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (10 sa.), >50 μg/kg
(pasteurized or high pressure processing), **conventional (2 sa., maximum: 69.3 μg/kg), sample origin: markets,
incidence: 10/14* **, conc. range: <LOQ-9.9 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, hypermarkets, or organic food shops, Italy, sample
local supermarkets or organic food shops in Porto (city), Portugal, year: November 2003–February 2004, country: Italy35, *organic
sample year: unknown, country: Portugal27, *different percentage • Co-contamination: not reported
of apple juice (pasteurized), **conventional • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 6/6* **, conc. range: <LOQ-8.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
article35: Fruits (apple), Juices, Juices (pear juice), Puree,
local supermarkets or organic food shops in Porto (city), Portugal,
Vinegar (apple), PAT, literature35
sample year: unknown, country: Portugal27, *different kinds of
apple juice (pasteurized), **organic incidence: 2/13, conc. range: 5–10 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 7.5 μg/l, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported origin: retail outlets in Cape Town (city), South Africa, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: 1996–1998, country: South Africa37
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 5–45 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/l, sample
article27: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruits (apple), Fruits (quince), origin: retail outlets in Cape Town (city), South Africa, sample
Jam (quince jam), PAT, literature27 year: 1996–1998, country: South Africa37, *apple juices, carbonated
incidence: 7/36*, conc. range: 20–300 μg/kg, sample origin: local incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 5 μg/l, sample origin:
marketing institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, country: retail outlets in Cape Town (city), South Africa, sample year:
GDR29, *trade apple juice 1996–1998, country: South Africa37, *apple juices for infants
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 60–50,000 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
local marketing institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: GDR29, *moldy than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article37: Apple cider, Juices, Products (apple product), PAT,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 23/29, conc. range: tr (7 sa.), LOQ-25 μg/l (14 sa.), 25–50 μg/l
article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (pea- (2 sa., maximum: 38.8 μg/l), sample origin: supermarkets and
nut product), Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, handicraft producers, Belgium, sample year: 2001, country: Belgium38
literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Fruits incidence: 12/14, conc. range: tr (1 sa.), LOQ-25 μg/l (11 sa.,
(apple), Fruits (peach), PAT, literature29 maximum: 10.6 μg/l), sample origin: imports from France,
incidence: 140/241*, conc. range: 5–50 μg/l (69 sa.), >50 μg/l (71 Germany, and Switzerland purchased in supermarkets, Belgium,
sa., maximum: 1,113 μg/l), sample origin: retail outlets and sample year: 2001, country: Belgium38
directly from producers in Sydney (city) and NSW (state), incidence: 18/21*, conc. range: 2.5–24.2 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 6.5 μg/l,
Australia, sample year: August 1989–May 1990, country: sample origin: industrial, Belgium, sample year: 2001, country:
Australia31, *apple juice and mixed fruit juices Belgium38, *apple juice, clear
sample origin: industrial, Belgium, sample year: 2001, country:
Belgium38, *apple juice, cloudy
article31: Juices (apple concentrate), Products (apple product),
PAT, literature31 incidence: 3/4*, conc. range: 6.2–38.8 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 15.5 μg/l,
sample origin: handicraft-made, Belgium, sample year: 2001,
incidence: 1/30, conc.: 17 μg/l, sample origin: groceries, markets,
country: Belgium38, *apple juice, clear
and supermarkets, Campinas (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil,
sample year: 1992/1993 and 1995, country: Brazil32 incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: 10.0–26.1 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 14.2 μg/l,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: handicraft-made, Belgium, sample year: 2001,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than country: Belgium38, *apple juice, cloudy
Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Fruits (pear), PAT, literature32 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 8/20*, conc. range: 30–16,400 μg/l, sample origin: Finnish
article38: Apple cider, PAT, literature38
customs authorities, Finland, sample year: March–December 1976,
country: Finland33, *homemade apple juice incidence: 31/145* **, conc. range: 8.8–2,700.4 μg/l, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported retail grocery stores, Michigan (state), USA, sample year: 2005/2006,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: USA41, *apple-based beverages, **conventional
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/14* **, conc. range: 17.9–264.8 μg/l, sample origin: retail
article33: Fruits (apple), Jam (apple jam), Juices (apple concen- grocery stores, Michigan (state), USA, sample year: 2005/2006,
trate), Products (apple flavor product), PAT, literature33 country: USA41, *apple-based beverages, **organic
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article447: not reported
article41: Apple cider, PAT, literature41 incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 120–160 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 140 μg/l, sample
For detailed information see the article. origin: factory, South Africa, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 30/71, conc. range: 6.25–10 μg/kg (25 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg South Africa448
(5 sa., maximum: 15.0 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 8.1 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
hypermarkets and supermarkets in 12 main cities, Catalonia • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(autonomous community), Spain, sample year: June/July 2008, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Spain42 article448: not reported
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/1, conc.: 12 μg/l, sample origin: supermarket, USA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than sample year: unknown, country: USA450
Baby food, Products (apple product), PAT, literature42 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5/17, conc. range: 1.5–50.9 μg/l, sample origin: stores than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and supermarkets, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, article450: not reported
country: Spain43, *apple juice and apple-containing beverages incidence: 20/20, conc. range: 1.1–107.6 μg/l; ∅ conc.: 41.3 μg/l,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: supermarkets in Navarra (chartered community),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain452
article43: Products (apple product), Puree, PAT, literature43 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 5.7–26.0 μg/l, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
store in Munich (city) Germany, sample year: 1996/1997, country: article452: not reported
Germany52, *commercial products incidence: 9/11, conc. range: 10 μg/l (2 sa.), 51–100 μg/l (2 sa.),
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 11.4–23.9 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 17.7 μg/l, 101–200 μg/l (2 sa.), 201–300 μg/l (2 sa.), 350 μg/l (1 sa.), sample
sample origin: local garden in Munich (city) Germany, sample origin: roadside stands or directly from producers,
year: 1996/1997, country: Germany52, *apple juice, homemade Wisconsin (state), USA, sample year: 1976, country: USA454
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.7 μg/l, sample origin: local store in incidence: 14/29, conc. range: 10 μg/l (2 sa.), 11–50 μg/l (8 sa.),
Munich (city) Germany, sample year: 1996/1997, country: 51–100 μg/l (2 sa.), 101–200 μg/l (1 sa.), 204 μg/l (1 sa.), sample
Germany52, *apple-acerola juice, commercial product origin: roadside stands or directly from producers, Wisconsin
• Co-contamination: not reported (state), USA, sample year: 1977, country: USA454
Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices (grape than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
juice), Juices (orange juice), Pulp (plum pulp), PAT, literature52 article454: not reported
incidence: 29/29, conc. range: 0.9–11.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.50 μg/kg, incidence: 8/13*, conc. range: 5–10 μg/l (5 sa.), >10 μg/l (3 sa.,
sample origin: Greek markets, Greece, sample year: October 2004– maximum: 30 μg/l), sample origin: retail outlets, Norwich, UK,
June 2006, country: Greece108 sample year: unknown, country: UK455, *conventional
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 56 μg/l, sample origin: retail outlets,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Norwich, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK455, *organic
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 5–10 μg/l, sample origin: retail outlets, Norwich,
Baby food, Drinks (apple drink), Juices, Juices (apple concen-
UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK455, * apple juice, long life
trate), Juices (apricot concentrate), Juices (orange juice), Juices
(pineapple concentrate), Juices (rosehip juice), PAT, literature108
incidence: 3/51*, conc. range: ≤152.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 140 μg/l, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: retail outlets in Jeddah (city), Saudi Arabia, sample article455: not reported
year: 2008, country: Saudi Arabia444, *local and imported apple
incidence: 82/100, conc. range: 0.5–10 μg/l (57 sa.), >10–20 μg/l
juices (only local ones contaminated)
(10 sa.), >20–30 μg/l (5 sa.), >40–50 μg/l (3 sa.), >50–60 μg/l (4 sa.),
>60–70 μg/l (1 sa.), >100 μg/l (2 sa., maximum: 170 μg/l), sample
origin: local stores in Madrid (capital), Spain, sample year: April–
December 1992, country: Spain456
article444: Juices (apple juice), OTA, literature444
incidence: 27/45, conc. range: 19.1–47.3 μg/l (7 sa.), 60.2–403.3 μg/l • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(19 sa.), 732.8 μg/l (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 139.9 μg/l, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
markets in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: 1998–2000, article456: not reported
country: Turkey447
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: ~1,000 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
year: unknown, country: Canada457, *commercial apple juice
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 7/28*, conc. range: 10–49 μg/l, sample origin: major
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other retail outlets, health food shops, and farm shops, UK, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 1993, country: UK466, sa. imported, *many apple juices made from
article457: not reported imported apples, respectively their concentrates
incidence: 6/10, conc. range: 9.8–107.2 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 36 μg/l, incidence: 11/15*, conc. range: 10–49 μg/l (7 sa.), 50–99 μg/l (2 sa.),
sample origin: local market in Taipei (capital), Taiwan, sample 150–199 μg/l (1 sa.), 434 μg/l (1 sa.), sample origin: major retail
year: unknown, country: Taiwan458 outlets, health food shops, and farm shops, UK, sample year: 1992,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: UK466, *apple juices made directly from apples
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 10/34*, conc. range: 10–49 μg/l (7 sa.), 50–99 μg/l (3 sa.,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ maximum: 94 μg/l), sample origin: major retail outlets, health
article458: Vinegar, PAT, literature458 food shops, and farm shops, UK, sample year: 1993, country:
incidence: 140/140, conc. range: <1–220 μg/l, sample origin: UK466, *apple juices made directly from apples
Norwegian and foreign producers, Norway, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Norway459 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 26/76*, conc. range: 10–24 μg/l (19 sa.), 50–99 μg/l (5 sa.),
article459: not reported >100 μg/l (2 sa., maximum: 118 μg/l), sample origin: large chain
incidence: 8/13, conc. range: 44–309 μg/l, sample origin: stores in stores, small producers, and farm gate shops, UK, sample year:
Washington D.C. (capital) area, USA, sample year: unknown, 1993, country: UK467, *cloudy apple juice
country: USA460 incidence: 13/55*, conc. range: 10–24 μg/l (10 sa.), 24–49 μg/l (2 sa.),
• Co-contamination: not reported 50 μg/l (1 sa.), sample origin: large chain stores, small producers,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and farm gate shops, UK, sample year: 1993, country: UK467, *clear
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ apple juice
incidence: 38/113*, conc. range: 10–24 μg/l (29 sa.), 25–49 μg/l (5 sa.),
incidence: 74/113, conc. range: ≤50 μg/l (33 sa.), >50–≤300 μg/l 50–99 μg/l (2 sa.), >100 μg/l (2 sa., maximum: 497 μg/l), sample
(33 sa.), >300 μg/l (8 sa., maximum: 629 μg/l), sample origin: origin: large chain stores, small producers, and farm gate shops,
Victoria (state), Australia, sample year: 1988/1989, country: UK, sample year: 1994, country: UK467, *apple juice directly
Australia461 produced equivalent to cloudy
incidence: 27/78*, conc. range: 10–24 μg/l (25 sa.), 25–49 μg/l (2
sa.), sample origin: large chain stores, small producers, and farm
gate shops, UK, sample year: 1994, country: UK467, *apple juice
produced from concentrate equivalent to clear
incidence: 3/20, conc. range: 106–216 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 152 μg/l, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: manufactures in Christchurch, Nelson (cities), and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Hawkes Bay (region), New Zealand, sample year: 1979/1980, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: New Zealand462 article467: not reported
incidence: 65/185*, conc. range: 10–24 μg/l (39 sa.), 25–49 μg/l
(15 sa.), 50–99 μg/l (7 sa.), >100 μg/l (4 sa., maximum: 490 μg/l),
sample origin: retail outlets, small producers, and farm shops, UK,
sample year: 1995, country: UK468, *directly-produced apple juice
incidence: 857/1,525, conc. range: 1–50 μg/l (665 sa.), 51–100 μg/l • Co-contamination: not reported
(100 sa.), 101–200 μg/l (57 sa.), >200 μg/l (35 sa.), sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, sample year: 1994–2000, country: USA464 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 62/173*, conc. range: 10–49 μg/kg (58 sa.), >50 μg/kg
(4 sa., maximum: 184 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets, small
producers, and farm shops, Scotland and England, sample year:
incidence: 15/76, conc. range: 6.4–77.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 15.38 μg/l, 1996, country: UK469, *directly-produced apple juice and one
sample origin: market in Maringá (municipality), Paraná (state), apple concentrate
Brazil, sample year: January 1992–April 1993, country: Brazil465 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 38/101*, conc. range: 5–15 μg/l (35 sa.), >15 μg/l (3 sa.,
incidence: 7/17*, conc. range: 10–49 μg/l (6 sa.), 118 μg/l (1 sa.), maximum: 30 μg/l), sample origin: retail outlets, small producers,
sample origin: major retail outlets, health food shops, and farm and farm shops, UK, sample year: 1998, country: UK470, *apple
shops, UK, sample year: 1992, country: UK466, *many apple juices juice made from apple concentrate
made from imported apples, respectively their concentrates
incidence: 110/199*, conc. range: 5–15 μg/l (55 sa.), 15–50 μg/l incidence: 15*/76, conc. range: 1.4–45.6 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 8.91 μg/l,
(50 sa.), 50–100 μg/l (2 sa.), >100 μg/l (3 sa., maximum: 171 μg/l), sample origin: supermarkets and convenience stores, Japan,
sample origin: retail outlets, small producers, and farm shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: Japan475, *5 clear, 1 cloudy, 1
sample year: 1998, country: UK470, *directly-produced apple juice blended, and 8 unspecified apple juices contaminated
incidence: 3/140, conc. range: tr (2 sa), 10–25 μg/l (1 sa.), sample incidence: 29/42, conc. range: >15–50 μg/l (15 sa.), >50 μg/l (14 sa.,
origin: domestic sa. from hand crafters, processing associations, maximum: 285.3 μg/l), sample origin: retail outlets and producers,
and manufacturers purchased in retail stores in Tohoku (district), Iran, sample year: 2001/2002, country: Iran476
Japan, sample year: March–October 2003, country: Japan471 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/6, conc. range: 10–25 μg/l, sample origin: imported sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
from processing associations and manufacturers purchased in than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
retail stores in Tohoku (district), Japan, sample year: March– article476: Juices (apple concentrate), PAT, literature476
October 2003, country: Japan471 incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 38–78 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 58 μg/l, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Canada477
article471: Juices (apple concentrate), PAT, literature471 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 12/90*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (8 sa.), LOQ-25 μg/l (4 sa.), article477: not reported
∅ conc.: 10.2 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets, bio shops, health incidence: 3/27, conc. range: 3–7 μg/l, sample origin: 22 cities in
food shops, farmers, small shops, and discounters in Flanders, São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Brazil478
northern part of Belgium, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Belgium472, *conventional (production method) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 8/65*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (3 sa.), 25–50 μg/l (3 sa.), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
>50–328.7 μg/l (2 sa.), ∅ conc.: 43.1 μg/l, sample origin: article478: Nectars (apple nectar), PAT, literature478
supermarkets, bio shops, health food shops, farmers, small shops, incidence: 54/58*, conc. range: 10–50 μg/l (48 sa.), >50 μg/l (6 sa.,
and discounters in Flanders, northern part of Belgium, sample maximum: 121.8 μg/l), sample origin: supermarkets in Mashhad
year: unknown, country: Belgium472, *organic (production (city), east of Iran, sample year: January–June 2006, country:
method) Iran479, *commercial clear apple juice
incidence: 2/22*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (1 sa.), LOQ-25 μg/l (1 sa.), • Co-contamination: not reported
∅ conc.: 10.5 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets, bio shops, health • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
food shops, farmers, small shops, and discounters in Flanders, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
northern part of Belgium, sample year: unknown, country: article479: not reported
Belgium472, *handcrafted (production method) incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 1.35–6.72 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 3.35 μg/l,
incidence: 11/67*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (5 sa.), LOQ-25 μg/l (5 sa.), sample origin: local supermarket, Okayama (prefecture), Japan,
65.7 μg/l (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 14.1 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets, sample year: unknown, country: Japan480, *apple juice, cloudy
bio shops, health food shops, farmers, small shops, and discounters incidence: 5/15*, conc. range: 1.46–14.61 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 5.87 μg/l,
in Flanders, northern part of Belgium, sample year: unknown, sample origin: local supermarket, Okayama (prefecture), Japan,
country: Belgium472, *clear apple juice (clarity) sample year: unknown, country: Japan480, *apple juice, clear
incidence: 11/110*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (7 sa.), 25–50 μg/l (3 sa.), • Co-contamination: not reported
122.6 μg/l (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 30.3 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
bio shops, health food shops, farmers, small shops, and discounters than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in Flanders, northern part of Belgium, sample year: unknown, article480: not reported
country: Belgium472, *cloudy apple juice (clarity) incidence: 2/12*, conc. range: 9.1–11.2 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 10.2 μg/l,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: Cesena (city), Italy, sample year: 2005, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other South Africa/Italy481, *included apple juice, nectar, and infant fruit
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ juice (organic and conventional)
article472: not reported incidence: 5/8*, conc. range: 11.0–75.2 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 31.2 μg/l,
For detailed information see the article. sample origin: Belville, Elsies River, and Parow (suburbs) in
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 80–388 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 228 μg/l, sample Tygerberg (district), Cape Town (metropolitan area), South
origin: local grocery store, USA, sample year: unknown, country: Africa, sample year: 2005, country: South Africa/Italy481, *included
USA473, *100% pure apple juice apple juice, apple nectar and infant fruit juice (organic and
• Co-contamination: not reported conventional)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7/14*, conc. range: 14.7–166 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 83.9 μg/l,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: retail outlets around commuter taxi and train
termini in Tygerberg (district), Cape Town (metropolitan area), incidence: 26/109* **, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (9 sa.), LOQ-10 μg/kg
South Africa, sample year: 2005?, country: South Africa/Italy481, (8 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg (5 sa.), 25–50 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum: 42 μg/kg),
*included apple juice, apple nectar, and one orange juice (not sample origin: supermarkets, organic product retail outlets, and
contaminated) pharmacies in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: August
• Co-contamination: not reported 2007–March 2009, country: Portugal486, *conventional, **included
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other are ten infant drinks
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 7/35*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (6 sa.), LOQ-10 μg/kg
article481: not reported (1 sa., maximum: 9.2 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets, organic
For detailed information see the article. produce retail outlets, and pharmacies in Lisbon (capital),
incidence: 3/52*, conc. range: 63.45–88.44 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 78.36 μg/l, Portugal, sample year: August 2007–March 2009, country:
sample origin: supermarkets and local grocery stores, China, Portugal486, *organic
sample year: unknown, country: China/Singapore482, *domestic • Co-contamination: not reported
apple-based drinks • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article486: Puree, PAT, literature486
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 14/20, conc. range: 3.5–122.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 50.6 μg/l,
article482: Juices (hawthorn juice), PAT, literature482 sample origin: supermarkets in Copenhagen (capital) area,
For detailed information see the article. Denmark, sample year: spring 2006, country: Spain/Denmark547
incidence: 3/15, conc. range: 5–6 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 5.33 μg/l, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: domestic sa. from retail outlets, Tunisia, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: Tunisia/France483 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/10, conc.: 6 μg/l, sample origin: imported sa. from retail article547: not reported
outlets, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/France483 incidence: 7/25*, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (5 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (2 sa., maximum: 13.2 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 6.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
article483: Juices, Juices (apple concentrate), PAT, literature483 Spain594, *conventional
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 14/22*, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (4 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg
incidence: 63/95*, conc. range: 0.47–118.70 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 30.04 μg/l, (9 sa.), 36.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 13.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: supermarkets in Navarra (chartered community), Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio
Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain484, *conventional shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
incidence: 3/5*, conc. range: 1.69–17.41 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 11.4 μg/l, Spain594, *organic
sample origin: supermarkets in Navarra (chartered community), incidence: 9/26*, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg
Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain484, *organic (6 sa.), 36.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 14.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spain594, *without vitamin C
article484: not reported incidence: 12/21*, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (7 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg
incidence: 12/71*, conc. range: 15–24 μg/l (8 sa.), 24–49 μg/l (4 sa., (5 sa., maximum: 22.1 μg/kg),), ∅ conc.: 9.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
maximum: 39.9 μg/l), sample origin: supermarkets, local stores, Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio
and salesrooms in schools and organizations in the Taipei shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
(capital) area, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan485, Spain594, *with vitamin C
*pure apple juice incidence: 10/35*, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (5 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (4 sa.), 36.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 11.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
article485: not reported Spain594, *apple juice, clear
incidence: 4/32* **, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (2 sa.), LOQ-10 μg/kg incidence: 11/12*, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (4 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg
(2 sa., maximum: 5.5 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets, organic (7 sa., maximum: 22.1 μg/kg),), ∅ conc.: 11.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
produce retail outlets, and pharmacies in Lisbon (capital), Portugal,
Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio
sample year: August 2007–March 2009, country: Portugal486, *apple shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
juice, clear, **included are ten infant drinks Spain594, *apple juice, cloudy
incidence: 24/36*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (10 sa.), LOQ-10 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg (5 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg (5 sa.), 25–50 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
42 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets, organic produce retail than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
outlets, and pharmacies in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: article594: Puree, PAT, literature594
August 2007–March 2009, country: Portugal , *apple juice, cloudy
486
incidence: 9/14*, conc. range: 1.7–4.5 μg/l, sample origin: and province), Spain, sample year: 2008, country: Spain799, *apple
producers and local markets, Italy, sample year: unknown, juice for infants older than 4 months
country: Italy638, *conventional • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 3/4*, conc. range: 1.2–1.8 μg/l, sample origin: producers • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and local markets, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy638, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*integrated article799: not reported
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 1.0–22 μg/l, sample origin: producers incidence: 41/50*, conc. range: 0.7–5 μg/l (16 sa.), 5–10 μg/l (7 sa.),
and local markets, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy638, 10–50 μg/l (15 sa.), >50 μg/l (3 sa., maximum: 101.9 μg/l), sample
*organic origin: local markets, Romania, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Romania810, *apple juice, clear and cloudy
incidence: 32/49, conc. range: LOD-<10 μg/l (14 sa.), ≤904.4* μg/l
(18 sa.), sample origin: handicraft apple presses in Walloon
region, south of Belgium, sample year: October/November 2006, incidence: 1/30, conc.: 10 μg/l, sample origin: retail markets in
country: Belgium686, *sa. of tree-picked apples after 7 days of Belo Horizonte (city), Minas Gerais (state), Brazil, sample year:
storage in a bin March–September 1999, country: Brazil819
incidence: 31/35, conc. range: 6–30 μg/l, sample origin: European incidence: 12/36, conc. range: 5–15 μg/kg (4 sa.), 30.1–50 μg/kg
and Italian sa. purchased in retail outlets, Italy, sample year: 2008, (4 sa.), ≥50 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum: 190.7 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 52.8 μg/
country: Italy688 kg, sample origin: retail outlets and producers of Azerbaijan,
• Co-contamination: not reported Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Gillan, Khuzestan, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Tehran (provinces), Iran, sample year: April–November 2013,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Iran827
article688: Juices, Juices (pear juice), PAT, literature688 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 3/24, conc. range: 2.8–8.9 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 6.8 μg/l, sample
article827: Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (grape juice), Juices
origin: wholesale stores in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Jinju
(peach concentrate), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pomegranate
(cities), and Seoul (capital), South Korea, sample year: November
2007, country: South Korea695
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 3/15*, conc. range: 100–500 μg/l (2 sa.), 1,839 μg/l (1 sa.),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ∅ conc.: 845 μg/l, sample origin: local retail markets and juice
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ joints in Lucknow (city), India, sample year: unknown, country:
article695: Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), PAT, India838, *branded apple juice
literature695 incidence: 7/25*, conc. range: <30 μg/l (1 sa.), 30–50 μg/l (1 sa.),
incidence: 1/13, conc.: 26.9 μg/l*, sample origin: purchased in 100–500 μg/l (5 sa., maximum: 325 μg/l), ∅ conc.: 191 μg/l, sample
supermarkets imported from Dubai, Indonesia, Japan, and origin: local retail markets and juice joints in Lucknow (city),
Malaysia*, sample year: November 2012–March 2013, country: India, sample year: unknown, country: India838, *apple juice from
Malaysia773 local vendors
article773: Juices (lychee juice), Juices (pineapple concentrate), article838: Juices, PAT, literature838
PAT, literature773 incidence: 10/30*, conc. range: ≤1,650 μg/l, sample origin: retail
incidence: 2/28, conc. range: 2.5–6.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.25 μg/kg, outlets in Free State, Limpopo, and Western Cape (provinces),
sample origin: hypermarkets and supermarkets in Valencia (city), South Africa, sample year: latter half of 2006, country: South
Spain, sample year: 2008, country: Spain786 Africa/Chile842, *apple juices and apple blends
article786: Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (peach concen- article842: not reported
trate), Juices (pear concentrate), PAT, literature786 incidence: 2/25, conc. range: 34.05–36.81 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 35.43
incidence: 14/20*, conc. range: 3.18–27.09 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 11.5 μg/l, μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Beijing (capital), China,
sample origin: supermarkets in Navarra (autonomous community sample year: unknown, country: China/Italy887
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article909: Fruits (apple), PAT, literature909
article887: Juices (hawthorn juice), PAT, literature887 incidence: 5/6, conc. range: 3.8–28.4 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 16.7 μg/l,
incidence: 27/42, conc. range: 4–122.36 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 45.71 μg/l, sample origin: Czech retail market, Czech Republic, sample year:
sample origin: local supermarkets, Tunisia, sample year: 2013, unknown, country: Czech Republic911
country: Tunisia888 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article911: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruit salad, Fruits (apple),
article888: Jam (apple jam), Jam (pear jam), Juices, Juices (pear Fruits (pear), Juices (pear juice), Pulp (apple pulp), PAT,
juice), Products (fruit product), PAT, literature888 literature911
incidence: 12/15, conc. range: ≤90.3 μg/kg, sample origin: see also Juices (apple concentrate), and Products (fruit product)
supermarkets and stores in Changchun (city), China, sample year:
Juices (apricot concentrate) may contain the following
2009, country: China890
mycotoxins:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Baby food, Juices, Juices (apple concentrate), PAT, literature890 Patulin
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 12.2–15.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.70
incidence: 11/30, conc. range: ≤167 μg/l sample origin: major μg/kg, sample origin: imports from China and Greece, sample
supermarkets and stores, Tunisia, sample year: 2011?, country: year: October 2004–June 2006, country: Greece108
Tunisia895 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Baby food, Drinks (apple drink), Juices, Juices (apple concen-
article895: Baby food, Juices, PAT, literature895 trate), Juices (apple juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pineapple
incidence: 7/12* conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg (5 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (2 sa., concentrate), Juices (rosehip juice), PAT, literature108
maximum: 8.3 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 4.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
supermarkets and retail shops in Novi Sad (city), Vojvodina Juices (apricot juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
(province), Serbia, sample year: 2013–2015, country: Serbia/
Alternaria Toxins
Portugal904, *apple-based juice for children
incidence: 17/34*, conc. range: 1–15 μg/kg (15 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg Tenuazonic Acid
(1 sa.), 26.4 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 5.9 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 25–27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 26 μg/kg,
supermarkets and retail shops in Novi Sad (city), Vojvodina sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
(province), Serbia, sample year: 2013–2015, country: Serbia/ Germany166
Portugal904, *apple-based juice (small package juices with straw) • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cle166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (banana juice), Juices
article904: Juices, Puree, PAT, literature904 (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices (grape juice),
For detailed information see the article. Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pomegranate
incidence: 2/2* conc. range: 8.13–13.98 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11.6 μg/kg, juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices (coriander),
sample origin: supermarkets and organic shops, Portugal, sample Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices (gin-
year: unknown, country: Portugal905, *conventional ger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166
incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: <LOQ-45.77 μg/kg, sample origin: Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
supermarkets and organic shops, Portugal, sample year: unknown,
Patulin
country: Portugal905, *organic
incidence: 7/27, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (2 sa.), >10 μg/kg (5 sa.,
maximum: 32.4 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets and organic
food shops, Northwestern Italy, sample year: January–September
2007, country: Italy847
article905: Jellies, Juices (tomato juice), Puree, PAT, literature905
sample origin: juice producer industry, Rio Grande do Sul (state), article847: Juices, Juices (peach juice), Juices (pear juice), PAT,
Brazil, sample year: 2006/2007, country: Brazil909, *many damaged literature847
apples For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: not reported see also Products (fruit product)
Juices (cherry juice) 161
Juices (banana juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: Patulin

incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.1 μg/l, sample origin: local store in Munich
Alternaria Toxins (city) Germany, sample year: 1996/1997, country: Germany52,
Tenuazonic Acid *commercial product
incidence: 2/3, conc. range: 0.5–0.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article52: Juices (apple juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices (grape
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ juice), Juices (orange juice), Pulp (plum pulp), PAT, literature52
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice),
Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices (grape Juices (carrot juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pome- Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
granate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices (cori-
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Ochratoxin A
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, incidence: 1/18, conc.: 0.01 μg/l, sample origin: different origins,
literature166 Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110
Juices (blackcurrant juice) may contain the following • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (grape juice),
Alternaria Toxins Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper- and barbecue sauce),
Tenuazonic Acid Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato ketchup, Vinegar
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.5–2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, (apple), Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine
sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 (rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature110
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Juices (cherry juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Alternaria Toxins
Juices (banana juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices (grape Tenuazonic Acid
juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pome- incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 0.8–54 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
granate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices (cori- sample year: unknown, country: Germany166
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
cle166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), Juices
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (grape juice),
Citrinin Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pomegranate
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 0.20 μg/l, sample origin: local retail stores, juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices (coriander),
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany711 Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger),
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166
article711: Juices (apple juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices Citrinin
(tomato juice), CIT, literature711 incidence: 1/5, conc.: 0.10 μg/l, sample origin: local retail stores,
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany711
incidence: 3/19, conc. range: ≤0.06 μg/l, sample origin: different • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article711: Juices (apple juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (tomato juice), CIT, literature711
article110: Juices (carrot juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices Patulin
(tomato juice), Sauces (pepper- and barbecue sauce), Sauces incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.2 μg/l, sample origin: local store in Munich
(soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato ketchup, Vinegar (apple), (city) Germany, sample year: 1996/1997, country: Germany52,
Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine (rosé), *sour cherry juice, commercial product
Wine (white), OTA, literature110 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Juices (grape juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article52: Juices (apple juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices Alternaria Toxins
(grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Pulp (plum pulp), PAT, Alternariol
literature52 incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.10–1.05 μg/kg, sample origin:
commercially available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160
Juices (citrus juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH;
Alternaria Toxins 3 sa. contaminated solely with AOH
Alternariol Methyl Ether than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 4/36, conc. range: 0.11–0.20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.14 μg/kg, article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (orange juice),
sample origin: local supermarkets and agricultural trade markets Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine
in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160;
China883 Juices (grape juice), AME, literature160
year: unknown, country: Canada440
article883: Juices (citrus juice), TA, literature883; Juices (tomato
juice), AME and TA, literature883; Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH
and TA, literature883; see also Juices (tomato juice) and Tomato
article440: Juices (apple juice), Nectars (cranberry nectar),
ketchup, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Nectars (prune nectar), AME and AOH, literature440; Juices
Metabolites
(grape juice), AME, literature440; Juices (raspberry juice), Wine
Tenuazonic Acid (red), AOH, literature440
incidence: 9/36, conc. range: 1.21–4.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.80 μg/kg, incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 0.03–0.46 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.23 μg/l,
sample origin: local supermarkets and agricultural trade markets sample origin: USA and Canada, sample year: unknown, country:
in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: Canada492, *red grape juice
China883 • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cle492: Juices (cranberry juice), Wine (red), Wine (white), AME
article883: Juices (citrus juice), AME, literature883; Juices (tomato and AOH, literature492; Juices (grape juice), AME, literature492
juice), AME and TA, literature883; Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH
and TA, literature883; see also Juices (tomato juice) and Tomato Alternariol Methyl Ether
ketchup, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial incidence: 2/5, conc. range: pr., sample origin: commercially
Metabolites available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160
Juices (cranberry juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Alternaria Toxins article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (orange juice),
Alternariol Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 0.04 μg/l, sample origin: USA and Canada, (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160;
sample year: unknown, country: Canada492 Juices (grape juice), AOH, literature160
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.23 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: unknown, country: Canada440
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
article492: Juices (cranberry juice), AME, literature492; Juices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(grape juice), Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
literature492 cle440: Juices (apple juice), Nectars (cranberry nectar), Nectars
(prune nectar), AME and AOH, literature440; Juices (grape
Alternariol Methyl Ether juice), Juices (raspberry juice), Wine (red), AOH, literature440
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 0.003 μg/l, sample origin: USA and Canada,
sample year: unknown, country: Canada492
sample origin: USA and Canada, sample year: unknown, country:
Canada492, *red grape juice
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH;
2 sa. contaminated solely with AME
article492: Juices (cranberry juice), AOH, literature492; Juices
(grape juice), Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH,
literature492
book/article492: Juices (cranberry juice), Wine (red), Wine
Juices (grape juice) 163
(white), AME and AOH, literature492; Juices (grape juice), article377: Pulp (grape pulp), Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine
AOH, literature492 (white), OTA, literature377
Tenuazonic Acid incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 0.0016–0.0647 μg/l, ∅ conc.:

incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 1.7–7 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, 0.0258 μg/l, sample origin: retail shops in Warsaw (capital),
sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 Poland, sample year: unknown, country: Poland494, *white grape
• Co-contamination: not reported juice and white grape as well as fruit grape drinks
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry article494: Wine (red), OTA, literature494
juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pome- incidence: 4/25*, conc. range: LOD-0.050 μg/l (3 sa.), 0.071 μg/l (1 sa.),
granate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices (corian- sample origin: USA and Canada, sample year: 1999–2002, country:
der), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices Canada495, *white grape juice
(ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166 incidence: 5/45*, conc. range: LOD-0.050 μg/l (2 sa.), >0.050 μg/l
incidence: 11/14, conc. range: <LOQ-19.4 μg/kg, sample origin: (3 sa., maximum: 0.104 μg/l), sample origin: USA and Canada,
local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013– sample year: 1999–2002, country: Canada495, *red grape juice
February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article495: Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature495
article514: Juices (apple juice), TA, literature514; Juices (tomato incidence: 7?/11*, conc. range: ≤0.311 μg/l, sample origin: partly
juice), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, imported from France and Italy purchased in retail outlets in
AOH, and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Berne (capital), Switzerland, sample year: 1994/1995, country:
Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further Switzerland496, *red and white grape juice
article496: Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscel-
Ochratoxin A laneous, OTA, literature496
incidence: 21/27*, conc. range: ≤1.3 μg/l, sample origin: different incidence: 27/37*, conc. range: ≤6.72 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.82 μg/l,
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110, sample origin: Germany?, sample year: 1999/2000, country:
*grape juice, white Germany497, *35 out of them were red juices
incidence: 56/64*, conc. range: ≤5.3 μg/l, sample origin: different • Co-contamination: not reported
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*grape juice, red than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article497: Wine (red), OTA, literature497
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: different supermarkets and traditional bazaars in
article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (carrot juice), Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: 2008/2009, country: Turkey665
Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper- and barbecue sauce), • Co-contamination: not reported
Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato ketchup, Vinegar • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(apple), Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature110 article665: Currants, Pekmez, Sultanas, OTA, literature665
incidence: 19/20*, conc. range: 0.01–0.19 μg/kg (9 sa.), 0.41–1.0 incidence: 3/10, conc. range: 0.26–0.54 μg/l, sample origin: local
μg/kg (7 sa.), 1.1–2 μg/kg (2 sa.), 2.05 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown,
13 regions in the UK, sample year: May 1998, country: UK263, *red country: China690
and white grape juice • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article690: Wine (red), OTA, literature690
article263: Chocolate, Currants, Figs, Powder (cocoa powder),
incidence: 75/90, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (50 sa.),
Raisins, Sultanas, Wine (red), OTA, literature263
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (20 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 5.261 μg/kg (1 sa.),
incidence: 34/48, conc. range: 0.0212–0.100 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.038 μg/l, sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698
sample origin: markets, Rio de Janeiro (state), Brazil, sample year:
incidence: 27/28, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.56 μg/kg (27 sa.),
unknown, country: Brazil/Argentina377
sample origin: Norway, sample year: 1999, country: EU698
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 8/8, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.176 μg/kg (8 sa.),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: Spain, sample year: 1997, country: EU698
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Egypt443

article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, article443: Beverages, AFB1 and AFG1, literature443
Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas (chickpea),
Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices (cayenne pep- Juices (hawthorn juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
per, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper),
Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 Patulin
Patulin
sample origin: supermarkets and local grocery stores, China,
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 4.9–5.2 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 5.1 μg/l, sample
sample year: unknown, country: China/Singapore482, *domestic
origin: local store in Munich (city) Germany, sample year:
hawthorn-based drinks
1996/1997, country: Germany52, *commercial products
Juices (apple juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry
juice), Juices (orange juice), Pulp (plum pulp), PAT, literature52
incidence: 1/13, conc.: 12.26 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country:
sample origin: wholesale stores in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon,
China/Italy887
Gwangju, Jinju (cities), and Seoul (capital), South Korea, sample
year: November 2007, country: South Korea695
Juices (apple juice), Juices (orange juice), PAT, literature695 Juices (lychee juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 5–15 μg/kg (2 sa.), 16.6 μg/kg (1 sa.),
∅ conc.: 12.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets and producers of Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Gillan, Khuzestan, Patulin
and Tehran (provinces), Iran, sample year: April–November 2013, incidence: 1/6, conc.: 13.1 μg/l, sample origin: Malaysia, sample
country: Iran827, *white grape juice year: November 2012–March 2013, country: Malaysia773
article827: Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), Juices article773: Juices (apple juice), Juices (pineapple concentrate),
(peach concentrate), Juices (pear juice), Juices (pomegranate PAT, literature773
see also Products (fruit product) Juices (orange juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Juices (grapefruit juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: Alternaria Toxins
Alternaria Toxins Alternariol

Alternariol sample origin: commercially available, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 1/2, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: supermarkets, country: Germany160
grocery stores, wineries, and small stores in Entre Rios Province, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and
Argentina, sample year: 2011, country: Argentina498 AOH
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice),
article498: Juices (orange juice), Wine (rosé), AOH, literature498; Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine
Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature498 (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160;
Juices (orange juice), AME, literature160
Juices (guava juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 2/31, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: supermarkets,
Aspergillus Toxins grocery stores, wineries, and small stores in Entre Rios and
Mendoza (provinces), Argentina, sample year: 2011, country:
Aflatoxin B1
Argentina498
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 12 μg/l, sample origin: shops and
markets, Assiut (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown,
Juices (pear concentrate) 165
than cereals and their products reported in the present cereals and their products reported in the present book/article695:
book/article498: Juices (grapefruit juice), Wine (rosé), AOH, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), PAT, literature695
literature498; Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH,
literature498 Juices (peach concentrate) may contain the following
mycotoxins:
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.18–0.27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.23 μg/kg, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
sample origin: commercially available, sample year: unknown,
Patulin
country: Germany160
incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: LOD-10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10–50 μg/kg (3
sa., maximum: 21.3 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 15.7 μg/kg, sample origin: local
AOH
producers of fruit concentrates in Valencia? (city), Spain, sample
year: 2008, country: Spain786, *non-reconstituted peach concentrate
article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice),
Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160;
article786: Juices (apple juice), Juices (apple concentrate), Juices
Juices (orange juice), AOH, literature160
(pear concentrate), PAT, literature786
Tenuazonic Acid incidence: 3/15, conc. range: 5–15 μg/kg (1 sa.), 30.1–50 μg/kg
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 1.0–1.9 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, (2 sa., maximum: 35.2 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 26.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 retail outlets and producers of Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal va
• Co-contamination: not reported Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Gillan, Khuzestan, and Tehran (provinces),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Iran, sample year: April–November 2013, country: Iran827
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices cereals and their products reported in the present book/article827:
(cherry juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice),
(pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices Juices (pear juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), PAT, literature827
(coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry),
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, Juices (peach juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
literature166
Patulin
Patulin incidence: 2/30, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 5.0 μg/
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.1 μg/l, sample origin: local store in Munich kg), sample origin: supermarkets and organic food shops,
(city) Germany, sample year: 1996/1997, country: Germany52, Northwestern Italy, sample year: January–September 2007,
*commercial product country: Italy847
article52: Juices (apple juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices article847: Juices, Juices (apricot juice), Juices (pear juice), PAT,
(cherry juice), Juices (grape juice), Pulp (plum pulp), PAT, literature847
literature52 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: 3.1–10.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.80 μg/kg, see also Products (fruit product)
sample origin: Greek market, Greece, sample year: October 2004–
June 2006, country: Greece108 Juices (pear concentrate) may contain the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Patulin
article108: Baby food, Drinks (apple drink), Juices, Juices (apple incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: >50 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum:
concentrate), Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot concentrate), 126.9 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 107 μg/kg, sample origin: local producers
Juices (pineapple concentrate), Juices (rosehip juice), PAT, of fruit concentrates in Valencia? (city), Spain, sample year: 2008,
literature108 country: Spain786, *non-reconstituted pear concentrate
sample origin: wholesale stores in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon,
Gwangju, Jinju (cities), and Seoul (capital), South Korea, sample
article786: Juices (apple juice), Juices (apple concentrate), Juices
year: November 2007, country: South Korea695
(peach concentrate), PAT, literature786
Juices (pear juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: For detailed information see the article.
Alternaria Toxins incidence: 20/42, conc. range: 5–231 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 62.5 μg/l,
sample origin: local supermarkets, Tunisia, sample year: 2013,
Tenuazonic Acid country: Tunisia888
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: 0.5–23 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article888: Jam (apple jam), Jam (pear jam), Juices, Juices (apple
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ juice), Products (fruit product), PAT, literature888
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), incidence: 2/3, conc. range: 11.7–38.9 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 25.3 μg/l,
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices sample origin: Czech retail market, Czech Republic, sample year:
(cherry juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), unknown, country: Czech Republic911
Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
TA, literature166 cle911: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruit salad, Fruits (apple), Fruits
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins (pear), Juices (apple juice), Pulp (apple pulp), PAT, literature911
see also Products (fruit product)
Patulin
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 1.1 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, Juices (pineapple concentrate) may contain the following
supermarkets, hypermarkets or organic food shops, Italy, sample mycotoxins:
year: November 2003–February 2004, country: Italy35, *conventional
incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (2 sa.), >10<25
μg/kg (1 sa.), 61.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: markets, Patulin
supermarkets, hypermarkets or organic food shops, Italy, sample incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 7.7 μg/kg, sample origin: company
year: November 2003–February 2004, country: Italy35, *organic producing juices, Greece, sample year: October 2004–June 2006,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Greece108, *concentrated fruit juice
article35: Fruits (apple), Juices, Juices (apple juice), Puree, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Vinegar (apple), PAT, literature35 article108: Baby food, Drinks (apple drink), Juices, Juices
incidence: 35/35, conc. range: 5–92 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 42.62 μg/kg, (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot con-
sample origin: European and Italian sa. purchased in retail outlets, centrate), Juices (orange juice), Juices (rosehip juice), PAT,
Italy, sample year: 2008, country: Italy688 literature108
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/6, conc.: 33.1 μg/l*, sample origin: purchased in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other supermarkets imported from the Philippines* and Malaysia,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: November 2012–March 2013, country: Malaysia773
article688: Juices, Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature688 • Co-contamination: not reported
For detailed information see the article. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 2/15, conc. range: 5–15 μg/kg (1 sa.), 31.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
∅ conc.: 22.9 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets and producers of cle773: Juices (apple juice), Juices (lychee juice), PAT, literature773
Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Gillan, Khuzestan,
and Tehran (provinces), Iran, sample year: April–November 2013,
Juices (pineapple juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
country: Iran827 Fusarium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Fumonisin/s
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fumonisin B1
article827: Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), Juices incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 8,180–23,730 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 18,000 μg/l,
(grape juice), Juices (peach concentrate), Juices (pomegranate sample origin: commercially available from Costa Rica and
juice), PAT, literature827 Ecuador, sample year: unknown, country: Poland848
incidence: 25/39, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (17 sa.), >10 μg/kg (8 sa., • Co-contamination: not reported
maximum: 33.4 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets and organic • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
food shops, north-western Italy, sample year: January–September cereals and their products reported in the present book/article848:
2007, country: Italy847 Juices (pineapple juice), FB2, FB3, and MON, literature848
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 740–1,460 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1,060 μg/l,
article847: Juices, Juices (apricot juice), Juices (peach juice), PAT, sample origin: commercially available from Costa Rica and
literature847 Ecuador, sample year: unknown, country: Poland848
Juices (sugarcane juice) 167
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article848: article440: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), Nectars
Juices (pineapple juice), FB1, FB3, and MON, literature848 (cranberry nectar), Nectars (prune nectar), AME and AOH,
literature440; Wine (red), AOH, literature440
Fumonisin B3
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 170–230 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 200 μg/l, sample Juices (rosehip juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
origin: commercially available from Costa Rica and Ecuador,
sample year: unknown, country: Poland848
• Co-contamination: not reported Patulin
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 3.5–3.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.55 μg/kg,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article848: sample origin: Greek markets, Greece, sample year: October 2004–
Juices (pineapple juice), FB1, FB2, and MON, literature848 June 2006, country: Greece108
Moniliformin cereals and their products reported in the present book/article108:
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 10–200 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 64 μg/l, sample Baby food, Drinks (apple drink), Juices, Juices (apple concen-
origin: commercially available from Costa Rica and Ecuador, trate), Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot concentrate), Juices
sample year: unknown, country: Poland848 (orange juice), Juices (pineapple concentrate), PAT, literature108
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Juices (strawberry juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Alternaria Toxins
Juices (pineapple juice), FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature848
Tenuazonic Acid
Juices (pomegranate juice) may contain the following incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 5–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.5 μg/kg, sample
mycotoxins: origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166
Alternaria Toxins • Co-contamination: not reported
Tenuazonic Acid than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 8–13 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.5 μg/kg, sample article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice),
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry
• Co-contamination: not reported juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), Spices, Spices (coriander),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger),
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry
juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear Juices (sugarcane juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices (coriander),
Aspergillus Toxins
Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger),
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 23/40, conc. range: ≤2.10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.72 μg/kg,
sample origin: juice shops in Assiut (city), Assiut Governorate,
Patulin Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 8.2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets and • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
producers of Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Gillan, Khuzestan, and Tehran (provinces), Iran, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present
April–November 2013, country: Iran827 book/article300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFG1, FA,
• Co-contamination: not reported KA, and PA, literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AME, KA, and PA, literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ juice), Sugarcane, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
article827: Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), Juices Metabolites
(grape juice), Juices (peach concentrate), Juices (pear juice),
Aflatoxin G1
PAT, literature827
Juices (raspberry juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: sample origin: juice shops in Assiut (city), Assiut Governorate,
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300
Alternaria Toxins • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Alternariol
cle300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, FA, KA, and PA,
literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AME, KA, and PA,
literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chapter: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aflatoxin/s cle300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, KA, and PA,
incidence: 10/25, conc. range: 1.0–9.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 4.1 μg/kg*, literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AME, KA, and PA,
sample origin: local industries at the nearby regions of Mandya and literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chapter:
Mysore (districts), Karnataka (state), India, sample year: June/July Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
2012, country: India453, *AF
incidence: 8/36, conc. range: 0.5–6.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: local Juices (tomato juice) may contain the following mycotoxins:
vendors at markets in Mysore (district), Karnataka (state), India,
Alternaria Toxins
sample year: June/July 2012, country: India453, *AF
incidence: 4/21, conc. range: 0.5–5.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: local Altenuene
vendors at markets in Mandya (district), Karnataka (state), India, incidence: 14/28, conc. range: <LOQ-6.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local
sample year: June/July 2012, country: India453, *AF supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–February
• Co-contamination: not reported 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514
article453: Jaggery, AF/S, literature453 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, literature514;
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Juices (tomato juice), AME, AOH, and TA, literature514; Sauces
3-Nitropropionic Acid (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA,
incidence: 12/40, conc. range: ≤13.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.58 μg/kg, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato
sample origin: juice shops in Assiut (city), Assiut Governorate, sauce), and Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300 and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1, conc.: 5.4 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
article300: Juices (sugarcane juice), AFB1, AFG1, FA, KA, and PA, year: unknown, country: Germany46
literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AME, KA, and PA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Kojic Acid article46: Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable juice), AME,
incidence: 1/40, conc.: 208 μg/kg, sample origin: juice shops in literature46; Paste (tomato paste), Puree, Tomato ketchup, Wine
Assiut (city), Assiut Governorate, Egypt, sample year: January (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46
2016, country: Egypt/Austria300 incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.52–1.99 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.26 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. sample origin: commercially available, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than country: Germany160
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
cle300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, and PA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AME, KA, and PA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chap- article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice),
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Juices (orange juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160;
Penicillic Acid Juices (tomato juice), AME, literature160
incidence: 16/40, conc. range: ≤212 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45.7 μg/kg,
sample origin: juice shops in Assiut (city), Assiut Governorate, incidence: 9/16, conc. range: 1.1–3.1 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.9 μg/l, sample
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300 origin: retail shops, Hesse (federal state), Germany, sample year:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. 2009/2010, country: Germany439
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article300: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, and KA, litera- cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
ture300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AME, KA, and PA, litera- cle439: Juices (apple juice), Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (apple
ture300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chapter: sauce), Tomato ketchup, Wine (white), AOH, literature439
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 20/28, conc. range: <LOQ-27.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–
Fusarium Toxins February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514
Fusaric Acid • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 12/40, conc. range: ≤2,214 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 258 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: juice shops in Assiut (city), Assiut Governorate, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300 article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera-
Juices (tomato juice) 169
ture514; Juices (tomato juice), ALT, AME, and TA, literature514; ketchup, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, AOH, Metabolites
and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces For detailed information see the article.
(tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Tenuazonic Acid
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 3/15, conc. range: 61–227 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 131 μg/l, sample
origin: retail shops in the area of Giessen (town), Germany, sample
incidence: 4/14, conc. range: ≤11 μg/kg, sample origin: retail year: unknown, country: Germany/Indonesia442
stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Netherlands/Germany906 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: not reported than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other book/article442: Juices (apple juice), Tomato ketchup, TA,
article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), AOH and TA, literature906;
Juices (tomato juice), TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), incidence: 28/28, conc. range: 3.7–333.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local
AME, literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–February
Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514
literature906 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Alternariol Methyl Ether than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.9 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera-
year: unknown, country Germany46 ture514; Juices (tomato juice), ALT, AOH, and AME, literature514;
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, AOH,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further
cle46: Juices (tomato juice), AOH, literature46; Juices (vegetable Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
juice), AME, literature46; Paste (tomato paste), Puree, Tomato For detailed information see the article.
ketchup, Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46 incidence: 9/9, conc. range: 7.4–278 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 87 μg/kg,
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.23–0.38 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.31 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets and agricultural trade markets
sample origin: commercially available, sample year: unknown, in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country:
country: Germany160 China883
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), article883: Juices (citrus juice), AME and TA, literature883; Juices
Juices (orange juice), Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), Wine (tomato juice), AME, literature883; Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH,
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160; and TA, literature883; see also Juices (tomato juice), Tomato
Juices (tomato juice), AOH, literature160 ketchup, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
incidence: 15/28, conc. range: <LOQ-3.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Metabolites
local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013– For detailed information see the article.
February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514 incidence: 7/14, conc. range: ≤220 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Netherlands/Germany906
article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture514; Juices (tomato juice), ALT, AOH, and TA, literature514; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, AOH, article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), AOH and TA, literature906;
and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces Juices (tomato juice), AOH, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil),
(tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further AME, literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sauce), Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and
For detailed information see the article. TA, literature906
incidence: 7/9, conc. range: 0.20–5.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.42 μg/kg, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
sample origin: local supermarkets and agricultural trade markets
in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: Citrinin
China883 incidence: 1/11, conc.: 0.12 μg/l, sample origin: local retail stores,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany711
article883: Juices (citrus juice), AME and TA, literature883; Juices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(tomato juice), TA, literature883; Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, article711: Juices (apple juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices
and TA, literature883; see also Juices (tomato juice), Tomato (cherry juice), CIT, literature711
Ochratoxin A Joven see Wine (red)

incidence: 3/30, conc. range: ≤0.032 μg/l, sample origin: different
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110 “Kabinett” see Wine
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Karahi masala see Spices (karahi masala)
article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (carrot juice), Kernels (apricot) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Juices (grape juice), Sauces (pepper- and barbecue sauce), Aspergillus Toxins
Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato ketchup, Vinegar
(apple), Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine Aflatoxin B1
(rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature110 incidence: 1/8, conc.: 61.05 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported from
Algeria and Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December
Patulin 2009, country: Italy320, *contaminated sa. from Algeria
incidence: 3/4*, conc. range: <LOQ-47.72 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
supermarkets and organic shops, Portugal, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
country: Portugal905, *conventional cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: not reported cle320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; Kernels
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (apricot), AFB2 and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (hazelnut), Paste
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320; Nuts
article905: Jellies, Juices (apple juice), Puree, PAT, literature905 (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320
Aflatoxin B2
Juices (tropical-fruit juice) see Products (fruit product) incidence: 3/8, conc. range: 0.17–9.64 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 3.38
μg/kg*, sample origin: imported from Algeria and Turkey to Italy,
Juices (vegetable juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: sample year: January 2008–December 2009, country: Italy320,
Alternaria Toxins *contaminated sa. from Algeria (1) and Turkey (2)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
Alternariol 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG1
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 7.82 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160, *consisted cereals and their products reported in the present book/article320:
of tomatoes, carrots, celery, beetroot, and red pepper Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; Kernels (apri-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH cot), AFB1 and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (hazelnut), Paste (hazel-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other nut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320; Nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320
article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice),
Juices (orange juice), Juices (tomato juice), Wine (red), Wine Aflatoxin G1
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160; incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 0.22–0.32 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.27
Juices (vegetable juice), AME, literature160 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported from Algeria and Turkey to Italy,
sample year: January 2008–December 2009, country: Italy320,
Alternariol Methyl Ether *contaminated sa. from Turkey
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG1
year: unknown, country: Germany46 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Co-contamination: not reported cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cle320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; Kernels
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (apricot), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Nuts (hazelnut), Paste
article46: Juices (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste), Puree, (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320; Nuts
Tomato ketchup, Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320
literature46
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.79 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially incidence: 4/15, conc. range: 0.7–5.6 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 2.65
available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160, *consisted μg/kg*, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP
of tomatoes, carrots, celery, beetroot, and red pepper and northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH 2009, country: Pakistan17, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Juices (orange juice), Juices (tomato juice), Wine (red), Wine article17: Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, Nuts (almond), Nuts (pea-
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, literature160; nut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut),
Juices (vegetable juice), AOH, literature160 Raisins, AF/S, literature17
Kuru-kuru 171
Keskul may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aspergillus Toxins article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
Aflatoxin/s DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: ≤0.774 μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119, flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
*AFS total FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AF/S, literature119 AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1,
Keskul is an almond-based milk pudding. Ingredients were sugar, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
potato starch, almond flavor, vanilla, and ß-carotene. Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
Ketchup see Tomato ketchup Metabolites
Kokonte see Cassava Aflatoxin B2

Korma masala see Spices (korma masala) origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample
Kubeba may contain the following mycotoxins: Africa659
Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 1/25, conc.: 150 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt104 DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article104: FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1,
Kubeba, AFB2, literature104; Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA,
AFB1 and AFG1, literature104; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature104 MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659;
Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
Aflatoxin B2 ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
incidence: 1/25, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies in STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt104 AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
than cereals and their products reported in the present paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
book/article104: Kubeba, Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature104; Metabolites
Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), AFB1 and AFG1,
literature104 Aflatoxin G1
Kubeba is a mixture of black pepper, coriander, garlic, minced incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 8–10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample
meat, rice, and various vegetables used in Egyptian households. origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
Kucha see Sauces (leaf sauce) South Africa659
Kuru-kuru may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin/s DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
Aflatoxin B1
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
Africa659
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
Aflatoxin G2 flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 5–9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7 μg/kg, sample FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, MA,
year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
Africa659 (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, Ochratoxin A
AFG1, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 1.6–2.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.2 μg/kg,
OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and South Africa659
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
Other Aspergillus Toxins flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
Sterigmatocystin
South Africa659
cle659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON,
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), Ochratoxin B
AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, incidence: 5/6, conc. range: <LOQ-3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg,
NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
ROQ-C, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut paste), South Africa659
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Microbial Metabolites flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
Kojic Acid OTA, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 1,241–2,043 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,619 μg/kg, paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
Kuru-kuru 173
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Viomellein FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 1/6, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Bamenda (region, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
western highlands), Cameroon, sample year: July–September OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
book/article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
CIT, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
(soybean flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1,
FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, Enniatin A1
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, incidence: 2/6, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: Bamenda
FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, and ZEA, litera- (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample year: July–
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Metabolites flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
Fusarium Toxins FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
Depsipeptides OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
Beauvericin
South Africa659
Enniatin B
South Africa659
AFG1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
Enniatin A
incidence: 3/6, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: Bamenda
(region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample year: July–
September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
Enniatin B1 (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 0.2–0.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA,
South Africa659 OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soy-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. bean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON, ENA, ENA1,
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, Fusaric Acid
and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, incidence: 5/6, conc. range: <LOQ-7.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.9 μg/kg,
DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
ENB, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and South Africa659
ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
(soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
Fumonisin/s
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
Fumonisin B1 OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 2–4.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.2 μg/kg, sample (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
Africa659 AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soy-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than bean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
cle659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON,
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, Zearalenone
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour), incidence: 1/6, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Bamenda (region,
AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, western highlands), Cameroon, sample year: July–September
KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, and VIOM, literature659; Paste (peanut
Fumonisin B3 paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
incidence: 2/6, conc. range: 3.4–4.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.8 μg/kg, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
South Africa659 OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Penicillium Toxins
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, Mycophenolic Acid
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean incidence: 3/6, conc. range: <LOQ-1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1 μg/kg,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, KA, MA, South Africa659
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Lentils 175
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, article499: not reported
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, incidence: 5/15*, conc. range: 1–2,672 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 891 μg/kg,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean sample origin: Sonoran Desert in Arizona (state), USA, sample
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, year: unknown, country: USA500, *mesquite, from ground
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, article500: not reported
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, For detailed information see the article.
and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soy-
Ochratoxin A
bean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
sample origin: retail outlets across the UK, sample year: August
Roquefortine C 1996, country: UK143
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 0.9–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South cereals and their products reported in the present book/article143:
Africa659 Beans, Powder (cocoa powder), Wine (red), OTA, literature143
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/103*, conc.: 0.840 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in Detmold, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), as
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ well as Berlin (capital), Germany, sample year: 1996–1998,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, country: Germany597, *beans, lentils, and peas
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, article597: Beans (soybean), OTA, literature597
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, incidence: 3/24*, conc. range: ≤0.08 μg/kg, sample origin:
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut supermarkets and fresh provision shops, Hong Kong, China,
paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, sample year: August/September 2005, country: China697, *legumes,
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and pulses and their products
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, • Co-contamination: not reported
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: article697: Chocolate, Coffee, Fruits, dried, Juices, Spices, OTA,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites literature697
Kuru-kuru is a snack consisting of a dry fried paste made from
peanuts which is solid. incidence: 1/104*, conc.: 0.86 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Germany,
sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698, *pulses without soya
Legume products see Products (legume product) • Co-contamination: not reported
Legumes may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Aspergillus Toxins Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam,
Aflatoxin B1 Juices, Juices (grape juice), Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil),
incidence: 6/108*, conc. range: ≤3 μg/kg, sample origin: imported Peas, Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins,
to USSR, sample year: 1985–1987, country: USSR267, *kidney beans, Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices
peas, and soybeans (paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine
• Co-contamination: not reported (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA,
article267: Cocoa beans, Coffee beans, Nuts, Nuts (peanut),
Lentils may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFB1, literature267 Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
sample origin: supermarkets, retail stores, and stock centres,
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 72.1 μg/kg, sample origin: different storage
Colombia, sample year: unknown, country: Colombia499
facilities, Egypt, sample year: November 1978–April 1979, country:
Egypt4, *sa. moldy with mechanical or insect damage

article4: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature4; Nuts article150: Beans, Peas (chickpea), T-2, literature150
(almond), AFB1, literature4; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
and AFG2, literature4 Licorice may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 3.1 μg/kg**, sample origin: Alexandria, Alternaria Toxins
Luxor (cities), and Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown,
country: Egypt/USA127, *3 sa. freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for Alternariol
12 months, **stored sa. incidence: 14/31*, conc. range: LOD-520.60 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported traditional manufactures in Shanghai (city, municipality), China,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: China917, *laminated form of
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ pharmaceutical grade
article127: Beans (broad bean), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, FB1, and
literature127; Spices (fenugreek), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, ZEA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and FB1; 1 sa. co-con-
literature127 taminated with AOH, CIT, FB1, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated
with AOH, DON, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
incidence: 13/23, conc. range: 21–100 μg/kg (9 sa.), 101–500 μg/kg
AOH, CIT, and FB1; 5 sa. contaminated solely with AOH
(4 sa., maximum: 268 μg/kg), sample origin: villages of Khagaria
and Saharsa (districts) of North Bihar (state), India, sample year:
August–October 1987, country: India128
article917: Licorice, CIT, DON, FB1, OTA, and ZEA, literature917
article128: Beans (cowpea), Beans (mung bean), Field mustard, Aflatoxin B1
Seeds (linseed), Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature128 incidence: 5/28*, conc. range: ≤2.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.57 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail outlets in northern Italy, sample year:
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 1.8 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail outlets in
2006/2007, country: Italy503, *dried licorice extract
Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year: January 1989, country: Italy347,
*lentils, intact and ground, **ground one contaminated
article503: Licorice, OTA, literature503
article347: Figs, AFB1, literature347; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and incidence: 8/54*, conc. range: ≤7.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.06 μg/kg,
AFB2, literature347 sample origin: retail outlets in northern Italy, sample year:
2006/2007, country: Italy503, *licorice confectionery
Aflatoxin/s • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/13, conc.: 14.3 μg/kg*, sample origin: local markets • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
in Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: 1993–1996, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Sudan501, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 article503: Licorice, OTA, literature503
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 2/12*, conc. range: 12.56–26.11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 19.3
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg, sample origin: commercial markets and producing areas,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ China, sample year: unknown, country: China872, *licorice roots
article501: not reported • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
incidence: 1/13, conc.: 0.11 μg/kg, sample origin: markets across article872: Licorice, OTA, literature872; Medicinal plants, AFB1,
Lebanon, sample year: unknown, country: Lebanon502 literature872
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Citrinin
article502: not reported incidence: 2/31*, conc. range: 6.75–20.44 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.6
Fusarium Toxins μg/kg, sample origin: traditional manufactures in Shanghai (city,
municipality), China, sample year: unknown, country: China917,
Type A Trichothecenes *laminated form of pharmaceutical grade
T-2 Toxin • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, CIT, FB1,
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 460 μg/kg**, sample origin: market in and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, CIT, and FB1
Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Turkey150, *lentils, green and red** cereals and their products reported in the present book/article917:
Licorice, AOH, DON, FB1, OTA, and ZEA, literature917
Licorice 177

incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 385 μg/kg, sample origin: CAOBISCO, EU, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: unknown, country: Belgium/Russia192, *licorice powder than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ drugstores, supermarkets, health food shops, retail shops in
article192: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), OTA, literature192 several Spanish cities, Spain, sample year: 2007/2008, country:
incidence: 28/28*, conc. range: : ≤990.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 89.6 μg/kg, Spain506, * licorice confectionery (sweets, pastilles; candy type:
sample origin: retail outlets in northern Italy, sample year: hard)
2006/2007, country: Italy503, *dried licorice extract incidence: 11/28*, conc. range: 0.50–1.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; partly imported from Italy, Germany, and the UK purchased in
23 sa. contaminated solely with OTA drugstores, supermarkets, health food shops, retail shops in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other several Spanish cities, Spain, sample year: 2007/2008, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spain506, * licorice confectionery (chewy ropes or tubes, gummies;
article503: Licorice, AFB1, literature503 candy type: soft)
incidence: 33/54*, conc. range: ≤8.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.53 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: retail outlets in northern Italy, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2006/2007, country: Italy503, *licorice confectionery than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 8.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Beiza (region),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fars (province), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran764,
article503: Licorice, AFB1, literature503 *licorice root
sample origin: drugstores, grocery shops, health food shops, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
retail shops in Karlsruhe (city), Baden-Württemberg (state), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany504, *licorice article764: not reported
sweet incidence: 12/12*, conc. range: 3.80–36.70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15.80
incidence: 9/19*, conc. range: 0.3–216.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 29.8 μg/kg, μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions, Czech Republic, sample year:
sample origin: drugstores, grocery shops, health food shops, herb 2011–2013, country: Czech Republic811, *licorice root, dried
shop, and pharmacies in Karlsruhe (city), Baden-Württemberg • Co-contamination: not reported
(state), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany504, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*licorice root than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and Spices, Juices, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (ginger
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ product), Raisins, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cara-
article504: not reported way), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard),
incidence: 15/15*, conc. range: 1.4–252.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 63.6 Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine
μg/kg, sample origin: herbal stores in Zaragoza (city), Spain, (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811
sample year: unknown, country: Spain , *dry licorice root incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 18.73 μg/kg, sample origin: commercial
505
(for the preparation of tea) markets and producing areas, China, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 8/8*, conc. range: 3.3–14.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.2 μg/kg, country: China , *licorice roots
872
sample origin: local growers, Zaragoza (city), Spain, sample year: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
unknown, country: Spain , *fresh licorice root (for sucking or
505 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
chewing) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article872: Licorice, AFB1, literature872; Medicinal plants, AFB1,
literature872
sample origin: local supermarkets in Zaragoza (city), Spain, sample
year: unknown, country: Spain505, *licorice confectionery incidence: 2/31*, conc. range: LOD-3.93 μg/kg, sample origin:
traditional manufactures in Shanghai (city, municipality), China,
sample year: unknown, country: China917, *laminated form of
sample origin: herbal stores in Zaragoza (city), Spain, sample
pharmaceutical grade
year: unknown, country: Spain505, *liquid licorice extract (as a
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, CIT, FB1,
remedy medicine)
and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and OTA
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 39.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local industry in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Zaragoza? (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain505, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*solid licorice block (products for domestic, EU, and foreign article917: Licorice, AOH, CIT, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature917
countries)
Fusarium Toxins Aflatoxin/s

incidence: 12/15, conc. range: 115.35–395.54 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.:
Fumonisin/s 257.40 μg/kg*, sample origin: Lucknow (city), India, sample year:
Fumonisin B1 July/August 2005, country: India507, *AFS total
incidence: 12/31*, conc. range: LOD-39.34 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
traditional manufactures in Shanghai (city, municipality), China, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: unknown, country: China917, *laminated form of than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
pharmaceutical grade article507: Mahua seeds, AFB1, literature507
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, FB1, and
ZEA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and FB1; 1 sa. co-con-
Malaga see Wine, miscellaneous
taminated with AOH, CIT, FB1, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated Mandarins see Fruits (mandarin)
with AOH, DON, FB1, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
AOH, CIT, and FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and OTA ; Manzanilla see Wine (white)
2 sa. contaminated solely with FB1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Marmalade (apple marmalade) may contain the
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article917: following mycotoxins:
Licorice, AOH, CIT, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature917
Patulin
Deoxynivalenol incidence: 6/26, conc. range: 17–39 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 27.0 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/31*, conc.: 11.08 μg/kg, sample origin: traditional sample origin: different Argentinean towns, Argentina, sample
manufactures in Shanghai (city, municipality), China, sample year: year: unknown, country: Argentina50
unknown, country: China917, *laminated form of pharmaceutical • Co-contamination: not reported
grade • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, DON, than cereals and their products reported in the present
FB1, and ZEA book/article50: Marmalade (pear marmalade), Puree, PAT,
article917: Licorice, AOH, CIT, FB1, OTA, and ZEA, literature917 Marmalade (pear marmalade) may contain the following
mycotoxins:
Zearalenone
Patulin
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: different Argentinean
μg/kg, sample origin: traditional manufactures in Shanghai (city,
towns, Argentina, sample year: unknown, country: Argentina50
municipality), China, sample year: unknown, country: China917,
*laminated form of pharmaceutical grade
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, FB1, and
ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH, DON, FB1, and ZEA
article50: Marmalade (apple marmalade), Puree, PAT,
literature50
book/article917: Licorice, AOH, CIT, DON, FB1, and OTA,
Marsala see Wine, miscellaneous
literature917
Linseeds see Seeds (linseed) Masala see Spices (masala)
Lupines see Seeds (lupine) Margarine may contain the following mycotoxins:
Macabeo see Must Fusarium Toxins

Fumonisin/s
Mahua seeds may contain the following mycotoxins:
Fumonisin B1
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1 supermarkets, Spain, sample year: 2011/2012, country: Spain723,
incidence: 12/15, conc. range: 86.43–322.45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: *corn oil margarine
208.26 μg/kg, sample origin: Lucknow (city), India, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
July/August 2005, country: India507 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article723: Margarine, ZEA, literature723; Oils (maize oil), DON,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ FB1, and ZEA, literature723
article507: Mahua seeds, AF/S, literature507
Meal (egusi meal) 179
Other Fusarium Toxins Aflatoxin G1

incidence: 12/26, conc. range: 40–100 μg/kg, sample origin: local
Zearalenone markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India,
incidence: 6/25*, conc. range: ≤86 μg/kg, sample origin: sample year: 1982, country: India236
supermarkets, Spain, sample year: 2011/2012, country: Spain723, • Co-contamination: not reported
*corn oil margarine • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article236: Candies (coconut candy), Copra, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and AFG2, literature236; Meal (copra meal), AFB1, AFB2, and
article723: Margarine, FB1, literature723; Oils (maize oil), DON, AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
FB1, and ZEA, literature723 literature236
Marzipan (almond paste) may contain the following Aflatoxin G2

mycotoxins: incidence: 10/26, conc. range: 40–100 μg/kg, sample origin: local
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India,
Aspergillus Toxins sample year: 1982, country: India236
incidence: 1/168, conc.: 39 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Finland?, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article236: Candies (coconut candy), Copra, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFG2, literature236; Meal (copra meal), Oils (coconut oil),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature236
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), AFB2, literature2; Nuts, Aflatoxin/s
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazel- incidence: 1/3, conc.: 2 μg/kg*, sample origin: Fiji, sample year:
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, unknown, country: Fiji/Zambia321, *AF
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 37 μg/kg*, sample origin: Tonga, sample
Aflatoxin B2 year: unknown, country: Fiji/Zambia321, *AF
incidence: 1/168, conc.: 7 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to • Co-contamination: not reported
Finland?, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article321: Copra, Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature321
Marzipan (almond paste) AFB1, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and Meal (cycad meal) may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFG1, literature2; Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, Aspergillus Toxins
literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
Aflatoxin B1
Meal (copra meal) may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 1.1–2.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.65 μg/kg,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA525
Aspergillus Toxins
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG;
Aflatoxin B1 1 sa. contaminated solely AFB1
incidence: 20/26, conc. range: 20–500 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 1982, country: India236 article525: Meal (cycad meal), AF/S, literature525; Meal (peanut
• Co-contamination: not reported meal), AFB1, literature525
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 5–8 μg/kg*, sample origin: unknown, sample
Candies (coconut candy), Copra, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
year: unknown, country: USA525, *AFG
erature236; Meal (copra meal), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236;
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG
Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature236
incidence: 16/26, conc. range: 20–40 μg/kg, sample origin: local article525: Meal (cycad meal), Meal (peanut meal), AFB1,
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, literature525
sample year: 1982, country: India236
• Co-contamination: not reported Meal (egusi meal) may contain the following mycotoxins:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Aspergillus Toxins
Candies (coconut candy), Copra, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, Aflatoxin/s
literature236; Meal (copra meal), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- incidence: 1/1, conc.: 186 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets in Benin
ture236; Oils (coconut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature236 City, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria346, *AFB
• Co-contamination: not reported September/October 1986, country: USA527, *ncac, **discounted or

• Further contamination of plants and plant products other refused by grain merchants
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DAS, DON,
article346: Emu aran, Ogbono, Ogili-ugba, Ogoro, AF/S, T-2TET, ZEA, and ZEAOL; 2 sa. co-contaminated with DAS,
literature346 DON, T-2TET, and ZEA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with DAS, DON,
Egusi meal is the preparation of fat- and protein-rich seeds from and T-2TET
gourd, melon, and/or squash. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Meal (peanut meal) may contain the following mycotoxins: article527: Meal (soybean meal), DON, T-2TET, and ZEA; Oils
(soybean oil), DON, T-2TET, and ZEA, literature527; see also
Aspergillus Toxins
Meal (soybean meal), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Aflatoxin B1 Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 3/4*, conc. range: 125–6,250 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2,217 μg/kg,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA525, T-2 Tetraol
*ncac incidence: 15/17* **, conc. range: <5–1,420 μg/kg***, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported origin: northern Illinois, Iowa, and Michigan (states), USA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: September/October 1986, country: USA527, *ncac,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ **discounted or refused by grain merchants, ***T-2 equivalents =
article525: Meal (cycad meal), AFB1 and AF/S, literature525 T-2TET after base hydrolysis (primarily HT-2)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DAS, DON,
T-2TET, ZEA, and ZEAOL; 2 sa. co-contaminated with DAS,
DON, T-2TET, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON,T-
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 269 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample 2TET, ZEA, and ZEAOL; 3 sa. co-contaminated with DAS,
year: unknown, country: USA526, *de-oiled peanut meal DON, and T-2TET; 8 sa. co-contaminated with DON and
• Co-contamination: not reported T-2TET
article526: not reported article527: Meal (soybean meal), DAS, DON, and ZEA; Oils (soy-
bean oil), DON, T-2TET, and ZEA, literature527; see also Meal
Meal (pistachio meal) may contain the following mycotoxins: (soybean meal), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Aspergillus Toxins Metabolites
Aflatoxin B1 Type B Trichothecenes

incidence: 1/1, conc.: 61.0 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample Deoxynivalenol
year: unknown, country: Denmark217 incidence: 17/17* **, conc. range: <5–600 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 northern Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa (states), USA, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other September/October 1986, country: USA527, *ncac, **discounted or
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ refused by grain merchants
article217: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DAS, DON,
chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pista- T-2TET, ZEA, and ZEAOL; 2 sa. co-contaminated with DAS,
chio meal), AFB2, literature217 DON, T-2TET, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON,
Aflatoxin B2 T-2TET, ZEA, and ZEAOL; 3 sa. co-contaminated with DAS,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 5.6 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample DON, and T-2TET; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, T-2TET,
year: unknown, country: Denmark217 and ZEA; 8 sa. co-contaminated with DON and T-2TET; 1 sa.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 contaminated solely with DON
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
cle217: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, article527: Meal (soybean meal), DAS, T-2TET, and ZEA; Oils
chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio (soybean oil), DON, T-2TET, and ZEA, literature527; see also
meal), AFB1, literature217 Meal (soybean meal), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Meal (soybean meal) may contain the following mycotoxins: Other Fusarium Toxins
Fusarium Toxins
Zearalenone
Type A Trichothecenes incidence: 5/17* **, conc. range: 180–760 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 380
μg/kg, sample origin: northern Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa
Diacetoxyscirpenol
(states), USA, sample year: September/October 1986, country:
incidence: 6/17* **, conc. range: <5–130 μg/kg, sample origin:
USA527, *ncac, **discounted or refused by grain merchants
northern Illinois, Iowa, and Michigan (states), USA, sample year:
Medicinal plants 181
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DAS, DON, incidence: 14/15*, conc. range: 90–1,200 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 604 μg/kg,
T-2TET, ZEA, and ZEAOL; 2 sa. co-contaminated with DAS, sample origin: storage centers of private concerns in southern
DON, T-2TET, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown, country: India62,
T-2TET, ZEA, and ZEAOL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, *herbal drugs
T-2TET, and ZEA • Co-contamination: not reported
article527: Meal (soybean meal), DAS, DON, and T-2TET; Oils article62: not reported
(soybean oil), DON, T-2TET, and ZEA, literature527; see also For detailed information see the article.
Meal (soybean meal), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and incidence: 4/10*, ∅ conc.: 170 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
Microbial Metabolites (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown,
country: India63, *Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
Medicinal herbs see Medicinal plants
incidence: 4/10*, ∅ conc.: 290 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
Medicinal plants may contain the following mycotoxins: (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India sample year: unknown,
country: India63, *Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall
Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 4/10*, ∅ conc.: 510 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
Aflatoxin B1 (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India sample year: unknown,
incidence: 3/22*, conc. range: 1.58–27.80 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11.2 country: India , *Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.)
63
μg/kg, sample origin: partly purchased in Beijing (capital), China, incidence: 8/10*, ∅ conc.: 670 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
sample year: unknown, country: China59, *traditional Chinese (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India sample year: unknown,
medicines country: India63, *Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 6/10*, ∅ conc.: 420 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. con- (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India sample year: unknown,
taminated solely with AFB1 country: India63, *Tribulus terrestris Linn.
article59: Medicinal plants, AFB2 and AFG1, literature59 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article63: Medicinal plants, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature63
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 500 μg/kg, sample origin: dried sa. from Sri For detailed information see the article.
Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: USA60, *Aerva lanata incidence: 79/175*, conc. range: 80–910 μg/kg, sample origin: drug
(Linn.) centers of Bhagalpur (city) and store houses in southern Bihar
• Co-contamination: not reported (state), India, sample year: January–December 1990, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other India65, *crude and finished herbal drugs
sample origin: Penang (state), Malaysia, sample year: 2003, article65: Medicinal plants, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature65
country: Japan/Malaysia61, *commercial traditional herbal For detailed information see the article.
medicines with 3–15 ingredients incidence: 4/13*, conc. range: 1.6–7.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.43 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; sample origin: enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 year: unknown, country: China66, *rhizomes and roots
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFM1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2, and
article61: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature61 AFM1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. co-
incidence: 11/14*, conc. range: 0.02–1.00 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.289 contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2
μg/kg, sample origin: sa. imported from Indonesia, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2003, country: Japan/Malaysia61, *commercial traditional herbal than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
medicines with 3–9 ingredients article66: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, literature66
AFG1, and AFG2; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: enterprises in
AFG1; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. con- Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country:
taminated solely with AFB1 China66, *flowers
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB and AFG
1 1
article61: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature61 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article66:
For detailed information see the article. Medicinal plants, AFB , AFG , AFG , and AFM , literature66
2 1 2 1
incidence: 5/8*, conc. range: 0.7–1.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.0 μg/kg, co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, DAS, GT, STG, and ZEA; 1
sample origin: enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CHAE, STG, ZEA, α-ZEL, and
year: unknown, country: China66, *seeds ZEAA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and MA
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co- than cereals and their products reported in the present
contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2; 2 sa. contaminated solely book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
with AFB1 CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article66: Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1, literature66 Metabolites
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 2.4 μg/kg, sample origin: enterprises in incidence: 3/11*, conc. range: 0.2–2.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.17 μg/kg,
Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country: sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
China66, *grasses and leaves *grasses and leaves
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, GT,
AFG2 MA, OTB, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other DAS, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, NIV,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA, and PEA
article66: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature66 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article68: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
incidence: 5/28*, conc. range: 1.1–11.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.06 μg/kg, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
sample origin: retail suppliers and community hospitals in Khon PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
Kaen (province), north-eastern Thailand, sample year: unknown, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
country: Thailand/Austria67, *tablet or capsule (dosage form) incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 1 sa. • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2,
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated CHAE, CPA, DAS, DON3G, PEA, and STG
with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article68: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
article67: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature67 DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
For detailed information see the article. PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
incidence: 7/23*, conc. range: 1.2–9.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.06 μg/kg, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, For detailed information see the article.
*rhizomes and roots incidence: 15/58, conc. range: 3.62–73.27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16.7 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: commercial herbal medicine markets in Daegu,
AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co- Daejeon, Gwangju, Jinju, Pusan (cities), and Seoul (capital), South
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, MA, Korea, sample year: unknown, country: Korea69
and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
STG, T-2, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG2, CHAE, NIV, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-
AFB1, CHAE, GT, MA, OTA, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contami- contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 4 sa. contaminated solely
nated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CPA, and NEO; 1 sa. co- with AFB1
contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFM1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article69: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature69
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA, For detailed information see the article.
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, incidence: 21/75*, conc. range: 0.06–239.62 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22.3
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, μg/kg, sample origin: Chinese and international suppliers in
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites different provinces, China, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 7/15*, conc. range: 0.5–2.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.46 μg/kg, China70, *seeds and fruits
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
*seeds AFG1, and AFG2; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1; 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated solely
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, CPA, DAS, with AFB1
GT, MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, MA, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contami- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nated with AFB1, AFB2, CHAE, CPA, DPDON, and MA; 1 sa. article70: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature70
incidence: 6/46*, conc. range: 0.47–68.40 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.0 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg, sample origin: Chinese and international suppliers different • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
provinces, China, sample year: unknown, country: China70, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*rhizomes and roots article696: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and For detailed information see the article.
AFG1; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 incidence: 23?/50*, conc. range: 280–2,330 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other private storehouses and shopkeepers in Santhal Pargana and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Chhotanagpur (divisions), Bihar (state), India, sample year:
article70: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature70 unknown, country: India772, *included bark, fruit, root, and stem
sample origin: El Atarin, Dokki Square, and Giza Market (districts) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: USA/ article772: Medicinal plants, AFB2 and AFG1, literature772
Egypt344, *herbs and medicinal plants, e.g., helba, kerfa, and karkadie For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other traditional Chinese medicine stores in different geographical
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ regions, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan776,
article344: Food, Spices, Vegetables, dried, AFB1, literature344 *Zizyphi fructus
incidence: 10/11*, conc. range: 0.26–22.89 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.93 AFG1, and AFG2
μg/kg, sample origin: Dalian Medical University in Dalian (city), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
China, sample year: unknown, country: China474, *Fructus Bruceae than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and article776: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature776
AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co- incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: 2.07–2.92 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.50
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-con- μg/kg, sample origin: markets and stores in Anhui, Gansu,
taminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 2 sa. contaminated Guangxi, Hebei, and Sichuan (provinces), China, sample year:
solely with AFB1 unknown, country: China779, *Angelica sinensis, **only the 2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other moldy sa. were contaminated
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
article474: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature474 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: local markets of different areas in Khyber article779: Medicinal plants, AFG1, literature779
Pakhtunkhwa (province), Pakistan, sample year: 2011/2012, incidence: 19/20*, conc. range: 0.02–32.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.38 μg/kg,
country: Pakistan661 sample origin: markets and stores in Anhui, Fujian, Hunan,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and Zhejiang (provinces), and Beijing (capital), China, sample
AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 2 year: unknown, country: China780, *lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated Gaertn.)
solely with AFB1 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFG1, and AFG2; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article661: AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa.
Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature661 co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contam-
For detailed information see the article. inated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 52.0 μg/kg*, sample origin: Anguo (city) and AFG1; 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
herbal market, Hebei (province), China, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: China694, *plactycladi seeds than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article780: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature780
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 10.06 μg/kg, sample origin: commercial
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ markets and producing areas, China, sample year: unknown,
article694: Medicinal plants, OTA, literature694 country: China872, *fritillary bulbs
incidence: 5/6*, conc. range: 470–1,270 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
672 μg/kg**, sample origin: drug-stores, India, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1987/1988, country: India696, *constituents of drugs, **conc. in article872: Licorice, AFB1 and OTA, literature872
plant parts used incidence: 1/17*, conc.: 0.751 μg/kg, sample origin: different
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 250–1,500 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 800 μg/kg, provinces, China, sample year: unknown, country: China873,
sample origin: drug-stores, India, sample year: 1987/1988, country: *Puerariae lobatae radix
India696, *powdered herbal drugs • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Japan/Malaysia61, *commercial traditional herbal
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ medicines with 3–15 ingredients
article873: Medicinal plants, T-2, literature873 • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.128–1.37 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.61 μg/kg, 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
sample origin: storehouses or markets, China, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: China874, *moldy or heavily moldy sa. of than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Glycyrrhiza uralensis article61: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature61
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 11/14*, conc. range: 0.01–0.40 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.096
AFG1, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 1 μg/kg, sample origin: sa. imported from Indonesia, sample year:
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 2003, country: Japan/Malaysia61, *commercial traditional herbal
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and OTA medicines with 3–9 ingredients
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
article874: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, AFG1; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. con-
literature874 taminated solely with AFB2
sample origin: storehouses or markets, China, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: China874, *non-moldy Glycyrrhiza uralensis sa. article61: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature61
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; For detailed information see the article.
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 1 sa. co- incidence: 5/13*, conc. range: 0.8–7.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.36 μg/kg,
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA; 1 sa. contami- sample origin: enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample
nated solely with AFB1 year: unknown, country: China66, *rhizomes and roots
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and AFM1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 2
article874: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated
literature874 with AFB2 and AFG2
incidence: 4/96*, conc. range: 0.6345–4.2755 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
2.12 μg/kg, sample origin: Tong Ren Tang crude drugstore, Beijing cereals and their products reported in the present book/article66:
(capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China880, Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1, literature66
*natural drugs incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: China66, *flowers
article880: Medicinal plants, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature880 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 13/244, conc. range: ≤1,268.6 μg/kg*, sample origin: article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1,
collected from TCM pharmacies and hospitals in Guangzhou literature66
(city), China, sample year: unknown, country: China886, *AFB1- incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 0.8–0.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.85 μg/kg,
concentration of other TCMs significantly lower enterprises in sample origin: Zhejiang (province), China, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: unknown, country: China66, *seeds
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
article886: Medicinal plants, AFB2, OTA, and STG, literature886 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
For detailed information see the article. cereals and their products reported in the present book/article66:
Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1, literature66
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 3/22*, conc. range: 1.32–5.16 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.62 incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: enterprises in
μg/kg, sample year: unknown, country: China59, *traditional Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country:
Chinese medicines China66, *grasses and leaves
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. con- AFG2
taminated solely with AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFM1,
article59: Medicinal plants, AFB1 and AFG1, literature59 literature66
incidence: 5/9*, conc. range: 0.01–0.03 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.018 μg/kg, incidence: 3/28*, conc. range: 0.5–1.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.7 μg/kg,
sample origin: Penang (state), Malaysia, sample year: 2003, sample origin: retail suppliers and community hospitals in Khon
Kaen (province), north-eastern Thailand, sample year: unknown, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
country: Thailand/Austria67, *tablet or capsule (dosage form) DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 1 sa. chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: commercial herbal medicine markets in Daegu,
article67: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature67 Daejeon, Gwangju, Jinju, Pusan (cities), and Seoul (capital), South
For detailed information see the article. Korea, sample year: unknown, country: Korea69
incidence: 5/23*, conc. range: 0.2–7.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.18 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
*rhizomes and roots AFG1; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. con-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, taminated solely with AFB2
AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, MA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CHAE, article69: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature69
NIV, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, For detailed information see the article.
MON, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, incidence: 19/75*, conc. range: 0.05–13.50 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.93
AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CPA, and NEO μg/kg, sample origin: Chinese and international suppliers different
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other provinces, China, sample year: unknown, country: China70, *seeds
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and fruits
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA, • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, AFG1, and AFG2; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, AFG1; 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, article70: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature70
*seeds incidence: 6/46*, conc. range: 0.05–1.71 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.59 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: Chinese and international suppliers different
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, provinces, China, sample year: unknown, country: China70,
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, CPA, DAS, GT, *rhizomes and roots
MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFB2, CHAE, CPA, DPDON, and MA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
AFB1, AFB2, DAS, GT, STG, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, DON3G, MA, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
with AFB1, AFB2, and MA article70: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature70
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
sample origin: Dalian Medical University in Dalian (city), China,
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
sample year: unknown, country: China474, *Fructus Bruceae
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-con-
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves taminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, CPA, MA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, PAT, and STG than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article474: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature474
incidence: 1/30, conc.: 5.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets of
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
different areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province), Pakistan,
CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV,
sample year: 2011/2012, country: Pakistan661
OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also
Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Metabolites
incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: article661: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers literature661
incidence: 16?/32*, conc. range: 130–1,340 μg/kg, sample origin:
private storehouses and shopkeepers in Santhal Pargana and
Chhotanagpur (divisions), Bihar (state), India, sample year: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
unknown, country: India772, *included fruit and root • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article880: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature880
article772: Medicinal plants, AFB1 and AFG1, literature772 incidence: 5/244, conc. range: 0.3–17.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.14
For detailed information see the article. μg/kg, sample origin: collected from TCM pharmacies and
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 1.2 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and hospitals in Guangzhou (city), China, sample year: unknown,
traditional Chinese medicine stores in different geographical country: China886
regions, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan776, • Co-contamination: not reported
*Zizyphi fructus • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, and AFG2 article886: Medicinal plants, AFB1, OTA, and STG, literature886
article776: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature776 Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 1/22*, conc.: 1.31 μg/kg, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 1/24*, conc.: 2.67 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially country: China59, *traditional Chinese medicines
available, China, sample year: unknown, country: China778, *12 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
medicinal and 12 edible sa. of Areca catechu L. AFG1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article59: Medicinal plants, AFB1 and AFB2, literature59
article778: Medicinal plants, ZEA, literature778 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 13/20*, conc. range: 0.03–16.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.17 incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: 0.02–0.22 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.12 μg/kg,
μg/kg, sample origin: markets and stores in Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, sample origin: Penang (state), Malaysia, sample year: 2003,
and Zhejiang (provinces), and Beijing (capital), China, sample country: Japan/Malaysia61, *commercial traditional herbal
year: unknown, country: China780, *lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera medicines with 3–15 ingredients
Gaertn.) • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 8 sa. AFG1
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contam- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
inated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1 and AFB2 article61: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature61
sample origin: sa. imported from Indonesia, sample year: 2003,
article780: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature780
country: Japan/Malaysia61, *commercial traditional herbal
incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: 0.057–0.299 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.18 medicines with 3–9 ingredients
μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses or markets, China, sample year: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB , AFB ,
1 2
unknown, country: China874, *moldy or heavily moldy sa. of AFG1, and AFG2; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Glycyrrhiza uralensis AFG1
AFG1, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, and OTA article61: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature61
article874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, incidence: 5/13*, conc. range: 0.6–2.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg,
literature874 sample origin: enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample
year: unknown, country: China66, *rhizomes and roots
incidence: 3/9*, conc. range: 0.032–0.040 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.036 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB , AFB ,
1 2
μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses or markets, China, sample year: AFG , and AFM ; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB , AFG , and
1 1 2 1
unknown, country: China874, *non-moldy Glycyrrhiza uralensis sa. AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 2 sa. co-
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and contaminated with AFB2 and AFG1
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and AFM1,
article874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature66
literature874
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: enterprises in
incidence: 4/96*, conc. range: 0.1094–1.0462 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country:
0.51 μg/kg, sample origin: Tong Ren Tang crude drugstore, Beijing China66, *flowers
(capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China880, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contamination with AFB and AFG
1 1
*natural drugs
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and AFM1, incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
literature66 sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: enterprises in • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, GT,
Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country: MA, OTB, PEA, and STG
China66, *seeds • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2 article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and AFM1, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
literature66 incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: China66, *grasses and leaves • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and AFM1, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
literature66 chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 2/28*, conc. range: 0.6–2.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, incidence: 3/58, conc. range: 4.86–10.27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.68 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail suppliers and community hospitals in Khon sample origin: commercial herbal medicine markets in Daegu,
Kaen (province), north-eastern Thailand, sample year: unknown, Daejeon, Gwangju, Jinju, Pusan (cities), and Seoul (capital), South
country: Thailand/Austria67, *tablet or capsule (dosage form) Korea, sample year: unknown, country: Korea69
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
article67: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature67 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article69: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature69
incidence: 4/23*, conc. range: 0.6–2.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.65 μg/kg, For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, incidence: 10/75*, conc. range: 0.08–34.21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.4 μg/kg,
*rhizomes and roots sample origin: Chinese and international suppliers different
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, provinces, China, sample year: unknown, country: China70, *seeds
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, MA, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated and fruits
with AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, MON, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co- • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CPA, and NEO; 1 AFG1, and AFG2; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFM1 AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA, article70: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature70
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, incidence: 1/46*, conc.: 0.95 μg/kg, sample origin: Chinese and
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, international suppliers different provinces, China, sample year:
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites unknown, country: China70, *rhizomes and roots
incidence: 3/15*, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.43 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, AFG1
*seeds • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, article70: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature70
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, For detailed information see the article.
MA, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1, CHAE, incidence: 4/11*, conc. range: 0.20–5.84 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.64 μg/kg,
MA, OTA, and OTB sample origin: Dalian Medical University in Dalian (city), China,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: China474, *Fructus Bruceae
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
article474: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature474 OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and OTA
incidence: 4/30, conc. range: 2.61–23.36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.4 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: local markets of different areas in Khyber cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Pakhtunkhwa (province), Pakistan, sample year: 2011/2012, cle874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature874
country: Pakistan661 incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 0.030 μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses or
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, markets, China, sample year: unknown, country: China874, *non-
AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 moldy Glycyrrhiza uralensis sa.
sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and OTA • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, and OTA
article661: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature661 article874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA,
For detailed information see the article. literature874
incidence: 6?/13*, conc. range: 230–670 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1/96*, conc.: 1.1536 μg/kg, sample origin: Tong Ren
private storehouses and shopkeepers in Santhal Pargana and Tang crude drugstore, Beijing (capital), China, sample year:
Chhotanagpur (divisions), Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown, country: China880, *natural drugs
unknown, country: India772, *fruit • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article880: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature880
article772: Medicinal plants, AFB1 and AFB2, literature772 For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 1.0 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
traditional Chinese medicine stores in different geographical (state), Malaysia, sample year: 2003, country: Japan/Malaysia61,
regions, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan776, *commercial traditional herbal medicines with 3–15 ingredients
*Zizyphi fructus • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article61: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature61
incidence: 1/14*, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: sa. imported
article776: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature776
from Indonesia, sample year: 2003, country: Japan/Malaysia61,
incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: 1.53–2.84 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.19 *commercial traditional herbal medicines with 3–9 ingredients
μg/kg, sample origin: markets and stores in Anhui, Gansu, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB , AFB ,
1 2
Guangxi, Hebei, and Sichuan (provinces), China, sample year: AFG1, and AFG2
unknown, country: China , *Angelica sinensis, **only the 2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
779
moldy sa. were contaminated. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 article61: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature61
article779: Medicinal plants, AFB1, literature779 incidence: 4/13*, conc. range: 1.5–4.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.75 μg/kg,
sample origin: enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample
incidence: 12/20*, conc. range: 0.01–0.85 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.083 year: unknown, country: China66, *rhizomes and roots
μg/kg, sample origin: markets and stores in Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB , AFG , and
2 1
and Zhejiang (provinces), and Beijing (capital), China, sample AFG ; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB , AFG , AFM ; 1 sa. co-
2 1 2 1
year: unknown, country: China780, *lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
Gaertn.) AFB2 and AFG2
• 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 8 sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contam- cereals and their products reported in the present book/article66:
inated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1, literature66
AFB1 and AFG1
than cereals and their products reported in the present enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown,
book/article780: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, country: China , *flowers
66

incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 0.027–0.785 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.29 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses or markets, China, sample year: article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1,
unknown, country: China , *moldy or heavily moldy sa. of
874
literature66
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 0.9–1.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.2 μg/kg, incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sample origin: enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves
year: unknown, country: China66, *seeds • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and CHAE, CPA, DAS, DON3G, PEA, and STG
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
literature66 PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 1.6 μg/kg, sample origin: enterprises in chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
China66, *grasses and leaves unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CIT, CPA,
article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
literature66 PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
For detailed information see the article. chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 1/28*, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: retail suppliers For detailed information see the article.
and community hospitals in Khon Kaen (province), north-eastern incidence: 1/58, conc.: 1.94 μg/kg, sample origin: commercial
Thailand, sample year: unknown, country: Thailand/Austria67, herbal medicine markets in Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Jinju,
*tablet or capsule (dosage form) Pusan (cities), and Seoul (capital), South Korea, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and unknown, country: Korea69
AFG2 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article67: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature67 than cereals and their products reported in the present
For detailed information see the article. book/article69: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, For detailed information see the article.
*rhizomes and roots incidence: 4/75*, conc. range: 0.09–3.50 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.09 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: Chinese and international suppliers different
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, MA, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated provinces, China, sample year: unknown, country: China70, *seeds
with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CHAE, NIV, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co- and fruits
contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, MON, MA, NEO, and • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG2, DPDON, NEO, NIV, AFG1, and AFG2
OTA, and OTB • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article70: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature70
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CIT, CPA, incidence: 0/46*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Chinese
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, and international suppliers different provinces, China, sample
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, year: unknown, country: China70, *rhizomes and roots
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*seeds article70: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature70
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, For detailed information see the article.
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: 0.09–0.18 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.14 μg/kg,
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, sample origin: Dalian Medical University in Dalian (city), China,
MA, PEA, and STG sample year: unknown, country: China474, *Fructus Bruceae
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article68: and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, AFG2
FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chapter: Further than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites article474: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature474
incidence: 2/30, conc. range: 2.5–9.34 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.92 μg/kg, Aflatoxin M1

sample origin: local markets of different areas in Khyber incidence: 2/13*, conc. range: 0.6–0.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.65 μg/kg,
Pakhtunkhwa (province), Pakistan, sample year: 2011/2012, sample origin: enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample
country: Pakistan661 year: unknown, country: China66, *rhizomes and roots
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFG2 AFG1, and AFM1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFM1
Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature661 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and literature66
traditional Chinese medicine stores in different geographical incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
regions, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan776, enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown,
*Zizyphi fructus country: China66, *flowers
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
article 776: Medicinal plants, AFB 1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature66
literature776 incidence: 0/8*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
incidence: 3/20*, conc. range: 0.02–0.06 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: markets and stores in Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, and country: China66, *seeds
Zhejiang (provinces), and Beijing (capital), China, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
unknown, country: China780, *lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Gaertn.) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contam- literature66
inated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other enterprises in Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present country: China66, *grasses and leaves
book/article780: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.107 μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses or than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
markets, China, sample year: unknown, country: China874, *moldy article66: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
or heavily moldy sa. of Glycyrrhiza uralensis literature66
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA incidence: 5/23*, conc. range: 0.2–1.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.68 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *rhizomes and roots
article874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
literature874 AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-
incidence: 0/9*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, and
storehouses or markets, China, sample year: unknown, country: OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
China874, *non-moldy Glycyrrhiza uralensis sa. CPA, and NEO; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFM1, CIT, GT,
• Co-contamination: not reported MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFM1
article874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature874 article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, CPA,
incidence: 1/96*, conc.: 1.1536 μg/kg, sample origin: Tong Ren DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
Tang crude drugstore, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
unknown, country: China880, *natural drugs chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds
article880: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature880 AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER,
For detailed information see the article. and ZEA
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, CPA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, article806: not reported
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, For detailed information see the article.
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and Gliotoxin
leaves incidence: 7/23*, conc. range: 0.3–6.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.27 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *rhizomes and roots
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, CPA, AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CHAE, GT, MA, OTA,
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, GT, MA, STG,
incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFM1, CIT, GT, MA, NEO,
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CHAE, CPA, and GT; 1 sa.
• Co-contamination: not reported co-contaminated with GT, MA, and OTA
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, CPA, book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO,
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
For detailed information see the article. Metabolites
Aflatoxin/s sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
*seeds
sample origin: Maryland and West Virginia (states) farms, USA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample year: 2002/2003, country: USA71, *wild-simulated ginseng AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER,
roots, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, CPA, DAS,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 16 μg/kg**, sample origin: grocery store, GT, MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
USA, sample year: unknown, country: USA71, *moldy ginseng AFB1, AFB2, DAS, GT, STG, and ZEA
root, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
article71: not reported PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
incidence: 81/84*, conc. range: 1.4–10 μg/kg** (11 sa.), 10.1–20 chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
μg/kg** (16 sa.), 20.1–50 μg/kg** (26 sa.), 50.1–90 μg/kg** (13 sa.), incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
90.1–100 μg/kg** (4 sa.), ≤853.44 μg/kg** *** (11 sa.), sample sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves
origin: herbal stores and a herbal distributor company, Lleida • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, GT,
(province), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain72, MA, OTB, PEA, and STG
*medicinal and aromatic herbs, **AFS total, ***red tea leaves • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
article72: Medicinal plants, CIT, DON, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
literature 72
incidence: 64/83*, conc. range: 4–10 μg/kg** (28 sa.), >10 μg/kg** sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
(36 sa.), sample origin: Tamilnadu (state), India, sample year: *flowers
unknown, country: Germany806, *Indian Cassia senna L., **AFB1, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with GT, MON, and
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 T-2; 1 sa. contaminated solely with GT
incidence: 34/74*, conc. range: 4–10 μg/kg** (15 sa.), >10 μg/kg** • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(19 sa.), sample origin: Gujarat (state), India, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: Germany806, *Indian Cassia senna L., **AFB1, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: 0.2–0.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg,
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
For detailed information see the article. *flowers
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2,
Sterigmatocystin CHAE, CPA, DAS, DON3G, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contami-
incidence: 10/23*, conc. range: 0.3–10.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.77 nated with MON and STG
μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
China , *rhizomes and roots
68
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co- CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, T-2, and PAT, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, MON, MA, ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFM1, CIT, GT, MA, For detailed information see the article.
NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CHAE, MA, and
STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, DON3G, MON, PAT, and incidence: 64/244, conc. range: ≤47.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, DAS, STG, and VER; 1 sa. collected from TCM pharmacies and hospitals in886Guangzhou
co-contaminated with CPA, GT, MA, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co- (city), China, sample year: unknown, country: China
contaminated with CHAE, STG, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contami- • Co-contamination: not reported
nated with CHAE and STG • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article886: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature886
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, For detailed information see the article.
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
PAT, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Citrinin
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China , 68
unknown, country: India63, *Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
*seeds
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 2/10*, ∅ conc.: 80 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown,
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, CPA, DAS, country: India , *Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall
63
GT, MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, MA, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contami- houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
nated with FUS-X, MA, NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. unknown, country: India63, *Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.)
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, DAS, GT, STG, and ZEA; 1 incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CHAE, STG, ZEA, α-ZEL, and houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
ZEAA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, DON3G, MA, STG, unknown, country: India63, *Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA and STG
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
article : Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
68 unknown, country: India 63
, *Tribulus terrestris Linn.
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, • Co-contamination: not reported
PAT, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chapter: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article63: Medicinal plants, AFB1, OTA, and ZEA, literature63
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
*grasses and leaves incidence: 14/175*, conc. range: 20–160 μg/kg, sample origin: drug
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, GT, centers of Bhagalpur (city) and store houses in southern Bihar
MA, OTB, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, (state), India, sample year: January–December 1990, country:
CPA, MA, OTA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, India 65
, *crude and finished herbal drugs
MA, MON, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON3G, MA, • Co-contamination: not reported
STG, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, NIV, and STG; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1 sa. co-contaminated with MA, PEA, and STG than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article65: Medicinal plants, AFB1, OTA, and ZEA, literature65
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, incidence: 4/23*, conc. range: 0.3–5.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.75 μg/kg,
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
PAT, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- *rhizomes and roots
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa.
co-contaminated with AFM1, CIT, GT, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CPA,
co-contaminated with CIT, DON3G, MON, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. and NEO; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, GT, MA, STG, and
co-contaminated with CIT, DAS, STG, and VER VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CHAE, CPA, DON3G, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other PEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CHAE, CPA, and GT
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFM1, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
Metabolites chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 0/15*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 2.4–6.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.15 μg/kg,
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
• Co-contamination: not reported *seeds
than cereals and their products reported in the present AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER,
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, CPA, DAS,
AFM1, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, GT, MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also AFB1, AFB2, CHAE, CPA, DPDON, and MA; 1 sa. co-contami-
Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial nated with CPA and STG
Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 8.5 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, HT-2, MA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
OTA, and OTB PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present incidence: 3/11*, conc. range: 0.3–9.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.5 μg/kg,
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
AFM1, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, *grasses and leaves
NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, CPA, MA,
Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial OTA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, MA, MON,
Metabolites and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, NIV, and STG
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Co-contamination: not reported book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFM1, CIT, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CPA, Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, Metabolites
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: 2.1–2.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.45 μg/kg,
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
For detailed information see the article. *flowers
incidence: 51/84*, conc. range: 17–30 μg/kg (15 sa.), 31–50 μg/kg (16 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2,
sa.), 51–100 μg/kg (12 sa.), 110–200 μg/kg (4 sa.), 250–400 μg/kg CHAE, CPA, DAS, DON3G, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contami-
(3 sa.), >400 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: herbal stores and a herbal nated with CPA and PEA
distributor company, Lleida (province), Spain, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: Spain72, *medicinal and aromatic herbs than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Co-contamination: not reported book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFM1, CIT, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also
article72: Medicinal plants, AF/S, DON, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
ZEA, literature72 Metabolites
Cyclopiazonic Acid Ochratoxin A

incidence: 6/23*, conc. range: 0.5–36.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11.45 incidence: 2/10*, ∅ conc.: 50 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown,
China68, *rhizomes and roots country: India63, *Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co- houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, T-2, and unknown, country: India63, *Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: India63, *Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.) article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
incidence: 3/10*, ∅ conc.: 100 μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTB, PAT,
(private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
country: India63, *Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store- incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 1.1 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year: sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
unknown, country: India63, *Tribulus terrestris Linn. • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2, OTA, and
• Co-contamination: not reported OTB
article63: Medicinal plants, AFB1, CIT, and ZEA, literature63 article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
For detailed information see the article. CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTB, PAT,
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
incidence: 12/175*, conc. range: 10–130 μg/kg, sample origin: drug
centers of Bhagalpur (city) and store houses in southern Bihar
(state), India, sample year: January–December 1990, country:
India65, *crude and finished herbal drugs incidence: 53/84*, conc. range: 0.025–2.9 μg/kg (35 sa.), 3–6 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (12 sa.), 7–9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10–13 μg/kg (2 sa.), ≤17.3 μg/kg**
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (3 sa.), sample origin: herbal stores and a herbal distributor
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ company, Lleida (province), Spain, sample year: unknown,
article65: Medicinal plants, AFB1, CIT, and ZEA, literature65 country: Spain72, *medicinal and aromatic herbs, **sage leaves
article72: Medicinal plants, AF/S, CIT, DON, FB/S, T-2, and ZEA,
*rhizomes and roots
literature72
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, MA, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated
with AFB1, CHAE, GT, MA, OTA, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-con- incidence: 25*/57, conc. range: 1.2–158.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23.4
taminated with AFG2, DPDON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses or markets in Henan, Jiangxi,
co-contaminated with GT, MA, and OTA and Zhejiang (provinces) as well as Ningxia and Xinjiang
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (autonomous region) and Beijing (capital), China, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: China/Italy73, *in part moldy
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, • Co-contamination: not reported
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTB, PAT, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites article73: not reported
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, incidence: 1/7*, conc.: tr**, sample origin: imported from a tea
*seeds manufacturing company, Croatia, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FUS-X, MA, Croatia74, herbal tea and medicinal plants, **Tillia grandifolia L.
NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, CHAE, MA, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. co-contaminated with • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, ZEA, α-ZEL, ß-ZEL, and ZEAA; 1 sa. co-contaminated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
with MA and OTA article74: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/28*, conc. range: 0.2–0.4 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.3 μg/l,
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China75,
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTB, PAT, *rhizomes and roots
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- • Co-contamination: not reported
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, article75: Medicinal Plants, OTB, literature75
*grasses and leaves incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.3 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, CPA, year: unknown, country: China75, *grasses and leaves
MA, OTA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, HT-2, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB
MA, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, DAS, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, NIV, OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and PEA article75: Medicinal Plants, OTB, literature75
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 1.5 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample incidence: 7/9*, conc. range: 0.010–0.106 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.038
year: unknown, country: China75, *seeds μg/kg, sample origin: storehouses or markets, China, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB unknown, country: China874, *non-moldy Glycyrrhiza uralensis
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
article75: Medicinal Plants, OTB, literature75 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-
For detailed information see the article. contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA
incidence: 55/129, conc. range: 0.07–2.34* μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
storehouses and shopkeepers in Chhotanagpur, Santhal Pargana, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and Tirhut (divisions), Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown, article874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
country: India76, *Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall (bark) literature874
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 13/244, conc. range: 0.5–38.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.8 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: collected from TCM pharmacies and hospitals in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Guangzhou (city), China, sample year: unknown, country:
article76: not reported China886
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: drugstore, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Belgium, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium77, *3 notified than cereals and their products reported in the present
and 3 non-notified sa. of maca-plants book/article886: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, and STG,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Ochratoxin B
article77: Soy isoflavones, FB1 and OTA, literature77; Spices (gar- incidence: 5/23*, conc. range: 0.2–1.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.58 μg/kg,
lic), FB1, FB2, FB3, and OTA, literature77; Vegetables (black rad- sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
ish), FB1 and FB2, literature77 *rhizomes and roots
incidence: 8/30, conc. range: 9.85–125 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 38.8 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: different areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province), AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-
Pakistan, sample year: 2011/2012, country: Pakistan661 contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CHAE, NIV,
AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 1 OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CHAE, GT,
sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and OTA; 4 sa. contaminated MA, OTA, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG2,
solely with OTA DPDON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and OTB
article661: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
literature661 CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, PAT,
For detailed information see the article. STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 92.3 μg/kg*, sample origin: Anguo (city) ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
herbal market, Hebei (province), China, sample year: unknown, incidence: 2/15*, conc. range: 1.0–1.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg,
country: China694, *tangerine seeds sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
• Co-contamination: not reported *seeds
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FUS-X, MA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
article694: Medicinal plants, AFB1, literature694 AFG1, CHAE, MA, OTA, and OTB
sample origin: storehouses or markets, China, sample year: article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
unknown, country: China874, *moldy or heavily moldy sa. of CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, PAT,
Glycyrrhiza uralensis STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
AFG1, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 1 incidence: 3/11*, conc. range: 0.2–1.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.7 μg/kg,
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and OTA *grasses and leaves
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, GT,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ MA, OTB, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, HT-2,
article874: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, MA, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, DAS,
literature874 OTA, and OTB
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, CPA, MA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA, PAT, and STG
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, PAT, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA, OTB, and incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
HT-2 unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, PAT, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
For detailed information see the article. ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 0/28*, conc. no contamination, sample origin: unknown, For detailed information see the article.
sample year: unknown, country: China75, *rhizomes and roots Fusarium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Depsipeptides
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Beauvericin
article75: Medicinal Plants, OTA, literature75 incidence: 15/60, conc. range: >LOD-124.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 33.0 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.4 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample sample origin: traditional Chinese medicine stores in Zhejiang (province),
year: unknown, country: China75, *grasses and leaves China, sample year: unknown, country: Germany746
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB • Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ENA1, ENB, and ENB1
article75: Medicinal Plants, OTA, literature75 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article746:
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 0.8 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample Medicinal plants, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746; Spices
year: unknown, country: China75, *seeds (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Enniatin A
article75: Medicinal Plants, OTA, literature75 incidence: 15/60, conc. range: >LOD-354.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28.9
For detailed information see the article. μg/kg, sample origin: traditional Chinese medicine stores in
Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country:
Patulin Germany746
incidence: 1/23*, conc.: 8.9 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample • Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA,
year: unknown, country: China68, *rhizomes and roots ENA1, ENB, and ENB1
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, DON3G, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
MON, PAT, and STG than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, literature746
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, For detailed information see the article.
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chapter:
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Enniatin A1
incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 7.1 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, incidence: 15/60, conc. range: >LOD-252.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28.4
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds μg/kg, sample origin: traditional Chinese medicine stores in
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FUS-X, MA, Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country:
NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT, and STG Germany746
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ENA1, ENB, and ENB1
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENB, and ENB1, litera-
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites ture746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
literature746
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 3.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves
Enniatin B • Further contamination of plants and plant products other

incidence: 15/60, conc. range: >LOD-290.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 32.0 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg, sample origin: traditional Chinese medicine stores in article80: Medicinal plants, FB2, literature80
Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country: For detailed information see the article.
Germany746 incidence: 4/30*, conc. range: 8.6–1,553 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 410 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA, sample origin: different locations, South Africa, sample year:
ENA1, ENB, and ENB1 November 2002, country: South Africa81, *medicinal wild plants
Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB1, literature746; Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746 article81: Dietary plants, FB1, literature81
Enniatin B1 incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: 0.58–48.90 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.4

incidence: 15/60, conc. range: >LOD-40.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.9 μg/kg, sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year:
μg/kg, sample origin: traditional Chinese medicine stores in unknown, country: China739, *seeds
Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and
Germany746 FB3; 4 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2; 1 sa. contami-
• Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA, nated solely with FB1
ENA1, ENB, and ENB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article746: article739: Medicinal plants, FB2 and FB3, literature739
Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB, literature746; Spices incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: 0.69–9.80 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.56 μg/kg,
(ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746 sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown,
For detailed information see the article. country: China739, *rhizomes and roots
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2; 3
Fumonisin/s sa. contaminated solely with FB1
Fumonisin B1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 12/18*, conc. range: 350–700 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: unknown, article739: Medicinal plants, FB2 and FB3, literature739
country: Portugal78, *leaves of orange trees incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 2.50–3.80 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.15 μg/kg,
incidence: 12/18*, conc. range: 20–200 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown,
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: China739, *grasses and leaves
country: Portugal78, *leaves or flowers of linden trees • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and
FB3
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: unknown,
country: Portugal78, *corn silk
article739: Medicinal plants, FB2 and FB3, literature739
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown,
country: Portugal78, *chamomile
country: China739, *flowers
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2
article78: Tea, FB1, literature78
article739: Medicinal plants, FB2 and FB3, literature739
incidence: 13/16, conc. range: 14–139 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 55.5 μg/kg, For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: herbal (muthi) markets in Cape Town (city) and
Marabastad (business area) in Pretoria (city), South Africa, Fumonisin B2
sample year: 2006, country: South Africa79 incidence: 1/61*, conc.: pr, sample origin: supermarkets and
• Co-contamination: not reported bazaars in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Turkey80
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2
incidence: 6/61*, conc. range: ≤1.487 μg/kg, sample origin: article80: Medicinal plants, FB1, literature80
supermarkets and bazaars in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample For detailed information see the article.
year: unknown, country: Turkey80 incidence: 8/10*, conc. range: 0.68–45.10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.4 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2; 5 sa. sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown,
contaminated solely with FB1 country: China739, *seeds
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and Fumonisin/s

FB3; 4 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 incidence: 11/84*, conc. range: 83–100 μg/kg (3 sa.), 101–200
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg (6 sa.), 201–300 μg/kg (1 sa.), 647 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ origin: herbal stores and a herbal distributor company, Lleida
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB3, literature739 (province), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain72,
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 0.82 μg/kg, sample origin: regular *medicinal and aromatic herbs, **licorice root
enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, country: China739, • Co-contamination: not reported
*rhizomes and roots • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article72: Medicinal plants, AF/S, CIT, DON, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB3, literature739 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 0.61–1.25 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.88 μg/kg, incidence: 7/16*, conc. range: 124.4–4,503.4 μg/kg**, sample
sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, origin: different markets, China, sample year: 2009/2010, country:
country: China739, *grasses and leaves China82, *moldy medicinal herbs, **FB1 and FB2
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and incidence: 6/80*, conc. range: 49.0–474.3 μg/kg**, sample origin:
FB3; 1 sa. contaminated solely with FB1 different markets, China, sample year: 2009/2010, country: China82,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *non-moldy medicinal herbs, **FB1 and FB2
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB3, literature739 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, article82: Herbs, FB1 and FB2, literature82
country: China739, *flowers For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 Type A Trichothecenes
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Diacetoxyscirpenol
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB3, literature739 incidence: 1/23*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
For detailed information see the article. year: unknown, country: China68, *rhizomes and roots
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, DAS, STG,
Fumonisin B3 and VER
sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: China739, *seeds article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3 CPA, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB2, literature739 incidence: 3/15*, conc. range: 0.2–0.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.27 μg/kg,
incidence: 0/12*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: regular sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, country: China739, *seeds
*rhizomes and roots • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported CPA, DAS, GT, MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contam-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other inated with AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, MA, PEA, and STG; 1 sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, DAS, GT, STG, and ZEA
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB2, literature739 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: regular enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
country: China739, *grasses and leaves CPA, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3 PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 1.9 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB2, literature739 sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves
incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: regular • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, DAS,
enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, country: China739, *flowers OTA, and OTB
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
article739: Medicinal plants, FB1 and FB2, literature739 CPA, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
For detailed information see the article. PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1,
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers AFG2, MON, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, CPA, and NEO; 1 sa. co-contaminated
CHAE, CPA, DAS, DON3G, PEA, and STG with AFG2, DPDON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. co-contam-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other inated with AFM1, CIT, GT, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-con-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ taminated with MA, MON, NEO, and T-2
CPA, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT,
For detailed information see the article. STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
HT-2 Toxin incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
incidence: 0/23*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *rhizomes and roots • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FUS-X, MA,
• Co-contamination: not reported NEO, OTA, OTB, and PAT
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT,
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 2.9 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, leaves
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, • Co-contamination: not reported
and ZEA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT,
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT, HT-2, MA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, and OTB than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT,
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, T-2 Toxin
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers incidence: 4/23*, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.43 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2, OTA, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
and OTB *rhizomes and roots
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ MA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1,
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, AFB2, AFG2, CHAE, NIV, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, with AFB1, CHAE, GT, MA, OTA, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-con-
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- taminated with MA, MON, NEO, and T-2
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
Neosolaniol CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
incidence: 5/23*, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.36 μg/kg, PAT, STG, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
*rhizomes and roots
incidence: 0/15*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Type B Trichothecenes

unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds
Deoxynivalenol
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *rhizomes
and roots
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
PAT, STG, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: unknown, CPA, DAS, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
• Co-contamination: not reported chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, DPDON,
and NIV
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers CIT, CPA, DAS, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with GT, MON, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal
and T-2 plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Metabolites
incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
incidence: 83/84*, conc. range: 0.3–0.9 μg/kg (8 sa.), 1–9 μg/kg CIT, CPA, DAS, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA,
(36 sa.), 10–29 μg/kg (25 sa.), 30–49 μg/kg (11 sa.), 50–99 μg/kg OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal
(2 sa.), 256.9 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: herbal stores and a plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
herbal distributor company, Lleida (province), Spain, sample year: Metabolites
unknown, country: Spain72, *medicinal and aromatic herbs,
**ribgrass leaves
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
article72: Medicinal plants, AF/S, CIT, DON, FB/S, OTA, and
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
ZEA, literature72
AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV,
incidence: 1/138, conc.: 64.0 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets, Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
China, sample year: unknown, country: China854, *Fructus hordei Metabolites
germinatus For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 52/84*, conc. range: 15–39 μg/kg (8 sa.), 40–100 μg/kg
(15 sa.), 101–199 μg/kg (13 sa.), 200–300 μg/kg (9 sa.), 301–500
μg/kg (6 sa.), 5,240 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: herbal stores
and a herbal distributor company, Lleida (province), Spain,
sample year: unknown, country: Spain72, *medicinal and aromatic
incidence: 2/17*, conc. range: 0.853–1.10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.98 μg/kg, herbs, **bearberry leaves
sample origin: different provinces, China, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: China873, *Puerariae lobatae radix • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article72: Medicinal plants, AF/S, CIT, FB/S, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
article873: Medicinal plants, AFB1, literature873 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/54*, conc.: 4.4 μg/kg, sample origin: regulated incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, country: China737, unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and
*rhizomes and roots leaves
article737: Medicinal plants, NIV, literature737 article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 26.6 μg/kg, sample origin: regulated CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA,
enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, country: China737, *seeds OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
article737: Medicinal plants, NIV, literature737 unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
sample origin: regulated enterprises, China, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: China737, *flowers than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV; article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
1 sa. contaminated solely with DON CPA, DAS, DON, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
article737: Medicinal plants, NIV, literature737 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 0/8*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: regulated Nivalenol
enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, country: China737, incidence: 2/23*, conc. range: 2.9–4.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.6 μg/kg,
*grasses and leaves sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
• Co-contamination: not reported *rhizomes and roots
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, CHAE, NIV, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
article737: Medicinal plants, NIV, literature737 AFG2, DPDON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and OTB
sample origin: market in China, sample year: unknown, country: article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
China894, *medicinal herbs and related products CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT,
• Co-contamination: not reported STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
article894: not reported sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
For detailed information see the article. *seeds
Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol)
CPA, DAS, GT, MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contam-
inated with DON, DPDON, and NIV
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *rhizomes
and roots
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO,
CPA, DAS, DON, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
Metabolites
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: 2.1–5.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.95 μg/kg,
*grasses and leaves
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, NIV, OTA,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FUS-X, MA,
and PEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, NIV, and STG
NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT, and STG
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT,
CPA, DAS, DON, GT, HT-2, MA, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 2.1 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers sample year: unknown, country: China68, *seeds
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other CPA, DAS, GT, MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT, article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
incidence: 2/54*, conc. range: 4.3–4.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.55 μg/kg, incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 2.7 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sample origin: regulated enterprises, China, sample year: sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves
unknown, country: China737, *rhizomes and roots • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CPA, MA,
• Co-contamination: not reported MON, and STG
Medicinal plants, DON, literature737 article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: 2.9–3.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.3 μg/kg, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
sample origin: regulated enterprises, China, sample year: PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
unknown, country: China737, *seeds chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV; incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: 2.3–2.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.6 μg/kg,
1 sa. contaminated solely with NIV sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *flowers
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with GT, MON, and
article737: Medicinal plants, DON, literature737 T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with MON and STG
sample origin: regulated enterprises, China, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: China737, *flowers article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and NIV; CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB,
1 sa. contaminated solely with NIV PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants,
article737: Medicinal plants, DON, literature737
Zearalenone
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 5.9–8.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.35 μg/kg, incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
sample origin: regulated enterprises, China, sample year: houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
unknown, country: China737, *grasses and leaves unknown, country: India63, *Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
article737: Medicinal plants, DON, literature737 unknown, country: India63, *Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: store-
houses (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year:
Other Fusarium Toxins unknown, country: India63, *Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.)
Moniliformin incidence: 2/10*, ∅ conc.: 80 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
incidence: 3/23*, conc. range: 2.2–3.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.87 μg/kg, (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India sample year: unknown,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, country: India63, *Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
*rhizomes and roots incidence: 2/10*, ∅ conc.: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: store-houses
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, (private concerns) in Bihar (state), India, sample year: unknown,
AFG2, MON, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with country: India63, *Tribulus terrestris Linn.
CIT, DON3G, MON, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with • Co-contamination: not reported
MA, MON, NEO, and T-2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present article63: Medicinal plants, AFB1, CIT, and OTA, literature63
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, For detailed information see the article.
AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MA, NEO, NIV, incidence: 5/175*, conc. range: 20–110 μg/kg, sample origin: drug
OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also centers of Bhagalpur (city) and store houses in southern Bihar
Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial (state), India, sample year: January–December 1990, country:
Metabolites India65, *crude and finished herbal drugs
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article72: Medicinal plants, AF/S, CIT, DON, FB/S, OTA, and T-2,
article65: Medicinal plants, AFB1, CIT, and OTA, literature65 literature72
incidence: 2/23*, conc. range: 2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.1 μg/kg, sample incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 1.1–2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.6 μg/kg,
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, sample origin: regulated enterprises, China, sample year:
*rhizomes and roots unknown, country: China740, *rhizomes and roots
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT, • Co-contamination: not reported
MA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
CHAE, STG, and ZEA than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article740: see Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: 1.7–10.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.83 μg/kg,
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, sample origin: regulated enterprises, China, sample year:
PAT, STG, and T-2, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- unknown, country: China740, *seeds
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with ZEA, ZEAA,
incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 2.1–10.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.88 μg/kg, α-ZEL, and ß-ZEL; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ZEA, ZEAA, and
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, α-ZEL; 2 sa. contaminated solely with ZEA
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, article740: see Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, DAS, GT, and Microbial Metabolites
STG, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CHAE, STG, For detailed information see the article.
ZEA, α-ZEL, and ZEAA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA, ZEA, incidence: 1/24*, conc.: 7.09 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
α-ZEL, ß-ZEL, and ZEAA available, China, sample year: unknown, country: China778, *12
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other medicinal and 12 edible sa. of Areca catechu L.
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
PAT, STG, and T-2, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap- article778: Medicinal plants, AFB2, literature778
incidence: 9*/7**, conc. range: 18.7–211.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 92.1 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample origin: Zhangshu (city) in Jiangxi (province), Zhenjian
sample year: unknown, country: China68, *grasses and leaves (city) in Jiangsu (province), Zunyi (city in Guizhou (province),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON3G, MA, and Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country:
STG, and ZEA China/Italy898, *coix seeds, **medicinal herbs and related products
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: no reported
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, article898: no reported
NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, and T-2, literature68; see also For detailed information see the article.
Metabolites Penicillium Toxins
Mycophenolic Acid
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers
μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
China68, *rhizomes and roots
AFM1, CHAE, CIT, CPA, GT, MA, OTB, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, MA,
PAT, STG, and T-2, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, chap-
and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CPA, GT, MA, OTB,
STG, T-2, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CHAE, GT,
MA, OTA, OTB, and T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 82/84*, conc. range: 0.3–5 μg/kg (40 sa.), 5.1–10 μg/kg AFG2, MON, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
(22 sa.), 10.1–15 μg/kg (12 sa.), 15.1–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), ≤44.1 AFM1, CIT, GT, MA, NEO, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
μg/kg** (6 sa.), sample origin: herbal stores and a herbal distributor CPA, GT, MA, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CHAE,
company, Lleida (province), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: MA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with MA, MON, NEO, and
Spain72, *medicinal and aromatic herbs, **frangula bark T-2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with GT, MA, and OTA
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Meju may contain the following mycotoxins:
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Aspergillus Toxins
AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, Aflatoxin B1
NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also incidence: 26/60, conc. range: 2.1–23.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.9 μg/kg,
Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial sample origin: large supermarkets and small neighbourhood
Metabolites grocery shops in Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: March 1995–
incidence: 9/15*, conc. range: 0.2–10.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.6 μg/kg, April 1996, country: Korea528
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CHAE, CPA, GT, HT-2, MA, PEA, STG, VER, article528: not reported
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, CPA, DAS, GT, Meju is a crushed fermented soybean cake.
MA, MON, NIV, STG, and VER; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1,
AFG1, AFG2, DAS, MA, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated Melon seed products see Products (melon seed product)
with FUS-X, MA, NEO, OTA, OTB, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-con-
Melon seeds see Seeds (melon)
taminated with AFB1, AFB2, CHAE, CPA, DPDON, and MA; 1
sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, DON3G, MA, STG, and VER; 1 Melons see Fruits (melon)
sa. co-contaminated with AFG1, CHAE, MA, OTA, and OTB; 1
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and MA; 1 sa. co-con- Merlot see Wine (red)
taminated with MA and OTA
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Milk thistle may contain the following mycotoxins:
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, Type A Trichothecenes
OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal
HT-2 Toxin
plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
incidence: 2*/7**, conc. range: 826.9–943.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 885
Metabolites
μg/kg, sample origin: local markets from Granada (city/province),
incidence: 6/11*, conc. range: 0.8–8.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.35 μg/kg, Spain, sample year: 2013, country: Spain675, *purchased from a
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, street vendor, **commercial Silybum marianum
*grasses and leaves • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2, T2, and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2 and T-2
GT, MA, OTB, PEA, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, CPA, MA, OTA, PAT, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
with CIT, HT-2, MA, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. co-contaminated article675: Milk thistle, T-2 and ZEA, literature675
with CPA, MA, MON, and STG; 1 sa. co-contaminated with
DON3G, MA, STG, and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with MA, T-2 Toxin
PEA, and STG incidence: 2*/7**, conc. range: 363.0–453.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 409
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg, sample origin: local markets from Granada (city/province),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spain, sample year: 2013, country: Spain675, *purchased from a
article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CIT, street vendor, **commercial Silybum marianum
CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, NIV, OTA, OTB, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2, T2, and
PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Medicinal plants, ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2 and T-2
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/11*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China68, *flowers article675: Milk thistle, HT-2 and ZEA, literature675
than cereals and their products reported in the present Zearalenone
book/article68: Medicinal plants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, incidence: 1*/7**, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets
AFM1, CIT, CPA, DAS, DON, FUS-X, GT, HT-2, MON, NEO, from Granada (city/province), Spain, sample year: 2013, country:
NIV, OTA, OTB, PAT, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature68; see also Spain675, *purchased from a street vendor, **commercial Silybum
Medicinal plants, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial marianum
Metabolites • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with HT-2, T2, and
For detailed information see the article. ZEA
see also Food and Fruits (hawthorn) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Medicinal seeds see Medicinal plants article675: Milk thistle, HT-2 and T-2, literature675
Must 205
Mistelle see Wine, miscellaneous • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Moscatel see Must and Wine, miscellaneous article520: Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature520
Muhallebi may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample origin: important wine-producing regions, Spain, sample
Aspergillus Toxins year: May–September 2001, country: Spain534, *white (Chardonnay
and Macabeo) and red handmade must (Cabernet Sauvignon,
Aflatoxin/s Tempranillo, and Garnacha)
incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 0.122–1.622 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.628 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries and supermarkets, Turkey, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: 2003, country: Turkey119, *AFS total than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.019–0.050 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.0315 μg/l,
article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello, sample 535origin: coastal Croatia, sample year: 2007, country:
Keskul, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), and Soups, Croatia , *red must (Crljenak, Dobrinčić, Glavinuša, Ninčuša,
AF/S, literature119 Plavac Mali, and Zinfandel)
Muhallebi is a creamy pudding. Ingredients were sugar, potato • Co-contamination: not reported
starch, wheat flour, rice flour, natural identical mastic flavor, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
vanilla. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article535: Wine, OTA, literature535
Mulberries see Fruits, dried incidence: 27/47*, conc. range: 0.01–0.043 μg/l (15 sa.), >0.05–
0.075 μg/l (5 sa.), >0.075–0.221 μg/l (7 sa.), sample origin:
Muscatel see Wine, miscellaneous
vineyards in the Bekaa valley, Lebanon, sample year: July–October
Must may contain the following mycotoxins: 2004, country: Lebanon/France536, *handmade must
Aflatoxin B1
article536: Wine (red), OTA, literature536
incidence: 19/47*, conc. range: 0.01–0.08 μg/l (17 sa.), 0.17 and
0.46 μg/l (2 sa.), sample origin: Bekaa valley, Lebanon, sample year: incidence: 0/4* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
July–October 2005, country: Lebanon/France533, *handmade must vineyard in Cap Bon (peninsula), northeastern Tunisia, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: 2004, country: Tunisia/Spain538, *grape variety: Italia, **sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other taken at early veraison
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 0/4* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
article533: not reported vineyard in Cap Bon (peninsula), northeastern Tunisia, sample
year: 2004, country: Tunisia/Spain538, *grape variety: Carignan,
**sa. taken at early veraison
Ochratoxin A incidence: 1/4* **, conc.: 0.59 μg/l, sample origin: vineyard in Cap
incidence: 20?/22*, conc. range: 0.10–0.50 μg/l (1 sa.), 0.50– Bon (peninsula), northeastern Tunisia, sample year: 2004, country:
1.00 μg/l (4 sa.), 1.00–2.00 μg/l (1 sa.), >2.00–27.29 μg/l (12 sa.), Tunisia/Spain538, *grape variety: Italia, **sa. taken 2 weeks after
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Spain158, veraison
*fortified must/early stopped fermentation
incidence: 2/4* **, conc. range: 0.69–0.94 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.82 μg/l,
sample origin: vineyard in Cap Bon (peninsula), northeastern
Tunisia, sample year: 2004, country: Tunisia/Spain538, *grape
variety: Carignan, **sa. taken 2 weeks after veraison
article158: Berries (grape), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA,
literature158 incidence: 2/4* **, conc. range: 0.69–0.73 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.71 μg/l,
sample origin: vineyard in Cap Bon (peninsula), northeastern
Tunisia, sample year: 2004, country: Tunisia/Spain538, *grape
sample origin: supermarkets and small shops, Spain, sample year:
variety: Italia, **sa. taken at maturity
2002, country: Spain508, *10 white (2 sa. contaminated) and 10 red
must sa. (not contaminated) incidence: 4/4* **, conc. range: 0.59–2.57 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.27 μg/l,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: vineyard in Cap Bon (peninsula), northeastern
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Tunisia, sample year: 2004, country: Tunisia/Spain , *grape
538
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ variety: Carignan, **sa. taken at maturity
article508: Wine (red), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 0.84–2 μg/l**, ∅ conc.: 1.42 μg/l**,
sample origin: Andalusia (autonomous community), Spain,
sample year: probably 2005, country: Spain520, *included Matilde, incidence: 11/11, conc. range: 0.003–0.250 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.043 μg/l,
Moscatel, Palomino**, and Sauvignon grape must sample origin: Cosenza (province), Calabria (region), southern
• Co-contamination: not reported Italy, sample year: 2007, country: Italy539
incidence: 8/11*, conc. range: 0.003–0.130 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.0345 μg/l, Nectars (cranberry nectar) may contain the following
sample origin: Cosenza (province), Calabria (region), southern mycotoxins:
Italy, sample year: 2007, country: Italy539, *must after malolactic
fermentation Alternaria Toxins
• Co-contamination: not reported Alternariol
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/1, conc.: 5.6 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: unknown, country: Canada440
article539: Wine (red), OTA, literature539 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
incidence: 8/11*, conc. range: <0.010–0.461 μg/l, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aude (department), southern France, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: France541, *must of red wine article440: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), and Nectars
• Co-contamination: not reported (prune nectar), AME and AOH, literature440; Juices (raspberry
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other juice) and Wine (red), AOH, literature440; Nectars (cranberry
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nectar), AME, literature440
incidence: 7/8*, conc. range: 0.5–2.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.03 μg/l, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.7 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
sample origin: wineries, northern Italy, sample year: unknown, year: unknown, country: Canada440
country: Italy674, *fermentable grape must • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
incidence: 8/8*, conc. range: 0.2–1.3 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.71 μg/l, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: wineries, northern Italy, sample year: unknown, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article440:
country: Italy674, *mute grape must Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), and Nectars (prune nec-
• Co-contamination: not reported tar), AME and AOH, literature440; Juices (raspberry juice), Nectars
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (cranberry nectar), and Wine (red), AOH, literature440
article674: Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature674 Nectars (prune nectar) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 3/30*, conc. range: ≤0.1–0.16 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.12 μg/l, Alternaria Toxins
sample origin: Mendoza (province), Argentina, sample year:
harvest season 2008/2009, country: Argentina816, *red must Alternariol
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Chubut
(province), Argentina, sample year: harvest season 2008/2009,
country: Argentina816, *red must
article440: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), and Nectars
(cranberry nectar), AME and AOH, literature440; Nectars
article816: Vine fruits, dried, Wine (red), OTA, literature816
(prune nectar), AME, literature440; Juices (raspberry juice) and
Fusarium Toxins Wine (red), AOH, literature440
Fumonisin B2 Alternariol Methyl Ether

incidence: 2/12*, conc. range: 10–400 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 205 μg/l, sample incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.4 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
origin: Apulian wine cellars, Apulia (region), Italy, sample year: 2007, year: unknown, country: Canada440
country: Italy543, *must of red wine for production of “Primitivo” • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), and Nectars (cranberry
article543: not reported nectar), AME and AOH, literature440; Juices (raspberry juice),
Nectars (prune nectar), and Wine (red), AOH, literature440
Mustard see Field mustard and Spices (mustard)
Nihari masala see Spices (nihari masala)
Nectars (apple nectar) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Nut bar see Bars
Nut cereals may contain the following mycotoxins:
Patulin
incidence: 1/63, conc.: 3–7 μg/l, sample origin: 22 cities in São Aspergillus Toxins
Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Brazil478
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/1, conc.: 2.29 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year:
article478: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature478 unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total
Nuts 207
cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cereals and their products reported in the present book/article2:
article18: Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazel- Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts (hazelnut),
nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), and AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts
Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature18 (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 6.68 μg/kg, sample origin: grocery markets
Nut crème may contain the following mycotoxins: in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as
Aspergillus Toxins well as Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: May 2004–June 2005,
country: Korea10, *nuts, assorted
incidence: 38/40, conc. range: <1 μg/kg (20 sa.) and 1–5 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(18 sa.), sample origin: markets in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: September 2002–September 2003, country: Turkey274 article10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut),
• Co-contamination: not reported Nuts, (pistachio nut), Paste (soybean paste), Sauces (soy
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sauce), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature10
article274: Nut crème, AF/S, literature274; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1
incidence: 15/76, conc. range: 0.02–7.8* μg/kg, sample origin:
and AF/S, literature274
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample
Aflatoxin/s year: 2004, country: Poland116, *peanuts for direct consumption
incidence: 39/40, conc. range: <1 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (13 sa.), incidence: 15/68, conc. range: 0.04–0.78 μg/kg, sample origin:
5–10 μg/kg (24 sa.), and >10 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: markets Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample
in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: September 2002– year: 2005, country: Poland116
September 2003, country: Turkey274 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article116: Coffee and Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and
article274: Nut crème, AFB1, literature274; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116;
and AF/S, literature274 Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 0.66–1.09 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.87 μg/kg,
sample origin: supermarkets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample
Ochratoxin A year: unknown, country: Malaysia182, *almond, cashew, hazelnut,
incidence: 31/33*, conc. range: ≤0.270 μg/kg, sample origin: and pistachio nuts
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, • Co-contamination: not reported
Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Germany262, *nut nougat crèmes than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article182: Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sunflower),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), and Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (pepper), AFB1, literature182
article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs, Fruit,
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 6.68 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets,
dried, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Powder (cocoa
local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon, Gwangju (cities), and
powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (sesame),
Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/July 2004, country:
and Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
Korea220, *nuts, assorted (seasoned)
Nut products see Products (nut product)
Nutmeg see Spices (nutmeg) than cereals and their products reported in the present
book/article220: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
Nuts and seeds see Food ture220; Nuts, AFB2, literature220; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature220; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1,
Nuts may contain the following mycotoxins: literature220
Aspergillus Toxins
imported to USSR, sample year: 1985–1987, country: USSR267,
Aflatoxin B1 *almonds and cashews
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 10–93 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 51.5 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: 1974, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Finland2, *nuts, mixed than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; article267: Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, Legumes, and Nuts
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 (peanut), AFB1, literature267
incidence: 12/33, conc. range: 0.3–9.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.6 μg/kg, AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116;
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116
country: New Zealand277 incidence: 1/16*, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
• Co-contamination: not reported area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than *nuts, mixed
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
cle277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter AFG2
(peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts (pea- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), and Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pep- article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
per), and Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cay- Nuts (peanut), and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), and Spices literature201; Nuts, AFG1 and AFG2, literature201
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts, AF/S, litera-
local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon, Gwangju (cities), and
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 0.48 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/July 2004, country:
in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Korea220, *nuts, assorted (seasoned)
Japan339, *included almonds (raw), cashew nuts (raw and roasted), • Co-contamination: not reported
peanuts**, pecan nuts, pistachio nuts, macadamia nuts (raw), and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
walnuts (raw), **contaminated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and article220: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature220;
AFG2 Nuts and Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature220; Nuts (pea-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature220
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 0.11 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and
in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country:
AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour
Japan339, *included almonds (raw)**, cashew nuts (raw and
(soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
roasted), peanuts, pecan nuts, pistachio nuts, macadamia nuts
literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB1, AFB2,
(raw), and walnuts (raw), **contaminated
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG2
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.29 μg/kg, sample origin: markets and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: January– article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and
December 2002, country: Spain435, *nut cocktail AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 (soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2, literature339
article435: Nuts and Pinhol, AFG1, literature435; Nuts (hazelnut), For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 29 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2, *nuts, mixed
Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2, *nuts, mixed • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts, Nuts (almond), and
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts (peanut),
(hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, and AFG1, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature2
incidence: 9/76*, conc. range: 0.02–2.04 μg/kg, sample origin: year: 2004, country: Poland116, *peanuts for direct consumption
incidence: 25/68, conc. range: 0.03–1.16 μg/kg, sample origin:
year: 2004, country: Poland116, *peanuts for direct consumption
incidence: 18/68, conc. range: 0.02–0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: year: 2005, country: Poland116
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: 2005, country: Poland116 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature116;
article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116
Nuts 209
incidence: 1/16*, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital) incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 0.34–1.12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.73 μg/kg,
area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201, sample origin: local supermarket in Okayama (prefecture), Japan,
*nuts, mixed sample year: unknown, country: Japan339, *included almonds (raw)**,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and cashew nuts (raw and roasted), peanuts**, pecan nuts, pistachio nuts,
AFG2 macadamia nuts (raw), and walnuts (raw), **contaminated
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG2
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (peanut), and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature201; Nuts, AFB2 and AFG2, literature201 article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 0.84 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour
in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country: (soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
Japan339, *included almonds (raw), cashew nuts (raw and roasted), literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB1, AFB2,
peanuts**, pecan nuts, pistachio nuts, macadamia nuts (raw), and AFG1, and AFG2, literature339
walnuts (raw), **contaminated For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and Aflatoxin/s
AFG2 incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 3.91 μg/kg**, sample origin: mainly
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other imported from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: unknown, country: Poland18, *nuts, “chio-felix”, **AFS total
article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB1, AFB2, article18: Nut cereals, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts
AFG1, and AFG2, literature339 (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut),
For detailed information see the article. Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature18
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.47 μg/kg, sample origin: markets and incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 7 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported to the
supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: January– USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *nuts, mixed, **AFB1,
December 2002, country: Spain435, *nut cocktail AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Candies (pistachio
article435: Nuts, AFB1, literature435; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and candy), Nuts (almond), Nuts, (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut),
AFG1, literature435; Pinhol, AFG1, literature435 Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut
Aflatoxin G2 oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian paste), Products (peanut
incidence: 4/76*, conc. range: 0.02–0.22 μg/kg, sample origin: product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, literature19
year: 2004, country: Poland116, *peanuts for direct consumption incidence: 1/82*, conc.: 352.0 μg/kg**, sample origin: local retail
incidence: 18/68, conc. range: 0.02–0.71 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in the region of Brasilia (capital), Brazil, sample year:
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample 2002–2011, country: Brazil208, *included almonds, cashew nuts,
year: 2005, country: Poland116 hazelnuts, nuts, and pistachio nuts (all shelled), **AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ no further information available
article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature116; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116 article208: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Products
(peanut product), AF/S, literature208
incidence: 1/16*, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201, incidence: 3/29*, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg** (2 sa.) and >50 μg/kg**
*nuts, mixed (1 sa.), sample origin: commercial and imported food from retail
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and outlets and points of entries, Malaysia, sample year: 1995–1999,
AFG2 country: Malaysia233, *different kinds of nuts, **AF not specified
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (peanut), and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, article233: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Nuts
literature201; Nuts, AFB2 and AFG1, literature201 (peanut), Products (peanut products), Spices (cayenne pepper,
chilli), AF/S, literature233
incidence: 12/33, conc. range: 0.3–9.7 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.7 μg/kg*, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: New Zealand277, *AFS total than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Pies,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Pizza, Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA,
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; literature90
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts incidence: 26/125*, conc. range: ≤0.270 μg/kg, sample origin:
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
(pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cay- country: Germany262, *different kinds of nuts
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), and Spices • Co-contamination: not reported
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts, Nuts (Brazil • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 35/35*, conc. range: 2 μg/kg** (23 sa.), 2–5 μg/kg** article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
(6 sa.), 6–15 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 16–50 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 51–200 μg/kg Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
(3 sa.), and 276 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in New South Powder (cocoa powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed),
Wales (state), Australia, sample year: 1988/1989, country: Australia420, Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
*included nuts and nut products, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 7/15, conc. range: 2.75–7.42 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.64 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: supermarkets and small shops, Jordan, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: September 2008–March 2009, country: Jordan315
article420: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature420 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 6 μg/kg**, sample origin: most sa. from Iran, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Syria, Turkey, and the USA collected by inspectors at overland and article315: Coffee beans, Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature315
seaport custom offices, Qatar, sample year: July–December 1997, incidence: 33/142*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.27 μg/kg (33 sa.),
country: Qatar424, *nuts, mixed, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698,
• Co-contamination: not reported *tree nuts
article424: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature424 article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa,
incidence: 2/29, conc. range: 20.3–23.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 21.8 μg/kg, Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices,
sample origin: five governates, Kuwait, sample year: unknown, Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas,
country: Kuwait704, *AF Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices,
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, (miscellaneous), OTA,
article704: Coffee, OTA, literature704; Spices, AF/S, literature704 literature698
incidence: 70/264*, conc. range: 1.0–110 μg/kg**, sample origin:
outlets across seven municipalities of Mecca (city), Saudi Arabia, Nuts (almond) may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample year: January/February 2008, country: Saudi Arabia716, Alternaria Toxins
*included almonds, cashew nuts, hazelnuts peanuts, and walnuts,
**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Alternariol
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/8, conc.: 1.5 μg/kg, sample origin: KSU, Turkey and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital), Austria, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Austria868
article716: not reported • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins article868: Nuts (almond), AME, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, and
Ochratoxin A ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
September/October 2008, country: Canada90 erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year: literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
Nuts (almond) 211
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 5,566.6 μg/kg, sample origin: different
and Microbial Metabolites storage facilities, Egypt, sample year: November 1978–April 1979,
For detailed information see the article. country: Egypt4, *sa. moldy with mechanical or insect damage
incidence: 3/8, conc. range: ≤0.84 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.56 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: KSU, Turkey and stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna article4: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature4;
(capital), Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Austria868 Lentils, AFB1, literature4; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFG2, literature4
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article868: incidence: 1*/34, conc.: 95 μg/kg, sample origin: Spanish retail
Nuts (almond), AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, and ENB3, litera- market, Spain, sample year: 1986/1987, country: Spain6, *bulk,
ture868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, unpacked material
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pea- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
nut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts article6: Nuts (almond), AFB2, literature6; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
(pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, literature868; see also Nuts literature6
(almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 25–71 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 48 μg/kg,
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district),
For detailed information see the article. India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7, *cuddapah almond
Aspergillus Toxins incidence: 3/8, conc. range: 18–194 μg/kg, sample origin: major
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–
Aflatoxin B1 1985, country: India7
incidence: 1/110, conc.: 93 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2 ent in a sa.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates,
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2,
AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB2, AFG1, RBT,
(almond), AFB2, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
and AFG2, literature2 AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, AFB1,
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 67 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut),
Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2, *almonds, bitter AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: different localities, Pakistan, sample year:
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and unknown, country: Pakistan8
AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
(almond), AFB2, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
and AFG2, literature2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/184*, conc.: tr, sample origin: imported to Finland, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 1974, country: Finland2, *almonds, sliced and crushed article8: Nuts (almond), AFB2, literature8
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/14, conc.: 0.39 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: Korea9
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(almond), AFB2, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
and AFG2, literature2 literature9; Nuts (almond), AFB2, literature9; Nuts (peanut),
incidence: 15/19*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg (14 sa.) and 6 μg/kg AFB1 and AFB2, literature9; Products (nut product) and Tea,
(1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, AFB1, literature9
England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *almonds, ground incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 0.08–0.55 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.23 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10
article3: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature3; Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(almond), AF/S, literature3 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts incidence: 10/74*, conc. range: 0.5–42 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.32 μg/kg,
(pistachio nut), Paste (soybean paste), Sauces (soy sauce), sample origin: California (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country:
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), USA839, *almonds, unsorted in-shell
AFB1, literature10 • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 34 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. con-
year: unknown, country: USA11, *almonds, ground taminated solely with AFB1
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts (almond), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AF/S, literature839
article11: Nuts (almond), AFB2, literature11; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, Aflatoxin B2
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature11 incidence: 1/110, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to
incidence: 1*/21**, conc.: 4.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Alfândega, Faro, Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2
and Moncorvo (municipalities), Portugal, sample year: 2007/2008, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
country: Portugal12, *storage sa., **field and storage sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2 article2: Marzipan (almond paste) and Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2,
article12: Nuts (almond), AFB2, literature12 AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
incidence: 11/28*, conc. range: 0.005–2 μg/kg (11 sa., maximum: incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to
0.8 μg/kg), sample origin: ethnic stores, health-food stores, and Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2, *almonds, bitter
local stores as well as supermarkets in the four largest cities, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Sweden13, *almonds and almond/nut paste than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article2: Marzipan (almond paste) and Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2,
article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas and Peas (chickpea), OTA, AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
literature13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (Brazil incidence: 0/184*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Oil seeds, Products (peanut imported to Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2,
product), AFB1 and AF/S, literature13 *almonds, sliced and crushed
incidence: 3/13, conc. range: 1–13 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.4 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: retailers, markets, and dried fruit retail shops in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Erzurum (city), Turkey, sample year: March 2001–March 2002, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country. Turkey14 article2: Marzipan (almond paste) and Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1
• Co-contamination: not reported and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
article14: Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), Peas incidence: 1*/34, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: Spanish retail
(chickpea), AFB1, literature14 market, Spain, sample year: 1986/1987, country: Spain6, *bulk,
incidence: 19/23*, conc. range: 39–4,000 μg/kg, sample origin: unpacked material
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *moldy • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
almonds, sweet • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article6: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature6
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 17 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
(orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (cashew nut), country: India7, *cuddapah almond
Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spice (nut-
meg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 20–125 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 72.5 μg/kg,
AFG2, literature239 sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district),
India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7
incidence: 43/63*, conc. range: ≤45.56 μg/kg, sample origin: retail • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab ent in a sa.
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
*ingredients for halva cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7:
• Co-contamination: not reported Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFG1,
article750: Halva, AFB1 and AFM1, literature750; Nuts (pistachio RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2,
nut), Raisins, Spices (cardamom), AFB1, literature750 AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
Nuts (almond) 213
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), ent in a sa.
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: different localities, Pakistan, sample year: article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
unknown, country: Pakistan8 Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea-
article8: Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature8 nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7;
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera-
incidence: 1/14, conc.: 0. 06 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: Korea9
literature7
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/74*, conc.: 62.5 μg/kg, sample origin: California
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA839, *almonds,
article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, unsorted in-shell
literature9; Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature9; Nuts (peanut), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
AFB1 and AFB2, literature9; Products (nut product), Tea, AFB1, and AFG2
Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and AF/S, literature839
year: unknown, country: USA11, *almonds, ground
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 Aflatoxin G2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/74*, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: California (state),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA839, *unsorted in-shell
article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature11; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, almonds
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature11 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and
incidence: 1*/21**, conc.: 0.17 μg/kg, sample origin: Alfândega, AFG2
Faro, and Moncorvo (municipalities), Portugal, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2007/2008, country: Portugal12, *storage sa., **field and storage sa. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article839: Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AF/S,
Aflatoxin/s
article12: Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature12
incidence: 15/19*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg** (13 sa.) and 6–10
incidence: 6/74*, conc. range: ≤3.8 μg/kg, sample origin: California μg/kg** (2 sa., maximum: 10 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets
(state), USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA839, *almonds, in 20 different regions, England, sample year: April 1984, country:
unsorted in-shell UK3, *almonds, ground, **AFS total
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Co-contamination: not reported
article839: Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and AF/S, article3: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts
literature839 (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature3; Nuts
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: supermarkets (almond), AFB1, literature3
in Novi Sad (city), Vojvodina (province), Serbia, sample year: incidence: 2/78, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (1 sa.) and >25 μg/kg*
February 2013, country: Serbia/Czech Republic844, *commercial (1 sa.), sample origin: brokers, distributors, growers, processors,
almonds, crude and retail trade, Canada, sample year: 1970–1975, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Canada15, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article844: Nuts (walnut), ZEA, literature844 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article15: Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa beans, Nuts (cashew
Aflatoxin G1
nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature15
outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
country: India7, *cuddapah almond incidence: 1/4, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg*, sample origin: specialist food
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/16*, conc. range: 10–47 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 28.5 μg/kg**,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: California (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country:
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- USA839, *unsorted almonds, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
ture16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: 9–272 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 132.8 μg/kg**,
(sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, sample origin: California (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country:
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and USA839, *ESM-rejected almonds, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, lit-
incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 50 μg/kg**, sample origin: California
erature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
(state), USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA839, *ESM-rejected
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA,
almonds, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, lit-
erature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, incidence: 10/16*, conc. range: 1–217 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 109 μg/kg**,
NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS- sample origin: California (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country:
X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, USA839, *hand-rejected almonds, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, incidence: 0/26*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
OTA, and T-2, literature16 California (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA839,
incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 1.2–3.4 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.13 *hand-rejected almonds (finished product), **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
μg/kg**, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and AFG 2
and northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November incidence: 1/25*, conc.: 4 μg/kg**, sample origin: California
2009, country: Pakistan17, *almonds without shell, **AFB1, AFB2, (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA839, *sliced nutmeats,
AFG1, and AFG2 natural and blanched, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 13/27*, conc. range: ≤119 μg/kg**, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other California (state), USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA839, *diced
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nutmeats, natural and blanched, **AFB , AFB , AFG , and AFG
1 2 1 2
article17: Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts (pea- • Co-contamination: not reported
nut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Raisins, AF/S, literature17 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article839:
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 2.23 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature839
from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year:
unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total Other Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.88 μg/kg**, sample origin: mainly imported Sterigmatocystin

from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year: incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: major
unknown, country: Poland18, *Californian almonds, **AFS total local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–
• Co-contamination: not reported 1985, country: India7, *cuddapah almond
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 96–130 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 113 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district),
article18: Nut cereals, Nuts, Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazelnut), India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
(sunflower), AF/S, literature18 ent in a sa.
incidence: 1/26, conc.: 6 μg/kg**, sample origin: FDA districts, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7:
AFG2 Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates,
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 10 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported to the AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2,
USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2 AFG1, RBT, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut),
article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts
(walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian Cyclopiazonic Acid
paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cay- incidence: 3/8, conc. range: ≤130 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 64 μg/kg, sample
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, origin: KSU, Turkey, and stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital),
literature19 Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Austria868
incidence: 10/74*, conc. range: ≤107 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 14.8 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
μg/kg**, sample origin: California (state), USA, sample year: 1972, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: USA839, *unsorted in-shell almonds from growers, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
**AFB , AFB , AFG , and AFG article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, ENB, ENB1, and
1 2 1 2
Nuts (almond) 215
ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Enniatin B

AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3, incidence: 8/8, conc. range: LOQ, ∅ conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit- origin: KSU, Turkey and stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital),
erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX- Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Austria868
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, article.
literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and Microbial Metabolites article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and
For detailed information see the article. ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
Ochratoxin A ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
incidence: 12/44, conc. range: 11–266 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 61 μg/kg, erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions, I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20 and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
article20: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (caraway), For detailed information see the article.
Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (paprika), Spices
(pepper), OTA, literature20 Enniatin B1
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 3.75 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket, incidence: 6/8, conc. range: ≤0.21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.12 μg/kg,
Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21 sample origin: KSU, Turkey and stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB (capital), Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Austria868
article21: Nuts (almond), OTB, literature21; Nuts (cashew nut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (peanut), OTA and OTB, literature21 article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, and
ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Ochratoxin B AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 8.83 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21 erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
article21: Nuts (almond), OTA, literature21; Nuts (cashew nut), (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
Nuts (peanut), OTA and OTB, literature21 and Microbial Metabolites
Fusarium Toxins For detailed information see the article.
Depsipeptides Enniatin B3
incidence: 1/8, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: KSU, Turkey and
Beauvericin
stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital), Austria, sample year:
incidence: 8/8, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 0.10 μg/kg, sample
unknown, country: Austria868
origin: KSU, Turkey and stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the
Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Austria868
article.
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, and
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, CPA, ENB, ENB1, and
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins

Zearalenone than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: pr, sample origin: major local retail outlets article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, and Peas (chickpea), OTA,
at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: literature13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond),
India7, *cuddapah almond AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AF/S, literature13;
incidence: 1/8, conc.: pr, sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nuts (pistachio nut), Oil seeds, Products (peanut product),
Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7 AFB1 and AF/S, literature13
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- incidence: 1/4, conc.: 10.2 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
ent in a sa. available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, AFG1, and AFG2
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, RBT, and STG, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), and Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), and Paste (peanut paste),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB2, AFG1, and
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFG2, literature99; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
Penicillium Toxins Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1,
Rubratoxin literature99
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 310 μg/kg, sample origin: major local
incidence: 10?/51, conc. range: 8.3–20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.1 μg/kg,
retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
country: India7, *cuddapah almond
incidence: 0/8, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: major 1996, country: Cyprus200
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983– • Co-contamination: not reported
1985, country: India7 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ent in a sa. article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, and Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7: AFB2 and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (ses-
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, ame product), and Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
AFG1, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, literature200
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
incidence: 16/27, conc. range: 3–4,200 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 457 μg/kg,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio
sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year:
autumn 1973, country: Norway201
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut) may contain the following AFG1, and AFG2
mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aspergillus Toxins book/article201: Cocoa, Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut),
and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
Aflatoxin B1
Nuts, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 5/23*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg (4 sa.) and 33 μg/kg (1 sa.),
literature201
sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, England,
sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *Brazil nuts, in-shell incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 26 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores and
• Co-contamination: not reported supermarkets in Campinas (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: 1991/1995, country: Brazil202, *Brazil nuts, ground
article3: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazel- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
nut), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature3; Nuts (Brazil than cereals and their products reported in the present
nut, paranut), AF/S, literature3 book/article 202: Nuts (cashew nut), AFB 1 and AFG 1,
literature202
incidence: 7/17, conc. range: 0.005–2 μg/kg (3 sa.) and >2 μg/kg
(4 sa., maximum: 1,400 μg/kg), sample origin: ethnic stores, health incidence: 4/12, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum:
food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets in the four 0.8 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
country: Sweden13
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut) 217
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), and Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2,
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 2 sa. contaminated literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), and Paste (peanut paste),
solely with AFB1 AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFG1, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFG2, literature99; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices,
cle203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, lit- Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2,
erature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1,
OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, AFB1, literature99
AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pista- incidence: 10?/51, conc. range: 1.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.1 μg/kg, sample
chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic products)
paranut), AFB2 and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country:
AFB2, literature203 Cyprus200
incidence: 4/50, conc. range: 11.9–1,058.0 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
cooperatives in Acre (state), northern region in Brazil, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: 2009, country: Brazil204 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 9/50, conc. range: 6.8–36.6 μg/kg, sample origin: article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, and Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
cooperatives in Amazonas (state), northern region in Brazil, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
sample year: 2009, country: Brazil204 AFB1 and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (ses-
ame product), and Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2,
cooperatives in Amapá (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
and AFG1, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
year: 2009, country: Brazil204
literature200
incidence: 16/27, conc. range: tr-1,600 μg/kg, sample origin: stores
cooperatives in Pará (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
in Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
Norway201
AFG1, and AFG2
article204: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
CPA, literature204
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (wal-
incidence: 1/10, conc.: 5.8 μg/kg, sample origin: available in nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFB2,
New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand277 AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, and AFG2, literature201
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), and Sauces (peanut
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (pep-
per), and Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277
incidence: 1/10, conc.: 5.8 μg/kg, sample origin: New Zealand, (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil
sample year: unknown, country: New Zealand701 nut, paranut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1
• Co-contamination: not reported and AFB2, literature203
cooperatives in Acre (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
article701: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pista-
chio nut), Products (nut product), Products (peanut product),
AF/S, literature701 incidence: 2/50, conc. range: 1.1–1.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.35 μg/kg,
sample origin: cooperatives in Amazonas (state), northern region
Aflatoxin B2 in Brazil, sample year: 2009, country: Brazil204
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially incidence: 2/50, conc. range: 0.5–7.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo cooperatives in Amapá (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
(capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99 year: 2009, country: Brazil204
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 0/50, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cooperatives in Pará (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: 2009, country: Brazil204
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 3/50, conc. range: 17.9–243.0 μg/kg;, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cooperatives in Acre (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: 2009, country: Brazil204
article204: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and incidence: 7/50, conc. range: 2.7–12.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
CPA, literature204 cooperatives in Amazonas (state), northern region in Brazil,
Aflatoxin G1 sample year: 2009, country: Brazil204
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 3.2 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially incidence: 1/50, conc.: 2.9 μg/kg, sample origin: cooperatives in
available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo Amapá (state), northern region in Brazil, sample year: 2009,
(capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99 country: Brazil204
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 0/50, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
AFG1, and AFG2 cooperatives in Pará (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: 2009, country: Brazil204
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), and Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), and Paste (peanut paste), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and article204: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and
AFG2, literature99; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices CPA, literature204
(nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, Aflatoxin G2
and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, incidence: 1/4, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
literature99 available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs in Tokyo
(capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99
incidence: 10?/51, conc. range: 2.3–9.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.8 μg/kg,
AFG1, and AFG2
1996, country: Cyprus200
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Spices, Spices (cayenne
article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
ture99; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg),
AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1
product), and Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut),
and AFG1, literature99
AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, incidence: 16/27, conc. range: tr-600 μg/kg, sample origin: stores
literature200 in Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
Norway201
incidence: 16/27, conc. range: 2–3,250 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 478 μg/kg,
sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year:
AFG1, and AFG2
autumn 1973, country: Norway201
AFG1, and AFG2
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), and Nuts
(walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1,
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (wal-
AFB2, and AFG1, literature201
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, incidence: 2/50, conc. range: 14.7–223.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 119 μg/kg,
AFB2, and AFG2, literature201 sample origin: cooperatives in Acre (state), northern region in
Brazil, sample year: 2009, country: Brazil204
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 incidence: 1/50, conc.: 1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: cooperatives in
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 Amazonas (state), northern region in Brazil, sample year: 2009,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than country: Brazil204
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article203: incidence: 1/50, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: cooperatives in
Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- Amapá (state), northern region in Brazil, sample year: 2009,
ture203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, country: Brazil204
literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 0/50, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts (pistachio nut), cooperatives in Pará (state), northern region in Brazil, sample
AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), year: 2009, country: Brazil204
Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut) 219

article204: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and book/article 206: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut),
CPA, literature204 Nuts (pistachio nut), Paste (fig paste), AF/S, literature206
Aflatoxin/s incidence: 4/60*, conc. range: 10–68 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 46 μg/kg**,

incidence: 5/23*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg** (3 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg** sample origin: Brazil nut factory in Manaus (city), Amazonas
(1 sa.), and 60 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 (state), Brazil, sample year: 2003–2006, country: Brazil207, *factory
different regions, England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, stage of the sa.: receiving, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
*Brazil nuts, in-shell, **AFS total incidence: 0/30*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Brazil nut
• Co-contamination: not reported factory in Manaus (city), Amazonas (state), Brazil, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2003–2006, country: Brazil207, *factory stage of the sa.: after drying
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 5/30*, conc. range: 8–686 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 271.7
article3: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), μg/kg**, sample origin: local markets in Manaus (city), Amazonas
Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFS, literature3; Nuts (Brazil nut, (state), Brazil, sample year: 2003–2006, country: Brazil207, *retail
paranut), AFB1, literature3 sa., **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 7/17, conc. range: 0.01–4 μg/kg* (3 sa.), >4 μg/kg* (4 sa., • Co-contamination: not reported
maximum: 2,500 μg/kg*), sample origin: ethnic stores, health food • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets in the four largest than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998, country: article207: not reported
Sweden13, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 4/67*, conc. range: 16.5–1,972 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
• Co-contamination: not reported 553.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: local retail stores in the region of
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Brasilia (capital), Brazil, sample year: 2002–2011, country: Brazil208,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- *Brazil nuts, shelled, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
cle13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, Peas (chickpea), OTA, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
ture13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond) and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature13; Nuts (pistachio than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut), Oil seeds, Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S, article208: Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut product),
literature13 AF/S, literature208
incidence: 6/12, conc. range: ≤42 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported incidence: 55/80*, conc. range: 1.2–11.5 μg/kg**, sample origin:
to the USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, eastern (oriental) and western (occidental) regions of the
and AFG2 Brazilian Amazonas basin, Brazil, sample year: 2006, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Brazil209, *Brazil nuts, in-shell, raw, and medium size, **AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- • Co-contamination: not reported
cle19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Candies • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut article209: not reported
oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian paste), Products (pea-
nut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
supermarkets in São Paulo (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample
Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, literature19
year: unknown, country: Brazil747, *ready-to-eat Brazil nuts,
incidence: 31/69*, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 11–20 μg/kg** shelled and in-shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
(3 sa.), 21–50 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 51–100 μg/kg** (3 sa.), 101–1,000
μg/kg** (7 sa.), 1,001–10,000 μg/kg** (11 sa.), and >10,000
street markets in Manaus (city), Amazonas (state), Brazil, sample
μg/kg** (5 sa.), sample origin: imported to Sweden, sample year:
year: unknown, country: Brazil747, *ready-to-eat Brazil nuts,
1973, country: Sweden205, *edible, possibly edible, and inedible
shelled and in-shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Brazil nuts, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 11/23*, conc. range: ≤140.00 μg/kg**, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other street markets in Belém (city), Pará (state), Brazil, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Brazil747, *ready-to-eat Brazil nuts, shelled and
article205: Nuts (hazelnut), AF/S, literature205 in-shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: 10.1–20 μg/kg* (2 sa.) and 150 μg/kg*
(1 sa.), sample origin: port sa. from Felixstowe (town), Manchester
(city), and King’s Lynn (market town) Port Health Authorities,
UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK206, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
and AFG2
incidence: 7/40*, conc. range: 1.2–11.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores and
CIEX factory in Manaus (city), Amazonas (state), Brazil, sample supermarkets in Campinas (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample
year: unknown, country: Brazil877, *dry in-shell Brazil nuts for year: 1991/1995, country: Brazil202, *cashew nuts, ground
export, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article202: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut nut), AFB1, literature202;
article877: not reported Nuts (cashew nut), AFG1, literature202
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 830 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
year: unknown, country: Germany239, *cashew nuts, moldy
Cyclopiazonic Acid • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 3/50, conc. range: 124.7–151.3 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
cooperatives in Acre (state), northern region in Brazil, sample cereals and their products reported in the present book/article239:
year: 2009, country: Brazil204 Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits (orange),
incidence: 1/50, conc.: 132.8 μg/kg, sample origin: cooperatives in Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
Amazonas (state), northern region in Brazil, sample year: 2009, Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spice (nutmeg), AFB1, litera-
country: Brazil204 ture239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature239
incidence: 2/50, conc. range: 143.3–161.2 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 152 μg/kg, Aflatoxin B2
sample origin: cooperatives in Amapá (state), northern region in incidence: 3/7, conc. range: 15–161 μg/kg, sample origin: major
Brazil, sample year: 2009, country: Brazil204 local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–
incidence: 5/50, conc. range: 98.65–123.31 μg/kg, sample origin: 1985, country: India7
cooperatives in Pará (state), northern region in Brazil, sample • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
year: 2009, country: Brazil204 ent in a sa.
article204: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2, literature204 AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1,
Nuts (cashew nut) may contain the following mycotoxins: AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
incidence: 3/7, conc. range: 20–190 μg/kg, sample origin: major incidence: 1/3, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983– area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201
1985, country: India7 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- AFG1, and AFG2
ent in a sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut),
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts,
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFG1, and AFG2, literature201
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew
nut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pea- Aflatoxin G1
nut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; incidence: 2/7, conc. range: 18–72 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 45 μg/kg, sample
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera- origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample
ture7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, year: 1983–1985, country: India7
literature7 • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
ent in a sa.
incidence: 1/3, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates,
AFG1, and AFG2
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1,
book/article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pea-
AFB2, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
nut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
Nuts, and Nuts (cashew nut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (wal-
literature201
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
Nuts (cashew nut) 221
incidence: 1/3, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital) incidence: 23/120, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (10 sa.), 10.0–
area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201 14.9 μg/kg* (3 sa.), 15.0–19.9 μg/kg* (4 sa.), 20.0–24.9 μg/kg* (2
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sa.), and >25 μg/kg* (4 sa.), sample origin: brokers, distributors,
AFG1, and AFG2 growers, processors, and retail trade, Canada, sample year: 1970–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 1975, country: Canada15, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, article15: Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa beans, Nuts (almond),
AFB2, and AFG2, literature201 Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores and (walnut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature15
supermarkets in Campinas (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample incidence: 1/3, conc.: 2.95 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported
year: 1991/1995, country: Brazil202, *Cashew nuts, ground from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total
article202: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut nut), Nuts (cashew nut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, literature202 article18: Nut cereals, Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds
Aflatoxin G2 (sunflower), AF/S, literature18
incidence: 1/7, conc.: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, incidence: 24/70, conc. range: 2–4 μg/kg* (22 sa.), 8.7 μg/kg*
country: India7 (1 sa.), and 31.5 μg/kg* (1 sa.), sample origin: Ceara (state), Brazil,
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- sample year: 2010–2012, country: Brazil572, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
ent in a sa. AFG2
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture7; Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; article572: not reported
Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; incidence: 4/20, conc. range: 11.4–23.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, litera- imported from India, sample year: before 1995?, country: Korea643
ture7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CIT, and OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article643: not reported
AFG2, and RBT, literature7
incidence: 1/3, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201 Citrinin
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 1/7, conc.: 40 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
AFG1, and AFG2 outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: India7
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), and ent in a sa.
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7:
AFB2, and AFG1, literature201 Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates,
Aflatoxin/s AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 6/20*, Ø conc.: 1.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1,
Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country: AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
Philippines1, *cashew and cashew products, **AFS of pos sa.? AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio
• Co-contamination: not reported nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee, Ochratoxin A
Drinks (alcoholic drink), Nuts (peanut), Products (coconut incidence: 2/7, conc. range: pr, sample origin: major local retail
product), Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Sweet outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1 country: India7
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- (chestnut), AOH, literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA, FB1, FB2, and
ent in a sa. FB3, literature850; Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, literature850;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other see also Fruits (lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chap-
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, Alternariol Methyl Ether
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 2.0 μg/kg, sample origin: private households
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country:
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Austria850, *moldy
Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; AVE-Y, CHAE, EMOD, GRIS, SUL, and TEN
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.65 μg/kg, sample origin: local cle850: Fruits (apple), AME and AOH, literature850; Fruits
supermarket, Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21, (lemon), Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and MA, litera-
*cashew nuts, raw ture850; Nuts (chestnut), AME, literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature850; Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature850; see also Fruits (lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (red), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article21: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), OTA and OTB, litera-
ture21; Nuts (cashew nut), OTB, literature21 Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local Aflatoxin B1
supermarket, Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21, incidence: 10/118, conc. range: <0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: sites
*cashew nuts, roasted of primary storage or processing (domestic products) and
• Co-contamination: not reported sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Cyprus200
article21: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), OTA and OTB, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture21; Nuts (cashew nut), OTB, literature21 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Ochratoxin B article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 7.82 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21, *cashew nuts, raw Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (pista-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Products (sesame prod-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other uct), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, literature200
article21: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), OTA and OTB, litera- incidence: 5/32*, conc. range: ≤1.70 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
ture21; Nuts (cashew nut), OTA, literature21 outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket, (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21, *cashew nuts, country: Italy687, *chestnuts, fresh
roasted incidence: 10/25*, conc. range: ≤2.18 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
• Co-contamination: not reported outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Italy687, *chestnuts, dried
article21: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), OTA and OTB, litera- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
ture21; Nuts (cashew nut), OTA, literature21 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (chestnut) may contain the following mycotoxins: article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT,
MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB2,
Alternaria Toxins
AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687
Alternariol incidence: 3/14*, conc. range: ≤5.25 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: private households outlets principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and
of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June
Austria850, *moldy 2011, country: Italy813, *chestnuts, dried
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AVE-Y, CHAE, EMOD, GRIS, SUL, and TEN • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
cle850: Fruits (apple), AME and AOH, literature850; Fruits (lemon), OTA, literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and MA, literature850; Nuts literature813
Nuts (chestnut) 223

incidence: 1/32*, conc.: 0.10 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany (regions), article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, country: OTA, literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
Italy687, *chestnuts, fresh literature813
incidence: 2/25*, conc. range: ≤0.27 μg/kg, sample origin: retail Aflatoxin/s
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 20–60 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, in Ar´Ar (city), Saudi Arabia, sample year: June 1992, country:
country: Italy687, *chestnuts, dried Saudi Arabia658, *AFB1 and AFG1
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, article658: not reported
AFG1, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
incidence: 1/14*, conc.: 0.29 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets Citrinin
principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail
Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
2011, country: Italy813, *chestnuts, dried (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. country: Italy687, *chestnuts, fresh
incidence: 1/25*, conc.: 0.97 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in
Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany (regions),
article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, country:
OTA, literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and
Italy687, *chestnuts, dried
OTA, literature813
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT,
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1,
country: Italy687, *chestnuts, fresh AFB2, AFG1, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687
incidence: 1/25*, conc.: 0.29 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in Ochratoxin A
Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany (regions), incidence: 5/32*, conc. range: ≤6.44 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, country: outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
Italy687, *chestnuts, dried (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. country: Italy687, *chestnuts, fresh
incidence: 0/25*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT,
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013,
country: Italy687, *chestnuts, dried
AFB2, CIT, MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687
incidence: 2/14*, conc. range: ≤2.27 μg/kg, sample origin: retail • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
outlets principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT,
2011, country: Italy813, *chestnuts, dried MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFB2, AFG1, CIT, MA, and ROQ-C, literature687
μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets principally in Campania,
article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany (regions), northern
OTA, literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA,
Italy, sample year: January–June 2011, country: Italy813, *chestnuts,
literature813
dried
Aflatoxin G2 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/14*, conc.: 0.28 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
principally in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Tuscany (regions), northern Italy, sample year: January–June 2011, article813: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
country: Italy813, *chestnuts, dried OTA, literature813; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. literature813
Penicillium Toxins • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.

Mycophenolic Acid than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 4/32*, conc. range: ≤543 μg/kg, sample origin: retail article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, AFG1, AFG2, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
country: Italy687, *chestnuts, fresh ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
incidence: 9/25*, conc. range: ≤321 μg/kg, sample origin: retail erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
country: Italy687, *chestnuts, dried literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT,
MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, Altertoxin I
AFB2, AFG1, CIT, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687 incidence: 2/22, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 7.0 μg/kg, sample
origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea Region,
Roquefortine C Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
incidence: 7/32*, conc. range: ≤57.0 μg/kg, sample origin: retail • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Italy687, *chestnuts, fresh article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
incidence: 7/25*, conc. range: ≤12.8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
outlets in Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Tuscany AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
(regions), northern Italy, sample year: January 2012–June 2013, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
country: Italy687, *chestnuts, dried erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
article687: Flour (chestnut flour), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
MA, OTA, and ROQ-C, literature687; Nuts (chestnut), AFB1, and Microbial Metabolites
AFB2, AFG1, CIT, MA, and OTA, literature687 For detailed information see the article.
Aspergillus Toxins
Nuts (hazelnut) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aflatoxin B1
Alternaria Toxins
incidence: 1/199, conc.: 325 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to
Alternariol Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2
incidence: 20/22, conc. range: ≤650 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 78 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), AFB1 and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (hazelnut), AFB2, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, and AFG2, literature2
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in 20
AFG1, AFG2, AME, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3, different regions, England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3,
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit- *hazelnuts, shelled
outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: April 1984,
country. UK3, *hazelnuts, in-shell
Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
Alternariol Methyl Ether Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature3; Nuts (hazelnut), AF/S,
incidence: 19/22, conc. range: ≤220 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 59 μg/kg, literature3
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea incidence: 9/28, conc. range: 1–113 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 34.4 μg/kg,
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 sample origin: retailers, markets, and dried fruit retail shops in
Nuts (hazelnut) 225
Erzurum (city), Turkey, sample year: March 2001–March 2002, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320; Nuts (peanut) and Nuts (pis-
country. Turkey14 tachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Paste (hazelnut paste),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 4/72, conc. range: 1.17–1.80 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ public markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale
article14: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), Peas stores in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces),
(chickpea), AFB1, literature14 Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.53 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in • Co-contamination: not reported
Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Germany181, *hazelnuts, grounded than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFG1 and AFG2, literature409; Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts (pista-
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature409
cle181: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 1/5, conc.: 0.42 μg/kg, sample origin: (sa. partly
AFG1, literature181; Nuts (hazelnut), AFG1, literature181; Nuts imported) from markets and supermarkets in Valencia (city),
(pistachio nut), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature181; Spices Spain, sample year: January–December 2002, country: Spain435
(paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature181 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
incidence: 18/29*, conc. range: 5–50,000 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*hazelnuts, moldy article435: Nuts, AFB1 and AFG1, literature435; Nuts (hazelnut)
• Co-contamination: not reported and Pinhol, AFG1, literature435
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3188/3188*, conc. range: 0.02–69.14 μg/kg, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ origin: export companies in Trabzon (city), Turkey, sample year:
article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits September 2006–July 2009, country: Turkey682, *included raw and
(orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts processed hazelnuts
(cashew nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), Spice (nutmeg), • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 43/51*, conc. range: <1 μg/kg (41 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (1 sa.), article682: Nuts (hazelnut), AF/S, literature682
and 5–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: markets in Ankara (capital), For detailed information see the article.
Turkey, sample year: September 2002–September 2003, country: incidence: 24/42, conc. range: ≤4.99 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.37 μg/kg,
Turkey274, *hazelnuts, dehulled sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
• Co-contamination: not reported Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829
article274: Nut crème, AFB1 and AF/S, literature274; Nuts (hazel- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut), AF/S, literature274 article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AF/S, literature829; Nuts (pistachio
incidence: 1/32*, conc.: 0.20 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, literature829;
from Switzerland and Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008– Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices (curry), Spices
December 2009, country: Italy320, *hazelnuts without shell, (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature829; Spices (ginger),
**contaminated sa. from Turkey AFB1 and AF/S, literature829
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 incidence: 10/22, conc. range: ≤15 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.4 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Sea Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(hazelnut), AFB2 and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (peanut) and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Paste (hazel- article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
nut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320 and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 1.16 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
country: Italy320, *hazelnuts, roasted erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
AFG1, and AFG2 and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
cle320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; Kernels and Microbial Metabolites
(apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (hazelnut), For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin B2 article181: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2,

incidence: 1/199, conc.: 29 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to and AFG1, literature181; Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
Finland, sample year: 1974, country: Finland2 Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature181; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1, literature181
AFB2 incidence: 1/32*, conc.: 0.31 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other from Switzerland and Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ December 2009, country: Italy320, *hazelnuts without shell,
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), AFB1 and **contaminated sa. from Turkey
AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
(hazelnut), AFB1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and AFG2, literature2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320;
from Switzerland and Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008– Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts
December 2009, country: Italy320, *hazelnuts without shell (hazelnut), AFB1, literature320; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio
• Co-contamination: not reported nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320
than cereals and their products reported in the present incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 1.82 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
book/article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, litera- Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009,
ture320; Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; country: Italy320, *hazelnuts, roasted
Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (peanut) • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
and Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Paste AFG1, and AFG2
(hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 0.16 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from than cereals and their products reported in the present
Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009, book/article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, litera-
country: Italy320, *hazelnuts, roasted ture320; Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320;
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature320; Nuts
AFG1, and AFG2 (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; incidence: 6/72, conc. range: 0.6–4.75 μg/kg, sample origin: public
Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale stores
(hazelnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320; Nuts (peanut), in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces), Turkey,
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Paste (hazel- sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409
nut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 4/22, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 5.5 μg/kg, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG2, literature409; Nuts
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts (pista-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature409
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/5, conc.: 0.52 μg/kg, sample origin: (sa. partly
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, imported) from markets and supermarkets in Valencia (city),
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, Spain, sample year: January–December 2002, country: Spain435
AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, article435: Nuts, AFB1 and AFG1, literature435; Nuts (hazelnut),
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, AFB1, literature435; Pinhol, AFG1, literature435
incidence: 12/22, conc. range: ≤28 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16 μg/kg,
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black
Sea Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1.79 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
Germany181, *hazelnuts, grounded and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
Nuts (hazelnut) 227
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, Aflatoxin/s
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail outlets in
literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts 20 different regions, England, sample year: April 1984, country:
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins UK3, *hazelnuts, shelled, **AFS total
and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 2/18*, conc. range: ≤0.7 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail
For detailed information see the article. outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: April 1984,
Aflatoxin G2 country. UK3, *hazelnuts, in-shell, **AFS total
incidence: 0/32*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported • Co-contamination: not reported
from Switzerland and Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008– • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
December 2009, country: Italy320, *hazelnuts without shell than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article3: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature3; Nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present (hazelnut), AFB1, literature3
book/article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, litera- incidence: 1/1, conc.: 3.25 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported
ture320; Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year:
Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (peanut) unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total
and Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Paste • Co-contamination: not reported
(hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 0.31 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009, article18: Nut cereals, Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut),
country: Italy320, *hazelnuts, roasted Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, (sunflower), AF/S, literature18
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 3/35*, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg**, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than imported to Sweden, sample year: 1973, country: Sweden205,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- *edible, possibly edible, and inedible hazelnuts, **AFB1, AFB2,
cle320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; Kernels AFG1, and AFG2
(apricot) and Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
ture320; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, lit- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
erature320; Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature320 article205: Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AF/S, literature205
incidence: 2/72, conc. range: 0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: public incidence: 47/51*, conc. range: <1 μg/kg (26 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (17 sa.),
markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale stores 5–10 μg/kg (3 sa.), and >10 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: markets
in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces), Turkey, in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: September 2002–
sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409 September 2003, country: Turkey274, *hazelnuts, dehulled
article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature409; Nuts article274: Nut crème, AFB1 and AF/S, literature274; Nuts (hazelnut),
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts (pista- AFB1, literature274
chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature409 incidence: 2/80*, conc. range: 5.46–6.55 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 6.0
incidence: 8/22, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 5.5 μg/kg, sample μg/kg, sample origin: exporting companies in Aydin (province),
origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea Turkey, sample year: January–August 2007, country: Turkey360,
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 *destined for export, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, article360: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices
AFG1, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3, (paprika), AF/S, literature360
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit- incidence: 18/20, conc. range: 25–175 μg/kg*, sample origin:
erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX- markets in Cairo, El-Minya, Assiut, and Sohag (governorates),
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, Egypt, sample year: March 1991, country: Egypt436, *AFB1, AFB2,
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, AFG1, and AFG2
literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
For detailed information see the article. article436: Nuts (walnut), AF/S and ZEA, literature436
incidence: 3188/3188*, conc. range: 0.07–78.98 μg/kg, sample incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: <LOQ** (2 sa.), sample origin:
origin: export companies in Trabzon (city), Turkey, sample year: Italian, Turkish, and other countries sa. purchased in northwestern
September 2006–July 2009, country: Turkey682, *included raw and Italian stores, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy821,
processed hazelnuts *included unshelled, raw, and roasted dehulled hazelnuts (organic
• Co-contamination: not reported production), **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Third analysis: 93 sa. in total were investigated.
article682: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, literature682
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: <LOQ** (2 sa.) and 1.16 μg/kg** article821: not reported
(1 sa.), sample origin: Italian, Turkish, and other countries sa. For detailed information see the article.
purchased in northwestern Italian stores, Italy, sample year:
incidence: 24/42, conc. range: ≤23.16 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 4.11 μg/kg*,
unknown, country: Italy821, *hazelnuts, unshelled, **AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
AFG1, and AFG2
Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829, *AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 10/32*, conc. range: <LOQ** (4 sa.), LOQ-1 μg/kg** AFG1, and AFG2
(5 sa.), and 1.22 μg/kg** (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.63 μg/kg**, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: Italian, Turkish, and other countries sa. purchased in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
northwestern Italian stores, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: cereals and their products reported in the present book/article829:
Italy821, *hazelnuts, raw and dehulled, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Nuts (hazelnut) and Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils
incidence: 17/42*, conc. range: <LOQ** (10 sa.) and LOQ-1 (maize oil), ZEA, literature829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, litera-
μg/kg** (7 sa., maximum: 0.81 μg/kg**), ∅ conc.: 0.62 μg/kg**, ture829; Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, lit-
sample origin: Italian, Turkish, and other countries sa. purchased erature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829
in northwestern Italian stores, Italy, sample year: unknown,
country: Italy821, *hazelnuts, roasted and dehulled, **AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, and AFG2 Sterigmatocystin
incidence: 5/11*, conc. range: <LOQ** (3 sa.) and LOQ-1 incidence: 21/22, conc. range: ≤5.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.3 μg/kg,
μg/kg** (2 sa., maximum: 0.45 μg/kg**), ∅ conc.: 0.53 μg/kg**?, sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea
sample origin: Italian, Turkish, and other countries sa. purchased Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
in northwestern Italian stores, Italy, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
country: Italy821, *hazelnuts, grain, and flour, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
First analysis: 93 sa. in total were investigated. article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 28/78*, conc. range: <LOQ** (17 sa.), LOQ-1 μg/kg** AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
(10 sa.), and 1.22 μg/kg** (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.63 μg/kg**, sample ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, T-2, and ZEA,
origin: Italian sa. purchased in northwestern Italian stores, Italy, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH,
sample year: unknown, country: Italy821, *included unshelled, raw, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
and roasted dehulled hazelnuts as well as grain and flour, **AFB1, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: <LOQ** (2 sa.), and LOQ-1 μg/kg** Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
(4 sa., maximum: 0.56 μg/kg**), ∅ conc.: 0.57? μg/kg**, sample Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
origin: Turkish sa. purchased in northwestern Italian stores, Italy, For detailed information see the article.
sample year: unknown, country: Italy821, *included unshelled,
roasted dehulled hazelnuts as well as grain and flour, **AFB1, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 3-Nitropropionic Acid
incidence: 1/6*, conc. range: 1.16 μg/kg**, sample origin: sa. from incidence: 22/22, conc. range: ≤980 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 440 μg/kg,
other countries purchased in northwestern Italian stores, Italy, sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea
sample year: unknown, country: Italy821, *included unshelled and Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
roasted dehulled hazelnuts, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Second analysis: 93 sa. in total were investigated. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 33/89*, conc. range: <LOQ** (17 sa.), LOQ-1 μg/kg**
book/article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB,
(14 sa.), and 1.22 μg/kg** (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.64 μg/kg**, sample
ENB1, and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFB2,
origin: Italian, Turkish, and other countries sa. purchased in
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1,
northwestern Italian stores, Italy, sample year: unknown, country:
ENB2, ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG,
Italy821, *included unshelled, raw, and roasted dehulled hazelnuts
T-2, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1,
as well as grain and flour (conventional production), **AFB1,
AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4,
Nuts (hazelnut) 229
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pista- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
chio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, literature868; see also Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
For detailed information see the article. and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
Kojic Acid ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA,
incidence: 10/22, conc. range: ≤1,400 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,100 μg/kg, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH,
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, For detailed information see the article.
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, Fusarium Toxins
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA,
Depsipeptides
literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH,
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, Beauvericin
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and incidence: 18/22, conc. range: ≤31 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.4 μg/kg,
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Ochratoxin A
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3,
Kiel, Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA,
country: Germany262
literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH,
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Powder (cocoa
powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (sesame),
Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
incidence: 1/22, conc.: 220 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, orchards, Enniatin A
and warehouses in the Black Sea Region, Turkey, sample year: incidence: 8/22, conc. range: ≤170 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28 μg/kg, sample
2007, country: Austria868 origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea Region,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, cle868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, and
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA1, ENB, ENB2, ENB3, ENB4,
literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature868;
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA,
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, and ZEA, litera-
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), ture868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, literature868; see
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pista-
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites chio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Ochratoxin B Enniatin A1
incidence: 1/22, conc.: 6.9 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, orchards, incidence: 9/22, conc. range: ≤1,100 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 140 μg/kg,
and warehouses in the Black Sea Region, Turkey, sample year: sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea
2007, country: Austria868 Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, and ENB3, lit-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other erature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA,
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut),
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENB, ENB2, ENB3, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit- (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, literature868; see also Nuts
erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX- (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, For detailed information see the article.
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins Enniatin B4
and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 10/22, conc. range: ≤190 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22 μg/kg,
For detailed information see the article. sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
Enniatin B • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 17/22, conc. range: ≤540 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ENB3, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB2, ENB3, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, and Microbial Metabolites
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and For detailed information see the article.
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Type A Trichothecenes
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites HT-2 Toxin
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/5, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany,
sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
Enniatin B2 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 5/22, conc. range: ≤8.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.0 μg/kg, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea Region, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 article151: Beans and Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, lit-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. erature151; Nuts (hazelnut), T-2 and ZEA, literature151; Products
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA, literature151; Seeds
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature151
incidence: 15/22, conc. range: ≤130 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 39 μg/kg,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB3,
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black
Sea Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
ENB3, ENB4, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
Enniatin B3 erature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX-
incidence: 5/22, conc. range: ≤0.11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.06 μg/kg, I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA,
Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than and Microbial Metabolites
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article868: For detailed information see the article.
Nuts (peanut) 231
T-2 Toxin incidence: 4/22, conc. range: ≤21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.6 μg/kg, sample
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 6 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany, origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea
sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151 Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
Beans and Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, literature151; article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA, and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), Nuts (hazelnut), HT-2 and ZEA, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
literature151; Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature151 ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, and T-2,
incidence: 15/22, conc. range: ≤40 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 32 μg/kg, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH,
sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
Sea Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, Penicillium Toxins
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, and ZEA, Mycophenolic Acid
literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, incidence: 18/22, conc. range: ≤6,100 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 700 μg/kg,
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, sample origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and Region, Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
For detailed information see the article. article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
Other Fusarium Toxins and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
Moniliformin ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA,
incidence: 7/22, conc. range: ≤9.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.8 μg/kg, sample literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH,
origin: markets, orchards, and warehouses in the Black Sea Region, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
Nuts (peanut) may contain the following mycotoxins:
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and ZEA, lit- Alternaria Toxins
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, Alternariol
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, incidence: 28/84, ∅ conc.: ≤1 μg/kg, sample origin: four
literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year: May–July 2015,
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins country: Nigeria/Austria148
Zearalenone article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 6 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany, BEA, CPA, MON, and NIV, literature148; see also Nuts (peanut),
sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151 chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/15, conc.: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 4.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868
article151: Beans and Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
literature151; Nuts (hazelnut), HT-2 and T-2, literature151; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA, literature151; article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature151 and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AFG1; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. con-
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, taminated solely with AFB1
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and
For detailed information see the article. AFG1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature2
incidence: 40/84, ∅ conc.: ≤1 μg/kg, sample origin: four incidence: 8/121*, conc. range: 3–716 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 160 μg/kg,
agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year: May–July 2015, sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976,
country: Nigeria/Austria148 country: Finland2, *peanuts, roasted
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1; 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AOH, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article2:
BEA, CPA, MON, and NIV, literature148; see also Nuts (peanut), Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts (hazelnut),
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
For detailed information see the article. ture2; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
incidence: 3/15, conc.: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 20/68*, conc. range: tr-716 μg/kg, sample origin:
Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 imported to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976, country: Finland2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. *peanuts, sliced and crushed
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2; 13 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, solely with AFB1
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AOH, article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and AFG1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), literature2
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg (2 sa.) and 88 μg/kg (1 sa.),
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, England,
For detailed information see the article. sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, raw shelled
Altertoxin I incidence: 12/24*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg (9 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg
incidence: ?/15, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Osmaniye (province), (2 sa.), and 2,520 μg/kg (1 sa), sample origin: retail outlets in 20
Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Austria868 different regions, England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. *peanuts, raw in-shell
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/17*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg (2 sa.) and 6 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, England,
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, roasted
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 3/14*, conc. range: 0.5 to ≤5 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: April 1984,
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and country: UK3, *peanuts, dry roasted
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME,
AOH, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, incidence: 5/13*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg (4 sa.) and 9 μg/kg
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, England,
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, roasted in-shell
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further incidence: 3/17*, conc. range: 0.5 to ≤3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: April 1984,
For detailed information see the article. country: UK3, *peanuts, chocolate-coated
Aspergillus Toxins incidence: 8/19*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg (5 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg
(1 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg (1 sa.), and 142 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
Aflatoxin B1 retail outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: April
incidence: 9/104, conc. range: tr-954 μg/kg, sample origin: 1984, country: UK3, *peanut brittle
imported to Finland, sample year: 1975/1976, country: Finland2 • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (peanut) 233
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 33–69 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45.7 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA11,
article3: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil *peanuts, salted-in-shell
nut, paranut), and Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature3; • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature3 AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
incidence: 5/45*, conc. range: 90.9–5,871.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1,877.5 μg/kg, sample origin: different storage facilities, Egypt, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: November 1978–April 1979, country: Egypt4, *sa. article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts (pea-
moldy with mechanical or insect damage nut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature11
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 95 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and year: unknown, country: USA11, *peanuts with cereal coating
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article4: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature4; Lentils article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts (pea-
and Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature4; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, nut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature11
AFG1, and AFG2, literature4 incidence: 7/18, conc. range: 8–94 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 43.0 μg/kg,
incidence: 1*/38, conc.: <10 μg/kg, sample origin: Spanish retail sample origin: retailers, markets, and dried fruit retail shops in
market, Spain, sample year: 1986/1987, country: Spain6, *bulk, Erzurum (city), Turkey, sample year: March 2001–March 2002,
unpacked material country. Turkey14
article6: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature6 article14: Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Peas
incidence: 3/6, conc. range: 20–200 μg/kg, sample origin: major (chickpea), AFB1, literature14
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983– incidence: 39?/40, conc. range: 1.3–1,600 μg/kg, sample origin:
1985, country: India7 different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- country: GDR29
ent in a sa. • Co-contamination: not reported
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; article29: Butter (peanut butter), Products (peanut product),
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, and Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), ture29; Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew literature29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), and Juices (apple
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts juice), PAT, literature29; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
(peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pista- literature29
chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts incidence: 32*/200, conc. range: 54–1,806 μg/kg, sample origin: 16
(walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7; Raisins, districts of eastern Nepal, sample year: 1995–2003, country:
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7 Nepal58, *>30 μg/kg
incidence: 6?/20, conc. range: 0.04–0.31 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Korea9 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article58: Betel nuts, AF/S, literature58; Butter (peanut butter),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, literature58
article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, incidence: 11?/149, conc. range: 0.4–21.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.1 μg/kg,
literature9; Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature9; Nuts sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
(peanut), AFB2, literature9; Products (nut product), Tea, AFB1, and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
literature9 country: Japan99
incidence: 8/15, conc. range: 0.11–18.04 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.07 μg/kg, incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 0.7–13.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.3 μg/kg,
sample origin: grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea, and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
sample year: May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10 country: Japan99, *peanuts, crushed
commercially available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs
in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country:
Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (pistachio nut),
Japan99, *peanuts, powdered
Paste (soybean paste), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (cayenne pepper,
chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature10
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), and Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, article126: Beans, Beans (soybean), Cocoa beans, Peas, AFB1,
literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), and Paste (peanut paste), literature126
AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 3.6–5.4 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 4.5 μg/kg**,
nut), and Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- sample origin: Alexandria, Luxor (cities), and Cairo (capital),
ture99; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt/USA127, *3 sa.
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), and Spices (pepper), AFB1, freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for 12 months, **stored sa.
AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 2.2 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and/or traditional markets in Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample article127: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature127;
year: 1998/1999, country: Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *peanuts, Lentils, AFB1, literature127; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, literature127;
unshelled and roasted Spices (fenugreek), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature127
incidence: 5/11*, conc. range: 2.0–4.0 μg/kg (3 sa.) and >4.0 to incidence: 43/62, conc. range: 0.5–820.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 39.6 μg/kg,
≤50.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets and/or traditional sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai (city)
markets in Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999, areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country: China/
country: Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *peanuts, roasted USA132
incidence: 14/20*, conc. range: 2.0–4.0 μg/kg (4 sa.) and >4.0 to • Co-contamination: not reported
≤61.7 μg/kg (10 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets and/or • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
traditional markets in Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1998/1999, country: Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *peanuts, flour article132: Beans (kidney bean), Butter (peanut butter), Curd
coated (kacang atom) (bean curd), Oils (rapeseed oil), Oils (soybean oil), Paste (bean
paste), Sauces (soy sauce), Tofu, Wine (miscellaneous), AFB1,
incidence: 11/13*, conc. range: 2.0–4.0 μg/kg (6 sa.) and >4.0 to
literature132
≤7.0 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets and/or traditional
markets in Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999, incidence: 13/30*, conc. range: 40–780 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 180.8 μg/kg,
country: Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *peanuts, egg coated sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand,
(kacang telur) sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133, *food and
• Co-contamination: not reported sweets derived from peanut
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1;
article106: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Food, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Products, and Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce), AFB1, literature106 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article133: Beans and Nuts (peanut), AFG1, literature133; Beans
(soybean), Curd (bean curd), Sauces (soy sauce), AFB1 and
sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing
AFG1, literature133
enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and
cities, Burkina Faso, sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/ incidence: 25/84, conc. range: 0.9–710 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 117.8 μg/kg,
Nigeria117 sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year:
May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148
incidence: 3/23, conc. range: 3.4–123 μg/kg, sample origin: local
cle148: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, BEA,
year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
CPA, MON, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts (peanut),
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, incidence: 1/26*, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores in
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, Osaka (prefecture), Japan, sample year: 1988–1992, country:
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, litera- Japan173, *peanuts, shelled and roasted
ture117; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and • Co-contamination: not reported
STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article173: Butter (peanut butter) and Spices (nutmeg), AFB1,
incidence: 208/515, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg (28 sa.), >10–20 μg/kg
AFB2, and AFG1, literature173; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
(85 sa.), >20–50 μg/kg (10 sa.), >50–100 μg/kg (6 sa.), >100–
and Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature173; literature173
500 μg/kg (23 sa.), >500–2,000 μg/kg (31 sa.), and >2,000 μg/kg
(25 sa.), sample origin: unknown, sample year: 1990–1996, incidence: 11/13, conc. range: 1.47–15.33 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.25 μg/kg,
country: Cuba126 sample origin: supermarkets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: unknown, country: Malaysia182
Nuts (peanut) 235
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article210: Breadfruit, AFB1, literature210
article182: Nuts, Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sunflower), Spices (cay- incidence: 61/267, conc. range: 5–15,743 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 898 μg/kg,
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
literature182 sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
incidence: 179?/1,860, conc. range: <0.4–700 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 5/33*, conc. range: 20–330 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 114 μg/kg,
25.6 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
(domestic products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, fried
year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200
sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, roasted
article200: Butter (peanut butter) and Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut) and Nuts
(walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut),
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), and Oils (peanut
Products (sesame product), and Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts
oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Nuts (peanut),
(peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (pistachio
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1,
and AFG2, literature200 incidence: 3/8, conc. range: 40–430 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 263 μg/kg,
sample origin: peanut storehouses of oil mills, Taiwan, sample
incidence: 6/34*, conc. range: tr-34 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in
year: unknown, country: Taiwan216
Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
Norway201, *peanuts bought from stores
AFG1, and AFG2
Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, literature216
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 15?/29, conc. range: 0.8–16.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January
and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; 1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 400 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo
(capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
article218: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
Norway201, *peanuts sorted, pooled sa.
literature218; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature218
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 1/4 (analyzed sa.)*, conc.: 0.20 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, raw
and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; incidence: 4/8 (analyzed sa.)*, conc. range: 1.85–18.04 μg/kg,
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201 sample origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan,
incidence: 8/19, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (5 sa.), >2–5 μg/kg Daejeon, Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year:
(1 sa.), and >5 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 60.9 μg/kg), sample origin: June/July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, roasted
retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article220: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture220; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature220; Nuts
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature220
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, For detailed information see the article.
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OT`A, literature203; Figs, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 59.666 μg/kg, sample origin: market in
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?,
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil country: UK/Sudan223
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
nut), AFB2, literature203 AFG2
incidence: 9/9*, conc. range: 74.03–82.12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
78.21 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in the Niger Delta region, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article223:
Nigeria, sample year: November 2004–March 2005, country: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature223;
Nigeria210 Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223; Ochra, AFG2,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 3.517 μg/kg, sample origin: market in incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 76.8 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?, and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) including
country: UK/Sudan223, *peanuts, limed Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and unknown, country: Malaysia225, *peanut slices
AFG2 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
book/article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut),
literature223; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake
ture223; Okra, AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut),
literature223 AFB2 and AFG2, literature225
incidence: 6?/14*, conc. range: 15.5–618 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 162 μg/kg, sample origin: traditional
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: 2001/2002,
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *peanuts, roasted
year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, * raw peanuts, shelled incidence: 6/16*, conc. range: 4–357 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported traditional markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *peanuts,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ flour/egg coated
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut),
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 13 μg/kg, sample origin: traditional
and Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake
markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: 2001/2002,
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut),
country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *peanuts, fried
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 25.3–126 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 75.7 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: supermarkets and village stores in five districts of than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Penang (state) including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), article226: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Sauces (pea-
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *roasted nut-chilli sauce), Snacks, AFB1 and AF/S, literature226; Nuts
peanuts, in-shell (peanut), AF/S, literature226
incidence: 14?/35*, conc. range: ≤6.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores
AFG2;1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang (province),
China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, *peanuts, fresh
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 0.2–1,112.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 245.1 μg/kg,
and Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake sample origin: local stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut), (cities), Zhejiang (province), China, sample year: unknown,
AFB2 and AFG2, literature225 country: China227, *peanuts, musty
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state)
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *roasted peanut, shelled
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira
Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut), 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, unprocessed
AFB2 and AFG2, literature225 incidence: 15/48*, conc. range: 0.67–3.09 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.61 μg/kg,
incidence: 3?/8*, conc. range: 18.4–56.7 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) (cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, roasted and salty
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *pound peanuts • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article237: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), literature237; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature237
Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake incidence: 46/62*, conc. range: 20–28,000 μg/kg, sample origin:
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut), unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *peanuts,
AFB2 and AFG2, literature225 moldy
Nuts (peanut) 237
incidence: 10/543, conc. range: 5–20 μg/kg, sample origin: South • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Africa, sample year: 1970, country: Germany239 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/258, conc.: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: South Africa, article276: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature276
sample year: 1971, country: Germany239 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: : 2/54, conc. range: 10–125 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 67.5 μg/kg, incidence: 10/50, conc. range: 0.1–22.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.2 μg/kg,
sample origin: USA, sample year: 1970, country: Germany239 sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010,
country: New Zealand277
incidence: : 3/35, conc. range: 5–625 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 213 μg/kg,
sample origin: USA, sample year: 1971, country: Germany239
incidence: 1/19, conc.: 40 μg/kg, sample origin: Sudan, sample cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
year: 1970, country: Germany239 cle277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter
incidence: 2/12, conc. range: 5–20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.5 μg/kg, (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts
sample origin: Sudan, sample year: 1971, country: Germany239 (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pep-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ per, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemmon), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, litera-
Fruits (orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), ture277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (ses- incidence: 1/67*, conc.: 42.06 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported from
ame), Spice (nutmeg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Turkey, and the
AFG1, and AFG2, literature239 USA to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009, country:
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 625 μg/kg, sample origin: Angola, sample Italy320, *peanuts with shell, **contaminated sa. from Egypt
year: 1970, country: Germany239 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts
article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits (hazelnut), Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
(orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts literature320; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, literature320; Nuts (pistachio
(cashew nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320
Spice (nutmeg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail
and AFG2, literature239 outlets in Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year: January 1989,
incidence: 788/1,559, conc. range: ≤3,650 μg/kg, sample origin: country: Italy347, *peanuts, in- shell
imported to USSR, sample year: 1985–1987, country: USSR267 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 2.7 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in
• Co-contamination: not reported Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year: January 1989, country: Italy347,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *peanuts, raw and shelled
article267: Cocoa beans, Coffee beans, Legumes, Nuts, AFB1,
sample origin: retail outlets in Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year:
literature267
January 1989, country: Italy347, *peanuts, roasted and shelled
sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*peanuts, raw article347: Figs, Lentils, AFB1, literature347; Nuts (peanut), AFB2,
sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), incidence: 1/20, conc.: 0.17 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops and
Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276, local markets in Rabat-Salé (region), Morocco, sample year:
*peanuts, roasted January–October 2006, country: Spain/Morocco352
sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article352:
*peanuts, coated Figs, Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Raisins, AFB1 and AF/S,
incidence: 18/18*, conc. range: 1.3–59.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.2 μg/kg, literature352; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature352
sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), incidence: 26/86*, conc. range: 10–2,000 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 420 μg/kg,
Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276, sample origin: supermarkets, retail shops, fair, and beach, Recife
*peanuts, de-coated (city), Pernambuco (state), Brazil, sample year: May–October
• Co-contamination: not reported 1993, country: Brazil378, *peanuts, raw and roasted
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 2/58*, conc. range: 52 to <104.0 μg/kg, sample year:
AFG1, and AFG2; 16 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 unknown, country: Egypt383, *peanuts, roasted
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2; 4 sa. contami- • Co-contamination: not reported
nated solely with AFB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article383: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature383
article378: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature378 incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 46–498 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 272 μg/kg,
incidence: 926/2,062, conc. range: >5–833 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: UK384,
different states in India, sample year: unknown, country: *ncac
India379 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article379: not reported article384: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
For detailed information see the article. ture384; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384
incidence: 4?/65, conc. range: 6–46 μg/kg, sample origin: storage incidence: 1*/65**, conc.: 120 μg/kg, sample origin: *retail self-
houses and dealers, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: service shop, Valencia? (province), Spain, sample year: unknown,
Tunisia/USA380 country: Spain385, **peanuts, in-shell
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article380: Nuts (peanut), AFG1, literature380; Nuts (pistachio article385: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, literature385
nut), AFB1, literature380; Peas, AFB1 and AFG1, literature380 incidence: 10/20*, conc. range: 1–50 μg/kg (3 sa.), 51–150 μg/kg
incidence: 36/64, conc. range: 6–11 μg/kg (1 sa.), 11–25 μg/kg (3 sa.), 151–300 μg/kg (2 sa.), and 301–700 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample
(6 sa.), 26–50 μg/kg (5 sa.), 51–100 μg/kg (9 sa.), 101–200 μg/kg origin: adjoining villages and markets of Calcutta, Dasna, Gwalior,
(11 sa.), 201–300 μg/kg (1 sa.), and 301–400 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample Hapur, Muzaffarnagar, Patna, and Udaipur (cities), India, sample
origin: imported from Brazil and the UK, sample year: 1982–1984, year: 1970–1980, country: India386, *peanuts, raw
country: UK381 incidence: 5/15*, conc. range: 1–50 μg/kg (3 sa.) and 51–150 μg/kg
incidence: 3/40, conc. range: 6–11 μg/kg (1 sa.), 11–25 μg/kg (1 sa.), (2 sa., maximum: 85 μg/kg), sample origin: adjoining villages and
and 201–300 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: imported from China markets of Calcutta, Dasna, Gwalior, Hapur, Muzaffarnagar, Patna,
and the UK, sample year: 1982–1984, country: UK381 and Udaipur (cities), India, sample year: 1970–1980, country:
incidence: 1/1, conc. range: 26–50 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: India386, *peanuts, roasted
imported from Gambia and the UK, sample year: 1982–1984, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: UK381 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 3/9, conc. range: 11–25 μg/kg (1 sa.), 26–50 μg/kg (1 sa.),
and 51–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: imported from India and
the UK, sample year: 1982–1984, country: UK381 incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 62.2 μg/kg, sample origin: WHO, USA,
sample year: unknown, country: USA387, *ncac
incidence: 6/9, conc. range: 11–25 μg/kg (1 sa.), 51–100 μg/kg (1 sa.),
and >400 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: imported from Senegal and
the UK, sample year: 1982–1984, country: UK381
incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 201–300 μg/kg (1 sa.) and 301–400 μg/kg article387: not reported
(1 sa.), sample origin: imported from Sudan and the UK, sample
year: 1982–1984, country: UK381
sample origin: supermarkets and groceries in Maringá (city),
Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: March 1993–February 1994,
country: Brazil388, *peanuts, crude
article381: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, literature381
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
incidence: 3/40, conc. range: 98–1,056 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 696 μg/kg, AFG1; 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. con-
sample origin: different localities in Alexandria (province), Egypt, taminated solely with AFB1
sample year: unknown, country: Egypt382 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article388: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature388
incidence: 9/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (1 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (3 sa.),
20–100 μg/kg (2 sa.), and ≤723 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Babile
incidence: 37/190*, conc. range: 6.5 to <26.0 μg/kg, sample year: (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389
unknown, country: Egypt383, *peanuts, in-shell
incidence: 6/20, conc. range: 7.1 μg/kg (1 sa.) and ≤2,526 μg/kg
incidence: 76/155*, conc. range: 6.5 to <52.0 μg/kg, sample year: (5 sa.), sample origin: Babile (district), Ethiopia, sample year:
unknown, country: Egypt383, *peanuts, shelled 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389
Nuts (peanut) 239
incidence: 6/20, conc. range: 4–20 μg/kg (3 sa.) and ≤113 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(3 sa.), sample origin: Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389 article395: not reported
incidence: 12/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (2 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 2–17,203 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,377 μg/kg,
20–100 μg/kg (2 sa.), and ≤1,358 μg/kg (6 sa.), sample origin: sample origin: Georgia (state), USA, sample year: 1990, country:
Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country: USA396, *peanuts for oil production or feed
Ethiopia/USA389 • Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Fedis AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/ AFG1, and AFG2; 12 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
USA389 and CPA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 19 sa.
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and CPA; 2 sa. co-contami-
incidence: 9/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (1 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (2 sa.),
nated with AFB1 and AFB2
20–100 μg/kg (4 sa.), and ≤2,368 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin:
Fedis (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country:
Ethiopia/USA389
article396: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CPA,
incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Gursum literature396
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389
incidence: 19/28, conc. range: 4 to <20 μg/kg (6 sa.), ≥20 μg/kg
incidence: 5/20, conc. range: 4–20 μg/kg (3 sa.) and ≤682 μg/kg (13 sa., maximum: 576 μg/kg), sample origin: local markets in the
(2 sa.), sample origin: Gursum (district), Ethiopia, sample year: northern part (17 provinces), Thailand, sample year: June 1994–
2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389 July 1995, country: Japan/Thailand399
article389: Cake (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature389; Nuts article399: not reported
(peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature389
incidence: 18/31, conc. range: 300–11,300 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
incidence: 78/120, conc. range: 1.3–223 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 27 μg/kg, 5,017 μg/kg, sample origin: markets and shops, Uganda, sample
sample origin: retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: July 2001– year: unknown, country: Uganda/UK400
January 2002, country: Botswana390 • Co-contamination: not reported
article390: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CPA,
incidence: 7/10*, conc. range: >LOD-23.59 μg/kg**, sample origin:
literature390
local supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro (state),
incidence: 3/11*, conc. range: 0.13–0.25 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.18 μg/kg, Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil401, *8 roasted and 2
sample origin: Brazil, China, the USA, and unknown, sample year: raw peanut sa., **only roasted peanut sa. contaminated
unknown, country: Spain391, *included peeled salted, raw, raw • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
in-shell, roasted and salted in-shell, roasted in-shell, and salted and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, and
peanuts AFM2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1; 1 sa.
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1; 1 sa. co-
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. contaminated solely
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other with AFB1
article391: Nuts (peanut), AFG1, literature391 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 1.5–10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.8 μg/kg, article401: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, and AFM2,
sample origin: markets in Adjamé, Abobo, and Treichville literature401
(communes) of Abidjan (city), Ivory Coast, sample year: November incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1,700 μg/kg, sample origin: Nepal, sample
2002, country: France/Ivory Coast394 year: unknown, country: Japan/Nepal403
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, OTA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
and ZEA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and ZEA; 3 sa. as well as other aflatoxins
co-contaminated with AFB1, OTA, and ZEA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present article403: Beans (soybean), AFB1 and AFG1, literature403; Nuts
book/article 394: Nuts (peanut), FB 1, OTA, and ZEA, (peanut), AFG1, literature403
literature394
incidence: 3/24*, conc. range: 2–270 μg/kg, sample origin: villages,
incidence: 66/503, conc. range: <100 μg/kg (9 sa.), 100–1,000 μg/kg India, sample year: unknown, country: UK/France404, *peanuts
(37 sa.), and >1,000 μg/kg (20 sa.), sample origin: Córdoba (province), and peanut meals
Argentina, sample year: 1973/1974, country: Argentina395 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other stores in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409
article404: Oils, AFB1, literature404; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, literature404 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 9/28*, conc. range: 54–110 μg/kg, sample origin: cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
distributor level in Sitapur (district), India, sample year: November cle409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts
1995–April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, unroasted (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts (pistachio
distributor level in Shahjahanpur (district), India, sample year: incidence: 259/1040, conc. range: LOD-≤2 μg/kg (220 sa.), 3–5 μg/kg
November 1995–April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, (6 sa.), 6–20 μg/kg (20 sa.), 21–30 μg/kg (3 sa.), and ≥31 μg/kg (10
unroasted sa., maximum: 720 μg/kg), sample origin: 12 provinces in eastern
China, sample year: 2009/2010, country: China410
retailor level in Sitapur (district), India, sample year: November
1995–April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, unroasted
incidence: 14/24*, conc. range: 228–488 μg/kg, sample origin: retailor article410: not reported
level in Shahjahanpur (district), India, sample year: November 1995– For detailed information see the article.
April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, unroasted
incidence: 9/65, conc. range: 0.15–22.39 μg/kg, sample origin: local
incidence: 4/25*, conc. range: 24–68 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei,
distributor level in Sitapur (district), India, sample year: November Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year:
1995–April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, roasted 2003, country: China411
incidence: 4/24*, conc. range: 27–76 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
distributor level in Shahjahanpur (district), India, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
November 1995–April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
roasted article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411;
incidence: 9/32*, conc. range: 108–172 μg/kg, sample origin: Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts (walnut),
retailor level in Sitapur (district), India, sample year: November AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411
1995–April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, roasted incidence: 40/48*, conc. range: ≤1,197 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 8/28*, conc. range: 110–186 μg/kg, sample origin: Fushui (county, sa. collected from high incidence area of liver
retailor level in Shahjahanpur (district), India, sample year: cancer), China, sample year: unknown, country: China417
November 1995–April 1996, country: India405, *peanut kernels, incidence: 24/29*, conc. range: ≤562 μg/kg, sample origin: Fushui
roasted (county, sa. collected from low incidence area of liver cancer),
• Co-contamination: not reported China, sample year: unknown, country: China417
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 0.1–0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: individual article417: Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, literature417
households in Huaian area (high-risk area for oesophageal cancer), incidence: 13/408, conc. range: 0.15–116.64 μg/kg, sample origin:
China, sample year: unknown, country: China406 Liaoning (province with temperate monsoon climate), China,
incidence: 7/7, conc. range: 0.1–0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: individual sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
households in Fusui area (high-risk area for HCC and oesophageal incidence: 226/1190, conc. range: 0.06–483.00 μg/kg, sample
cancer), China, sample year: unknown, country: China406 origin: Henan (province with transitional monsoon climate),
• Co-contamination: not reported China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 71/455, conc. range: 0.24–1,390 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Sichuan (province with subtropical temperate monsoon climate),
article406: Oils, AFB1, literature406 China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
incidence: 20/60*, ∅ conc.: 7.0–116 μg/kg, sample origin: Tupã incidence: 51/441, conc. range: 0.22–341.41 μg/kg, sample origin:
(region), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June 2005–May Guangdong (province with subtropical-tropical monsoon
2006, country: Brazil408, *evaluated monthly for a storage period of climate), China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
12 months • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article441: Nuts (peanuts), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature441
supermarkets in Selangor (state), Malaysia, sample year: April–
incidence: 12/73, conc. range: 0.22–33.4 μg/kg, sample origin: August 2008, country: Malaysia/Indonesia676
public markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (peanut) 241
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: supermarkets and night markets in Penang (state),
article676: Nuts (peanut), AFB2 and AFG1, literature676 Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia766
incidence: 29/151, conc. range: 0.16–49.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.99 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: markets, supermarkets, groceries, and retail shops in cereals and their products reported in the present book/article766:
Adana and Osmaniye (provinces), Turkey, sample year: January Nuts (peanut), AFG1 and AFG2, literature766; Spices (cayenne pep-
2010–December 2012, country: Turkey741 per, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature766
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 7/8*, conc. range: 22–2,222 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 682 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Denmark/Finland769, *peanuts for various purposes
article741: Nuts (peanut), AFB2 and AFG1, literature741; Nuts • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature741 AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
incidence: 5/58, conc. range: 24.0–87.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45.3 μg/kg, AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 3 sa. con-
sample origin: supermarkets and rural fairs in Ijuí, Porto Alegre, taminated solely with AFB1
Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria, and São Leopoldo (cities), Rio • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Grande do Sul (state), Brazil, sample year: May 2009–August 2010, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Brazil744 article769: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature769
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ China775, *ncac
article744: Products (peanut product), AFB1, literature744 • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, OTA,
incidence: 20/20*, conc. range: 2.19–543.93 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: and ZEA
97.4 μg/kg, sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
retail shops in urban areas of Kinshasa (capital), Congo, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: December 2010–January 2011, country: South Africa758, article775: Nuts (peanut), OTA and ZEA, literature775
*peanuts, raw incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum:
• Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, 19.2 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil,
and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 3 sa. sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanuts,
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with salted
AFB1 and AFG2; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 incidence: 24/45*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (17 sa.) and >20 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (7 sa., maximum: 94.6 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country:
article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature758 Brazil784, *peanuts, sweet
incidence: 18/20*, conc. range: 2.10–35.39 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.67 μg/kg, incidence: 9/18*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (9 sa., maximum:
sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in 14.5 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil,
inner city of Pretoria (capital), South Africa, sample year: December sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanut
2010–January 2011, country: South Africa758, *peanuts, raw brittle
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 5 sa. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 4 sa. contaminated article784: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
solely with AFB1 literatrure784; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: 0.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, sample
article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature758
origin: market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December
incidence: 27/30, conc. range: 12–937 μg/kg, sample origin: street 2012, country: Malawi790, *peanuts, un-skinned roasted
hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in rural areas of Kinshasa
(capital), Congo, sample year: October–December 2009 (rainy
market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012,
season), country: Congo/South Africa759
country: Malawi790, *peanuts, de-skinned roasted
incidence: 16/30, conc. range: 15–390 μg/kg, sample origin: street • Co-contamination: not reported
hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in rural areas of Kinshasa • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(capital), Congo, sample year: May–July 2009 (dry season), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Congo/South Africa759 article790: Butter (peanut butter), Food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG2, literature790; Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 261*/797**, conc. range: >4 μg/kg (195 sa.) and >20 μg/kg
(66 sa., maximum: 3,240 μg/kg), sample origin: farmers, traders,
supermarkets, processors, and middleman (bought crops from • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
farmers), 11 districts in Malawi, sample year: 2008/2009 harvest, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Malawi/Kenya/Uganda/Niger/India796, *>4 μg/kg, article879: not reported
**peanuts, fresh and peanut butter? incidence: 12/30, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (11 sa.) and 25.81 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (1 sa.), sample origin: local markets in Wuhan (city), China,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: China881
incidence: 3/18, conc. range 6.3–528 μg/kg, sample origin: retail than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
shops and vendors at informal markets in Bulawayo metropolitan article881: Nuts (peanut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
area, Zimbabwe, sample year: October/November 2011, country: literature881
Botswana/South Africa797
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Aflatoxin B2
AFG1, no further information available incidence: 7/104, conc. range: tr-568 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other imported to Finland, sample year: 1975/1976, country: Finland2
article797: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
literature797; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature797 AFG1; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
incidence: 26/90, conc. range: 6–125 μg/kg, sample origin: humid than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
forest with monomodal rainfall, humid forest with bimodal article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazel-
rainfall, and western highland, Cameroon, sample year: December nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
2010–January 2011 (dry season), country: Belgium/Benin807 literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
• Further contamination of cereals and cereal products reported incidence: 8/121*, conc. range: 1–89 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22 μg/kg,
in the present book/article807: Nuts (peanut), OTA, literature807; sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976,
Products (cassava product), AFB1 and PA, literature807 country: Finland2, *peanuts, roasted
For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1; 6 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and AFB2
sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department stores than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown, country: article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts
Thailand/Austria/Germany857 (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
article857: Nuts (peanut), AFB2 and AFG1, literature857; Spices incidence: 17/68*, conc. range: tr-76 μg/kg, sample origin:
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature857 imported to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976, country: Finland2,
*peanuts, sliced and crushed
incidence: 8/15, conc. range: ≤230 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 68 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, AFG1, and AFG2; 13 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
country: Austria868 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. cereals and their products reported in the present book/article2:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts (hazelnut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, ture2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature2
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, incidence: 4/45*, conc. range: 375–5,567 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2,283.5 μg/kg,
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and sample origin: different storage facilities, Egypt, sample year:
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB2, AME, AOH, November 1978–April 1979, country: Egypt4, *sa. moldy with
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, mechanical or insect damage
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further AFG1
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article4: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature4; Lentils
incidence: 14/18, conc. range: ≥0.03 to <2 μg/kg (10 sa.), ≥2 to and Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature4; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
<5 μg/kg (2 sa.), and ≥5 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 9.95 μg/kg), ∅ AFG1, and AFG2, literature4
conc.: 1.97 μg/kg, sample origin: sales outlets in nine geographic
zones in Tehran (province), Iran, sample year: June 2005, country: incidence: 2/6, conc. range: 10–135 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 72.5 μg/kg,
Iran879 sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district),
• Co-contamination: not reported India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7
Nuts (peanut) 243
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio
ent in a sa. nut), and Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than erature99; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
cle7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1,
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, literature99
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), incidence: 0/9, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
(peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pista- sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts
incidence: 1/23, conc.: 19.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
(walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7; Raisins,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7
incidence: 6?/20, conc. range: 0.10–0.11 μg/kg, sample origin: Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Korea9 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
literature9; Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature9; Nuts AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, ENB2,
(peanut), AFB1, literature9; Products (nut product), Tea, AFB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; Nuts
literature9 (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, litera-
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 4–14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.3 μg/kg, ture117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA11, Microbial Metabolites
*peanuts, salted in-shell incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 1.8–2.6 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.2 μg/kg**,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: Alexandria, Luxor (cities), and Cairo (capital),
AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt/USA127, *3 sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for 12 months, **stored sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature11 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample article127: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature127;
year: unknown, country: USA11, *peanuts with cereal coating Lentils, and Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature127; Spices (fenu-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 greek), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature127
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 15/84, conc. range: 0.4–129 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 30.8 μg/kg,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year:
article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148
(peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature11 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 39?/40, conc. range: 1.5–744 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: GDR29 article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH,
• Co-contamination: not reported BEA, CPA, MON, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Metabolites
cle29: Butter (peanut butter), Products (peanut product), and For detailed information see the article.
Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; incidence: 179?/1,860, conc. range: <0.3 to 12.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- 1.5 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing
ture29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, (domestic products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample
literature29; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29 year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200
incidence: 11?/149, conc. range: 0.1–5.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.9 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Japan99 article200: Butter (peanut butter) and Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: not reported and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut) and Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present Products (sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts
book/article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, (peanut) Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200;
literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200
incidence: 6/39, conc. range: tr-4 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in incidence: 0/4 (analyzed sa.)*, conc.: no contamination, sample
Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon,
Norway201 Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, raw
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: ?/8 (analyzed sa.)*, conc. range: ≤~2.63 μg/kg, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, roasted
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 50 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo article220: Butter (peanut butter) and Nuts, AFB1 and AFB2, lit-
(capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: erature220; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature220;
Norway201, *peanuts, sorted Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature220
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.370 μg/kg, sample origin: market in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: UK/Sudan223
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, AFG2
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5/19, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (3 sa.) and >5 μg/kg article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
(2 sa., maximum: 10 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 4.2 μg/kg, sample origin: ture223; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223;
retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 Ochra, AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: UK/Sudan223, *peanuts, limed
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, Nuts cle223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature223;
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223; Okra, AFG2,
nut, paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (pea- literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223
nut), AFB1, literature203
incidence: 45/267, conc. range: 5–1,760 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 116 μg/kg, supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state)
sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia,
sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214 sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *raw peanuts, shelled
sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, fried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/19*, conc. range: 66–711 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 389 μg/kg, article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut),
sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake
sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, roasted (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1 and AFG2, literature225
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: supermarkets and village stores in five districts of
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Oils (peanut Penang (state) including Penang Island and Wellesley (province),
oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Nuts (peanut), Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *roasted
AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214 peanuts, in-shell
incidence: 15?/29, conc. range: 1.6–16.0 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and
storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January AFG2;1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake
article218: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut),
literature218; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature218 AFB1 and AFG2, literature225
Nuts (peanut) 245
incidence: 3?/20*, conc. range: 7.20–8.77 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) cereals and their products reported in the present book/article237:
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *roasted peanuts, ture237; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature237
shelled incidence: 1/1, conc.: 180 μg/kg, sample origin: Angola, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: 1970, country: Germany239
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut), article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemmon),
AFB1 and AFG2, literature225 Fruits (orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond),
incidence: 3?/8*, conc. range: 3.63–12.9 μg/kg, sample origin: Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (ses-
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) ame), Spice (nutmeg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, AFG1, and AFG2, literature239
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *pound peanuts incidence: 1/67*, conc.: 3.30 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported from
• Co-contamination: not reported Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Turkey, and the
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other USA to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Italy320, *peanuts with shell, **contaminated sa. from Egypt
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1 and AFG2, literature225 article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320;
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 18.8 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts
and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) including Nuts (hazelnut), Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample year: AFG2, literature320; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature320; Nuts
unknown, country: Malaysia225, * peanut slices (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other outlets in Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year: January 1989,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Italy347, *peanuts, in-shell
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut),
Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake
outlets in Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year: January 1989,
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (peanut),
country: Italy347, *peanuts, raw and shelled
incidence: 14?/35*, conc. range: ≤3.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local
sample origin: retail outlets in Lattakia (city), Syria, sample year:
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang
January 1989, country: Italy347, *peanuts, roasted and shelled
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227,
*peanuts, fresh
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: ≤301.2 μg/kg, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang article347: Figs, Lentils, AFB1, literature347; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, literature347
*peanuts, musty
sample origin: supermarkets, retail shops, fair, and beach, Recife
(city), Pernambuco (state), Brazil, sample year: May–October
1993, country: Brazil378, *peanuts, raw and roasted
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2,
AFG1, and AFG2; 16 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira article378: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature378
incidence: 37/190*, conc. range: ≤6.5 μg/kg, sample year: unknown,
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, unprocessed
country: Egypt383, *peanuts, in-shell
incidence: 10/48*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.58 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <LOQ,
incidence: 76/155*, conc. range: ≤6.5 μg/kg, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira
country: Egypt383, *peanuts, shelled
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, roasted and salty incidence: 0/58*, conc.: no contamination, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Egypt383, *peanuts, roasted

article383: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature383 article389: Cake (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature389; Nuts
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 11–79 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45 μg/kg, (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature389
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: UK384, incidence: 48/120, conc. range: 0.5–203 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 49 μg/kg,
*ncac sample origin: retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: July 2001–
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, January 2002, country: Botswana390
AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: not reported
article384: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- article390: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and CPA,
ture384; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature384 literature390
incidence: 1*/65**, conc.: 22 μg/kg, sample origin: *retail self- incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 1–2,245 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 148 μg/kg,
service shop, Valencia? (province), Spain, sample year: unknown, sample origin: Georgia (state), USA, sample year: 1990, country:
country: Spain385, **peanuts, in-shell USA396, *peanuts for oil production or feed
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and • Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFB2 AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, and AFG2; 12 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and CPA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 19
article385: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature385 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and CPA; 2 sa. co-contam-
incidence: 30/72*, conc. range: 1–192 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 51 μg/kg, inated with AFB1 and AFB2
sample origin: supermarkets and groceries in Maringá (city), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: March 1993–February 1994, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Brazil388, *peanuts, crude article396: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and CPA,
• Co-contamination: 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, literature396
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: >LOD-4.08 μg/kg**, sample origin:
AFG1; 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 local supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro (state),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil401, *8 roasted and 2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ raw peanut sa., **only roasted peanut sa. contaminated
article388: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature388 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
incidence: 10/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (7 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (1 sa.), AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, and AFM2;
and ≤63.5 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Babile (district), Ethiopia, 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFM1; 1 sa. co-
sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389 contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1; 1 sa. co-con-
taminated with AFB1 and AFB2
incidence: 6/20, conc. range: 0.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (3 sa.),
20–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), and 113 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Babile
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389
article401: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFM1, and AFM2,
incidence: 5/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (4 sa.) and 18.8 μg/kg (1 literature401
sa.), sample origin: Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year:
incidence: 17/60*, ∅ conc.: 3.3–45.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Tupã
2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389
(region), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June 2005–May
incidence: 12/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (5 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (4 sa.), 2006, country: Brazil408, *evaluated monthly for a storage period of
20–100 μg/kg (2 sa.), and 195 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: 12 months
Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Ethiopia/USA389 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Fedis than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/ article408: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature408
USA389 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 9/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (4 sa.), 4–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), incidence: 8/73, conc. range: 0.12–28.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
20–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), and ≤237 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Fedis public markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389 stores in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces),
incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Gursum Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/ • Co-contamination: not reported
USA389 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (3 sa.) and ≤35.5 μg/kg (2 article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409;
sa.), sample origin: Gursum (district), Ethiopia, sample year: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts (pista-
2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389 chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature409
Nuts (peanut) 247
incidence: 5/65, conc. range: 0.03–6.00 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year: AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 5 sa.
2003, country: China411 co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature758
article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411; incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 167–1,111 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 482 μg/kg,
Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts (walnut), sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: unknown,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411 country: Denmark/Finland769, *peanuts for various purposes
incidence: 15/408, conc. range: 0.05–27.36 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Liaoning (province with temperate monsoon climate), China, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 139/1190, conc. range: 0.01–61.50 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Henan (province with transitional monsoon climate), China, article769: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature769
sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441 incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum:
incidence: 60/455, conc. range: 0.08–183.00 μg/kg, sample origin: 2.7 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil,
Sichuan (province with subtropical temperate monsoon climate), sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanuts,
China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441 salted
incidence: 52/441, conc. range: 0.05–30.38 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 24/45*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (24 sa., maximum:
Guangdong (province with subtropical-tropical monsoon 12.7 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil,
climate), China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441 sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanuts,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. sweet
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7/18*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (7 sa., maximum:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2.3 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil,
article441: Nuts (peanuts), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature441 sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanut
incidence: 57/84, conc. range: ≤11.16 μg/kg, sample origin: brittle
supermarkets in Selangor (state), Malaysia, sample year: April– • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
August 2008, country: Malaysia/Indonesia676 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Co-contamination: not reported cereals and their products reported in the present book/article784:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ trure784; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature784
article676: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature676 incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: 0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample
For detailed information see the article. origin: market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December
incidence: 21/151, conc. range: 0.11–11.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.43 μg/kg, 2012, country: Malawi790, *peanuts, un-skinned roasted
sample origin: markets, supermarkets, groceries, and retail shops in incidence: 10/15*, conc. range: 0.2–1.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
Adana and Osmaniye (provinces), Turkey, sample year: January market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012,
2010–December 2012, country: Turkey741 country: Malawi790, *peanuts, de-skinned roasted
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cereals and their products reported in the present book/article790:
article741: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature741; Nuts Butter (peanut butter) and Food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature741 literature790; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature790
incidence: 18/20*, conc. range: 2.01–210.92 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 36.2 μg/kg, incidence: 6/25, conc. range: 0.01–2.65 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.79 μg/kg,
sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department stores
urban areas of Kinshasa (capital), Congo, sample year: in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown, country:
December 2010–January 2011, country: South Africa 758, Thailand/Austria/Germany857
*peanuts, raw • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article857: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature857; Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature857
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 8/15, conc. range: ≤22 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11 μg/kg, sample
article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature758 origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
incidence: 14/20*, conc. range: 2.00–16.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.43 μg/kg, Austria868
sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
inner-city of Pretoria (capital), South Africa, sample year: December • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2010–January 2011, country: South Africa758, *peanuts, raw than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AME, AOH, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, article4: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature4; Lentils
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and and Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature4; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), AFB2, and AFG2, literature4
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further incidence: 1/6, conc.: 96 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
For detailed information see the article. country: India7
incidence: 12/30, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (12 sa., maximum: • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
17.75 μg/kg), sample origin: local markets in Wuhan (city), China, ent in a sa.
sample year: unknown, country: China881 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts,
article881: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond),
literature881 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts
Aflatoxin G1 (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pista-
incidence: 2/104, conc. range: 3–136 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 69.5 μg/kg, chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts
sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: 1975/1976, (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7; Raisins,
country: Finland2 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 7 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
AFG1 year: unknown, country: USA11, *peanuts, salted-in-shell
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts
literature2 (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature11
incidence: 2/121*, conc. range: 12–20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16 μg/kg, incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: unknown,
sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976, sample year: unknown, country: USA11, *peanuts with cereal
country: Finland2, *peanuts, roasted coating
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts (pea-
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature11
(hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 39?/40, conc. range: 1.0–1,540 μg/kg, sample origin:
AFG1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample year: unknown,
literature2 country: GDR29
incidence: 6/68*, conc. range: tr-91 μg/kg, sample origin: imported • Co-contamination: not reported
to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976, country: Finland2, *peanuts, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sliced and crushed cereals and their products reported in the present book/article29:
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Butter (peanut butter), Products (peanut product), and Seeds
AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Fruits
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (apple), Fruits (peach), and Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29;
article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), and Nuts Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature29
(hazelnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 11?/149, conc. range: ≤22.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.8 μg/kg,
AFG1, literature2; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
literature2 and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
incidence: 5/45*, conc. range: 150–10,458 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: country: Japan99
3,561.4 μg/kg, sample origin: different storage facilities, Egypt, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: November 1978–April 1979, country: Egypt4, *sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
moldy with mechanical or insect damage cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Nuts (peanut) 249
cle99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99; incidence: 6/34*, conc. range: tr-24 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in
Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut), and Spices Norway201, *peanuts bought from stores
(nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Nuts (pea- • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne AFG1, and AFG2
pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 0/9, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, Nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117 AFB2, and AFG2, literature201
incidence: 1/23, conc.: 30.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 350 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in Norway201, *peanuts sorted, pooled sa.
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117 AFG1, and AFG2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, Nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature117; AFB2, and AFG2, literature201
Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and STG, incidence: 5/267, conc. range: 12–72 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 31 μg/kg,
literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
Microbial Metabolites sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
incidence: 6/30*, conc. range: 130–160 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 140 μg/kg, incidence: 3/33*, conc. range: 14–1,053 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 371 μg/kg,
sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand, sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133, *food and sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, fried
sweets derived from peanut incidence: 1/19*, conc.: 23 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in 16
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample year: 1977/1978,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, roasted
article133: Beans, AFG1, literature133; Beans (soybean), Curd • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(bean curd), Sauces (soy sauce), AFB1 and AFG1, literature133; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature133 article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), and Oils
incidence: 19/84, conc. range: 0.4–1,202 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 174.3 μg/kg, (peanut oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Nuts
sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year: (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature214
May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148 incidence: 15?/29, conc. range: 1.6–8.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than 1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
MON, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts (peanut), chapter: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites article218: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
For detailed information see the article. literature218; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature218
incidence: 179?/1,860, conc. range: <0.4–72.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 0/4 (analyzed sa.)*, conc.: no contamination, sample
8.9 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon,
(domestic products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/
year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200 July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, raw
incidence: ?/8 (analyzed sa.)*, conc. range: ≤~4.07 μg/kg, sample
origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon,
Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/
cle200: Butter (peanut butter) and Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, roasted
AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (walnut),
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products
(sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (peanut),
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1
article220: Butter (peanut butter) and Nuts, AFB1 and AFB2,
and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature220; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature220;
literature200
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature220
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 6/86*, conc. range: 20–800 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 207 μg/kg,
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market in sample origin: supermarkets, retail shops, fair, and beach, Recife
Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?, (city), Pernambuco (state), Brazil, sample year: May–October
country: UK/Sudan223 1993, country: Brazil378, *peanuts, raw and roasted
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2
article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture223; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature223; Okra, article378: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature378
AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223 incidence: 1/65, conc.: 0.38 μg/kg, sample origin: storage houses
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 2.816 μg/kg, sample origin: market in and dealers, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/
Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?, USA380
country: UK/Sudan223, *peanuts, limed • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article380: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present ture380; Peas, AFB1 and AFG1, literature380
book/article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, incidence: 37/190*, conc. range: 6.5 to <13 μg/kg, sample year:
literature223; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera- unknown, country: Egypt383, *peanuts, in-shell
ture223; Okra, AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), AFB1, incidence: 76/155*, conc. range: 6.5 to <26 μg/kg, sample year:
literature223 unknown, country: Egypt383, *peanuts, shelled
incidence: 14?/35*, conc. range: ≤1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local incidence: 0/58*, conc.: no contamination, sample year: unknown,
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang country: Egypt383, *peanuts, roasted
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, • Co-contamination: not reported
*peanuts, fresh • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: ≤0.15 μg/kg, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang article383: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature383
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 99–113 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 106 μg/kg,
*peanuts, musty sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: UK384,
• Co-contamination: not reported *ncac
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227 article384: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
incidence: 22/48*, conc. range: 1.18–36.88 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.39 μg/kg, ture384; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature384
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira incidence: 23/72*, conc. range: 1–680 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 110 μg/kg,
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June sample origin: supermarkets and groceries in Maringá (city),
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, unprocessed Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: March 1993–February 1994,
incidence: 15/48*, conc. range: 0.58–2.93 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.55 μg/kg, country: Brazil388, *peanuts, crude
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira • Co-contamination: 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, roasted and salty AFG1; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article388: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature388
article237: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Babile
literature237; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature237 (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 315 μg/kg, sample origin: Angola, sample USA389
year: 1970, country: Germany239 incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Babile
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/
AFG1, and AFG2 USA389
incidence: 4/20, conc. range: 5.99–20 μg/kg (3 sa.) and 61.9 μg/kg
(1 sa.);, sample origin: Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year:
cle239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemmon), Fruits
(orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts
(cashew nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), incidence: 4/20, conc. range: 199–736 μg/kg (4 sa.), sample origin:
Spice (nutmeg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country:
and AFG2, literature239 Ethiopia/USA389
Nuts (peanut) 251
incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Fedis • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
USA389 article403: Beans (soybean), AFB1 and AFG1, literature403; Nuts
incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 238–477 μg/kg (2 sa.), ∅ conc.: (peanut), AFB1, literature403
358 μg/kg, sample origin: Fedis (district), Ethiopia, sample year: incidence: 2/73, conc. range: 20.2 μg/kg, sample origin: public
2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389 markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale stores
incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Gursum in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces), Turkey,
(district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389 sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409
incidence: 1/20, conc. range: 187.1 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
Gursum (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country:
Ethiopia/USA389
article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409;
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts (pista-
chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature409
article389: Cake (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature389; Nuts incidence: 4/65, conc. range: 0.42–11.73 μg/kg, sample origin: local
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature389 markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei,
Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year:
sample origin: retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: July 2001–
January 2002, country: Botswana390
article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature411;
Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts (walnut),
cle390: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and CPA, literature390
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411
incidence: 1/408, conc.: 3.61 μg/kg, sample origin: Liaoning
sample origin: Brazil, China, the USA, and unknown, sample year:
(province with temperate monsoon climate), China, sample year:
unknown, country: Spain391, *included peeled salted, raw, raw
2010–2013, country: China441
in-shell, roasted and salted in-shell, roasted in-shell, and salted
peanuts incidence: 14/1190, conc. range: 0.33–460.00 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; Henan (province with transitional monsoon climate), China,
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFG1 sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/455, conc.: 33.40 μg/kg, sample origin: Sichuan
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (province with subtropical temperate monsoon climate), China,
article391: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature391 sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
incidence: 29/50*, conc. range: 1–2,331 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 240 μg/kg, incidence: 4/441, conc. range: 0.50–11.50 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: Georgia (state), USA, sample year: 1990, country: Guangdong (province with subtropical-tropical monsoon
USA396, *peanuts for oil production or feed climate), China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2; 12 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and CPA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 article441: Nuts (peanuts), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature441
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 9/84, conc. range: ≤4.36 μg/kg, sample origin:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article396: supermarkets in Selangor (state), Malaysia, sample year: April–
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and CPA, literature396 August 2008, country: Malaysia/Indonesia676
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: >LOD-1.03 μg/kg**, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
local supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro (state), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil401, *8 roasted and 2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
raw peanut sa., **only roasted peanut sa. contaminated article676: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature676
and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and incidence: 1/151, conc.: 0.59 μg/kg, sample origin: markets,
AFM1 supermarkets, groceries, and retail shops in Adana and Osmaniye
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (provinces), Turkey, sample year: January 2010–December 2012,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Turkey741
article401: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, and AFM2, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 2,100 μg/kg, sample origin: Nepal, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: unknown, country: Japan/Nepal403 article741: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature741; Nuts
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature741
as well as other aflatoxins
incidence: 15/20*, conc. range: 2.17–310.29 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 11/15*, conc. range: 0.5–25.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
48.5 μg/kg, sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and market in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012,
retail shops in urban areas of Kinshasa (capital), Congo, sample country: Malawi790, *peanuts, de-skinned roasted
year: December 2010–January 2011, country: South Africa758, • Co-contamination: not reported
*peanuts, raw • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and article790: Butter (peanut butter), Food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG1 AFG2, literature790; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature758 sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department stores
incidence: 8/20*, conc. range: 2.05–9.77 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.74 μg/kg, in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown, country:
sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in Thailand/Austria/Germany857
inner-city of Pretoria (capital), South Africa, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
December 2010–January 2011, country: South Africa758, *peanuts, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
raw than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article857: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature857; Spices
and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature857
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 12/30, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (12 sa., maximum:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 6.22 μg/kg), sample origin: local markets in Wuhan (city), China,
article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature758 sample year: unknown, country: China881
sample origin: supermarkets and night markets in Penang (state), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia766 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2 article881: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than literature881
Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG2, literature766; Spices (cayenne Aflatoxin G2
pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature766 incidence: 1/104, conc.: 34 μg/kg, sample origin: imported to
Finland, sample year: 1975/1976, country: Finland2
incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: 333–556 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 500 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: imported to Finland, sample year: unknown, AFG1, and AFG2
country: Denmark/Finland769, *peanuts for various purposes • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazel-
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, and AFG1, literature2
article769: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature769 incidence: 0/121*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
imported to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976, country: Finland2,
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 1.7 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in *peanuts, roasted
Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Brazil784, *peanuts, salted • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 14/45*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (14 sa., maximum: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
10.7 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil, article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazel-
sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanuts, nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
sweet AFB2, and AFG1, literature2
incidence: 3/18*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: incidence: 4/68*, conc. range: tr-14 μg/kg, sample origin: imported
1.1 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil, to Finland, sample year: 1974–1976, country: Finland2, *peanuts,
sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanut sliced and crushed
brittle • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFG1, and AFG2
Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- article2: Marzipan (almond paste), Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazel-
trure784; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature784 nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature2; Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
incidence: 5/9*, conc. range: 0.5–1.6 μg/kg, sample origin: market AFB2, and AFG1, literature2
in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country: incidence: 2/45*, conc. range: 148–363 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 256 μg/kg,
Malawi790, *peanuts, un-skinned roasted sample origin: different storage facilities, Egypt, sample year:
Nuts (peanut) 253
November 1978–April 1979, country: Egypt4, *sa. moldy with • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
mechanical or insect damage than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
AFG1, and AFG2 ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Nuts (pea-
article4: Beans (broad bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature4; Lentils nut), Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper),
and Nuts (almond), AFB1, literature4; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and
AFB2, and AFG1, literature4 AFG1, literature99
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail incidence: 6/84, conc. range: 18.3–123 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 68.3 μg/kg,
outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year:
country: India7 May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was present • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
in a sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, AME, AOH,
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera- BEA, CPA, MON, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts
ture7; Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; (peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Metabolites
Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, litera- For detailed information see the article.
ture7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and incidence: 179?/1,860, conc. range: <0.3–3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg,
OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic
literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–
STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and 1996, country: Cyprus200
RBT, literature7; Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: unknown, country: USA11, *peanuts, salted in-shell article200: Butter (peanut butter) and Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pea-
AFG1, and AFG2 nut), and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts (chestnut), Products (sesame product), and Spices, AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200;
article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature11 incidence: 6/34*, conc. range: tr-2 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: unknown, Oslo (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
sample year: unknown, country: USA11, *peanuts with cereal Norway201, *peanuts bought from stores
coating • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article11: Nuts (almond), AFB1 and AFB2, literature11; Nuts (pea- article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature11 and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
incidence: 39?/40, conc. range: 1.0–548 μg/kg, sample origin: Nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample year: unknown, AFB2, and AFG1, literature201
country: GDR29 incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 30 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo
• Co-contamination: not reported (capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Norway201, *peanuts sorted, pooled sa.
article29: Butter (peanut butter), Products (peanut product), AFG1, and AFG2
Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Coffee, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture29; Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
literature29; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature29 and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
incidence: 11?/149, conc. range: ≤6.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, Nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods AFB2, and AFG1, literature201
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, incidence: 3/267, conc. range: 5–80 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 34 μg/kg,
country: Japan99 sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
incidence: 1/33*, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in 16 • Co-contamination: not reported
areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample year: 1977/1978, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, fried cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 0/19*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: markets cle225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (peanut),
in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample year: 1977/1978, Nuts (walnut), Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
country: Taiwan214, *peanuts, roasted ture225; Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 20.5 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) including
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample year:
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), and Oils unknown, country: Malaysia225, *roasted peanuts, in-shell
(peanut oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Nuts • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature214 AFG2
incidence: 15?/29, conc. range: 1.6–16.0 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
storage depots and retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: January cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1996–December 1997, country: Botswana218 article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (peanut),
• Co-contamination: not reported Nuts (walnut), Products (nut product), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture225; Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225
article218: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state)
literature218; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature218 including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample
incidence: 0/4 (analyzed sa.)*, conc.: no contamination, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *roasted peanuts, shelled
origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon, • Co-contamination: not reported
Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, raw than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (peanut),
incidence: ?/8 (analyzed sa.)*, conc. range: ≤~3.50 μg/kg, sample
origin: supermarkets, local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon,
ture225; Cake (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225
Gwangju (cities), and Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/
July 2004, country: Korea220, *peanuts, roasted incidence: 0/8*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *pound peanut
article220: Butter (peanut butter) and Nuts, AFB1 and AFB2, lit- • Co-contamination: not reported
erature220; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature220; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature220 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (peanut),
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.023 μg/kg, sample origin: market in
Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?,
country: UK/Sudan223 incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state)
AFG2 including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, * peanut slices
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- • Co-contamination: not reported
cle223: Butter (peanut butter) and Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, literature223; Okra, AFG2, literature223; Peas (chickpea), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, literature223 article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (peanut),
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.006 μg/kg, sample origin: market in
Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?,
country: UK/Sudan223, *peanuts, limed incidence: 14?/35*, conc. range: ≤4.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang (province),
AFG2 China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, *peanuts, fresh
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: ≤1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang (province),
article223: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, *peanuts, musty
and AFG1, literature223; Ochra, AFG2, literature223; Peas • Co-contamination: not reported
(chickpea), AFB1, literature223 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample AFM1, and AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *peanut, raw and shelled AFM1, and AFM2, literature227
Nuts (peanut) 255
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June article388: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature388
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, unprocessed incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Babile
incidence: 12/48*, conc. range: <LOQ-1.82 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <LOQ, (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389
sample origin: Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, and Porto Ferreira incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Babile
(cities), northeast of São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: June (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/
2006–May 2007, country: Brazil237, *peanuts, roasted and salty USA389
incidence: 5/20, conc. range: <4 μg/kg (4 sa.) and 8.2 μg/kg (1 sa.),
sample origin: Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year:
article237: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature237; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature237 incidence: 4/20, conc. range: 15.7–20 μg/kg (2 sa.) and ≤171 μg/kg
(2 sa.), sample origin: Darolabu (district), Ethiopia, sample year:
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 40 μg/kg, sample origin: Angola, sample
year: 1970, country: Germany239
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Fedis
AFG1, and AFG2 (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/USA389
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 53.0–96.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), ∅ conc.:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 75 μg/kg, sample origin: Fedis (district), Ethiopia, sample year:
article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemmon), 2014/2015, country: Ethiopia/USA389
Fruits (orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), incidence: 0/20, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Gursum
Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (ses- (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2013/2014, country: Ethiopia/
ame), Spice (nutmeg), AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, USA389
incidence: 1/20, conc. range: 14.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
incidence: 6/86*, conc. range: 20–400 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 95 μg/kg, Gursum (district), Ethiopia, sample year: 2014/2015, country:
sample origin: supermarkets, retail shops, fair, and beach, Recife Ethiopia/USA389
(city), Pernambuco (state), Brazil, sample year: May–October • Co-contamination: not reported
1993, country: Brazil378, *peanuts, raw and roasted • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2 article389: Cake (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature389; Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature389
article378: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature378 incidence: 45/120, conc. range: 1–164 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: July 2001–
incidence: 37/190*, conc. range: ≤6.5 μg/kg, sample year: unknown, January 2002, country: Botswana390
country: Egypt383, *peanuts, in-shell • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 76/155*, conc. range: ≤6.5 μg/kg, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
country: Egypt383, *peanuts, shelled cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 0/58*, conc.: no contamination, sample year: unknown, cle390: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and CPA, literature390
country: Egypt383, *peanuts, roasted incidence: 16/50*, conc. range: 1–407 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 63.9 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: Georgia (state), USA, sample year: 1990, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other USA396, *peanuts for oil production or feed
article383: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature383 AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 23–31 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 27 μg/kg, sample AFG1, and AFG2
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: UK384, *ncac • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFG1, and AFG2 Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and CPA, literature396
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/73, conc. range: 16.3 μg/kg, sample origin: public
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale stores
article384: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces), Turkey,
ture384; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature384 sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409
sample origin: supermarkets and groceries in Maringá (city), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: March 1993–February 1994, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Brazil388, *peanuts, crude article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409;
• Co-contamination: 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature409; Nuts (pista-
AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2 chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature409
incidence: 3/65, conc. range: 0.12–2.36 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year: article769: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature769
2003, country: China411 incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 1.5 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in
• Co-contamination: not reported Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Brazil784, *peanuts, salted
incidence: 10/45*, conc. range: LOD-20 μg/kg (10 sa., maximum:
article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature411;
2.7 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets in Paraná (state), Brazil,
Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts (walnut),
sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country: Brazil784, *peanuts, sweet
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411
incidence: 1/18*, conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in
Paraná (state), Brazil, sample year: April 2006–May 2007, country:
Liaoning (province with temperate monsoon climate), China,
Brazil784, *peanut brittle
sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441
incidence: 48/1190, conc. range: 0.05–104.00 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Henan (province with transitional monsoon climate), China, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441 article784: Candies (peanut candy), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 24/455, conc. range: 06–29.50 μg/kg, sample origin: literatrure784; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
Sichuan (province with subtropical temperate monsoon climate), literature784
China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441 incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: market in Lilongwe
incidence: 14/441, conc. range: 0.21–5.74 μg/kg, sample origin: (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country: Malawi790,
Guangdong (province with subtropical-tropical monsoon *peanuts, un-skinned roasted
climate), China, sample year: 2010–2013, country: China441 incidence: 9/15*, conc. range: 0.4–2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: market
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. in Lilongwe (city), Malawi, sample year: December 2012, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Malawi790, *peanuts, de-skinned roasted
article441: Nuts (peanuts), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature441 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in article790: Butter (peanut butter) and Food, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
urban areas of Kinshasa (capital), Congo, sample year: December and AFG2, literature790; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
2010–January 2011, country: South Africa758, *peanuts, raw literature790
• Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 9/30, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (9 sa., maximum: 5.54 μg/kg),
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2 sample origin: local markets in Wuhan (city), China, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unknown, country: China881
article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature758 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: street hawkers, local markets, and retail shops in article881: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
inner-city of Pretoria (capital), South Africa, sample year: December literature881
2010–January 2011, country: South Africa758, *peanuts, raw
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Aflatoxin M1
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 10/84, conc. range: 1.5–70.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 19.9 μg/kg,
AFG2 sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148
article758: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature758 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 1.10–1.16 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.13 μg/kg, article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
sample origin: supermarkets and night markets in Penang (state), BEA, CPA, MON, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia766 (peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2 Metabolites
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than For detailed information see the article.
cle766: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG2, literature766; Spices (cay- incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
enne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature766 stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227,
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 167 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 167 μg/kg, sample *peanuts, fresh
origin: imported to Finland, sample year: unknown, country:
Denmark/Finland769, *peanuts for various purposes incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: ≤64.7 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang (province),
AFG1, and AFG2 China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, *peanuts, musty
Nuts (peanut) 257
• Co-contamination: not reported England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, raw
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in-shell, **AFS total
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 4/17*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg** (3 sa.) and 7 μg/kg**
article227: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions,
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, roasted,
AFG2, and AFM2, literature227 **AFS total
incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: >LOD-0.55 μg/kg**, sample origin: incidence: 3/14*, conc. range: 0.5 to ≤5 μg/kg**, sample origin:
local supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro (state), retail outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: 1984,
Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil401, *8 roasted and 2 country: UK3, *peanuts, dry roasted, **AFS total
raw peanut sa., **only roasted peanut sa. contaminated
incidence: 7/13*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg** (3 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg**
(2 sa.), and 11–30 μg/kg** (2 sa, maximum: 28 μg/kg), sample
AFM1, and AFM2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year:
AFM1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1
April 1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, roasted in-shell, **AFS total
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- incidence: 3/17*, conc. range: 0.5 to ≤5 μg/kg**, sample origin:
cle401: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM2, literature401 retail outlets in 20 different regions, England, sample year: April
1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, chocolate-coated, **AFS total
Aflatoxin M2
incidence: 8/19*, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg** (6 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg
incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local stores
(1 sa.), and 190 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20
in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang (province),
different regions, England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3,
China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, *peanuts, fresh
*peanut brittle, **AFS total
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: ≤3.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Co-contamination: not reported
stores in Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Quzhou (cities), Zhejiang • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China227, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
*peanuts, musty article3: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil
• Co-contamination: not reported nut, paranut), Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature3; Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (peanut), AFB1, literature3
incidence: 284/1,679*, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg** (62 sa.), 10.0–
14.9 μg/kg** (52 sa.), 15.0–19.9 μg/kg** (37 sa.), 20.0–24.9 μg/kg**
AFM1, and AFM2, literature227; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
(35 sa.), and >25.0 μg/kg** (98 sa.), sample origin: brokers,
AFG2, and AFM1, literature227
distributors, growers, processors, and retail trade, Canada, sample
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.98 μg/kg**, sample origin: local year: 1970–1975, country: Canada15, *peanuts, raw, **AFB1, AFB2,
supermarkets in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro (state), AFG1, and AFG2
Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil401, *8 roasted and 2
incidence: 7/157*, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg** (3 sa.), 10.0–
raw peanut sa., **only a roasted peanut sa. contaminated
14.9 μg/kg** (2 sa.), and >25 μg/kg** (2 sa.), sample origin:
brokers, distributors, growers, processors, and retail trade,
AFM1, and AFM2
Canada, sample year: 1970–1975, country: Canada15, *peanuts,
processed, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFM1, literature401
Aflatoxin/s than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 441/630*, Ø conc.: 49.1 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater article15: Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa beans, Nuts (almond),
Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country: Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts
Philippines1, *peanut and peanut products except peanut butter, (walnut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature15
**AF/S of pos sa.? incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 1.5–14.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.10 μg/kg**,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and northern
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Pakistan17, *peanuts with shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee, incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 0.7–12.8 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.20 μg/kg**,
Drinks (alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Products (coco- sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and
nut product), Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Sweet northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009,
potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1 country: Pakistan17, *peanuts without shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg** (2 sa.) and 182 μg/kg** and AFG2
(1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, • Co-contamination: not reported
England, sample year: April 1984, country: UK3, *peanuts, raw • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
shelled, **AFS total than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 13/24*, conc. range: 0.5–5 μg/kg** (8 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg** article17: Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts
(1 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 31–100 μg/kg** (2 sa.), and 4,920 (almond), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut),
μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: retail outlets in 20 different regions, Raisins, AF/S, literature17
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 1.70 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported • Co-contamination: not reported
from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 3.59 μg/kg**, sample origin: mainly cle134: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Products (coconut prod-
imported from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample uct), Products (peanut product), Tubers, AF/S, literature134
year: unknown, country: Poland18, *peanuts, salted, **AFS total incidence: 35/170, ∅ conc.: 179.8 μg/kg*, sample origin: Highveld,
• Co-contamination: not reported Middleveld, Lowveld, and Lumbombo Region, Swaziland, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: July 1982–June 1983, country: South Africa/France/Kenya/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Netherlands135, *AFS total
article18: Nut cereals, Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(sunflower), AF/S, literature18 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 6/55*, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg** (4 sa.) and >20 μg/kg** article135: Beans, Beans (cowpea), Beans (soybean), AF/S,
(2 sa., maximum: 329 μg/kg**,), sample origin: FDA districts, literature135
USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *peanuts, shelled and incidence: 27/152, conc. range: 1–100 μg/kg* (11 sa.), 100–1,000 μg/kg*
roasted, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 (8 sa.), and >1,000 μg/kg* (8 sa.), sample origin: natives homes and
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 273 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported to the markets, Uganda, sample year: September 1966–June 1967, country:
USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *peanuts, raw and Uganda/USA137, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
in-shell**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: 24 sa. contained AFB1, 16 sa. contained
AFB2, 17 sa. contained AFG1, 7 sa. contained AFG2
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 4 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported to the
USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *peanuts, shelled and
roasted, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article137: Beans, Cassava, Peas, AF/S, literature137
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 302 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported to the
incidence: 1/10* **, conc.: 72 μg/kg***, sample origin: storage
USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *peanut mix, *AFB1,
facilities, silos sacks, small shops, and fields in zones with different
climatic conditions, Guatemala, sample year: 1975/1976–?, country:
Guatemala138, *ncac, **sa. collected at the end of rainy season,
***AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy),
Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil
nut, paranut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts
cle138: Beans (black beans), Coffee beans, AF/S, literature138
(walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian
paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cay- incidence: 106/216, conc. range: ≤12,256 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1,530 μg/kg*,
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and
literature19 distributors, Thailand, sample year: September 1967–July 1969,
country: Thailand139, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: supermarkets and hypermarkets in 12 main cities
of Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
2008/2009, country: Spain93, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article139: Beans, Beans (mung bean), Food, Seeds (sesame),
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (garlic/onion), Starch
(cassava starch), Vegetables, AF/S, literature139
article93: Figs, Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (cayenne pepper,
chilli), AF/S, literature93 incidence: 31/31, conc. range: >6.8–20 μg/kg* (3 sa.), −50 μg/kg*
(7 sa.), −100 μg/kg* (2 sa.), −500 μg/kg* (10 sa.), −2,000 μg/kg*
incidence: 41/47, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg* (16 sa.), 6–15 μg/kg*
(6 sa.), −4,000 μg/kg* (1 sa.), and −6,000 μg/kg* (2 sa.), sample
(11 sa.), 16–25 μg/kg* (1 sa.), 26–50 μg/kg* (4 sa.), 51–100 μg/kg*
origin: different Ecuadorian regions, Ecuador, sample year: April
(3 sa.), and >100 μg/kg* (6 sa.), sample origin: Keneba (village),
1992–October 1994, country: Switzerland140, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Gambia, sample year: October 1988, country: France/England/
and AFG2
Germany/USA/Gambia118, *AF
article140: Beans, AF/S, literature140
article118: Food, Sauces (flour sauce), Sauces (leaf sauce), AF/S,
literature118 incidence: 3/11, conc. range: 1.0–3.9 μg/kg* (1 sa) and >50 μg/kg*
(2 sa., maximum: 61 μg/kg), sample origin: port sa. from Felixstowe
incidence: 5/71*, conc.: >30 to ≤100 μg/kg**, sample origin:
(town), Manchester (city), and King’s Lynn (market town) Port
markets in or near Manila (capital), Philippines, sample year:
Health Authorities, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK206,
1967–1969, country: USA134, *whole peanuts, **AF
Nuts (peanut) 259
incidence: 2/36, conc. range: ≤105 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail sa. incidence: 28/86*, conc. range: 0.1–5 μg/kg** (5 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg**
from Norwich area and health food stores, market stalls, and (3 sa.), 11–20 μg/kg** (5 sa.), 21–35 μg/kg** (7 sa.), 36–50 μg/kg**
supermarkets across the UK, sample year: unknown, country: (1 sa.), and >50 μg/kg** (7 sa.);, sample origin: commercial and
UK206, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 imported food from retail outlets and points of entries, Malaysia,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: 1995–1999, country: Malaysia233, *peanuts, raw, **AF
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other not specified
than cereals and their products reported in the present • Co-contamination: not reported
book/article206: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (Brazil nut, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Paste (fig paste), AF/S, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature206 article233: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Nuts,
incidence: 29/359*, conc. range: 7.9–1,496 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 129.0 Products (peanut product), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
μg/kg**, sample origin: local retail stores in the region of Brasilia AF/S, literature233
(capital), Brazil, sample year: 2002–2011, country: Brazil208, *peanuts, incidence: 22/26*, conc. range: 1.5–1298.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 197.9 μg/kg,
toasted, salted and shelled, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states),
• Co-contamination: not reported Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *peanuts, raw
article208: Nuts, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Products (peanut sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states),
product), AF/S, literature208 Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276,
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 204 μg/kg**, sample origin: traditional *peanuts, roasted
markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: 2001/2002, incidence: 25/30*, conc. range: 1.5–1298.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 176.8 μg/kg,
country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *peanuts, roasted, sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states),
**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276,
incidence: 6/16*, conc. range: 5–870 μg/kg**, sample origin: *peanuts, coated
traditional markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: incidence: 18/18*, conc. range: 1.3–134.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 24.2 μg/kg,
2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *peanuts, sample origin: five markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states),
flour/egg coated, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Southwest Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria276,
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 27 μg/kg**, sample origin: traditional *peanuts, de-coated
markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: 2001/2002, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *peanuts, fried, **AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: not reported article276: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature276
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 10/50, conc. range: 0.1–26.6 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 6.5 μg/kg*,
article226: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Sauces (peanut- sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2010,
chilli sauce), Snacks, AFB1 and AF/S, literature226; Nuts (pea- country: New Zealand277, *AFS total
nut), AFB1, literature226 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 0.17–2.13 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.15 μg/kg*, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: sales outlets, Qatar, sample year: October 2002, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Qatar229, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
• Co-contamination: not reported Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts, Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pep-
article229: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, and Nuts (pistachio nut), per), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne
AF/S, literature229; Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature229; Spices and pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), and Spices
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, literature229 (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut,
incidence: 8/400, conc. range: 3–8 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 5.7 μg/kg*, paranut), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature277
sample origin: local market and processing centers, central region incidence: 11/22, conc. range: 1–18 μg/kg*, sample origin: farmers
of Sudan, sample year: unknown, country: Sudan/Saudi Arabia230, in Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, main islands of Fiji, sample year:
*AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 unknown, country: Fiji/Zambia321, *AF
incidence: 44/400*, conc. range: 4–12 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 8.5 μg/kg**, incidence: 1/11, conc.: 1 μg/kg*, sample origin: Tonga, sample
sample origin: local market and processing centers, central region year: unknown, country: Fiji/Zambia321, *AF
of Sudan, sample year: unknown, country: Sudan/Saudi Arabia230, • Co-contamination: not reported
*peanuts, roasted, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article321: Copra, Meal (copra meal), AF/S, literature321
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/20, conc.: 0.30 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail shops and
article230: Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature230 local markets in Rabat-Salé (region), Morocco, sample year:
January–October 2006, country: Spain/Morocco352, *AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 6/44*, conc. range: <50 μg/kg* (5 sa.), and >1,000 μg/kg**
AFG1, and AFG2 (1 sa.), sample origin: Managil, Sudan, sample year: November
• Co-contamination: not reported 1969–March 1970, country: Sudan412, *irrigated sa., **AF
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 14/15, conc. range: <50 μg/kg* (11 sa.), 50–250 μg/kg*
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (1 sa.), and 250–1,000 μg/kg* (2 sa.), sample origin: Kosti (city),
article352: Figs, Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), and Sudan, sample year: November 1969–March 1970, country:
Raisins, AFB1 and AF/S, literature352; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, Sudan412, *AF
literature352
incidence: 48/48, conc. range: <50 μg/kg* (13 sa.), 50–250 μg/kg*
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 0.75–26.36 μg/kg**, sample origin: (10 sa.), 250–1,000 μg/kg* (14 sa.), and >1,000 μg/kg* (11 sa.),
exporting companies in Aydin (province), Turkey, sample year: sample origin: El Obeid (state), Sudan, sample year: November
January–August 2007, country: Turkey360, *destined for export, 1969–March 1970, country: Sudan412, *AF
**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 47/150*, conc. range: 6–10 μg/kg** (22 sa.), 14–20 μg/kg**
article360: Figs, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices
(12 sa.), 25–30 μg/kg** (5 sa.), 40–50 μg/kg** (3 sa.), and 60–125
(paprika), AF/S, literature360
μg/kg** (5 sa.), sample origin: unknown, sample year: 1967, country:
incidence: 3/21*, conc. range: 20–100 μg/kg** (2 sa.) and 787 μg/kg** Israel413, *ncac (stored peanut kernels), **AF
(1 sa.), sample origin: open-air markets in Port-au-Prince (capital), • Co-contamination: not reported
Haiti, sample year: July 2012, country: USA376, *ncac, **AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 46/84* ** ***, ∅ conc.: 230 μg/kg****, sample origin:
farmers’ stock peanuts marketed in Georgia (state), USA, sample
article376: Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature376
year: fall 1966, country: USA416, *ncac, **sa. with visible Aspergillus
incidence: 52/7898*, conc. range: ≥15 μg/kg**, sample origin: flavus growth (0–2.5 % damage), ***Virginia, Spanish, and
China, sample year: 2002–2006, country: Japan407, *Virginia-type runner-type varieties, ****AF
variety, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 23/1,704* ** ***, ∅ conc.: 41 μg/kg****, sample origin:
incidence: 5/2723*, conc. range: ≥15 μg/kg**, sample origin: farmers’ stock peanuts marketed in Georgia (state), USA, sample
China, sample year: 2002–2006, country: Japan407, *Spanish and year: fall 1966, country: USA416, *ncac, **sa. with no visible
runner-type variety, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Aspergillus flavus growth (0–2.5 % damage), ***Virginia, Spanish,
incidence: 9/1584, conc. range: ≥15 μg/kg**, sample origin: South and runner-type varieties, ****AF
Africa, sample year: 2002–2006, country: Japan407, *AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 10/14* ** ***, ∅ conc.: 1,439 μg/kg****, sample origin:
AFG1, and AFG2 farmers’ stock peanuts marketed in Georgia (state), USA, sample
incidence: 17/1005, conc. range: ≥15 μg/kg**, sample origin: USA, year: fall 1966, country: USA416, *ncac, **sa. with visible Aspergillus
sample year: 2002–2006, country: Japan407, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and flavus growth (2.5–5.5 % damage), ***Virginia, Spanish, and
AFG2 runner-type varieties, ****AF
incidence: 8/202, conc. range: ≥15 μg/kg**, sample origin: incidence: 20/242* ** ***, ∅ conc.: 35 μg/kg****, sample origin:
Paraguay, sample year: 2002–2006, country: Japan407, *AFB1, AFB2, farmers’ stock peanuts marketed in Georgia (state), USA, sample
AFG1, and AFG2 year: fall 1966, country: USA416, *ncac, **sa. with no visible
• Co-contamination: not reported Aspergillus flavus growth (2.5–5.5 % damage), ***Virginia,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spanish, and runner-type varieties, ****AF
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 5/6* ** ***, ∅ conc.: 2,951 μg/kg****, sample origin:
article407: not reported farmers’ stock peanuts marketed in Georgia (state), USA, sample
For detailed information see the article. year: fall 1966, country: USA416, *ncac, **sa. with visible Aspergillus
incidence: 1/22*, conc.: >1,000 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: flavus growth (> 5.5 % damage), ***Virginia, Spanish, and
northern Gezira (state), Sudan, sample year: November 1969– runner-type varieties, ****AF
March 1970, country: Sudan412, *irrigated sa., **AF incidence: 4/57* ** ***, ∅ conc.: 70 μg/kg****, sample origin:
incidence: 19/20*, conc.: >1,000 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: farmers’ stock peanuts marketed in Georgia (state), USA, sample
central Gezira (state), Sudan, sample year: November 1969–March year: fall 1966, country: USA416, *ncac, **sa. with no visible
1970, country: Sudan412, *irrigated sa., **AF Aspergillus flavus growth (> 5.5 % damage), ***Virginia, Spanish,
incidence: 1/24*, conc.: 50–250 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: and runner-type varieties, ****AF
southern Gezira (state), Sudan, sample year: November 1969– • Co-contamination: not reported
March 1970, country: Sudan412, *irrigated sa., **AF • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (peanut) 261
incidence: 88/678, conc. range: ≤4 to <20 μg/kg* (35 sa.) and ≥20 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
μg/kg* (53 sa., maximum: 7,525.0 μg/kg*), sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
households in Busia and Homa Bay (districts), western Kenya, article424: Nuts, Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature424
sample year: August 2006, country: South Africa/Kenya/USA418, *AF incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 1.7–5.7 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 3.6 μg/kg**,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: Khartoum, Khartoum North, and Omdurman (towns
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other of the capital Khartoum), Sudan, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Sudan425, *peanuts, gray roasted, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: Khartoum, Khartoum North, and Omdurman (towns
incidence: 142/321*, conc. range: 5–30 μg/kg** (26 sa.) and of the capital Khartoum), Sudan, sample year: unknown, country:
>30 μg/kg** (116 sa., maximum: 2,440 μg/kg**), ∅ conc.: 305 Sudan425, *peanuts, red roasted, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
μg/kg**, sample origin: markets and milling factories in São Paulo • Co-contamination: not reported
State, Brazil, sample year: January–December 1994, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Brazil419, *peanuts and peanut products, **AFB1 and AFG1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article425: Paste (peanut paste), AF/S, literature425
incidence: 26/27* **, conc. range: 2–5,091 μg/kg***, sample origin:
southeastern of the USA, sample year: 1980, country: USA426,
*ncac, **loose-shell kernel fractions, ***AFS
incidence: 73/73*, conc. range: 2 μg/kg** (52 sa.), 2–5 μg/kg**
incidence: 20/21* **, conc. range: 3–550 μg/kg***, sample origin:
(12 sa.), 6–15 μg/kg** (8 sa.), and 61 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin:
retail outlets in New South Wales (state), Australia, sample year:
*ncac, **sound mature kernel fractions, ***AFS
1988/1989, country: Australia420, *included peanuts and peanut
butter, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article426: Nuts (peanut), CPA, literature426
article420: Nuts, AF/S, literature420 incidence: 109/160*, conc. range: tr-5,850 μg/kg, sample origin:
three fields around Tirupati (city), Andhra Pradesh (state), India,
incidence: 11/35, conc. range: >20 to ≤936 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 440 μg/kg*,
sample year: November 1972, country: India427, *ncac
sample origin: supermarkets in the region of Campinas
• Co-contamination: 16 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and CIT;
(municipality), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: 1995/1996,
93 sa. contaminated solely with AFS
country: Brazil , *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
421
article427: Nuts (peanut), CIT, literature427
article421: Products (peanut product), AF/S, literature421 incidence: 20/257, conc. range: 0.3–107.1 μg/kg*, sample origin:
traditional markets, supermarkets, grocery stores, wholesale
incidence: 3/13* **, conc. range: 0.1–20 μg/kg*** (3 sa., maximum:
stores, and convenience stores in 25 counties, Taiwan, sample year:
16.3 μg/kg***), sample origin: sa. imported and collected by food
1997–2011 (with exceptions), country: Taiwan540, *AFB1, AFB2,
inspectors at overland, seaport, and airport health offices, Qatar,
AFG 1, and AFG2
sample year: 1998, country: Qatar423, *ncac, **peanut and peanut
products, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 1/8* **, conc.: 4.6 μg/kg***, sample origin: sa. imported than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and collected by food inspectors at overland, seaport, and airport article540: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy),
health offices, Qatar, sample year: 1999, country: Qatar423, *ncac, Flour (peanut flour), AF/S, literature540
**peanut and peanut products, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 5/11* **, conc. range: 0.1–20 μg/kg*** (4 sa.) and incidence: 13/22*, conc. range: ≤59.8 μg/kg**, sample origin:
22.7 μg/kg*** (1 sa.), sample origin: sa. imported and collected by markets, superstores, malls, and venders of major districts of
food inspectors at overland, seaport, and airport health offices, Punjab (province), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country:
Qatar, sample year: 2000, country: Qatar423, *ncac, **peanut and Pakistan573, *raw peanuts in-shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
peanut products, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 16/29*, conc. range: ≤82.1 μg/kg**, sample origin: markets,
superstores, malls, and venders of major districts of Punjab
(province), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan573,
*raw peanuts without shells, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article423: Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature423
incidence: 19/31*, conc. range: ≤71.3 μg/kg**, sample origin: markets,
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 2.8 μg/kg**, sample origin: most sa. from
superstores, malls, and venders of major districts of Punjab
Iran, Syria, Turkey, and the USA collected by inspectors at
(province), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan573,
overland and seaport custom offices, Qatar, sample year: July–
*roasted peanuts in-shells, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
December 1997, country: Qatar424, *peanuts with shell, **AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 13/19*, conc. range: ≤119.7 μg/kg**, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported markets, superstores, malls, and venders of major districts of
Punjab (province), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Pakistan573, *roasted peanuts without shells, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG1, no further information available
and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article797: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature797; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature797
article573: Butter (peanut butter), Cookies, Products (peanut incidence: 2/3, conc. range: 0.1–10.6 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 5.4 μg/kg*,
product), AF/S, literature573 sample origin: purchases and donations in Bamenda (city),
incidence: 34/39*, conc. range: 15–11,900 μg/kg**, sample origin: Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country:
farmer’s stores and local markets in Babile (district), east Ethiopia, South Africa/Bulgaria804, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
sample year: unknown, country: Ethiopia/Norway693, *stored and incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 3.0–10.9 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 6.8 μg/kg*,
market peanuts, **AFS total sample origin: purchases and donations in Douala (city),
farmer’s stores and local markets in Darolabu (district), east South Africa/Bulgaria804, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Ethiopia, sample year: unknown, country: Ethiopia/Norway693, incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 0.2–10.7 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 5.5 μg/kg*,
*stored and market peanuts, **AFS total sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city),
farmer´s stores and local markets in Gursum (district), east South Africa/Bulgaria804, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Ethiopia, sample year: unknown, country: Ethiopia/Norway693, incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 0.1–12.8 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 8.1 μg/kg*,
*stored and market peanuts, **AFS total sample origin: purchases and donations in Yaounde (capital),
• Co-contamination: not reported Cameroon, sample year: 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 73/949, conc. range: 1–645 μg/kg*, sample origin: article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans
imported to New Zealand, sample year: 1996–2004, country: New (soybean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON
Zealand700, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 and ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), DON, FB1, OTA, and ZEA,
article700: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, Sterigmatocystin
literature700 incidence: 0/26, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
incidence: 10/50, conc. range: ≤26.6 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand701, *AFB1, mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/23, conc.: 9.7 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
article701: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (pistachio nut), Products Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
(nut product), and Products (peanut product), AF/S, litera- 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
ture701; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature701 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 64/69*, conc. range: ≤501.0 μg/kg**, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
informal local markets across Malawi, sample year: July/August than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2012, country: Belgium/Malawi722, *intended for consumption article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
within the country, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
incidence: 16/27*, conc. range: ≤9.3 μg/kg**, sample origin: ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, litera-
aggregated sa. destined for export market, Malawi, sample year: ture117; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, and
July 2012–January 2013, country: Belgium/Malawi722, *destined ENB1, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
for export market, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 and Microbial Metabolites
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 5/15, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 1.2 μg/kg, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Austria868
article722: Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature722 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/18, conc. range: 6.6–622.1 μg/kg, sample origin: retail • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
shops and vendors at informal markets in Bulawayo metropolitan than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
area, Zimbabwe, sample year: October/November 2011, country: article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
Botswana/South Africa797 and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
Nuts (peanut) 263
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, incidence: 1/23, conc.: 763 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
AOH, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in
literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
3-Nitropropionic Acid AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
incidence: 0/9, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, litera-
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain ture117; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, ENB1,
mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, and STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further
sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117 Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 2/23, conc. range: 223–1,349 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 786 μg/kg, incidence: 5/84, conc. range: 9.6–114 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 65.8 μg/kg,
sample origin: local markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year:
enterprises, grain mills, and small-scale farmers in the local May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148
capital and rural villages in Nampula (province), northern • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Mozambique, sample year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. cereals and their products reported in the present book/article148:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, AOH, BEA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ MON, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts (peanut), chapter:
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, For detailed information see the article.
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, litera- incidence: 18/83, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample
ture117; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, ENB1, and origin: retail outlets, Botswana, sample year: July 2001–January
STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins 2002, country: Botswana390
and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 7/15, conc. range: ≤350 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 82 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Austria868 article390: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. literature390
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 45/50*, conc. range: tr-2,926 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Georgia (state), USA, sample year: 1990, country: USA396, *peanuts
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, for oil production or feed
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: 14 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CPA; 12 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and AFG1, and CPA; 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AME, AOH, ATX- CPA
I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts article396: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins literature396
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 21/27* **, conc. range: 32–6,525 μg/kg, sample origin:
Citrinin *ncac, **loose-shell kernel fractions
incidence: 16/160*, conc. range: tr-1,200 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 4/21* **, conc. range: 32–130 μg/kg, sample origin:
three fields around Tirupati (city), Andhra Pradesh (state), India, southeastern of the USA, sample year: 1980, country: USA426,
sample year: November 1972, country: India427, *ncac *ncac, **sound mature kernel fractions
• Co-contamination: 16 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and CIT • Co-contamination: not reported
article427: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature427 article426: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature426
Cyclopiazonic Acid incidence: 4/15, conc. range: ≤310 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 140 μg/kg,
incidence: 0/9, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local sample origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007,
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain country: Austria868
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/1, conc.: 7.65 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and OTB
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, article21: Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), OTA and OTB, lit-
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and erature21; Nuts (peanut), OTB, literature21
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, incidence: 2/84, conc. range: 1–3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year: May–July
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
For detailed information see the article. article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
Kojic Acid AOH, BEA, CPA, MON, and NIV, literature148; see also Nuts
incidence: 6/15, conc. range: ≤40,000 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8,900 μg/kg, (peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
sample origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, Metabolites
country: Austria868 For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 3/31, conc. range: ≤0.080 μg/kg, sample origin: regions
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, country: Germany262
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, MA, OTA, OTB, Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Powder (cocoa
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (sesame),
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further incidence: 5/20, conc. range: 0.10–2.36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.68 μg/kg,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample origin: retail shops in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital), Morocco,
For detailed information see the article. sample year: July/August 2005, country: Morocco/Spain364
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 2/6, conc. range: pr, sample origin: major local retail
article364: Figs, Nuts (walnut), Raisins, OTA, literature364
country: India7
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- incidence: 6/10, conc. range: 0.20–0.64 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.32 μg/kg,
ent in a sa. sample origin: markets in Adjamé, Abobo, and Treichville
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (communes) of Abidjan, Ivory Coast, sample year: November
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2002, country: France/Ivory Coast394
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, OTA,
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, and ZEA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, OTA, and ZEA
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts article394: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, FB1, and ZEA, literature394
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature7; Nuts (pista- incidence: 20/40*, conc. range: 5.5–46.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 27.7 μg/kg,
chio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts sample origin: storage plant in the south of Córdoba (province),
(walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7; Raisins, Spain, sample year: May–July 2004, country: Argentina428, *sa.
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7 collected after 1 month of storage
incidence: 10/42, conc. range: 15–160 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 60 μg/kg, incidence: 20/30*, conc. range: 2.0–11.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.63 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions, sample origin: storage plant in the south of Córdoba (province),
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20 Spain, sample year: May–July 2004, country: Argentina428, *sa.
• Co-contamination: not reported collected after 2 months of storage
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: storage plant in the south of Córdoba (province),
article20: Nuts (almond), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (caraway), Spain, sample year: May–July 2004, country: Argentina428, *sa.
Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (paprika), and collected after 3 months of storage
Spices (pepper), OTA, literature20 • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (peanut) 265
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON and ZEA, lit-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ erature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804
article428: not reported incidence: 12/90, conc. range: 0.3–12 μg/kg, sample origin: humid
incidence: 6/10, conc. range: 0.6–64 μg/kg, sample origin: markets forest with monomodal rainfall, humid forest with bimodal
in Adjamé, Abobo, and Treichville (communes) in Abidjan (city), rainfall, and western highland, Cameroon, sample year: July/
Ivory Coast, sample year: 2002, country: France/Ivory Coast429 August 2009 (rainy season) and December 2010–January 2011
• Co-contamination: not reported (dry season), country: Belgium/Benin807
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Further contamination of cereals and cereal products reported
article429: not reported in the present book/article807: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature807;
incidence: 2/18, conc. range: 50–2,000 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,025 μg/kg, Products (cassava product), AFB1 and PA, literature807
sample origin: grocery shops in Mysore (city), India, sample year: For detailed information see the article.
unknown, country: India430 incidence: 6/7, conc. range: ≤5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.7 μg/kg, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported origin: local markets in Niamey (capital), Niger, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2011, country: Morocco858
article430: not reported • Further contamination of cereals and cereal products reported
incidence: 15*/47**, conc. range: ≤170 μg/kg, sample origin: silo of a in the present book/article858: not reported
storage plant in the south of Córdoba (province), Argentina, sample incidence: 6/15, conc. range: ≤260 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 67 μg/kg,
year: unknown, country: Argentina431, *14 sa. with ≤2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007,
**stored “Runner” variety peanut sa. country: Austria868
article431: not reported article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
incidence: 30/72, conc. range: 0.084–0.774 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.214 and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
μg/kg, sample origin: hypermarkets and supermarkets of 12 cities, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: June– ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
November 2008, country: Spain 432 ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME,
• Co-contamination: not reported AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTB,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
article : Nuts (pistachio nut) OTA, literature
432 432 Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
incidence: 9/30, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (9 sa., maximum: 8.34 μg/kg),
*ncac
sample origin: local markets in Wuhan (city), China, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, OTA,
unknown, country: China881
and ZEA
article775: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and ZEA, literature775
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, T-2, and ZEA, literature881
incidence: 0/3, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases
and donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: Ochratoxin B
December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 incidence: 1/1, conc.: 2.56 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket,
Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan21
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 2.1 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and
donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December
OTB
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
incidence: 0/4, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, sample year: December article21: Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut), OTA and OTB, lit-
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 erature21; Nuts (peanut), OTA, literature21
incidence: 0/4, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases incidence: 5/15, conc. range: ≤82 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 31 μg/kg, sample
and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005, origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 Austria868
Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans (soybean), article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, Enniatin A

AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, incidence: 3/15, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, Austria868
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
For detailed information see the article. AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
Fusarium Toxins
Depsipeptides AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
Beauvericin OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
incidence: 1/26, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso, sample For detailed information see the article.
year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
incidence: 16/23, conc. range: 0.1–24.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local Enniatin A1
markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain incidence: 5/15, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 0.70 μg/kg, sample
mills, and small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
villages in Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample Austria868
year: May 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, litera- ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
ture117; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CPA, ENB1, ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME,
and STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
incidence: 29/84, conc. range: 0.1–6.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148 Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Enniatin B
article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME,
sample origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007,
AOH; CPA, MON, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts
country: Austria868
(peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Metabolites
incidence: 15/15, conc. range: ≤12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.6 μg/kg, article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
sample origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
country: Austria868 AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, For detailed information see the article.
AOH, ATX-I, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and Enniatin B1
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), incidence: 0/9, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further markets, cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites mills, and small-scale farmers in villages and cities, Burkina Faso,
For detailed information see the article. sample year: April 2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117
Nuts (peanut) 267
incidence: 1/23, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, incidence: 1/4, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and
cereal traders, food/feed processing enterprises, grain mills, and donations in Kumbo (city), Cameroon, sample year: December
small-scale farmers in the local capital and rural villages in 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
Nampula (province), northern Mozambique, sample year: May incidence: 1/4, conc.: 1,498 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and
2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117 donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon, sample year: 2005,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
article117: Food, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CIT, CPA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans
ENB2, FB1, FB2, FB3, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, and ZEA, litera- (soybean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON
ture117; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, CPA, and and ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, OTA, and
STG, literature117; see also Food, chapter: Further Mycotoxins ZEA, literature804
Enniatin B4
Diacetoxyscirpenol
incidence: 5/15, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample
origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
sample origin: wholesale market in Mysore (city), India, sample year:
Austria868
February–May 1985, country: India434, *ncac
article434: Nuts (peanut), T-2, literature434
T-2 Toxin
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
incidence: 3/31*, conc. range: 170–38,890 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
25,270 μg/kg, sample origin: wholesale market in Mysore (city),
AOH, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG,
India, sample year: October 1984–January 1985, country: India434,
*ncac
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins incidence: 3/25*, conc. range: 630–1,460 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,043.3
and Microbial Metabolites μg/kg, sample origin: wholesale market in Mysore (city), India,
For detailed information see the article. sample year: February–May 1985, country: India434, *ncac
Fumonisin/s • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Fumonisin B1
article434: Nuts (peanut), DAS, literature434
incidence: 7/10, conc. range: <300–600 μg/kg, sample origin:
markets in Adjamé, Abobo, and Treichville (communes) of incidence: 7/30, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (7 sa., maximum: 7.82
Abidjan, Ivory Coast, sample year: November 2002, country: μg/kg), sample origin: local markets in Wuhan (city), China,
France/Ivory Coast394 sample year: unknown, country: China881
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
and ZEA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and ZEA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and T-2, literature881
article394: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, OTA, and ZEA, literature394
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 1,000 μg/kg, sample origin: throughout
Zimbabwe, sample year: April 1995–March 1997, country: Deoxynivalenol
Zimbabwe/Belgium433 incidence: 1/3, conc.: 270 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and
• Co-contamination: not reported donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: December
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 17–138 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 54 μg/kg,
article433: not reported sample origin: purchases and donations in Douala (city),
incidence: 0/3, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: purchases Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country:
and donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: South Africa/Bulgaria804
December 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 21–167 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 59 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 29 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city),
donations in Douala (city), Cameroon, sample year: December Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country:
2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 South Africa/Bulgaria804
incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 47–217 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 108 μg/kg, incidence: 1/3, conc.: 51 μg/kg, sample origin: purchases and
sample origin: purchases and donations in Yaounde (capital), donations in Bamenda (city), Cameroon, sample year: December
Cameroon, sample year: 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804 2004–April 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 4/5, conc. range: 40–186 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 95 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: purchases and donations in Douala (city),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country:
article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans South Africa/Bulgaria804
(soybean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON
and ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, FB1, OTA, and ZEA,
sample origin: purchases and donations in Kumbo (city),
literature804
Cameroon, sample year: December 2004–April 2005, country:
Nivalenol South Africa/Bulgaria804
incidence: 3/84, conc. range: 4.5–13.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.4 μg/kg, incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 31–59 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45 μg/kg, sample
sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year: origin: purchases and donations in Yaounde (capital), Cameroon,
May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148 sample year: 2005, country: South Africa/Bulgaria804
article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, article804: Beans, AF/S, DON, FB1, and ZEA, literature804; Beans
AOH, BEA, CPA, MON, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts (soybean), AF/S, DON, and FB1, literature804; Food, AF/S, DON
(peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial and ZEA, literature804; Nuts (peanut), AF/S, DON, FB1, and OTA,
Metabolites literature804
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 2/15, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: 2.9 μg/kg, sample
Other Fusarium Toxins origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
Austria868
Moniliformin • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: four agroecological zones, Nigeria, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
May–July 2015, country: Nigeria/Austria148 article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
article148: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, AME, ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME,
AOH, BEA, CPA, NIV, and OTA, literature148; see also Nuts AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA,
(peanut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial OTB, and STG, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA, MA, and
Metabolites OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut),
For detailed information see the article. Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further
Zearalenone For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 50–200 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 95 μg/kg, sample incidence: 8/30, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (8 sa., maximum: 12.33 μg/kg),
origin: markets in Adjamé, Abobo, and Treichville (communes) of sample origin: local markets in Wuhan (city), China, sample year:
Abidjan, Ivory Coast, sample year: November 2002, country: France/ unknown, country: China881
Ivory Coast394 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA; 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, FB1, and ZEA; 3 sa. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
co-contaminated with AFB1, OTA, and ZEA article881: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and T-2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ see also Food and Soups
article394: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, FB1, and OTA, literature394
Penicillium Toxins
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Mycophenolic Acid
China775, *ncac incidence: 6/15, conc. range: ≤60 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 21 μg/kg, sample
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, OTA, and origin: Osmaniye (province), Turkey, sample year: 2007, country:
ZEA Austria868
article775: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and OTA, literature775 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (pecan nut) 269
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, incidence: 1*/229, conc.: 40 μg/kg**, sample origin: orchards and
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, shelling plants in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia (states),
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, southeastern USA, sample year: October–December 1974 to
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and January 1975, country: USA552, *from southern Georgia, weevil-
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, damaged pecan nut sa. collected in January, **AFS
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, OTA, OTB, • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further article552: not reported
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 12/185, conc. range: ≤1,900 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 156 μg/kg*,
For detailed information see the article. sample origin: cracking plants, roasters and repackers, and
wholesalers across the USA, sample year: 1969–1971, country:
Nuts (pecan nut) may contain the following mycotoxins: USA553, *AFS total
Aspergillus Toxins incidence: 1/55, conc.: 355 μg/kg*, sample origin: cracking plants,
roasters and repackers, and wholesalers across the USA, sample
Aflatoxin B1
year: 1971/1972, country: USA553, *AFS total
incidence: 3*/48, conc. range: tr-25 μg/kg, sample origin: Alabama,
Georgia, and Louisiana (states), USA, sample year: 1972, country: incidence: 13/95, conc. range: ≤172 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 42 μg/kg*,
USA550, *pecans, blow-outs and sound sample origin: cracking plants, roasters and repackers, and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; wholesalers across the USA, sample year: 1972/1973, country:
2 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 USA553, *AFS total
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 11/125, conc. range: ≤125 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 34 μg/kg*,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: cracking plants, roasters and repackers, and
article550: Nuts (pecan nut), AFG1, literature550 wholesalers across the USA, sample year: 1973/1974, country:
USA553, *AFS total
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 3*/48, conc. range: tr, sample origin: Alabama, Georgia, incidence: 2/101, conc. range: 10–38 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 24 μg/kg*,
and Louisiana (states), USA, sample year: 1972, country: USA550, sample origin: cracking plants, roasters and repackers, and
*pecans, blow-outs and sound wholesalers across the USA, sample year: 1974/1975, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; USA553, *AFS total
2 sa. contaminated solely with AFG1 incidence: 0/26, conc.: no contamination*, sample origin: cracking
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other plants, roasters and repackers, and wholesalers across the USA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: 1975/1976, country: USA553, *AFS total
article550: Nuts (pecan nut), AFB1, literature550 incidence: 1/128, conc.: 5 μg/kg*, sample origin: cracking plants,
roasters and repackers, and wholesalers across the USA, sample
Aflatoxin/s
year: 1976/1977, country: USA553, *AFS total
incidence: 1/55, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (1 sa.), sample origin:
brokers, distributors, growers, processors, and retail trade, incidence: 6/214, conc. range: ≤126 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 27 μg/kg*,
Canada, sample year: 1970–1975, country: Canada15, *AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: cracking plants, roasters and repackers, and
AFG1, and AFG2 wholesalers across the USA, sample year: 1977–1979, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported USA553, *AFS total
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/132, conc. range: ≤9 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 8 μg/kg*, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ origin: cracking plants, roasters and repackers, and wholesalers
article15: Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa beans, Nuts (almond), across the USA, sample year: 1979/1980, country: USA553, *AFS total
Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(walnut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature15 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 3/17, conc. range: ≤334 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
to the USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article553: not reported
and AFG2 Other Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/40*, conc.: ~20,000 μg/kg**, sample origin: probably
article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), South Georgia (state) to North Florida (state) area, USA, sample
Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil year: November 1975, country: USA554, *40 halves of in-shell
nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (wal- pecans, **in a single half kernel
nut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian • Co-contamination: not reported
paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cay- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature19 article554: not reported
Nuts (pine nut) may contain the following mycotoxins: Nuts (pistachio nut) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 2/12, conc. range: 0.19–0.23 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.21 μg/kg, incidence: 2/6, conc. range: 15–94 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 54.5 μg/kg,
sample origin: local markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district),
Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7
sample year: 2003, country: China411 • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was present
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; in a sa.
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
article411: Nuts (peanut) and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2,
and AFG2, literature411; Nuts (pine nut), AFB2, literature411 AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 26/50*, conc. range: 25–2,080 μg/kg, sample origin: AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1,
mainly northern and midwestern areas, Tunisia, sample year: AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut),
unknown, country: Tunisia/USA555, *Aleppo pine nuts Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pis-
• Co-contamination: not reported tachio nut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
article555: Nuts (pine nut), AFG1 and AF/S, literature555 sample origin: grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon,
Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea,
Aflatoxin B2 sample year: May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10
incidence: 1/12, conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets in • Co-contamination: not reported
Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year: 2003, country: China411 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (peanut), Paste (soybean paste), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
article411: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and literature10
AFG2, literature411; Nuts (pine nut), AFB1, literature411
incidence: 7/21, conc. range: 0.005–2 μg/kg (5 sa.) and >2 μg/kg
Aflatoxin G1 (2 sa., maximum: 1,900 μg/kg), sample origin: ethnic stores, health
incidence: 26/50*, conc. range: 56–4,570 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets in the four
mainly northern and midwestern areas, Tunisia, sample year: largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998,
unknown, country: Tunisia/USA555, *Aleppo pine nuts country: Sweden13
article555: Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFS, literature555 article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, and Peas (chickpea), OTA,
literature13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond),
Aflatoxin/s AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Oil seeds,
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 2.6–3.9 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 3.25 μg/kg**, Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S, literature13; Nuts
sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and northern (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature13
areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009, country:
Pakistan17, *pine nuts with shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 5?/165, conc. range: 11.5–1,382 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 323 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Japan99
article17: Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Raisins, AF/S, literature17 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 26/50*, conc. range: 95–7,550 μg/kg**, sample origin: ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, lit-
mainly northern and midwestern areas, Tunisia, sample year: erature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Spices
unknown, country: Tunisia/USA555, *Aleppo pine nuts, **AFB1, (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Nuts
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 (pistachio nut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices,
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1,
article555: Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature555
Nuts (pistachio nut) 271
incidence: 6/54, conc. range: 7.9–1,830 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 702 μg/kg, incidence: 3/29, conc. range: 8.6–93.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 39.5 μg/kg,
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001,
sample year: June–September 1981, country: Japan129 country: UK203
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
AFM1, and AFL-I; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), Beans (kidney bean), literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
and Beans (saltani saltapya bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2 and AFM1, literature129; see also AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB1,
Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1,
Microbial Metabolites AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 4.6 μg/kg, sample origin: imported sa. literature203; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2 and OTA, literature203
collected by the Mycotoxin Research Association, Japan, sample incidence: 1/8, conc.: 3.36 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets,
year: 1985, country: Japan171 local stores, and markets in Busan, Daejeon, Gwangju (cities), and
• Co-contamination: not reported Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: June/July 2004, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Korea220
article171: Cocoa beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(pepper), AFB1, literature171 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.36 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in article220: Butter (peanut butter) and Nuts, AFB1 and AFB2,
Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: literature220; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
Germany181, *green pistachios literature220
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/20, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: available in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other New Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand277
article181: Butter (peanut butter) and Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, and AFG1, literature181; Nuts (hazelnut), Spices (paprika), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1 and AFG1, literature181; Spices (pepper), AFB1, article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
literature181 Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
incidence: 53?/856, conc. range: 1.4–206 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 54.9 μg/kg, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S,
sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper),
products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992– Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pep-
1996, country: Cyprus200 per, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), and Spices (paprika),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1.29 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut) country: Italy320, * pistachios without shell
and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
(chestnut), Products (sesame product), Spices, AFB1, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200 article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320;
incidence: 9/23, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (5 sa.), 2–5 μg/kg (2 sa.), Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts
and >5 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 41.3 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 9.04 μg/kg, (hazelnut) and Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, AFG2, literature320; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320;
country: UK203 Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, literature320
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 9/20, conc. range: ≤1,430 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 158 μg/kg,
OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 5 sa. contami- sample origin: retail shops and local markets in Rabat-Salé
nated solely with AFB1 (region), Morocco, sample year: January–October 2006, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spain/Morocco352
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, cle352: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), Raisins, AFB1 and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB1, AF/S, literature352; Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature352
AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, incidence: 1/19, conc.: 22 μg/kg, sample origin: storage houses and
AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, dealers, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/USA380
literature203; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2 and OTA, literature203 • Co-contamination: not reported
article380: Nuts (peanut), Peas, AFB1 and AFG1, literature380 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
public markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale article560: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, literature560
stores in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces), incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 44–213 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 145 μg/kg,
Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409 sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Iran669
article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; article669: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, literature669
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts incidence: 906/3,282, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (678 sa.), 5–8 μg/kg
(pistachio nut), AFB2, literature409 (53 sa.), 8–10 μg/kg (33 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (58 sa.), 20–50 μg/kg
incidence: 17/29, conc. range: 2.3–165 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 56.4 μg/kg, (59 sa.), ≤319.53 μg/kg (25 sa.), sample origin: Rafsanjan (county)
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: and Kerman (province), Iran, sample year: January–December
Netherlands556 2009, country: Iran713
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 615/2,895, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (418 sa.), 5–8 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (46 sa.), 8–10 μg/kg (14 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (50 sa.), 20–50 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (50 sa.), ≤246.06 μg/kg (37 sa.), sample origin: Rafsanjan (county)
article556: not reported and Kerman (province), Iran, sample year: January–December
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 13.2**–227.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 115 μg/kg, 2010, country: Iran713
sample origin: mostly from China or India purchased in retail incidence: 402/2,026, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (270 sa.), 5–8 μg/kg
outlets in Glasgow (city) and surrounding area, UK, sample year: (29 sa.), 8–10 μg/kg (7 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (41 sa.), 20–50 μg/kg
unknown, country: UK557, *1 roasted** sa. and 2 raw sa. of pistachio (37 sa.), ≤369.12 μg/kg (18 sa.), sample origin: Rafsanjan (county)
nuts and Kerman (province), Iran, sample year: January–December
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 2011, country: Iran713
article557: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, literature557 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 21/40, conc. range: <LOQ-122.4 μg/kg, sample origin: cle713: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature713
local markets, northern Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: incidence: 5/50, conc. range: 2.21–1,037.31 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 214 μg/kg,
Tunisia558 sample origin: imported from California (USA), Iran, and unknown
• Co-contamination: not reported origin purchased in hypermarkets and supermarkets in Catalonia
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: June–December
2008, country: Spain728
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature558 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 3/16*, conc. range: 0.12–0.18 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.146 AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; no
μg/kg**, sample origin: imported from Iran, Turkey, the USA, and further information available
Spain purchased in commercial outlets of Aragon (autonomous • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
community), northeastern Spain, sample year: January–April cereals and their products reported in the present book/article728:
2007, country: Spain , *pre-packed pistachio nuts, **from Iran
559
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature728
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; incidence: 22/151, conc. range: 0.26–368 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 31.2 μg/kg,
2 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 sample origin: markets, supermarkets, groceries, and retail shops
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in Adana and Osmaniye (provinces), Turkey, sample year: January
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2010–December 2012, country: Turkey741
article559: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, literature559 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 8/16*, conc. range: 0.13–0.29 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.185 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
μg/kg**, sample origin: imported from Iran, Turkey, the USA, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spain purchased in commercial outlets of Aragon (autonomous article741: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature741;
community), northeastern Spain, sample year: January–April Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature741
2007, country: Spain559, *bulk pistachio nuts, **from Iran incidence: 45/71*, conc. range: ≤19.56 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab
6 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *ingredients for halva
article559: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB2, literature559 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: community of Madrid (capital), Spain, sample article750: Halva, AFB1 and AFM1, literature750; Nuts (almond),
year: December 2003, country: Spain560 Raisins, Spices (cardamom), AFB1, literature750
incidence: 35/112*, conc. range: 0.06–5 μg/kg (20 sa.), 5.01–10 Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFM1, literature129; see also
μg/kg (3 sa.), 10.01–20 μg/kg (5 sa.), 20.01–50 μg/kg (4 sa.), and Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
>50 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: local factories producing Gaz Microbial Metabolites
sweets in Esfahan (city), Iran, sample year: 2007–2012, country: incidence: 53?/856, conc. range: <0.3–2.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.2 μg/kg,
Iran753, *ingredients for Gaz sweets sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic
• Co-contamination: not reported products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 1996, country: Cyprus200
sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state), article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829 AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
• Co-contamination: not reported Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chest-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Products (sesame product), Spices,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Oils literature200
(maize oil), ZEA, literature829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, litera- incidence: 4/23, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (2 sa.), 2–5 μg/kg (1 sa.),
ture829; Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, and 6.2 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 2.48 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829 outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
Aflatoxin B2 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 75 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: India7 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
ent in a sa. literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB1,
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1,
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), literature203; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and OTA, literature203
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew incidence: 3/29, conc. range: LOQ-2 μg/kg (2 sa.) and 13.6 μg/kg
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 5.27 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, UK,
(peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; sample year: September 2001, country: UK203
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5?/165, conc. range: 0.5–260 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 58.0 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, OTA, literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
country: Japan99 AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture203; Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other dried, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ paranut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut),
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- AFB1 and AFB2, literature203; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and
ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, lit- OTA, literature203
erature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), and incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.19 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–December 2009,
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; country: Italy320, *pistachios without shell
Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 6/54, conc. range: 1.5–235 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 104 μg/kg, article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320;
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan, Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts
sample year: June–September 1981, country: Japan129 (hazelnut), Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, literature320; Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; Nuts
AFM1, and AFL-I; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature320
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ public markets/bazaars, supermarkets, retail stores, and wholesale
article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), Beans (kidney bean), stores in Ankara, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, and Izmir (provinces),
and Beans (saltani saltapya bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey409
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 313/2,895, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (280 sa.), 5–8
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg (15 sa.), 8–10 μg/kg (4 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (9 sa.), ≤26.69 μg/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ kg (5 sa.), sample origin: Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman
article409: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; (province), Iran, sample year: 2010, country: Iran713
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature409; Nuts incidence: 156/2,026, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (146 sa.), 5–8
(pistachio nut), AFB1, literature409 μg/kg (6 sa.), 8–10 μg/kg (3 sa.), 8.4 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 1.7**–31.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.5 μg/kg, Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman (province), Iran, sample year:
sample origin: probably from China or India purchased in retail 2011, country: Iran713
outlets in Glasgow (city) and surrounding area, UK, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
unknown, country: UK557, *1 roasted** sa. and 2 raw sa. of • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
pistachio nuts than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article713: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
article557: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature557 sample origin: imported from California (state) USA, Iran, and
incidence: 11/40, conc. range: 0.24 to <LOQ μg/kg, sample origin: unknown origin purchased in hypermarkets and supermarkets in
local markets, northern Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Catalonia (autonomous community) Spain, sample year: June–
Tunisia558 December 2008, country: Spain728
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; no
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ further information available
article558: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/16*, conc.: 0.12 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported article728: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
from Iran, Turkey, the USA, and Spain purchased in commercial literature728
outlets of Aragon (autonomous community), northeastern Spain, incidence: 17/151, conc. range: 0.11–16.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.77
sample year: January–April 2007, country: Spain559, *prepacked μg/kg, sample origin: markets, supermarkets, groceries, and retail
pistachio nuts, **from Iran shops in Adana and Osmaniye (provinces), Turkey, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 January 2010–December 2012, country: Turkey741
article559: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature559 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/16*, conc. range: 0.12–0.14 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.13 article741: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature741;
μg/kg**, sample origin: imported from Iran, Turkey, the USA, and Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature741
Spain purchased in commercial outlets of Aragon (autonomous Aflatoxin G
1
community), northeastern Spain, sample year: January–April incidence: 1/6, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
2007, country: Spain , *bulk pistachio nuts, **from Iran
559
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 country: India7
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was present
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ in a sa.
article559: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature559 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 7/24, conc. range: 1.3–19.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.87 μg/kg, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7:
sample origin: community of Madrid (capital), Spain, sample Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates,
year: December 2003, country: Spain560 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
article560: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature560 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut),
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 5.6–21.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.1 μg/kg, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Iran669 AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 incidence: 5?/165, conc. range: ≤306 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 61.3 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
article560: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature669 country: Japan99
incidence: 437/3,282, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (407 sa.), 5–8 μg/kg • Co-contamination: not reported
(18 sa.), 8–10 μg/kg (3 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (6 sa.), 20–50 μg/kg (2 sa.), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
56.51 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman than cereals and their products reported in the present
(province), Iran, sample year: 2009, country: Iran713 book/article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2,
literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), ture7; Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7;
AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts
Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7;
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature99; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, lit-
Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, erature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
literature99 STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
incidence: 3/40, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets, RBT, literature7
northern Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia558 incidence: 5?/165, conc. range: ≤48.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.7 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
than cereals and their products reported in the present country: Japan99
book/article558: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 13/3,282, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (10 sa.), 8–10 μg/kg than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(1 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg (1 sa.), 94.85 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman (province), Iran, sample year: ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
2009, country: Iran713 ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Spices
(nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Nuts (pista-
incidence: 15/2,895, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (11 sa.), 5–8 μg/kg
chio nut), Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pep-
per), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1
Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman (province), Iran, sample year:
2010, country: Iran713
incidence: 3/40, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets,
incidence: 9/2,026, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg (5 sa.), 5–8 μg/kg
northern Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia558
Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman (province), Iran, sample year:
article558: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
literature558
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature713 incidence: 6/3,282, conc. range: LOD-5 μg/kg, (5 sa.), 5.22 μg/kg
(1 sa.), sample origin: Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman (province),
Iran, sample year: 2009, country: Iran713
sample origin: imported from California (state) USA, Iran, and
unknown origin purchased in hypermarkets and supermarkets in incidence: 7/2,895, conc. range: LOD to ≤2.66 μg/kg (7 sa.), sample
Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: June- origin: Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman (province), Iran, sample
December 2008, country: Spain728 year: 2010, country: Iran713
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 7/2,026, conc. range: LOD-≤3.5 μg/kg (7 sa.), sample
AFG1, and AFG2; no further information available origin: Rafsanjan (county) and Kerman (province), Iran, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: 2011, country: Iran713
article728: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
literature728 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article713:
incidence: 3/151, conc. range: 0.79–8.72 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.49 μg/kg, Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature713
sample origin: markets, supermarkets, groceries, and retail shops incidence: 2/50, conc. range: 0.10–0.23 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.165 μg/kg,
in Adana and Osmaniye (provinces), Turkey, sample year: January sample origin: imported from California (USA), Iran, and
2010–December 2012, country: Turkey741 unknown origin purchased in hypermarkets and supermarkets in
• Co-contamination: not reported Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: June–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other December 2008, country: Spain728
article741: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature741; AFG1, and AFG2; no further information available
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature741 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin G2 article728: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail outlets literature728
at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was present incidence: 1/151, conc.: 0.42 μg/kg, sample origin: markets,
in a sa. supermarkets, groceries, and retail shops in Adana and Osmaniye
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (provinces), Turkey, sample year: January 2010–December 2012,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Turkey741
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/4, conc.: 3.87 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year:
article741: Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, and unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total
AFG1, literature741 • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin M1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 5/54, conc. range: 0.9–51.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 21.7 μg/kg, article18: Nut cereals, Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut),
sample origin: commercial sources in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sun-
year: June–September 1981, country: Japan129 flower), AF/S, literature18
AFM1, and AFL-I incidence: 7/22, conc. range: ≤ 20 μg/kg (4 sa.) and >20 μg/kg*
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (3 sa., maximum: 252 μg/kg*,), sample origin: FDA districts, USA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article129: Beans, Beans (butter beans), Beans (kidney bean), incidence: 10/21*, conc. range: ≤133 μg/kg**, sample origin: FDA
Beans (saltani saltapya bean), AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; districts, USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *pistachio nuts,
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature129; see also Nuts shelled, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
(pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial • Co-contamination: not reported
Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aflatoxin/s cle19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Candies
incidence: 7/21, conc. range: 0.01–4 μg/kg* (5 sa.) and >4 μg/kg* (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil nut, para-
(2 sa., maximum: 2,200 μg/kg*), sample origin: ethnic stores, nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (pea-
health-food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets in the nut oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian paste), Products
four largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
1998, country: Sweden13, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, literature19
sample origin: supermarkets and hypermarkets in 12 main cities
of Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, and Peas (chickpea), OTA,
2008/2009, country: Spain93, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
literature13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond),
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, para-
nut), Oil seeds, Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S,
literature13
article93: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
incidence: 17/175, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (4 sa.), 10.0–14.9 AF/S, literature93
μg/kg* (3 sa.), 15.0–19.9 μg/kg* (1 sa.), 20.0–24.9 μg/kg* (2 sa.),
incidence: 8/24, conc. range: 1.0–3.9 μg/kg* (1 sa), 4.0–10.0 μg/kg*
and >25 μg/kg* (7 sa.), sample origin: brokers, distributors,
(1 sa.), 10.1–20.0 μg/kg* (1 sa.), 20.1–50.0 μg/kg* (2 sa.), and
growers, processors, and retail trade, Canada, sample year: 1970–
> 50 μg/kg* (3 sa., maximum: 175 μg/kg*), sample origin: port sa.
1975, country: Canada15, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
from Felixstowe (town), Manchester (city), and Kings Lynn
(market town) Port Health Authorities, UK, sample year:
unknown, country: UK206, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article15: Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa beans, Nuts (almond),
Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts
(walnut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature 15
article206: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (Brazil nut, para-
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 1.2–3.0 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.10 μg/kg**, nut), Nuts (peanut), Paste (fig paste), AF/S, literature206
sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP and northern
incidence: 3/6, conc. range: 0.23–81.64 μg/kg*, sample origin: sales
areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009, country:
outlets, Qatar, sample year: October 2002, country: Qatar229, *AFB1,
Pakistan , *pistachios with shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
17
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 2.0–14.0 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 6.34 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg**, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2009, country: Pakistan17, *pistachios without shell, **AFB1, AFB2, article229: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, and Nuts (peanut), AF/S,
AFG1, and AFG2 literature229; Coffee and Raisins, OTA, literature229; Spices,
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, literature229
incidence: 1/20, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg*, sample origin: available in New
Zealand, sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand277, *AFS total
article : Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts
17
(almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (walnut),
Raisins, AF/S, literature 17
Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter (peanut incidence: 5/23*, conc. range: 0.53–11.9 μg/kg** (3 sa.) and
butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts (pea- 20.8–23 μg/kg** (2 sa.), sample origin: most sa. from Iran, Syria,
nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Turkey, and the USA collected by inspectors at overland and
Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, seaport custom offices, Qatar, sample year: July–December 1997,
dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), country: Qatar424, *pistachio nuts with shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), and Spices (paprika), AFB1, and AFG2
AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts incidence: 12/23*, conc. range: 7.3–18.6 μg/kg** (6 sa.) and 39–289
(pistachio nut), AFB1, literature277 μg/kg** (6 sa.), sample origin: most sa. from Iran, Syria, Turkey, and
incidence: 9/20, conc. range: ≤1,450 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 163 μg/kg*, the USA collected by inspectors at overland and seaport custom
sample origin: retail shops and local markets in Rabat-Salé offices, Qatar, sample year: July–December 1997, country: Qatar424,
(region), Morocco, sample year: January–October 2006, country: *pistachio nuts without shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Spain/Morocco352, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 8/24*, conc. range: 1.2–18.1 μg/kg** (4 sa.) and 22.3–
• Co-contamination: not reported 75 μg/kg** (4 sa.), sample origin: most sa. from Iran, Syria, Turkey,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and the USA collected by inspectors at overland and seaport
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ custom offices, Qatar, sample year: 1998, country: Qatar424,
article352: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), Raisins, AFB1 and *pistachio nuts with shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AF/S, literature352; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature352
incidence: 40/77*, conc. range: 8.3–19.1 μg/kg** (16 sa.) and
incidence: 16/28*, conc. range: 2.31–63.11 μg/kg**, sample origin: 30–275 μg/kg** (24 sa.), sample origin: most sa. from Iran, Syria,
exporting companies in Aydin (province), Turkey, sample year: Turkey, and the USA collected by inspectors at overland and
January–August 2007, country: Turkey360, *destined for export, seaport custom offices, Qatar, sample year: 1998, country:
**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Qatar424, *pistachio nuts without shell, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1; 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated solely than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
with AFB1 article424: Nuts, Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature424
incidence: 46/46, conc. range: 6–97 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 24 μg/kg*,
sample origin: imported from Iran collected at New York (city)
article360: Figs, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Spices (paprika),
port, USA, sample year: unknown, country: USA561, *AF
AF/S, literature360
incidence: 16/28* **, conc. range: 0.1–20 μg/kg*** (13 sa.) and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
>20 μg/kg*** (3 sa., maximum: 55.3 μg/kg***), sample origin: sa. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
imported and collected by food inspectors at overland, seaport, article561: not reported
and airport health offices, Qatar, sample year: 1999, country:
Qatar423, *ncac, **pistachio nut with shell, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
sample origin: retail outlets in Constantine and Jijel (provinces)
and AFG2
as well as Algiers (capital), north Algeria, sample year: 2008,
incidence: 10/18* **, conc. range: 0.1–20 μg/kg*** (7 sa.) and country: Spain562, *AFS
>20 μg/kg*** (3 sa., maximum: 50.4 μg/kg***), sample origin: sa. • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA; 1
imported and collected by food inspectors at overland, seaport, sa. contaminated solely with AFS
and airport health offices, Qatar, sample year: 2000, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Qatar423, *ncac, **pistachio nut with shell, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and AFG2 article562: Nuts (pistachio nut), OTA, literature562
incidence: 10/13* **, conc. range: 0.1–20 μg/kg*** (7 sa.) and incidence: 11/121, conc. range: 1–305 μg/kg*, sample origin:
>20 μg/kg*** (3 sa., maximum: 90.6 μg/kg***), sample origin: sa. imported to New Zealand, sample year: 1997–1999 and 2001–
imported and collected by food inspectors at overland, seaport, 2004, country: New Zealand700, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
and airport health offices, Qatar, sample year: 1999, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Qatar423, *ncac, **pistachio nut without shell, ***AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5/9* **, conc. range: 0.1–20 μg/kg*** (2 sa.) and article700: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AF/S,
>20 μg/kg*** (3 sa., maximum: 117 μg/kg***), sample origin: sa. literature700
imported and collected by food inspectors at overland, seaport, incidence: 1/20, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg*, sample origin: New Zealand,
and airport health offices, Qatar, sample year: 2000, country: sample year: 2010, country: New Zealand701, *AFB1 and AFB2
Qatar423, *ncac, **pistachio nut without shell, ***AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article701: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (nut
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ product), Products (peanut product), AF/S, literature701; Nuts
article423: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature423 (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature701
Other Aspergillus Toxins • Co-contamination: not reported

Sterigmatocystin than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/6, conc. range: 70–100 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 85 μg/kg, article432: Nuts (peanut) OTA, literature432
sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district),
India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7 incidence: 1/31, conc.: 170 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets in
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- Constantine and Jijel (provinces) as well as Algiers (capital),
ent in a sa. north Algeria, sample year: 2008, country: Spain562, *AFS
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, article562: Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature562
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), incidence: 4/59*, conc. range: 0.74–890 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 224 μg/kg,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew sample origin: supermarkets and stores, USA, sample year: 2012–
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts 2014, country: USA599, *conventional
(peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; incidence: 0/26*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature7; supermarkets and stores, USA, sample year: 2012–2014, country:
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 USA599, *organic
incidence: 6/24, conc. range: 11–203 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 89 μg/kg, article599: Dates, Figs, Raisins, OTA, literature599
sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions, incidence: 1/50, conc.: 0.67 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20 California (USA), Iran, and unknown origin purchased in
• Co-contamination: not reported hypermarkets and supermarkets in Catalonia (autonomous
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other community), Spain, sample year: June–December 2008, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spain728
article20: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Spices (caraway), • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (paprika), and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (pepper), OTA, literature20 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/23, conc. range: 0.9–46.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23.7 μg/kg, article728: Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
sample origin: retail outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, literature728
country: UK203 incidence: 1/8, conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample origin: KSU, Turkey, and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital), Austria, sample year:
and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with OTA unknown, country: Austria868
article203: Butter (nut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature203; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1,
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2,
AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut) and Nuts (pista- ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME,
chio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA,
incidence: 0/29, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail OTB, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA and
outlets, UK, sample year: September 2001, country: UK203 MA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts
• Co-contamination: not reported (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
Fusarium Toxins
and OTA, literature203; Dates, AFB1 and OTA, literature203; Figs, Depsipeptides
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature203; Fruits, dried, AFB1,
AFB2, and OTA, literature203; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1,Beauvericin
AFB2, and AFG1, literature203; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio incidence: 1/8, conc.: 0.30 μg/kg, sample origin: KSU, Turkey and
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature203 stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital), Austria, sample year:
unknown, country: Austria868
μg/kg, sample origin: hypermarkets and supermarkets of 12 cities,
Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: June–
November 2008, country: Spain 432
Nuts (tigernut) 279
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and article564: not reported
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, For detailed information see the article.
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
OTB, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), MA and markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian
OTA, literature868; see also Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further *Valencia guaranteed origin
incidence: 14/48*, conc. range: 1.2–1.9 μg/kg, sample origin: local
markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian
Penicillium Toxins community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
*unknown origin
Mycophenolic Acid • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/8, conc.: 13 μg/kg, sample origin: KSU, Turkey and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
stores in Tulln (city) and Vienna (capital), Austria, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: Austria868 article834: Nuts (tigernut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DON, and
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, literature834
article868: Nuts (almond), AME, AOH, BEA, CPA, ENB, ENB1, incidence: 3/37, conc. range: 2.2–3.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg,
and ENB3, literature868; Nuts (hazelnut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: supermarkets, street vendors, and candy shops,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, ATX-I, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, ENB2, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain162
ENB3, ENB4, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
ZEA, literature868; Nuts (peanut), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AOH, ATX-I, BEA, CPA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB4, KA, MA, OTA, AFG2
OTB, STG, and ZEA, literature868; Nuts (pistachio nut), BEA and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), chapter: Further article162: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature162; Nuts
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites (tigernut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature162
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 3/48, conc. range: 1.5–1.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
supermarkets, street vendors, and little candy shops, Valencia (city),
Nuts (tigernut) may contain the following mycotoxins: Spain, sample year: March 2009–March 2010, country: Spain163
Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 3/37, conc. range: 0.7–4.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.4 μg/kg, article163: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163;
sample origin: supermarkets, street vendors, and candy shops, Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature163
Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain162 For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian
AFG2 community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *Valencia guaranteed origin
article162: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature162; Nuts
sample origin: local markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in
(tigernut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature162
the Valencian community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country:
incidence: 14/48, conc. range: 1.2–2 μg/kg, sample origin: Spain834, *unknown origin
supermarkets, street vendors, and little candy shops, Valencia • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
(city), Spain, sample year: March 2009–March 2010, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spain163 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. article834: Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, DON, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, literature834
article163: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163; Aflatoxin G1
Nuts (tigernut), AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163 incidence: 1/37, conc.: 3.8 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets,
For detailed information see the article. street vendors, and candy shops, Valencia (city), Spain, sample
year: unknown, country: Spain162
incidence: 27/77, conc. range: 10–120 μg/kg, sample origin:
markets in different states of Nigeria, sample year: July–September
AFG1, and AFG2
1993, country: Nigeria564
article162: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature162; Nuts article163: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163;
(tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature162 Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature163
incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local For detailed information see the article.
markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian incidence: 1/35*, conc.: 1.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian community,
*Valencia guaranteed origin Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834, *Valencia
incidence: 2/48*, conc. range: 1.3–1.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, guaranteed origin
sample origin: local markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in incidence: 7/48*, conc. range: 1.2–37 μg/kg, sample origin: local
the Valencian community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian
Spain834, *unknown origin community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. *unknown origin
article834: Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, BEA, DON, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, literature834 article834: Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, and
DON, literature834
Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 3/37, conc. range: 1.6–2.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.1 μg/kg, Fusarium Toxins
sample origin: supermarkets, street vendors, and candy shops,
Depsipeptides
Valencia, sample year: unknown, country: Spain162
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Beauvericin
AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 5/47, conc. range: 51,600–228,500 μg/kg, sample origin:
AFG2 supermarkets in the Valencian community, Spain, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unknown, country: Spain565
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with BEA and ENB1;
article162: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature162; Nuts no further information available
(tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature162 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
supermarkets, street vendors, and little candy shops, Valencia article565: Nuts (tigernut), ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
(city), Spain, sample year: March 2009–March 2010, country: literature565
Spain163 incidence: 3/35*, conc. range: 5–125 μg/kg, sample origin: local
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *Valencia guaranteed origin
article163: Beverages, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature163; incidence: 8/48*, conc. range: 2.5–161 μg/kg, sample origin: local
Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature163 markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian
For detailed information see the article. community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
incidence: 1/35*, conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, *unknown origin
supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian community, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834, *Valencia • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
guaranteed origin than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 9/48*, conc. range: 1.8–3.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local article834: Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DON, and
markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian OTA, literature834
community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
*unknown origin Enniatin A
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/47, conc.: 676,500 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in the Valencian community, Spain, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Spain565
article834: Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, DON, and • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, literature834 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Nuts (tigernut), BEA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature565
Ochratoxin A
Enniatin A1
incidence: 6/48, conc. range: 3.5–11 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 8/47, conc. range: 32,200–4,440,00 μg/kg, sample origin:
supermarkets, street vendors, and little candy shops, Valencia (city),
supermarkets in the Valencian community, Spain, sample year:
Spain, sample year: March 2009–March 2010, country: Spain163
unknown, country: Spain565
Nuts (walnut) 281
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6/24, conc. range: 3–28 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22.1 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than sample origin: retailers, markets, and dried fruit retail shops in
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article565: Erzurum (city), Turkey, sample year: March 2001–March 2002,
Nuts (tigernut), BEA, ENA, ENB, and ENB1, literature565 country. Turkey14
Enniatin B • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/47, conc.: 44,800 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in the Valencian community, Spain, sample year: unknown, article14: Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), and
country: Spain565 Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature14
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6?/560, conc. range: <0.4–0.2? μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg?,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: sites of primary storage or processing (domestic
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ products) and sites of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–
article565: Nuts (tigernut), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB1, 1996, country: Cyprus200
Enniatin B1
incidence: 5/47, conc. range: 21,600–346,000 μg/kg, sample origin:
supermarkets in the Valencian community, Spain, sample year:
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
unknown, country: Spain565
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products
(sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio
nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Nuts (walnut), AFB2 and
AFG1, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
Nuts (tigernut), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB, literature565
literature200
Type B Trichothecenes incidence: 1/14, conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201
Deoxynivalenol
AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: local markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in
the Valencian community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country:
Spain834, *Valencia guaranteed origin
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
incidence: 3/48*, conc. range: 34–69 μg/kg, sample origin: local and Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
markets, supermarkets, and cooperatives in the Valencian Nuts, Nuts (walnut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201
community, Spain, sample year: 2010/2011, country: Spain834,
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 13.5 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
*unknown origin
village stores in five districts of Penang (state) including Penang
Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample year: unknown,
country: Malaysia225
article834: Nuts (tigernut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, and
OTA, literature834
Nuts (walnut) may contain the following mycotoxins: article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Products (nut
product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (peanut), Nuts
Aspergillus Toxins (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (walnut),
AFB2, literature225
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 3/9, conc. range: 15–110 μg/kg, sample origin: major incidence: 3/12*, conc. range: 5–35,500000 μg/kg?, sample origin:
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983– unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *walnuts,
1985, country: India7 moldy
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- • Co-contamination: not reported
ent in a sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article7: article239: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates, (orange), Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, (cashew nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sesame), Spice (nutmeg),
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFB1, literature239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, literature239
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), incidence: 6/20, conc. range: ≤2,500 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 360 μg/kg,
Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pis- sample origin: retail shops and local markets in Rabat-Salé
tachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (region), Morocco, sample year: January–October 2006, country:
(walnut), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7 Spain/Morocco352
• Co-contamination: not reported Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew
article352: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Raisins, nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts
AFB1 and AF/S, literature352; Nuts (walnut), AF/S, literature352 (peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7;
incidence: 2/12, conc. range: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: imported Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, litera-
from Sudan and the UK, sample year: 1982–1984, country: UK381 ture7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6?/560, conc. range: <0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other primary storage or processing (domestic products) and sites of
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200
article381: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature381 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 21/48, conc. range: 0.14–0.32 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year: article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
2003, country: China411 AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Nuts (walnut), AFB1 and
article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- AFG1, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
ture411; Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts literature200
(walnut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411 incidence: 1/14, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital)
incidence: 7/40*, conc. range: tr-1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: growers area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201
and processors in California (state), USA, sample year: September– • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
November 1972 to February–May 1973, country: USA566, *in-shell AFG1, and AFG2
walnuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFG1,
article566: Nuts (walnut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature566 and AFG2, literature201
incidence: 3/35*, conc. range: 0.12–0.20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.16 μg/kg, incidence: 1/3, conc.: 3.63 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
sample origin: retail shops, local markets, and bazaar in different village stores in five districts of Penang (state) including Penang
provinces, Turkey, sample year: October 2012–April 2013, country: Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, sample year: unknown,
Turkey757, *in-shell walnuts country: Malaysia225
sample origin: retail shops, local markets, and bazaar in different
provinces, Turkey, sample year: October 2012–April 2013, country:
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Products (nut
Turkey757, *shelled walnuts
product), AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (peanut), Nuts
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Nuts (walnut),
AFB1, literature225
article757: Nuts (walnut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature757 incidence: 12/48, conc. range: 0.02–0.70 μg/kg, sample origin: local
markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei,
Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year:
supermarkets in Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: October/
November 2010, country: Iran802
article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
article802: Nuts (walnut), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature802
ture411; Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts
Aflatoxin B2 (walnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature411
incidence: 3/9, conc. range: 12–85 μg/kg, sample origin: major incidence: 14/40*, conc. range: <LOQ-10 μg/kg, sample origin:
local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983– growers and processors in California (state), USA, sample year:
1985, country: India7 September–November 1972 to February–May 1973, country:
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- USA566, *in-shell walnuts
ent in a sa. • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
Nuts (walnut) 283
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201;
article566: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature566 Nuts, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (walnut), AFB1,
incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail AFB2, and AFG2, literature201
shops, local markets, and bazaar in different provinces, Turkey, incidence: 8/48, conc. range: 0.36–0.83 μg/kg, sample origin: local
sample year: October 2012–April 2013, country: Turkey757, markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei,
*in-shell walnuts Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year:
incidence: 2/50*, conc. range: 0.05–0.61 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.33 μg/kg, 2003, country: China411
sample origin: retail shops, local markets, and bazaar in different • Co-contamination: not reported
provinces, Turkey, sample year: October 2012–April 2013, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Turkey757, *shelled walnuts than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture411; Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature411
article757: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature757 incidence: 6/40*, conc. range: tr, sample origin: growers and
incidence: 22/35, conc. range: ≤11.05 μg/kg, sample origin: processors in California (state), USA, sample year: September–
supermarkets in Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: October/ November 1972 to February–May 1973, country: USA566, *in-shell
November 2010, country: Iran802 walnuts
article802: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature802 than cereals and their products reported in the present
book/article566: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
Aflatoxin G1 literature566
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 10–75 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 42.5 μg/kg, incidence: 2/35*, conc. range: 0.09–0.10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.09 μg/kg,
sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), sample origin: retail shops, local markets, and bazaar in different
India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7 provinces, Turkey, sample year: October 2012–April 2013, country:
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- Turkey757, *in-shell walnuts
ent in a sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: retail shops, local markets, and bazaar in different
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera- provinces, Turkey, sample year: October 2012–April 2013, country:
ture7; Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Turkey757, *shelled walnuts
Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, lit- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
erature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and article757: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature757
OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, incidence: 4/35, conc. range: ≤6.41 μg/kg, sample origin:
and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and supermarkets in Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: October/
RBT, literature7 November 2010, country: Iran802
incidence: 6?/560, conc. range: <0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of • Co-contamination: not reported
primary storage or processing (domestic products) and sites of • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article802: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature802
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/9, conc.: 65 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), country: India7
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chestnut), Products • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
(sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio ent in a sa.
nut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (ses- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/14, conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample origin: stores in Oslo article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera-
(capital) area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: ture7; Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7;
Norway201 Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, litera-
AFG1, and AFG2 ture7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, article15: Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa beans, Nuts (almond),
AFG1, and RBT, literature7 Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts
incidence: 1/14, conc.: tr, sample origin: stores in Oslo (capital) (pistachio nut), Seeds (sunflower), AF/S, literature15
area, Norway, sample year: autumn 1973, country: Norway201 incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 1.5–13.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 6.45
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, μg/kg**, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP
AFG1, and AFG2 and northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2009, country: Pakistan17, *walnuts with shell, **AFB1, AFB2,
article201: Cocoa, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (cashew nut), incidence: 7/10*, conc. range: 0.8–10.8 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 3.43
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts, μg/kg**, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature201; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November
and AFG1, literature201 2009, country: Pakistan17, *walnuts without shell, **AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 10/48, conc. range: 0.07–0.12 μg/kg, sample origin: local AFG1, and AFG2
markets in Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, • Co-contamination: not reported
Shanghai, and Zhejiang (regions), China, sample year: 2003, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: China411 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article17: Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Raisins, AF/S, literature17
article411: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- incidence: 1/2, conc.: 5.34 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported
ture411; Nuts (pine nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature411; Nuts from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year:
(walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature411 unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total
incidence: 6/40*, conc. range: tr, sample origin: growers and • Co-contamination: not reported
processors in California (state), USA, sample year: September– • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
November 1972 to February–May 1973, country: USA566, *in-shell than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
walnuts article18: Nut cereals, Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut),
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Seeds
AFG1, and AFG2 (sunflower), AF/S, literature18
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/27, conc. range: >20 μg/kg* (2 sa., maximum: 41 μg/kg*),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: FDA districts, USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19,
article566: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature566 *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail incidence: 2/4, conc. range: ≤8 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported to
shops, local markets, and bazaar in different provinces, Turkey, the USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
sample year: October 2012–April 2013, country: Turkey757, and AFG2
*in-shell walnuts • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/50*, conc.: 0.07 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops, local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets, and bazaar in different provinces, Turkey, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present
October 2012–April 2013, country: Turkey757, *shelled walnuts book/article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut
• Co-contamination: not reported candy), Candies (pistachio candy), Melon seeds, Nuts, Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (almond), Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Oils (peanut oil), Pastes
article757: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature757 (peanut paste), Pastes (pipian paste), Products (peanut prod-
incidence: 3/35, conc. range: ≤3.45 μg/kg, sample origin: uct), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S,
supermarkets in Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: October/ literature19
November 2010, country: Iran802 incidence: 6/20, conc. range: ≤4,320 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 730 μg/kg*,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: retail shops and local markets in Rabat-Salé
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (region), Morocco, sample year: January–October 2006, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spain/Morocco352, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article802: Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature802 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 10/156, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (7 sa.), 10.0–14.9 article352: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Raisins,
μg/kg* (1 sa.), 20.0–24.9 μg/kg* (1 sa.), and >25 μg/kg* (1 sa.), AFB1 and AF/S, literature352; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, literature352
sample origin: brokers, distributors, growers, processors, and
retail trade, Canada, sample year: 1970–1975, country: Canada15, incidence: 15/20, conc. range: 15–25 μg/kg*, sample origin:
*AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 markets in Cairo, El-Minya, Assiut, and Sohag (governorates),
• Co-contamination: not reported Egypt, sample year: March 1991, country: Egypt436, *AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG 1, and AFG2
Ogiri 285
article436: Nuts (hazelnut), AF/S, literature436; Nuts (walnut), article346: Emu aran, Meal (egusi meal), Ogili-ugba, Ogoro,
ZEA, literature436 AF/S, literature346
Ground ogbono seeds served as a thickener giving the prepared
soup a black coloration.
Ochratoxin A see also Seeds (bush mango)
sample origin: retail shops in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital), Morocco, Ogiri-ugba may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample year: July/August 2005, country: Morocco/Spain364 Aspergillus Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Aflatoxin/s
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1, conc.: 211 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets in Benin
article364: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Raisins, OTA, literature364 City, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria346, *AFB
Fusarium Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/20, conc.: 125 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Cairo, article346: Emu aran, Meal (egusi meal), Ogbono, Ogoro, AF/S,
El-Minya, Assiut, and Sohag (governorates), Egypt, sample year: literature346
March 1991, country: Egypt436 Ogiri-ugba is a traditional Nigerian foodstuff made from
• Co-contamination: not reported fermented castor and oil bean.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Ogiri may contain the following mycotoxins:
article436: Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), AF/S, literature436 Alternaria Toxins
sample origin: private resources in Novi Sad (city), Vojvodina
(province), Serbia, sample year: February 2013, country: Serbia/
Czech Republic844, *domestic walnuts, stored without shell
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented melon
article844: Nuts (almond), AFB2, literature844
Penicillium Toxins article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
Rubratoxin ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 210 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
country: India7
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- Aspergillus Toxins
ent in a sample.
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 15/31*, conc. range: 3–4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <LOQ?, sample
Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Dates,
Kenya330, *fermented melon
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), Raisins,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut),
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
Ogbono may contain the following mycotoxins: STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
Aspergillus Toxins incidence: 1/9, conc.: 6.99 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos,
Aflatoxin/s Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 168 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets in Benin 2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/Austria/Ireland361
City, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria346, *AFB • Co-contamination: not reported
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera- BEA, and CIT, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, BEA, BEA, and STG, literature361
CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
3-Nitropropionic Acid
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 3/9, conc. range: 266.6–2,761.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
incidence: 5/31*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: <LOQ, sample
1,431.4 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo
(states), Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country:
Nigeria/South Africa/Austria/Ireland361
ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, AFB1, BEA,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA,
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 Citrinin
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 4.49 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos,
Aflatoxin G2
Ogun, and Oyo (states), southwest Nigeria, sample year: March
incidence: 2/31*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: <LOQ, sample
2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/Austria/Ireland361
ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1,
BEA, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA, Ochratoxin A
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, incidence: 6/31*, conc. range: ≤27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <LOQ?, sample
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year:
Other Aspergillus Toxins February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/
Sterigmatocystin • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 6/31*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: <LOQ, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/ article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
Kenya330, *fermented melon FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
than cereals and their products reported in the present HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
book/article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON,
Fusarium Toxins
3-AcDON, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2,
and ZEA, literature330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, Depsipeptides
DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1,
AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, Beauvericin
literature330 incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 0.24–0.67 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.46
μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states),
Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/
sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states),
South Africa/Austria/Ireland361
Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/
Oil seeds 287
Type A Trichothecenes Other Fusarium Toxins

Diacetoxyscirpenol Zearalenone
incidence: 1/31*, conc.: 1 μg/kg, sample origin: fermented food incidence: 8/31*, conc. range: 21–45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 33 μg/kg,
sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015–July 2016, sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
melon Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented melon
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera- FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA, ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, OTA, and STG, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
HT-2 Toxin Ogoro may contain the following mycotoxins:
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin/s
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented melon
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 116*–118** μg/kg***, sample origin:
Ugbowo in Benin City, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
Nigeria346, *fresh and **stale ogoro, ***AFB
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, NEO, OTA,
article346: Emu aran, Meal (egusi meal), Ogbono, Ogili-ugba,
AF/S, literature346
Ogoro is the sap (fermentable) from the stalk of the male
Neosolaniol inflorescence or the immature shoot of the oil palm.
incidence: 1/31*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: fermented food
Oil seeds may contain the following mycotoxins:
country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented Aspergillus Toxins
melon
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/21*, conc. range: 0.005–2 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 1.0 μg/kg), sample origin: ethnic stores, health food stores, and local
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, stores as well as supermarkets in the four largest cities, Sweden,
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera- sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998, country: Sweden13,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, *included pumpkin seeds, poppy seeds, and sunflower seeds
STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, • Co-contamination: not reported
HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Type B Trichothecenes article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, Peas (chickpea), OTA, lit-
erature13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond),
Deoxynivalenol
AFB1 literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio
incidence: 3/31*, conc. range: ≤54 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 31 μg/kg, sample
nut), Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S, literature13;
Oil seeds, AF/S, literature13
Kenya330, *fermented melon incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 0.25 μg/kg, sample origin: Catalonia
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: unknown, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spain/Italy583, *oilseed rape for food and feed
than cereals and their products reported in the present • Co-contamination: not reported
book/article330: Iru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
3-AcDON, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ZEA, literature330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, HT-2, article583: not reported
NEO, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2,
Aflatoxin/s
AME, DON, ENB, HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA,
incidence: 2/21*, conc. range: 0.005–2 μg/kg** (2 sa., maximum:
literature330
1.2 μg/kg**), sample origin: ethnic stores, health food stores,
and local stores as well as supermarkets in the four largest cities, article404: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature404; Oils (peanut oil),
Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998, country: AFB1 and AFB2, literature404
Sweden13, *included pumpkin seeds, poppy seeds, and sunflower incidence: 12/12*, conc. range: 1.3–22.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
seeds, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 individual households in Huantai area (high-risk area for HCC),
• Co-contamination: not reported China, sample year: unknown, country: China406, *plant oils
individual households in Huaian area (high-risk area for
Beans (brown bean), Peas, Peas (chickpea), OTA, literature13;
oesophageal cancer), China, sample year: unknown, country:
Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond), Oil seeds,
China406, *plant oils
AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio
nut), Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S, literature13 incidence: 17/17*, conc. range: 0.5–114.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
individual households in Fusui area (high-risk area for HCC and
incidence: 9/80*, conc. range: 2–20 μg/kg** (7 sa.) and >20
oesophageal cancer), China, sample year: unknown, country:
μg/kg** (2 sa.), sample origin: imported and domestic sa. from
China406, *plant oils
Uruguay, sample year: 1993–1995, country: Uruguay269, *ncac,
article269: Beans (soybean), Oil seeds, ZEA, literature269; Cocoa incidence: 8*/56, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg, sample year:
beans, AF/S, literature269; Fruits, dried, Vegetables, dried, AF/S unknown, country: Sudan , *7 unrefined sesame oils and 1
569
and ZEA, literature 269 unrefined groundnut oil contaminated

incidence: 29/144, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (27 sa.), article569: not reported
≤1.79 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Germany, sample year: 1995– For detailed information see the article.
1998, country: EU698 incidence: 8/15*, conc. range: 1.0–30.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Sudan580, *factory A: oils produced from mixed seeds
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, country: Sudan580, *factory B: oils produced from mixed seeds
Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas • Co-contamination: not reported
(chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine article580: Oils, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (peanut
(rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 oil), Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Fusarium Toxins and AFG2, literature580
incidence: 4/9, conc. range: 1–3.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.1 μg/kg, sample
Zearalenone origin: supermarkets and wholesale markets of agro-products in
incidence: 5/64*, conc. range: 100–200 μg/kg (2 sa.), >200 μg/kg Yangtze Delta region, China, sample year: April 2010, country:
(3 sa.), sample origin: imported and domestic sa. from Uruguay, China748
sample year: 1993–1995, country: Uruguay269, *ncac • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AF/S, and
• Co-contamination: not reported ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AF/S
article269: Beans (soybean), ZEA, literature269; Cocoa beans, Oil article748: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AF/S, and ZEA; Oils, AF/S
seeds, AF/S, literature269; Fruits, dried, Vegetables, dried, AF/S and ZEA, literature748
see also Kernels (pumpkin) and Seeds (sunflower)
markets in Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Tangshan (areas), Hebei
Oils may contain the following mycotoxins: (province), China, sample year: July/August 2011, country:
China878, *oil, blended
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1*/16, conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample origin: villages, India,
article878: Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1, literature878
sample year: unknown, country: UK/France404, *coconut oil
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
Oils 289
country: Sudan580, *factory A: oils produced from mixed seeds Yangtze Delta region, China, sample year: April 2010, country:
incidence: 6/12*, conc. range: 0.02–2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: China748
regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFS, and
country: Sudan580, *factory B: oils produced from mixed seeds ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFS
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article748: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AF/S, and ZEA; Oils, AFB1
article580: Oils, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (peanut and ZEA, literature748
oil), Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Fusarium Toxins
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 12/15*, conc. range: 0.1–15.1 μg/kg, sample origin: Diacetoxyscirpenol
regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009, incidence: 1/61*, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
country: Sudan580, *factory A: oils produced from mixed seeds Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *refined oil
incidence: 11/12*, conc. range: 0.2–11.8 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 0/49*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: food
regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009, stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840,
country: Sudan580, *factory B: oils produced from mixed seeds *non-refined oil
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/77*, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *conventional
article580: Oils, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (peanut incidence: 0/33*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: food stores,
oil), Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *organic
and AFG2, literature580 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin G2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 13/15*, conc. range: 0.6–21.7 μg/kg, sample origin: cereals and their products reported in the present book/article840:
regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009, Oils, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature840; Oils
country: Sudan580, *factory A: oils produced from mixed seeds (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
ture840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, literature840; Oils
(sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also Oils, Oils (soy-
sample origin: regional factories, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample
bean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
year: 2009, country: Sudan580, *factory B: oils produced from
mixed seeds HT-2 Toxin
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/61*, conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *refined oil
article580: Oils, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature580; Oils (peanut incidence: 5/49*, conc. range: 2–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample
oil), Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country:
and AFG2, literature580 Germany840, *non-refined oil
Aflatoxin/s origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country:
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg**, sample origin: specialist food Germany840, *conventional
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *almond and
chilli oils, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country:
Germany840, *organic
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, ZEA, literature16; Oils
Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, T-2, and ZEA, literature840; Oils
(sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S,
(maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and
ture840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, literature840;
ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also Oils,
ture16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA,
Metabolites
literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
ture16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV,
T-2 Toxin
OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (fennel), AF/S and ZEA,
literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16;
Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
Germany840, *refined oil
Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
incidence: 4/9, conc. range: 1.1–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.6 μg/kg, sample
origin: supermarkets and wholesale markets of agro-products in
Germany840, *non-refined oil
incidence: 11/77*, conc. range: 2–11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5 μg/kg, Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, Microbial Metabolites
country: Germany840, *conventional
origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Zearalenone
Germany840, *organic incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 5.4 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *almond and chilli oils
Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, and ZEA, literature840; Oils than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera- article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
ture840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, literature840; Oils ture16; Nuts (almond), Oils, AF/S, literature16; Oils (sesame oil),
(sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also Oils, Oils OTA, literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and
(soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
Metabolites ture16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne
pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
Deoxynivalenol ture16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
incidence: 0/61*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: food ture16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV,
stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (fennel), AF/S and ZEA,
*refined oil literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16;
incidence: 3/49*, conc. range: 14–110 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 48 μg/kg, Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera-
sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
country: Germany840, *non-refined oil literature16
incidence: 1/77*, conc.: 21 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany, incidence: 6/9*, conc. range: 0.21–3.25 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.92 μg/kg,
sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *conventional sample origin: market, Korea, sample year: unknown, country:
Korea651, *included maize, soybean, and rice oil (3 sa. in each case)
sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005,
country: Germany840, *organic
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 4/9, conc. range: 12–46 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25.3 μg/kg,
article840: Oils, DAS, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera- sample origin: supermarkets and wholesale markets of agro-
ture840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and products in Yangtze Delta region, China, sample year: April 2010,
ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, lit- country: China748
erature840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AF/S, and
also Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and ZEA; 2 sa. contaminated solely with ZEA
Microbial Metabolites” • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol article748: Beans (soybean), AFB1, AF/S, and ZEA; Oils, AFB1
incidence: 1/61*, conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany, and AF/S, literature748
sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *refined oil incidence: 7/61*, conc. range: 5–173 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 61 μg/kg,
incidence: 8/49*, conc. range: 3–116 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 34 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005,
sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *refined oil
country: Germany840, *non-refined oil incidence: 5/49*, conc. range: 22–1730 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 839 μg/kg,
sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *non-refined oil
country: Germany840, *conventional incidence: 7/77*, conc. range: 5–173 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 61 μg/kg,
sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *conventional
country: Germany840, *organic incidence: 5/33*, conc. range: 22–1,730 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 839 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Germany840, *organic
article840: Oils, DAS, DON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature840; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, litera- article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, and T-2, litera-
ture840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also ture840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2,
Oils (maize oil) 291
and ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and Aflatoxin B2

ZEA, literature840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, litera- incidence: 4/7, conc. range: 0.40–13 μg/kg, sample origin: local
ture840, see also Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further markets, China, sample year: unknown, country: China853
incidence: 4*/44, conc. range: 58–135 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 94 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: local supermarkets as well as online shops, Germany, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
sample year: unknown, country: Germany843, *maize oils cle853: Beans, OTA, literature853; Oils (maize oil), AFB1 and ZEA,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature853; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and AFB2, literature853
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Fusarium Toxins
article843: not reported Fumonisin/s
Fumonisin B1
Oils (coconut oil) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 1/25, conc.: 77 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets,
Aspergillus Toxins Spain, sample year: 2011/2012, country: Spain723
local markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, article723: Margarine, FB1 and ZEA, literature723; Oils (maize
sample year: 1982, country: India236 oil), DON and ZEA, literature723
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Type A Trichothecenes
Diacetoxyscirpenol
article236: Candies (coconut candy), Copra, Meal (copra meal),
incidence: 1/17*, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil),
Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840, *maize
germ oil
Aflatoxin B2 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 16.66 μg/kg, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 1982, country: India236 article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
• Co-contamination: not reported erature840; Oils (maize oil), DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, lit-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ erature840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see
article236: Candies (coconut candy), Copra, Meal (copra meal), also Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil), Microbial Metabolites
HT-2 Toxin
Aflatoxin G1 incidence: 5/17*, conc. range: 2–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample
incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 8.3 μg/kg, sample origin: local origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country:
markets, oil mills, and houses, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, Germany840, *maize germ oil
sample year: 1982, country: India236 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature840; Oils
article236: Candies (coconut candy), Copra, Meal (copra meal), (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, T-2, and ZEA, literature840;
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature236; Oils (coconut oil), Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, literature840; Oils (sun-
AFB1 and AFB2, literature236 flower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also Oils, Oils (soybean
oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Oils (maize oil) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins T-2 Toxin
Aflatoxin B1 sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005,
incidence: 4/7, conc. range: 2.6–3.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local country: Germany840, *maize germ oil
markets, China, sample year: unknown, country: China853 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA,
article853: Beans, OTA, literature853; Oils (maize oil), AFB2 and literature840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2,
ZEA, literature853; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and AFB2, and ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA,
literature853 literature840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see
also Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and • Co-contamination: not reported
Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Type B Trichothecenes article761: not reported
Deoxynivalenol Other kinds of oils were also contaminated with ZEA but data
incidence: 2/25, conc. range: ≤216 μg/kg, sample origin: only in German language.
supermarkets, Spain, sample year: 2011/2012, country: Spain723 incidence: 9/16, conc. range: 5.2–184.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 65.1 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: local markets, China, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: China824
article723: Margarine, Oils (maize oil), FB1 and ZEA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 3/17*, conc. range: 14–110 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 48 μg/kg, article824: Oils (rapeseed oil), ZEA, literature824
sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, incidence: 20/20*, conc. range: ≤97.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 63.9 μg/kg,
country: Germany840, *maize germ oil sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829, *maize germ oil
article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, lit- than cereals and their products reported in the present
erature840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and book/article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829;
ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, lit- Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Spices (cinnamon),
erature840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see OTA, literature829; Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1,
also Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and AF/S, and OTA, literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S,
Microbial Metabolites literature829
incidence: 9/17*, conc. range: 9–1,730 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 505 μg/kg,
15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
country: Germany840, *maize germ oil
country: Germany840, *maize germ oil
article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
erature840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, and
article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA,
T-2, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, lit-
literature840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA,
erature840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see
literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, litera-
also Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
ture840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also
Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Microbial Metabolites incidence: 1/7, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets, China,
sample year: unknown, country: China853
incidence: 8/25, conc. range: ≤67 μg/kg, sample origin: article853: Beans, OTA, literature853; Oils (maize oil), AFB1 and
supermarkets, Spain, sample year: 2011/2012, country: Spain723 AFB2, literature853; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Oils (mustard oil) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article723: Margarine, FB1 and ZEA, literature723; Oils (maize
oil), DON and FB1, literature723 Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 111 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets, Aflatoxin B1
sample year: unknown, country: China/USA754 incidence: 33/100, conc. range: 55–87 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported different zones of Bihar (state), India, sample year: March 1984–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other February 1985, country: India544
incidence: 38/38, conc. range: ≤921 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 169.7 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: article544: Spices (mustard), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
Germany761 literature544
Oils (olive oil) 293
Oils (olive oil) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aspergillus Toxins book/article571: Oils (olive oil), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 36/50, conc. range: 0.0028–0.0047 μg/kg (11 sa.), Aflatoxin G1
0.0052–0.0094 μg/k (20 sa.), 0.0137–0.0157 μg/k (4 sa.), 0.0463 μg/k incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: 1–2.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.6 μg/l, sample
(1 sa.), sample origin: Greek oil company, Greece, sample year: origin: Greece, sample year: unknown, country: France571, *included
1995–1998, country: Greece570 commercial and crude farm oils
incidence: 14/16*, conc. range: 1–7.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 3.6 μg/l, sample article571: Oils (olive oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature571
origin: Greece, sample year: unknown, country: France571,
*included commercial and crude farm oils Aflatoxin G2
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2.2 μg/l, sample
AFG1, and AFG2; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 4 origin: Greece, sample year: unknown, country: France571,
sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 *included commercial and crude farm oils
than cereals and their products reported in the present AFG1, and AFG2
book/article571: Oils (olive oil), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article571: Oils (olive oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature571
sample origin: olive-press plants and supermarkets in Morocco Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
and Campania, Puglia, and Sicily areas, southern Italy, sample
year: unknown, country: Italy575, *virgin olive oil Ochratoxin A
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and incidence: 24/30*, conc. range: 0.1–17.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.09 μg/kg,
OTA sample origin: olive-press plants and supermarkets in Morocco
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and Campania, Puglia, and Sicily areas, southern Italy, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: unknown, country: Italy575, *virgin olive oil
article575: Oils (olive oil), OTA, literature575 • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
21 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
incidence: 12/50*, conc. range: tr-0.06** μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
producers and from Athens (capital) market, Greece, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1998–2001, country: Greece576, *virgin olive oil, **from Crete article575: Oils (olive oil) (AFB1), literature575
(island)
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 44/50*, conc. range: LOD-0.100 μg/kg (9 sa.), 0.100–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 0.200 μg/kg (15 sa.), 0.200–0.500 μg/kg (10 sa.), >0.500 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (10 sa., maximum: 1.03 μg/kg**), sample origin: producers and
article576: Oils (olive oil), OTA, literature576 from Athens (capital) market, Greece, sample year: 2001, country:
For detailed information see the article. Greece576, *virgin olive oil, **from Thessaly (region)
Institute for Experimental Olive Cultivation, sa. originating from than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Calabria (region), southern Italy, sample year: unknown, country: article576: Oils (olive oil), AFB1, literature576
Italy692, *extra virgin, virgin, and virgin lampante olive oil sa. For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/15, conc. range: <LOQ*, sample origin: retail markets, incidence: 1/12, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Italy,
Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy692, *all oil sa. of virgin sample year: 1999, country: EU698
typology • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than cereals and their products reported in the present
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ book/article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate,
article692: not reported Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices,
Aflatoxin B2 Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Peas, Peas
incidence: 10/16*, conc. range: 1–5.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.8 μg/l, (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices
sample origin: Greece, sample year: unknown, country: France571, (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
*included commercial and crude farm oils Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red),
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA,
AFG1, and AFG2; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 literature698
Oils (peanut oil) may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 20/30, conc. range: 0.1–52.5 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 7.8 μg/l,
sample origin: Zhuqing (village) in Fusui (county), Guangxi
Aspergillus Toxins (autonomous region), China, sample year: unknown, country:
Aflatoxin B1 USA/China578
incidence: 4?/6, conc. range: 0.7 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: unknown, country: Japan97 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present incidence: 20/30*, conc. range: 4.43–2,660 μg/l, sample origin:
book/article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, market of Hapur (city), Uttar Pradesh (state), India, sample year:
literature97; Butter (peanut butter), Spices (pepper), AFB1, unknown, country: India579, *crude peanut oil
AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Oils (peanut oil), AFB2 and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, literature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG2, literature97 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 3/19, conc. range: 6–25 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16 μg/kg, sample article579: not reported
origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample incidence: 11/21, conc. range: 2.9–36.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214 households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets,
• Co-contamination: not reported and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Sudan580
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Oils (peanut oil), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214 article580: Oils, Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1,
incidence: 8/17, conc. range: 10–70 μg/g, ∅ conc.: 31.3 μg/kg, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (peanut oil), AFB2,
sample origin: oil mills, Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: AFG1, and AFG2, literature580
Taiwan216 incidence: 104/186, conc. range: 0.5–2.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), 2.1–4.0 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (16 sa.), 4.1–6.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), 6.1–8.0 μg/kg (8 sa.), 8.1–10 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (7 sa.), 10.1–15 μg/kg (8 sa.), 15.1–25 μg/kg (16 sa.), 25.1–35 μg/kg
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (11 sa.), 35.1–70.0 μg/kg (29 sa.), sample origin: Gezira, Khartoum,
article216: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), AFB1, and Kordofan (states), Sudan, sample year: November 2012,
literature216 country: Sudan670
villages, India, sample year: unknown, country: UK/France404, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*included unbranded, almost certainly unrefined, and possibly than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
refined sa. article670: Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, literature670
• Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2, incidence: 5/8, conc. range: 0.52–0.72 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.62 μg/kg,
8 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 sample origin: Japan?, sample year: 1984/1985, country: Japan760
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article404: Nuts (peanut), Oils, AFB1, literature404; Oils (peanut • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
oil), AFB2, literature404 than cereals and their products reported in the present
incidence: 48/50, conc. range: ≤1,009 μg/kg, sample origin: Fushui book/article760: Oils (peanut oil), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
(county, sa. collected from high-incidence area of liver cancer), literature760
China, sample year: unknown, country: China417 incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 8.6–8.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.75 μg/kg,
incidence: 51/51*, conc. range: ≤102 μg/kg, sample origin: Fushui sample origin: local markets, China, sample year: unknown,
(county, sa. collected from low-incidence area of liver cancer), country: China853
China, sample year: unknown, country: China417 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article853: Beans, OTA, literature853; Oils (maize oil), AFB1, AFB2,
article417: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, literature417 and ZEA, literature853; Oils (peanut oil), AFB2, literature853
incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: 8–16 μg/l, sample origin: Malaysia, incidence: 15/31, conc. range: 0.15–2.72 μg/kg, sample origin: local
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia577, *9 refined and 7 markets in Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Tangshan (areas), Hebei
unrefined oil sa. (5 of the 7 unrefined contaminated) (province), China, sample year: July/August 2011, country:
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 China878
article577: Oils (peanut oil), AFG1, literature577 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Oils (peanut oil) 295
article878: Oils, AFB1, literature878; Oils (peanut oil), AFB2 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, literature878 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article878: Oils, AFB1, literature878; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and
Aflatoxin B2 AFG1, literature878
incidence: 4?/6, conc. range: 0.1 μg/l, sample origin: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: Japan97 Aflatoxin G1
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 4?/6, conc. range: 0.1 μg/l, sample origin: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: Japan97
article97: Beans, Jams (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture97; Butter (peanut butter), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, literature97; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and AFG1, literature97; article97: Beans, Jams (bean jam), Oils (peanut oil), Spices, AFB1
Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97 and AFB2, literature97; Butter (peanut butter), Spices (pepper),
incidence: 2/19, conc. range: 6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6 μg/kg, sample AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1,
origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97
year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214 incidence: 2/19, conc. range: 11–19 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: markets in 16 areas (cities and counties), Taiwan,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: 1977/1978, country: Taiwan214
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Oils (peanut oil), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214 article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut),
incidence: 7/69*, conc. range: nc, sample origin: villages, India, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Oils (peanut oil),
sample year: unknown, country: UK/France404, *included AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature214
unbranded, almost certainly unrefined, and possibly refined sa. incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: ~8–16 μg/l, sample origin: Malaysia,
• Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia577, *9 refined and 7
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unrefined oils (5 of the 7 unrefined contaminated)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
article404: Nuts (peanut), Oils, Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 14/21, conc. range: 0.02–3.6 μg/kg, sample origin: article577: Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, literature577
households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets, incidence: 20/21, conc. range: 3.1–64.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009, households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets,
country: Sudan580 and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Sudan580
article580: Oils, Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, article580: Oils, Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature580 AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1,
incidence: 5/8, conc. range: 0.09–0.22 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.12 μg/kg, AFB2, and AFG2, literature580
sample origin: Japan?, sample year: 1984/1985, country: Japan760 incidence: 3/8, conc. range: 0.07–0.08 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.08 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: Japan?, sample year: 1984/1985, country: Japan760
AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article760: Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature760 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/4, conc. range: 1.4–1.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.55 μg/kg, article760: Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature760
sample origin: local markets, China, sample year: unknown, incidence: 3/31, conc. range: 0.01–0.02 μg/kg, sample origin: local
country: China853 markets in Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Tangshan (areas), Hebei
• Co-contamination: not reported (province), China, sample year: July/August 2011, country: China878
article853: Beans, OTA, literature853; Oils (maize oil), AFB1, AFB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and ZEA, literature853; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, literature853 article878: Oils, AFB1, literature878; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1 and
incidence: 6/31, conc. range: 0.15–0.36 μg/kg, sample origin: local AFB2, literature878
markets in Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Tangshan (areas), Hebei Aflatoxin G2
(province), China, sample year: July/August 2011, country: incidence: 1/19, conc.: 11 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in 16 areas
China878 (cities and counties), Taiwan, sample year: 1977/1978, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Taiwan214
• Co-contamination: not reported Oils (rapeseed oil) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article214: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), Aflatoxin B1
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature214; Oils (peanut oil), incidence: 16/70, conc. range: 0.3–3.75 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.53
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature214 μg/kg, sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai
incidence: 19/21, conc. range: 0.5–60.7 μg/kg, sample origin: (city) areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country:
households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets, China/USA132
and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Sudan580 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cle132: Beans (kidney bean), Butter (peanut butter), Curd (bean
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ curd), Nuts (peanut), Oils (soybean oil), Paste (bean paste),
article580: Oils, Oils (sesame oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, Sauces (soy sauce), Tofu, Wine, miscellaneous, AFB1, literature132
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (peanut oil), AFB1,
Fusarium Toxins
incidence: 3/8, conc. range: 0.01 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.01 μg/kg, sample Zearalenone
origin: Japan?, sample year: 1984/1985, country: Japan760 incidence: 1/6, conc.: 40.7 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, China, sample year: unknown, country: China824
article760: Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature760 article824: Oils (maize oil), ZEA, literature824
Aflatoxin/s Oils (sesame oil) may contain the following mycotoxins:

incidence: 5/8*, conc. range: ≤20 μg/kg (1 sa.), >20 μg/kg** (4
sa., maximum: 310 μg/kg**), sample origin: FDA districts, USA, Aspergillus Toxins
sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *peanut oil, crude, **AFB1, Aflatoxin B1
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 13/14, conc. range: 1.9–109.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Sudan580
article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), • Co-contamination: not reported
Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut), Nuts (walnut), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian paste), article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1,
Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (sesame oil), AFB2,
pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580
literature19
incidence: 70/104, conc. range: 0.5–2.0 μg/kg (15 sa.), 2.1–4.0 μg/kg
incidence: 43/275*, conc. range: <100 μg/kg** (36 sa.), >100 (36 sa.), 4.1–6.0 μg/kg (11 sa.), 6.1–8.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), 8.1–10.0 μg/kg
μg/kg** (7 sa., maximum: 670 μg/kg**), sample origin: Rayalaseema(4 sa., maximum: 9.8 μg/kg), sample origin: Al-Gadarif, Blue Nile,
(region, 670 mm rainfall), India, sample year: October 1974– Khartoum, Kordofan, and Sennar (states), Sudan, sample year:
December 1975, country: India582, *crude peanut oil, **AF November 2008–January 2010, country: Sudan902
incidence: 196/420*, conc. range: <100 μg/kg** (95 sa.), >100 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg** (101 sa., maximum: 670 μg/kg**), sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Telangana (region, 894 mm rainfall), India, sample year: October than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1974–December 1975, country: India582, *crude peanut oil, **AF article902: Oils (sesame oil), AFB2, literature902
incidence: 304/514*, conc. range: <100 μg/kg** (101 sa.), >100 For detailed information see the article.
μg/kg** (203 sa., maximum: 5000 μg/kg**), sample origin: Coastal
Aflatoxin B2
region, (995 mm rainfall), India, sample year: October 1974–
December 1975, country: India , *crude peanut oil, **AF
582
households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets,
and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
country: Sudan580
Oils (soybean oil) 297
article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, Oils (soybean oil) may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (sesame oil), AFB1,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature580 Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 8/104, conc. range: 0.5–1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Aflatoxin B1

Al-Gadarif, Blue Nile, Khartoum, Kordofan, and Sennar (states), incidence: 22/73, conc. range: 0.25–4.62 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.10
Sudan, sample year: November 2008–January 2010, country: μg/kg, sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai
Sudan902 (city) areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported China/USA132
article902: Oils (sesame oil), AFB1, literature902 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article132:
For detailed information see the article. Beans (kidney bean), Butter (peanut butter), Curd (bean curd),
Nuts (peanut), Oils (rapeseed oil), Paste (bean paste), Sauces (soy
Aflatoxin G1 sauce), Tofu, Wine, miscellaneous, AFB1, literature132
households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets, Fusarium Toxins
country: Sudan580
• Co-contamination: not reported T-2 Tetraol
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 90–1,050 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 647
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg**, sample origin: northern Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa
article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, (states), USA, sample year: September/October 1986, country:
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (sesame oil), AFB1, USA527, *discounted or refused by grain merchants, **T-2
AFB2, and AFG2, literature580 equivalents = T-2TET after base hydrolysis (primarily HT-2)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, T-2TET,
Aflatoxin G2
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with T-2TET sand ZEA; 1 sa.
contaminated solely with T-2TET
μg/kg, sample origin: households, wringers (small-scale oil
factories), supermarkets, and grocery shops, Khartoum (state),
Sudan, sample year: 2009, country: Sudan580
article527: Meal (soybean meal), DAS, DON, T-2TET, and ZEA;
Oils (soybean oil), DON and ZEA, literature527; see also Meal
(soybean meal), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Metabolites
article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature ; Oils (sesame oil), AFB1, Type B Trichothecenes
580

Deoxynivalenol
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 30 μg/kg, sample origin: northern Illinois,
Michigan, and Iowa (states), USA, sample year: September/
Ochratoxin A
October 1986, country: USA527, *discounted or refused by grain
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
merchants
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, T-2TET,
and ZEA
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
article527: Meal (soybean meal), DAS, DON, T-2TET, and ZEA;
ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
Oils (soybean oil), T-2TET and ZEA, literature527; see also Meal
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV,
(soybean meal), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA,
Metabolites
literature ; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
16
ture16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, incidence: 2/14, conc. range: 3–4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample
literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, lit- origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country:
erature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, Germany840
NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
OTA, and T-2, literature16 cle840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
ture840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and incidence: 8/55, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (5 sa.), 15–35 μg/kg (3 sa.),
ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), ZEA, literature840; Oils (sun- sample origin: Gadarif, Gezira, and Khartoum (states), Sudan,
flower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also Oils, Oils (soybean sample year: November 2012, country: Sudan670
oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
article670: Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, literature670
Zearalenone
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 270–590 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 430 μg/kg, Aflatoxin B2
sample origin: northern Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa (states), incidence: 9/19, conc. range: 0.02–1.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
USA, sample year: September/October 1986, country: USA527, households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets,
*discounted or refused by grain merchants and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON, T-2TET, country: Sudan580
and ZEA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with T-2TET sand ZEA • Co-contamination: not reported
Meal (soybean meal), DAS, DON, T-2TET, and ZEA; Oils (soybean article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sesame oil), AFB1, AFB2,
oil), DON and T-2TET, literature527; see also Meal (soybean meal), AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, AFG1,
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites and AFG2, literature580
Aflatoxin G1
Germany840
households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets,
country: Sudan580
article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
erature840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2,
and ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON, litera-
article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sesame oil), AFB1, AFB2,
ture840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2 and T-2, literature840, see also
AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, AFB2,
Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Aflatoxin G2
Oils (sunflower oil) may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 19/19, conc. range: 0.4–66.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.8 μg/kg,
Alternaria Toxins sample origin: households, wringers (small-scale oil factories),
supermarkets, and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan,
Alternariol Methyl Ether sample year: 2009, country: Sudan580
incidence: 1/11, conc.: 17 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores, • Co-contamination: not reported
Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: Netherlands/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Germany906 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sesame oil), AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (sunflower oil), AFB1, AFB2,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- and AFG1, literature580
cle906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and TA,
literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Seeds Fusarium Toxins
(sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature906 Type A Trichothecenes
Aspergillus Toxins HT-2 Toxin
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 1/16, conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
incidence: 11/19, conc. range: 5.4–71.1 μg/kg, sample origin: Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Germany840
households, wringers (small-scale oil factories), supermarkets, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
and grocery shops, Khartoum (state), Sudan, sample year: 2009, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Sudan580 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, lit-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other erature840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA,
article580: Oils, Oils (peanut oil), Oils (sesame oil), AFB1, AFB2, literature840; Oils (sunflower oil), T-2, literature840, see also Oils,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature580; Oils (sunflower oil), AFB2, AFG1, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
and AFG2, literature580 Metabolites
Olives 299
T-2 Toxin Okra may contain the following mycotoxins:

incidence: 3/16, conc. range: 2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample
origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2004/2005, country: Aspergillus Toxins
Germany840 Aflatoxin G2
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 12.675 μg/kg, sample origin: market in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: UK/Sudan223, *okra dried
article840: Oils, DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, lit- • Co-contamination: not reported
erature840; Oils (maize oil), DAS, DON, 15-AcDON, HT-2, T-2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature840; Oils (soybean oil), 15-AcDON and ZEA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature840; Oils (sunflower oil), HT-2, literature840, see also article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
Oils, Oils (soybean oil), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and ture223; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223;
Microbial Metabolites Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature223
Oils (vegetable oil) may contain the following mycotoxins: Olives may contain the following mycotoxins:
Alternaria Toxins Alternaria Toxins
Alternariol Altenuene
incidence: 9/19, conc. range: >LOD (8 sa.), 6.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample incidence: 1*/4, conc.: 1,400 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities
origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and Münster (cities), in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: autumn,
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743 country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AOH, and TA
article743: Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(vegetable oil), AME and TA, literature743; Products (tomato article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper),
product), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Seeds (sunflower), AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA,
ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also Juices, literature164; Olives, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds
Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature164
Alternariol
Alternariol Methyl Ether incidence: 4*/4, conc. range: 109–2,320 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,120 μg/kg,
incidence: 16/19, conc. range: >LOD (12 sa.), 2.8–14 μg/kg (4 sa.), sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata (regions),
sample origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and Münster Italy, sample year: autumn, country: Italy164, *visibly affected by
(cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743 Alternaria rot
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AOH, and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and TA;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
article743: Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(vegetable oil), AOH and TA, literature743; Products (tomato than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
product), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Seeds (sunflower), article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper),
ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also Juices, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA,
Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further literature164; Olives, ALT, AME, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sun-
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites flower), AME and AOH, literature164
Tenuazonic Acid Alternariol Methyl Ether
incidence: 4/19, conc. range: >LOD (3 sa.), 15 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample incidence: 4*/4, conc. range: 30–2,870 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 818 μg/kg,
origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and Münster (cities), sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata (regions),
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743 Italy, sample year: autumn, country: Italy164, *visibly affected by
• Co-contamination: not reported Alternaria rot
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and TA;
article743: Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
(vegetable oil), AME and AOH, literature743; Products (tomato • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
product), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Seeds (sunflower), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also Juices, article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper),
Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites literature164; Olives, ALT, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds
see also Butter (peanut butter) (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature164
Tenuazonic Acid • Further contamination of plants and plant products other

incidence: 2*/4, conc. range: 109–262 μg/kg, ∅ conc. 187 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), article585: Olives, AFB1 and OTA, literature585
Italy, sample year: autumn, country: Italy164, *visibly affected by incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.52 μg/kg, sample origin:
Alternaria rot supermarket, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with ALT, AME, France585, *“Greek-style” black olives
AOH, and TA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and TA • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CIT, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and OTA
article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, article585: Olives, AFB1 and OTA, literature585
literature164; Olives, ALT, AME, and AOH, literature164; Seeds
(sunflower), AME and AOH, literature164 Ochratoxin A
incidence: 1/10, conc.: 5.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Dutch survey incidence: 9/25*, conc. range: 0.62–4.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.44
program (2013) and retail shops across The Netherlands, sample μg/kg, sample origin: popular markets in Rabat (capital),
year: 2013?, country: Netherlands568 Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco/France341,
• Co-contamination: not reported *black olives
article568: Figs, Seeds (sunflower), TA, literature568; Fruits than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(apple), AOH, literature568; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME, AOH, article341: Fruits, dried, Raisins, OTA, literature341
and TA, literature568; Wine (red), AOH and TA, literature568; see incidence: 4/7, conc. range: 0.3–46,830 μg/kg, sample origin:
also Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/France345
Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin B1 article345: Bsissa, Vegetables, dried, OTA, literature345
incidence: 12/103*, conc. range: 5–37 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 5/103*, conc. range: 40–80 μg/kg, sample origin:
Moroccan cities, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Moroccan cities, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country:
Morocco584, *“Greek-style” black olives Morocco584, *“Greek-style” black olives
article584: Olives, OTA, literature584 article584: Olives, AFB1, literature584
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 0.6–5 μg/kg, ∅ conc. 2.43 μg/kg, incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: <LOQ-1.02 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: retailer, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: retailer, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco/
Morocco/France585, *“Greek-style” black olives France585, *“Greek-style” black olives
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CIT, and • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CIT, and
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 1 sa. co-con-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other taminated with CIT and OTA; 2 sa. contaminated solely with
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA
article585: Olives, CIT and OTA, literature585 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 2.4 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarket, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco/France585, article585: Olives, AFB1 and CIT, literature585
*“Greek-style” black olives incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.68 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CIT, and supermarket, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco/
OTA France585, *“Greek-style” black olives
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CIT, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and OTA; 2 sa. contami-
article585: Olives, CIT and OTA, literature585 nated solely with OTA
Citrinin article585: Olives, AFB1 and CIT, literature585
retailer, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco/ Oloroso see Wine (white)
France585, *“Greek-style” black olives
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, CIT, and Palomino see Must
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and OTA
Paranuts see Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut)
Paste (curry paste) 301
Paste see Dagwa and Kuru-kuru Fusarium Toxins
Paste (bean paste) may contain the following mycotoxins: Fumonisin/s

incidence: 1/4, conc.: 56 μg/kg*, sample origin: specialist food
Aspergillus Toxins shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *FB1 and FB2
Aflatoxin B1
sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai (city)
areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country: China/
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices (fennel), AF/S
USA132, *bean paste, fermented
and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste
(curry paste), AF/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles,
AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV,
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA,
cle132: Beans (kidney bean), Butter (peanut butter), Curd (bean
literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON,
curd), Nuts (peanut), Oils (rapeseed oil), Oils (soybean oil),
HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON,
Sauces (soy sauce), Tofu, Wine, miscellaneous, AFB1, literature132
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-
X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (gar-
Paste (curry paste) may contain the following mycotoxins:
lic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S,
Aspergillus Toxins DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori),
AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 1.2 μg/kg*, sample origin: specialist food Type B Trichothecenes
Nivalenol
AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 4?/4, conc. range: 5–16 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and
book/article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA,
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste
literature16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices
(curry paste), FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles,
(fennel), AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA,
AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce),
literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, lit-
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and
erature16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS,
Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices,
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander),
AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper,
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S,
chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices
Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA,
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and
NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA,
and T-2, literature16
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 4?/4, conc. range: 0.6–15.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Other Fusarium Toxins
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
• Co-contamination: not reported Zearalenone
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 4?/4, conc. range: 3.1–4.2 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices (fennel), AF/S • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices (fen-
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and nel), AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil) (OTA),
ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, and OTA, lit-
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), erature16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices,
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera- AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper,
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA,
T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and at port of entry, UK, sample year: April–December 1989, country:
NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, UK359, *Turkish fig paste, **AFS total
and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, incidence: 57/70*, conc. range: 1.0–10.0 μg/kg** (54 sa.), >10.0
and T-2, literature16 μg/kg** (3 sa., maximum: 40 μg/kg**), sample origin: containers
at port of entry, UK, sample year: January–July 1990, country:
Paste (fig paste) may contain the following mycotoxins: UK359, *Turkish fig paste, **AFS total
incidence: 3?/5, conc. range: 0.5–2.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, article359: Figs, AF/S, literature359
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Ochratoxin A
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/5, conc. range: 5.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey,
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351; sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351
Paste (fig paste), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 3?/5, conc. range: 0.5–1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351 article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351;
• Co-contamination: not reported Paste (fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature351
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Paste (hazelnut paste) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351; Aspergillus Toxins
Paste (fig paste), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin G1 incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.26–3.61 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.09 μg/kg,
incidence: 3?/5, conc. range: 0.8–3.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, sample origin: imported from Turkey to Italy, sample year: January
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351 2008–December 2009, country: Italy320
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351; than cereals and their products reported in the present
Paste (fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature351 book/article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, litera-
ture320; Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320;
Aflatoxin G2
Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320;
incidence: 3?/5, conc. range: 0.5–1.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey,
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
sample year: 1988, country: Turkey351
ture320; Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature320
article351: Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature351;incidence: 5/5, conc. range: <LOQ-0.55 μg/kg, sample origin:
Paste (fig paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature351 imported from Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008–
December 2009, country: Italy320
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 9/10, conc. range: 1.0–3.9 μg/kg* (3 sa.), 4.0–10.0
AFG1, and AFG2
μg/kg* (5 sa.), and 76 μg/kg* (1 sa.), sample origin: port sa. from
Felixstowe (town), Manchester (city), and Kings Lynn (market
town) Port Health Authorities, UK, sample year: unknown,
book/article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, litera-
country: UK , *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
206
ture320; Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320;
Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320;
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
ture320; Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
cle : Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
206
literature 320
Nuts (peanut), and Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature206
incidence: 13/20*, conc. range: 1.0–10.0 μg/kg** (6 sa.), >10.0 Aflatoxin G1
μg/kg** (7 sa., maximum: 165 μg/kg**), sample origin: importers incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.53–1.84 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.92
and retailers, UK, sample year: November/December 1988, μg/kg, sample origin: imported from Turkey to Italy, sample year:
country: UK359, *Turkish fig paste, **AFS total January 2008–December 2009, country: Italy320
incidence: 35/42*, conc. range: 1.0–10.0 μg/kg** (26 sa.), >10.0 • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
μg/kg** (9 sa., maximum: 35 μg/kg**), sample origin: containers AFG1, and AFG2
Paste (peanut paste) 303
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil
article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320; nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), and Spices
Kernels (apricot), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices,
(hazelnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320; Nuts Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2,
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature320; and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1,
Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature320 literature99
Aflatoxin G2 incidence: 16/17, conc. range: <LOQ-210 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 35 μg/kg,

incidence: 5/5, conc. range: <LOQ-0.30 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest),
imported from Turkey to Italy, sample year: January 2008– Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
December 2009, country: Italy320 Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 18/18, conc. range: <LOQ-198 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 56 μg/kg,
AFG1, and AFG2 sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ South Africa659
article320: Coffee beans, Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature320;• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Kernels (apricot), Paste (hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, literature320; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, literature320; Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
and AFB2, literature320 DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
Paste (peanut paste) may contain the following mycotoxins: flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1,
Alternaria Toxins
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3,
Alternariol Methyl Ether KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
incidence: 2/17, conc. range: 0.04–0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.07 ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1,
Metabolites
South Africa 659

• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 13/17, conc. range: <LOQ-37 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 19
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
South Africa659
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature ; Paste
659
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
book/article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
CIT, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA,
NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour
FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru,
Aspergillus Toxins AFB 1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA,
FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA,
Aflatoxin B1 literature659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
incidence: 5/8, conc. range: 0.4–2.7 μg/kg, sample origin: BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
commercially available market basket sa. of foods and foodstuffs OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2,
in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, country: Japan99 AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
• Co-contamination: not reported FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Aflatoxin/s

Metabolites incidence: 3/4, conc. range: ≤11 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported
Aflatoxin G1 and AFG2
incidence: 9/17, conc. range: <LOQ-10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy),
incidence: 14/18, conc. range: <LOQ-48 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22 μg/kg, Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pista-
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ chio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (pipian
South Africa659 paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cay-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. enne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 10.80–29.30 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 20.05
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, μg/kg*, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, USA231, *AFB , AFB , AFG , and AFG
1 2 1 2
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean • Co-contamination: not reported
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, article231: Butter (peanut butter), AF/S, literature231
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, BEA, incidence: 3/3, conc. range: 1.5–4.7 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 3.0 μg/kg*,
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, sample origin: Khartoum, Khartoum North, and Umdorman
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, (towns of the capital Khartoum), Sudan, sample year: unknown,
AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, country: Sudan , *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
425
FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also • Co-contamination: not reported
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Metabolites article425: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature425
Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 9/17, conc. range: <LOQ-7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6 Sterigmatocystin
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical incidence: 8/17, conc. range: <LOQ-9.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.7
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
incidence: 12/18, conc. range: <LOQ-15 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10 μg/kg, Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, incidence: 10/18, conc. range: <LOQ-5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.7 μg/kg,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
South Africa659 sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. South Africa659
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera- AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AME, BEA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, VIOM, and
AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
Metabolites Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 9/18, conc. range: <LOQ-16 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5 μg/kg,
Kojic Acid sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
incidence: 17/17, conc. range: 35–859 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 267 South Africa659
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 than cereals and their products reported in the present
incidence: 18/18, conc. range: 147–1,359 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 490 μg/kg, book/article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, CIT, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour
South Africa659 (soybean flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, Metabolites
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, Viomellein
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, incidence: 2/17, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: Yaounde
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa
659
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 7/18, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: Bamenda
(region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample year: July–
Ochratoxin A September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
incidence: 2/17, conc. range: <LOQ-0.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.5 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
incidence: 7/18, conc. range: <LOQ-23 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8 μg/kg, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
South Africa659 FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, and ZEA,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, and Microbial Metabolites
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, Fusarium Toxins
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTB, Depsipeptides
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, Beauvericin
FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also incidence: 17/17, conc. range: 0.2–2.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1 μg/kg,
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest),
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
Metabolites Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
Ochratoxin B
incidence: 2/17, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: Yaounde
(region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–
South Africa659
September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENB,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and Enniatin B
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, incidence: 15/17, conc. range: <LOQ-0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.02
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 17/18, conc. range: 0.001–0.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg,
Enniatin A sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
incidence: 7/17, conc. range: <LOQ-0.02 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.02 South Africa659
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 13/18, conc. range: <LOQ-0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.04 article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
μg/kg, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA1, ENB,
ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and Enniatin B1
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, incidence: 14/17, conc. range: 0.03–0.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 18/18, conc. range: 0.02–5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.3 μg/kg,
Enniatin A1 sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
incidence: 4/17, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: Yaounde South Africa659
(region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July– • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 6/18, conc. range: <LOQ-5.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
South Africa659 OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean ENB, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, Fumonisin B3
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean incidence: 4/17, conc. range: <LOQ-4.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659
Fumonisin/s
incidence: 11/18, conc. range: <LOQ-4.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.3 μg/kg,
Fumonisin B1 sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
incidence: 10/17, conc. range: 0.4–11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.8 sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical South Africa659
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
South Africa659 OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, KA, MA, OTA, OTB,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa,
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste),
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and Other Fusarium Toxins
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, Fusaric Acid
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean incidence: 13/17, conc. range: <LOQ-19 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.3 μg/kg,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
South Africa659
Fumonisin B2 incidence: 15/18, conc. range: <LOQ-189 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 42 μg/kg,
incidence: 8/17, conc. range: 0.4–3.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.8 sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: South Africa659
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
South Africa659 DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, Zearalenone
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean incidence: 3/17, conc. range: <LOQ-45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
incidence: 12/18, conc. range: 0.3–2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy),
South Africa659 Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pista-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other chio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cay-
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, enne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), and Spices (nutmeg),
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, AF/S, literature19
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, Paste (red pepper paste) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste Aflatoxin/s
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, incidence: 2/15*, conc. range: 0.21–0.55 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.38
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, and μg/kg**, sample origin: markets in ten cities, Korea, sample
VIOM, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, year: May–September 2006, country: Korea188, *red pepper paste
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, (gochujang), **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean • Co-contamination: not reported
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article188: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices
Penicillium Toxins
(ginger), AF/S, literature188
Mycophenolic Acid
incidence: 15/17, conc. range: <LOQ-2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1 Paste (sesame paste) may contain the following
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical mycotoxins:
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 8/18, conc. range: <LOQ-1.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, Aflatoxin B1
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, incidence: 37/100*, conc. range: 0.39–20.45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ 4.31 μg/kg, sample origin: retail markets in Changchun, Chengdu,
South Africa659 Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. China, sample year: 2007, country: China224, *see below
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 36 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2; at least 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article224:
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature ; Flour (soybean
659 Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224;
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, Paste (sesame paste), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, incidence: 8/26*, conc. range: 0.9–1.78 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.29 μg/kg,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, sample origin: restaurants (in bulk) in Changchun, Chengdu,
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera- Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital),
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, China, sample year: 2007, country: China224, *freshly prepared
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, incidence: 7/15*, conc. range: 0.86–14.56 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.32
STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, μg/kg, sample origin: free markets (in bulk) in Changchun,
AFG2, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing
FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also (capital), China, sample year: 2007, country: China224, *freshly
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut prepared
Metabolites
μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets (bottling) in Changchun,
see also Kuru-kuru
Chengdu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing
Paste (pipian paste) may contain the following mycotoxins: (capital), China, sample year: 2007, country: China224, *industrially
manufactured and packed in glass bottles with shelf life between
Aspergillus Toxins 12 and 24 months
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: ≤78 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported
cle224: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
and AFG2
ture224; Paste (sesame paste), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224
Paste (tomato paste) 309
incidence: 36/100, conc. range: 0.02–4.92 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.65 μg/kg, incidence: 4/80*, conc. range: pr., sample origin: markets in Taipei
sample origin: retail markets in Changchun, Chengdu, Shanghai, (capital) vicinity, Taiwan, sample year: March–October 1975,
Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital), China, country: Taiwan590, *fermented soybean paste
sample year: 2007, country: China224 • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 36 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2; no further information available than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article590: Paste (soybean paste), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article224: ture590; Sauces (soy sauce) AFG2, literature590
Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224;
Paste (sesame paste), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224 Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 1/80*, conc.: pr., sample origin: markets in Taipei
Aflatoxin G1 (capital) vicinity, Taiwan, sample year: March–October 1975,
incidence: 29/100, conc. range: 0.05–26.28 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.57 country: Taiwan590, *fermented soybean paste
μg/kg, sample origin: retail markets in Changchun, Chengdu, • Co-contamination: not reported
Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
China, sample year: 2007, country: China224 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: at least 2 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 article590: Paste (soybean paste), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera-
and AFG1; no further information available ture590; Sauces (soy sauce) AFG2, literature590
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article224: Aflatoxin G2
Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature224; incidence: 8/80*, conc. range: pr., sample origin: markets in Taipei
Paste (sesame paste), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature224 (capital) vicinity, Taiwan, sample year: March–October 1975,
country: Taiwan590, *fermented soybean paste
Aflatoxin G2 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 22/100, conc. range: ≤5.75 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
retail markets in Changchun, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Zhengzhou (cities), and Beijing (capital), China, sample year: article590: Paste (soybean paste), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
2007, country: China 224
ture590; Sauces (soy sauce), AFG2, literature590
article224: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: 0.97–20.78 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11.1
literature224; Paste (sesame paste), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, μg/kg, sample origin: homemade, Korea, sample year: unknown,
literature224 country: Korea662, *homemade soybean paste (doenjang)
Paste (soybean paste) may contain the following
companies, Korea, sample year: unknown, country: Korea662,
mycotoxins:
*manufactured soybean paste (doenjang)
incidence: 2/13, conc. range: 0.05–0.17 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.11 μg/kg, article662: not reported
sample origin: sample origin: grocery markets in Busan, Daegu,
Daejeon, Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Paste (tomato paste) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Korea, sample year: May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10
• Co-contamination: not reported Alternaria Toxins
Alternariol
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
article10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper),
AFB1, literature10
incidence: 1/80*, conc.: pr., sample origin: markets in Taipei book/article46: Juices (tomato juice), Puree, Tomato ketchup,
(capital) vicinity, Taiwan, sample year: March–October 1975, Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46; Juices
country: Taiwan590, *fermented soybean paste (vegetable juice), Paste (tomato paste), AME, literature46
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 3.1–13 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.6 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail shops, Hesse (federal state), Germany, sample
year: 2009/2010, country: Germany439
article590: Paste (soybean paste), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
ture590; Sauces (soy sauce) AFG2, literature590
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Peanut products see Products (peanut product)
article439: Juices (apple juice), Juice (tomato juice), Sauces Peanut sauce see Sauces (peanut sauce)
(apple sauce), Tomato ketchup, Wine (white), AOH,
literature439 Peanuts see Nuts (peanut)
incidence: 3/5, conc. range: ≤26 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores,
Pear concentrate see Juices (pear concentrate)
the Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: the
Netherlands/Germany906
Pear marmalade see Marmalade (pear marmalade)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Peas may contain the following mycotoxins:
article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), and Juices (tomato juice), AOH Aspergillus Toxins
and TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906;
Aflatoxin B1
Paste (tomato paste), AME and TA, literature906; Sauces (tomato
incidence: 1/32, conc.: 1–10 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sauce), Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and
sample year: 1990–1996, country: Cuba126
TA, literature906
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 5.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
year: unknown, country: Germany46 article126: Beans, Beans (soybean), Cocoa beans, Nuts (peanut),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH AFB1, literature126
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/35, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: storage houses and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ dealers, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/USA380
article46: Juices (tomato juice), Puree, Tomato ketchup, Wine • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
(red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46; Juices (vegeta- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ble juice), AME, literature46; Paste (tomato paste), AOH, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature46 article380: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature380; Nuts
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 5.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores, the (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature380; Peas, AFG1, literature380
Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: the Netherlands/
Aflatoxin G1
Germany906
incidence: 1/35, conc.: 42 μg/kg, sample origin: storage houses
and dealers, Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/
USA380
article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), and Juices (tomato juice), AOH
Paste (tomato paste), AOH and TA, literature906; Sauces (tomato
article380: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature380; Nuts
sauce), Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and
(pistachio nut), Peas, AFB1, literature380
TA, literature906
Aflatoxin/s
Tenuazonic Acid
incidence: 3/19, conc. range: 1–100 μg/kg* (3 sa.), sample origin:
incidence: 4/5, conc. range: ≤344 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
natives homes and markets, Uganda, sample year: September
stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: the
1966–June 1967, country: Uganda/USA137, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG2
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. contained AFB1; 1 sa. contained AFB2;
1 sa. contained AFG1
article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), and Juices (tomato juice), AOH
article137: Beans, Cassava, Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature137
Paste (tomato paste), AME and AOH, literature906; Sauces
(tomato sauce), Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, incidence: 3/13*, conc. range: 18–30 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 24 μg/kg**,
AOH, and TA, literature906 sample origin: markets in Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample
year: 1993–1996, country: Sudan/Oman591, *ncac, **AFB1, AFB2,
Peach concentrate see Juices (peach concentrate) AFG1, and AFG2
Peanut brittle see Nuts (peanut) AFG1 and AFG2
Peanut butter see Butter (peanut butter) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Peanut candies see Candies (peanut candy) incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 1.5–9.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 4.1
μg/kg**, sample origin: retail shops and local markets, Pakistan,
Peanut pastes see Paste (peanut paste)
Peas (chickpea) 311
sample year: January–November 2009, country: Pakistan782, *split • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
pea, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article144: Beans (brown bean), OTA, literature144; Peas, OTA
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and PA, literature144
article782: Beans (cowpea), Beans (kidney bean), Beans (soy- Peas (chickpea) may contain the following mycotoxins:
bean), Peas (chickpea), AF/S, literature782
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
Ochratoxin A incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 1.7 μg/kg, sample origin: retailers, markets,
incidence: 1/20*, conc. range: 0.1–5 μg/kg, sample origin: ethnic and dried fruit retail shops in Erzurum (city), Turkey, sample year:
stores, health food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets March 2001–March 2002, country. Turkey14, *chickpeas, roasted
in the four largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996– (Leblebi)
summer 1998, country: Sweden13, *yellow peas • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article14: Nuts (almond), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas (chickpea), OTA, litera- (walnut), AFB1, literature14
ture13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond), incidence: 10/28*, conc. range: <20 μg/kg (2 sa.), 21–100 μg/kg
AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio (8 sa., maximum: 74 μg/kg), sample origin: villages of Khagaria
nut), Oil seeds, Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S, and Saharsa (districts) of North Bihar (state), India, sample year:
literature13 August–October 1987, country: India128, *gram
incidence: 2/27*, conc. range: 10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: retail outlets, Sweden, sample year: 1976, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Sweden144, *yellow peas than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article128: Beans (cowpea), Beans (mung bean), Field mustard,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Lentils, Seeds (linseed), AFB1, literature128
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.876 μg/kg, sample origin: market in
article144: Beans (brown bean), OTA, literature144; Peas, PA and Khartoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: February 1981–1984?,
ZEA, literature144 country: UK/Sudan223
incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 0.78 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Sweden, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: 1997/1998, country: EU698, *peas, yellow • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/20*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.9 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Sweden, sample year: 1997/1998, article223: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
country: EU , *peas, brown
698 ture223; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature223;
• Co-contamination: not reported Okra, AFG2, literature223
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Aflatoxin/s
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/10, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail shops and
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, local markets, Pakistan, sample year: January–November 2009,
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, country: Pakistan782, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), • Co-contamination: not reported
Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine article782: Beans (cowpea), Beans (kidney bean), Beans (soy-
(red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, bean), Peas, AF/S, literature782
literature698
Penicillic Acid
incidence: 1/18*, conc.: 24 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, Ochratoxin A
Sweden, sample year: 1976, country: Sweden144, *green peas incidence: 1/10, conc. range: 0.1–5 μg/kg, sample origin: ethnic
• Co-contamination: not reported stores, health-food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in the four largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ summer 1998, country: Sweden13
article144: Beans (brown bean), OTA, literature144; Peas, OTA • Co-contamination: not reported
and ZEA, literature144 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Fusarium Toxins article13: Beans (brown bean) and Peas, OTA, literature13;
Zearalenone Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond), AFB1,
incidence: 1/27*, conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail outlets, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
Sweden, sample year: 1976, country: Sweden144, *yellow peas Oil seeds, Products (peanut product), AFB1 and AF/S,
incidence: 1/7, conc.: 0.86 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Germany, Penedés see Wine (red) and Wine (white)
sample year: 1995/1998, country: EU698
incidence: 1/10, conc.: 1.2 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Sweden, Pepper see Spices (pepper)
sample year: 1997/1998, country: EU698
• Co-contamination: not reported Phaseolus vulgaris see Beans
Pickles may contain the following mycotoxins:
Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee Aspergillus Toxins
beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape
juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Products Aflatoxin/s
(plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 1.0–58.5 μg/kg**, sample origin:
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, *chilli pickle, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 0.2–0.6 μg/kg**, sample origin:
Fusarium Toxins
*garlic pickle, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Type A Trichothecenes • Co-contamination: not reported
T-2 Toxin than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 660–700 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 680 μg/kg, article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
sample origin: market and bazaar in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices (fen-
sample year: unknown, country: Turkey150 nel), AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature16; Pickles, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S,
article150: Beans, Lentils,T-2, literature150 FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper,
chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Pedro Ximenez see Wine, miscellaneous Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA,
Pekmez may contain the following mycotoxins: T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA,
and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA,
Ochratoxin A and T-2, literature16
μg/kg, sample origin: different supermarkets and traditional Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
bazaars in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: 2008/2009,
Ochratoxin A
country: Turkey665
*chilli pickle
article665: Currants, Juices (grape juice), Sultanas, OTA, incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 0.9–2.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
literature665 specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
*garlic pickle
incidence: 29/55*, conc. range: 2–5 μg/l (15 sa.), 5–10 μg/l (10 sa.),
and 10–20 μg/l (4 sa., maximum: 15 μg/l), sample origin: different
provinces, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey862;
*home-made grape pekmez
incidence: 5/20*, conc. range: 2–5 μg/l (3 sa.), 5–10 μg/l (1 sa.), and ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices (fen-
12 μg/l (1 sa.), sample origin: different provinces, Turkey, sample nel), AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA,
year: unknown, country: Turkey862; *commercial grape pekmez literature16; Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA,
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 10–20 μg/l (2 sa.) and 31.2 μg/l (1 sa.), literature16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces
sample origin: different provinces, Turkey, sample year: unknown, (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S,
country: Turkey862; *organic grape pekmez FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper,
• Co-contamination: not reported chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA,
article862: not reported T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and
Pekmez is a Turkish syrup made from grapes or other fruits. NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA,
Plant food supplements 313
and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.09–0.13 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.11 μg/kg,
and T-2, literature16 sample origin: supermarkets and fast-food chains in Calgary
(city), Canada, sample year: September/October 2009, country:
Fusarium Toxins
Canada90, *pies, apple and others
Fumonisin/s • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 121 μg/kg**, sample origin: specialist food • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *chilli pickle, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article90:
**FB1 and FB2 Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), Candies,
Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pizza, Products,
incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination**, sample origin:
Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90
*garlic pickle, **FB1 and FB2
Pili-pili see Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Pinhol may contain the following mycotoxins:
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Aspergillus Toxins
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices (fennel), AF/S
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.50 μg/kg, sample origin: China and Spain
from markets and supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample
Pickles, AF/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce),
year: January–December 2002, country: Spain435, *nut cocktail
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and
article435: Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature435
Pinotage see Wine (red)
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 Pipian pastes see Paste (pipian paste)
Pistachio candies see Candies (pistachio candy)
Zearalenone
incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist Pistachio nuts see Nuts (pistachio nut)
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *chilli pickle
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 3.8 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food Pizza may contain the following mycotoxins:
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *garlic pickle Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Ochratoxin A
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.21 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year:
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils and Spices (fennel), AF/S September/October 2008, country: Canada90
and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.22 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year:
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, and OTA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), September/October 2009, country: Canada90
NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and • Co-contamination: not reported
ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), than cereals and their products reported in the present
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, book/article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera- butter), Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices cream, Nuts, Pies, Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine,
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; OTA, literature90
Plant food supplements may contain the following mycotoxins:
Pies may contain the following mycotoxins:
Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A incidence: 18/24*, conc. range: <LOQ-20.23 μg/kg, sample
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.11 μg/kg, origin: internet or retail stores in Bari (province), Italy, sample
sample origin: supermarkets and fast-food chains in Quebec year: unknown, country: Italy845, *derived from Vitis vinifera
(city), Canada, sample year: September/October 2008, country: administered as ampoule, capsule, comfit, powder, solution, syrup,
Canada90, *pies, apple, and others or tablet
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 20*/21**, conc. range: ≤0.84 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ **cocoa, alkalized
article845: Food colorant, Grape pomace and wine lees, OTA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
For detailed information, see the article. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate,
Plant products see Products (plant product) Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB2,
Plavac Mali see Must AFG1, and OTA, literature864
Plums see Fruits, dried Aflatoxin B2

Port wine see Wine, miscellaneous year: unknown, country: Japan112
Potato products see Products (potato product) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Potatoes may contain the following mycotoxins: article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, and Wine, OTA, literature112;
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Cocoa, Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112;
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFG1, OTA, and OTB,
Ochratoxin A literature112
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 4.26 μg/kg, sample origin: households and incidence: 9/16*, conc. range: ≤0.51 μg/kg, sample origin: different
markets, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany26, stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year:
*damaged or moldy unknown, country: Brazil211, *natural cocoa powder
incidence: 14/28*, conc. range: ≤0.43 μg/kg, sample origin: different
stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year:
unknown, country: Brazil211, *alkalized cocoa powder
article26: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (peach), Fruits
(tomato), Strawberries, OTA, literature26
Powder (cocoa powder) may contain the following than cereals and their products reported in the present
mycotoxins: book/article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
ture211; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1 and AFG1, literature211;
Aspergillus Toxins Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
literature211
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 5?/12, conc. range: 0.2–0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 15*/21**, conc. range: ≤0.13 μg/kg, sample origin:
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan112 Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ,
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and OTA; **cocoa, alkalized
2 sa. co-contamination with AFB1, OTA, and OTB; no further • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
information available • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate,
article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Cocoa, Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1,
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB2, AFG1, OTA and OTB, AFG1, and OTA, literature864
literature112 Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 12/16*, conc. range: ≤1.04 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 1/12, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
different stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, year: unknown, country: Japan112
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil211, *natural cocoa powder • Co-contamination: not reported
different stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, than cereals and their products reported in the present
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil211, *alkalized cocoa powder book/article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture112; Cocoa, Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture112; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, OTA, and OTB,
article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature211; incidence: 4/16*, conc. range: ≤0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: different
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB2 and AFG1, literature211; Products stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year:
(cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature211 unknown, country: Brazil211, *natural cocoa powder
Powder (cocoa powder) 315
incidence: 0/28*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: different article261: Chocolate, Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa product),
stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year: OTA, literature261
unknown, country: Brazil211, *alkalized cocoa powder incidence: 40/40, conc. range: 0.090–1.800 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Germany262
article211: Butter (cocoa butter), Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1 • Co-contamination: not reported
and AFB2, literature211; Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2, literature211 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1*/21**, conc.: 0.24 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **cocoa, Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
alkalized Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sun-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. flower), OTA, literature262
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 20/20, conc. range: 1.3–2.4 μg/kg, sample origin: 13
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ regions in the UK, sample year: May 1998, country: UK263
article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, • Co-contamination: not reported
Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, and OTA, literature864 article263: Chocolate, Currants, Figs, Juices (grape juice),
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Raisins, Sultanas, Wine (red), OTA, literature263
Ochratoxin A different countries, sample year: 2001–2003, country: Spain264
incidence: 5?/12, conc. range: 0.25–0.67 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan112 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2 sa. co-contamination with AFB1, OTA, and OTB; no further article264: Chocolate, OTA, literature264
information available
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 16/16*, conc. range: 0.57–7.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.0 μg/kg,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article112: sample origin: sa. available in Canada, sample year: unknown,
Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa, Coffee, country: Canada265, *cocoa powder, alkalized
Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder (cocoa pow- incidence: 16/16*, conc. range: 0.25–2.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.89 μg/kg,
der), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTB, literature112 sample origin: sa. available in Canada, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 19/20, conc. range: 0.3–1.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.71 μg/kg, country: Canada265, *cocoa powder, natural
sample origin: retail outlets across the UK, sample year: August • Co-contamination: not reported
1996, country: UK143 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article265: Chocolate, OTA, literature265
article143: Beans, Legumes, Wine (red), OTA, literature143 sample origin: discount stores in south, center, and north Italy,
incidence: 16/16*, conc. range: 0.05–5.13 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.42 μg/kg, sample year: unknown, country: Italy266
sample origin: processing plants in the region of Ilhéus (city) in • Co-contamination: not reported
Bahia (state) and São Paulo (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil212, *natural cocoa powder than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article266: Chocolate, OTA, literature266
μg/kg, sample origin: processing plants in the region of Ilhéus incidence: 8/12*, conc. range: 0.23–0.77 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.43 μg/kg,
(city) in Bahia (state) and São Paulo (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample origin: supermarkets, local stores, and organic product
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil212, *alkalized cocoa powder shops in Naples (city) area, Italy, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Italy593, *conventional
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/6*, conc. range: 0.22 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ supermarkets, local stores, and organic product shops in Naples
article212: Butter (cocoa butter), Products (cocoa product), (city) area, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy593, *organic
OTA, literature212 • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: Cameroon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: unknown, country: Spain261 article593: not reported
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6/12, conc. range: ≤4.10 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Republic811
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 0.45 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Republic811, *cocoa beverage-preparation, powder article106: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Food, Nuts
• Co-contamination: not reported (peanut), Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce), AFB1, literature106
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs Ochratoxin A
and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Products (ginger product), Raisins, incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.06 μg/kg**, sample origin: supermarkets
Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year:
ander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), Spices (nutmeg), September/October 2008, country: Canada90, *dinners, cereal plus
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red), Wine vegetable plus meat and * **entrees, frozen
(white), OTA, literature811
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.01–0.05 μg/kg**, sample origin:
incidence: 20*/21**, conc. range: ≤1.88 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada,
Canada, sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, sample year: September/October 2009, country: Canada90,
**cocoa, alkalized *dinners, cereal plus vegetable plus meat and * **entrees, frozen
article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), Candies,
Cocoa beans, Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza,
AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90
incidence: 24/36, conc. range: ≤10.55 μg/kg, sample origin: Products (almond product) may contain the following
Kumba? (city), Cameroun, sample year: 2005–2007, country: mycotoxins:
Cameroun/France907 Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/9, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg*, sample origin: local markets
article907: Butter (cocoa butter), Chocolate, OTA, literature907 and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012,
country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777, *almond flour
Ochratoxin B • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 2?/12, conc. range: 0.10–0.17 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.135 μg/kg?, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan112 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contamination with AFB1, OTA, article777: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA, litera-
and OTB; no further information available ture777; Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than NEO, OTA, and OTB, literature777
cle112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa, Products (apple flavor product) may contain the
Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder following mycotoxins:
(cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature112
Primitivo see Must
Patulin
Products may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 3/14, conc. range: 6–1,770 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 607 μg/kg,
sample origin: imported sa. from Finnish customs authorities,
Aspergillus Toxins Finland, sample year: March–December 1976, country: Finland33
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 2.0–4.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 6.0 μg/kg (1 sa.),
article33: Fruits (apple), Jam (apple jam), Juices (apple concen-
Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999, country:
trate), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature33
Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *fermented products included
oncom, tempe, and tape Products (apple product) may contain the following
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: >4 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum: 26.0 μg/kg), mycotoxins:
Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999, country: Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *processed products included Patulin
peanut (raw, without shell), red sorghum, green pea flour, and incidence: 18/70*, conc. range: 5–50 μg/kg (18 sa., maximum:
traditional herbal medicine (jamu) 32 μg/kg), sample origin: retail outlets and directly from producers
• Co-contamination: not reported in Sydney (city) and NSW (state), Australia, sample year: August
Products (cassava product) 317
1989–May 1990, country: Australia31, *included apples, pears, and Products (cassava product) may contain the following
mixed fruit sauces, puree and jellies, diced apples, and apple pulps mycotoxins:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Alternaria Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Alternariol Methyl Ether
article31: Juices (apple concentrate), Juices (apple juice), PAT, incidence: ?*/373, conc. range: 0.02–1.49 μg/kg, sample origin:
literature31 processors and vendors in humid forest, derived savannah, and
incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample Southern Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: rainy
origin: retail outlets, Cape Town (city), South Africa, sample year: season, country: Nigeria/Austria794, *high-quality cassava and
1996–1998, country: South Africa37, *whole apple fruit products fufu flour, lafun, fine yellow, fine white, yellow kpo-kpo, and white
• Co-contamination: not reported kpo-kpo gari sa. contaminated
article37: Apple cider, Juices, Juices (apple juice), PAT, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature37 article794: Products (cassava product), AFB1, AFG1, FB1, FB2,
incidence: 4/77*, conc. range: 6.25–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg FB3, KA, and ZEA, literature794; see also Products (cassava
(3 sa., maximum 17.6 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 13.5 μg/kg, sample origin: product), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
hypermarkets and supermarkets in 12 main cities, Catalonia Metabolites
(autonomous community), Spain, sample year: June/July 2008, For detailed information see the article.
country: Spain42, *solid apple-based products Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 3*/373, ∅ conc.: 1.16 μg/kg, sample origin: processors
article42: Baby food, Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature42 and vendors in humid forest, derived savannah, and Southern
incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: 4.2–15.2 μg/kg, sample origin: stores Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: rainy season,
and supermarkets, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria794, *fufu flour (3/36) contaminated
country: Spain43, *apple-containing dairy products • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article794: Products (cassava product), AFG1, AME, FB1, FB2, FB3,
article43: Juices (apple juice), Puree, PAT, literature43 KA, and ZEA, literature794; see also Products (cassava product),
sample origin: supermarket, local stores, herbalist, and salesrooms,
Naples (city) area, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy44, incidence: 42/165*, conc. range: 6–194 μg/kg, sample origin:
*conventional humid forest with monomodal rainfall, humid forest with bimodal
rainfall, and western highland, Cameroon, sample year: July/
incidence: 6/17*, conc. range: 1.4–74.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28.3 μg/kg, August 2009 (rainy season) and December 2010–January 2011
sample origin: supermarket, local stores, herbalist, and salesrooms, (dry season), country: Belgium/Benin807, *cassava chips
Naples (city) area, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy44, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
*organic • Further contamination of cereals and cereal products reported
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: in the present book/article807: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and OTA,
supermarket, local stores, herbalist, and salesrooms, Naples literature807; Products (cassava product), PA, literature807
(city) area, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy44, For detailed information see the article.
*integrated
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1*/373, conc.: 2.94 μg/kg, sample origin: processors
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and vendors in humid forest, derived savannah, and Southern
article44: not reported Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: rainy season,
country: Nigeria/Austria794, *high-quality cassava flour (1/29)
incidence: 99/105, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (~98 sa.), 42 μg/kg
contaminated
(1 sa.), sample origin: Berlin (capital) market, Germany, sample
year: July 1980–February 1981, country: Germany733
article794: Products (cassava product), AFB1, AME, FB1, FB2, FB3,
KA, and ZEA, literature794; see also Products (cassava product),
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: rainy season,
country: Nigeria/Austria794, *fufu flour (1/36) contaminated
Kojic Acid • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: ?*/373, conc. range: 8.35–632.68 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
processors and vendors in humid forest, derived savannah, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Southern Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: rainy article794: Products (cassava product), AFB1, AFG1, AME, FB1, FB2,
season, country: Nigeria/Austria794, *all kinds of sa. contaminated KA, and ZEA, literature794; see also Products (cassava product),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article794: Products (cassava product), AFB1, AFG1, AME, FB1, Other Fusarium Toxins
FB2, FB3, and ZEA, literature794; see also Products (cassava
Zearalenone
product), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
incidence: 16*/373, conc. range: 0.92–90.40 μg/kg, sample origin:
Metabolites
processors and vendors in humid forest, derived savannah, and
Southern Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: rainy
Penicillic Acid season, country: Nigeria/Austria794, *high-quality cassava (2/29)
incidence: 10/165*, conc. range: 25–184 μg/kg, sample origin: and fufu flour (2/36), lafun (6/30), fine white (2/113), fine yellow
humid forest with monomodal rainfall, humid forest with bimodal (1/50), and white kpo-kpo gari (3/52) contaminated
rainfall, and western highland, Cameroon, sample year: July/ • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
August 2009 (rainy season) and December 2010–January 2011 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(dry season), country: Belgium/Benin807, *cassava flakes than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. article794: Products (cassava product), AFB1, AFG1, AME, FB1,
• Further contamination of cereals and cereal products reported FB2, FB3, and KA, literature794; see also Products (cassava prod-
in the present book/article807: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and OTA, uct), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
literature807; Products (cassava product), AFB1, literature807 For detailed information see the article.
Products (cocoa product) may contain the following
Fusarium Toxins mycotoxins:
Fumonisin/s Aspergillus Toxins
Fumonisin B1 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 2*/373, conc. range: 88.33–102.71 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 10/37*, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (9 sa.), >2.0–10.0
95.5 μg/kg, sample origin: processors and vendors in humid forest, μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: different exporting companies, Turkey,
derived savannah, and Southern Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: 2007, country: Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food
sample year: rainy season, country: Nigeria/Austria794, *lafun
incidence: 5/20*, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (5 sa.), sample
(1/30) and fufu flour (1/36) contaminated
origin: different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2008,
country: Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article794: incidence: 2/9*, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin:
Products (cassava product), AFB1, AFG1, AME, FB2, FB3, KA, and different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2009, country:
ZEA, literature794; see also Products (cassava product), chapter: Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
Fumonisin B2 article115: Food, Spices, AFB1, literature115
incidence: 5*/373, conc. range: 10.70–218.12 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 10/25*, conc. range: ≤6.14 μg/kg, sample origin:
processors and vendors in humid forest, derived savannah, and different stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil,
Southern Guinea Savannah zones, Nigeria, sample year: rainy sample year: unknown, country: Brazil211, *cocoa mass
season, country: Nigeria/Austria794, *lafun (2/30), fufu flour (2/36),
and fine white gari (1/113) contaminated
different stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil,
sample year: unknown, country: Brazil211, *cocoa nibs
article794: Products (cassava product), AFB1, AFG1, AME, FB1,
FB3, KA, and ZEA, literature794; see also Products (cassava
article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature211;
product), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature211;
Metabolites
Products (cocoa product), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature211
incidence: 4*/5**, conc.: ≤0.67 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada,
Fumonisin B3 sample year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **cocoa
incidence: 1*/373, conc.: 14.49 μg/kg, sample origin: processors liquor
and vendors in humid forest, derived savannah, and Southern • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Products (cocoa product) 319
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/29, conc. range: ≤0.68 μg/kg, sample origin: different
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year:
article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, unknown, country: Brazil211, *cocoa nibs
Cocoa beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; • Co-contamination: not reported
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture864; Products (cocoa product), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature864 article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature211;
Powder (cocoa powder), Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2,
Aflatoxin B2 and AFG1, literature211
incidence: 7/25, conc. range: ≤0.35 μg/kg, sample origin: different
stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year: incidence: 1*/5**, conc.: ≤0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, sample
unknown, country: Brazil211, *cocoa mass year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **cocoa liquor
incidence: 9/29, conc. range: ≤1.66 μg/kg, sample origin: different • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: Brazil211, *cocoa nibs article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate
• Co-contamination: not reported and Cocoa beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture864; Powder (cocoa powder), Products (cocoa product),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864
article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature211;
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature211; Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Products (cocoa product), AFB 1, AFG1, and AFG 2,
Ochratoxin A
literature211
incidence: 3*/5**, conc.: ≤0.09 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, sample μg/kg, sample origin: processing plants in the region of Ilhéus
year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **cocoa liquor (city) in Bahia (state) and São Paulo (city), São Paulo (state),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Brazil, sample year: unknown, country: Brazil212, *cocoa mass
processing plants in the region of Ilhéus (city) in Bahia (state) and
article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate,
São Paulo (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: unknown,
Cocoa beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864;
country: Brazil212, *cocoa nibs
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera-
ture864; Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
literature864
Aflatoxin G1 Butter (cocoa butter), Powder (cocoa powder), OTA, literature212
incidence: 4/25, conc. range: ≤2.58 μg/kg, sample origin: different incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: 0.1–3.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.07 μg/kg,
stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year: sample origin: Cameroon and Ivory Coast, sample year: unknown,
unknown, country: Brazil211, *cocoa mass country: Spain261, *cocoa mass
incidence: 6/29, conc. range: ≤2.48 μg/kg, sample origin: different • Co-contamination: not reported
stages of manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: Brazil211, *cocoa nibs than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article261: Chocolate, Cocoa beans, Powder (cocoa powder),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, literature261
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 12/22*, conc. range: 0.043–2.02 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.34
article211: Butter (cocoa butter), AFB1 and AFB2, literature211; μg/kg, sample origin: cocoa factory, Brazil, sample year: 2003/2004,
Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature211; country: Spain271, *cocoa nibs
Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature211 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1*/5**, conc.: 0.13 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **cocoa liquor than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. article271: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 5*/5**, conc.: ≤0.56 μg/kg, sample origin: Canada, sample
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article864: year: unknown, country: Canada864, *n>LOQ, **cocoa liquor
Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate, Cocoa beans, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature864; Powder (cocoa • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature864; Products than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature864 article864: Butter (cocoa butter), OTA, literature864; Chocolate
and Cocoa beans, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
Aflatoxin G2
ture864; Powder (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
incidence: 1/25, conc.: 0.73 μg/kg, sample origin: different stages of
literature864; Products (cocoa product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
manufacture at processing plants, Brazil, sample year: unknown,
AFG2, literature864
country: Brazil211, *cocoa mass
see also Cocoa
Products (coconut product) may contain the following Products (ginger product) may contain the following
mycotoxins: mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Aflatoxin/s Ochratoxin A
incidence: 57/229, Ø conc.: 2.8 μg/kg*, sample origin: greater incidence: 7/12*, conc. range: ≤1.44 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country: regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
the Philippines1, *AFS of pos sa.? Republic811, *gingerbread
• Further contamination of plant and plant products other than • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cle1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee, article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
Drinks (alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Raisins,
Rootcrops, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Sweet potatoes, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
Yams, AF/S, literature1 ander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), Spices (nutmeg),
incidence: ?/7, conc. range: ≤26 μg/kg*, sample origin: markets in Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red), Wine
or near Manila (capital), Philippines, sample year: 1967–1969, (white), OTA, literature811
country: USA134, *AF
• Co-contamination: not reported Products (legume product) may contain the following
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present Aspergillus Toxins
book/article134: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (pea-
nut), Products (peanut product), Tubers, AF/S, literature134 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 9/12*, conc. range: 90–510 μg/kg, sample origin: market
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
Citrinin *mangori (black gram)
incidence: 4/384*, conc. range: 30–60 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 36.7 μg/kg, incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 170–420 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: during early rainy season and late summer from market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country:
market places, households, oil mills, and cattle-sheds in Eluru, India375, *papad (black gram)
Hyderabad, Kakinada, and Nizamabad (cities), India, sample year: incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 50–380 μg/kg, sample origin: market
1982/1983, country: India278, *dry copra and copra meal in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
• Co-contamination: not reported *mirchoni (black gram)
market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country:
article278: Products (coconut product), OTA, literature278
India375, *mangori (green gram)
Ochratoxin A incidence: 9/14*, conc. range: 114–1,700 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 1/384*, conc.: 50 μg/kg, sample origin: during early market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country:
rainy season and late summer from market places, households, India375, *papad (green gram)
oil mills, and cattle-sheds in Eluru, Hyderabad, Kakinada, and • Co-contamination: not reported
Nizamabad (cities), India, sample year: 1982/1983, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
India278, *dry copra and copra meal than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article375: Products (legume product), OTA, PAT, STG, and ZEA,
article278: Products (coconut product), CIT, literature278 Other Aspergillus Toxins
Sterigmatocystin
Products (fruit product) may contain the following incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: 70–310 μg/kg, sample origin: market
mycotoxins: in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins *mangori (black gram)
Patulin
incidence: 7/35*, conc. range: 2–76.75 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 32.26 μg/l,
India375, *papad (black gram)
sample origin: local supermarkets, Tunisia, sample year: 2013,
country: Tunisia888, *compote incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market
• Co-contamination: not reported in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *mirchoni (black gram)
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 0/15*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market
article888: Jam (apple jam), Jam (pear jam), Juices, Juices (apple in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
juice), Juices (pear juice), PAT, literature888 *mangori (green gram)
Products (nut product) 321
incidence: 0/14*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market incidence: 0/15*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market
in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375, in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
*papad (green gram) *papad (black gram)
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *mirchoni (black gram)
article375: Products (legume product), AFB1, OTA, PAT, and
incidence: 0/15*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market
ZEA, literature375
in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins *mangori (green gram)
Ochratoxin A incidence: 0/14*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market

incidence: 5/12*, conc. range: 160–1,280 μg/kg, sample origin: in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375,
market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: *papad (green gram)
India375, *mangori (black gram) • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 6/15*, conc. range: 90–1,120 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: article375: Products (legume product), AFB1, OTA, PAT, and
India375, *papad (black gram) STG, literature375
sample origin: market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: Products (melon seed product) may contain the
unknown, country: India375, *mirchoni (black gram) following mycotoxins:
incidence: 7/15*, conc. range: 210–1,360 μg/kg, sample origin: Aspergillus Toxins
India375, *mangori (green gram) Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 4/14*, conc. range: 250–1,870 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 10/40*, conc. range: 2–13 μg/kg, sample origin: street
market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: hawkers and local markets, southwestern Nigeria, sample year:
India375, *papad (green gram) 2005, country: Nigeria596, *“ogiri” (fermented “egusi” seed
• Co-contamination: not reported condiment)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 9/36*, conc. range: 4.1–14.3 μg/kg, sample origin: street
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ hawkers and local markets, southwestern Nigeria, sample year:
article375: Products (legume product), AFB1, PAT, STG, and 2006, country: Nigeria596, *“ogiri” (fermented “egusi” seed
ZEA, literature375 condiment)
incidence: 13/40*, conc. range: 3–15 μg/kg, sample origin: street
Patulin
hawkers and local markets, southwestern Nigeria, sample year:
2005, country: Nigeria596, *“robo” (melon ball snacks)
India375, *mangori (black gram) incidence: 14/45*, conc. range: 2.5–11.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
street hawkers and local markets, southwestern Nigeria, sample
year: 2006, country: Nigeria596, *“robo” (melon ball snacks)
India375, *papad (black gram) incidence: 7/40*, conc. range: 3–10 μg/kg, sample origin:
households and food restaurants within 20 km radius to Olabisi
Onabanjo University, Nigeria, sample year: 2005, country:
Nigeria596, *soup from “egusi” melon seed
*mirchoni (black gram)
households and food restaurants within 20 km radius to Olabisi
Onabanjo University, Nigeria, sample year: 2006, country:
*mangori (green gram)
Nigeria596, *soup from “egusi” melon seed
incidence: 0/14*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: market • Co-contamination: not reported
in Agra? (city), India, sample year: unknown, country: India375, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*papad (green gram) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Products (nut product) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article375: Products (legume product), AFB1, OTA, STG, and
ZEA, literature375 Aspergillus Toxins
Fusarium Toxins Aflatoxin B1

Zearalenone year: unknown, country: Korea9
incidence: 2/12*, conc. range: 240–1,500 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 870 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg, sample origin: market in Agra? (city), India, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: India375, *mangori (black gram) than cereals and their products reported in the present
book/article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and incidence: 5/11*, conc. range: 0.3–0.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.42 μg/kg,
AFG2, literature9; Nuts (almond) and Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and sample origin: local markets and online stores, USA, sample year:
AFB2, literature9; Tea, AFB1, literature9 August 2011–January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan28, *included
incidence: 4?/20*, conc. range: 97.8–453 μg/kg, sample origin: peanut butter, peanut flour, and raw peanut
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and BEA;
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *nut products, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
coated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article28: Products (peanut product), BEA, literature28; Products
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO, OTA, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTB, literature28
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), incidence: 13/20, conc. range: 15–138 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 64.9 μg/kg,
AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), sample origin: different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Products (nut product), year: unknown, country: GDR29
AFB2, literature225 • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin B2 than cereals and their products reported in the present
incidence: 4?/20*, conc. range: 15.3–61.7 μg/kg, sample origin: book/article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Seeds
supermarkets and village stores in five districts of Penang (state) (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee,
including Penang Island and Wellesley (province), Malaysia, OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29;
sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia225, *nut products, coated Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture29; Products (peanut product), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
article225: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Nuts (walnut), incidence: 11/17, conc. range: 3–144 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 39.1 μg/kg,
AFB1 and AFB2, literature225; Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), sample origin: marketed food from Malaysia, sample year:
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature225; Products (nut product), September 1996 and February 1997, country: Japan/Malaysia567
AFB1, literature225 • Co-contamination: 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
AFB2; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
incidence: 16/59*, conc. range: ≤9.7 μg/kg**, sample origin: New than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Zealand, sample year: unknown, country: New Zealand701, *mixed article567: Products (peanut product), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
nut products, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 literature567
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 1–244 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 101 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: marketed food from the Philippines, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ December 1996, country: Japan/Malaysia567
article701: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pista- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
chio nut), Products (peanut product), AF/S, literature701; Nuts AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
(Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature701 AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
see also Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Products (peanut product) may contain the following article567: Products (peanut product), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
mycotoxins: literature567
Aspergillus Toxins incidence: 9/43*, conc. range: 22.0–84.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 49.8 μg/kg,
sample origin: supermarkets and rural fairs in Ijuí, Porto Alegre,
Aflatoxin B1
Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria, and São Leopoldo (cities), Rio
incidence: 22/74, conc. range: 0.005–2 μg/kg (18 sa.), >2 μg/kg
Grande do Sul (State), Brazil, sample year: May 2009–August 2010,
(4 sa., maximum: 15 μg/kg), sample origin: ethnic stores, health
country: Brazil744
food stores, and local stores as well as supermarkets in the four
largest cities, Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998,
country: Sweden13
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 5/11*, conc. range: 0.3–0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local
article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, and Peas (chickpea), OTA, markets and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–
literature13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond), January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777, *included peanut
AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut), butter, peanut flour, and raw peanut
and Oil seeds, AFB1 and AF/S, literature13; Products (peanut • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and BEA;
product), AF/S, literature13 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
Products (peanut product) 323
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 6–68 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37 μg/kg, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ origin: marketed food from the Philippines, sample year:
article777: Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777; December 1996, country: Japan/Malaysia567
Products (peanut product), BEA, literature777; Products (pista- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
chio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO, OTA, and OTB, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
literature777 AFG1
incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 3–24 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.5 μg/kg, article567: Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
sample origin: different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample literature567
year: unknown, country: GDR29
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 4–18 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11 μg/kg, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present origin: different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample year:
book/article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Seeds unknown, country: GDR29
(sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee, • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, litera- cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
ture29; Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, cle29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Sunflower seeds,
literature29 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee, OTA, litera-
incidence: 10/17, conc. range: 3–36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.2 μg/kg, ture29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Fruits (apple),
sample origin: marketed food from Malaysia, sample year: Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29; Products
September 1996 and February 1997, country: Japan/Malaysia567 (peanut product), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature29
• Co-contamination: 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and incidence: 0/17, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: marketed
AFB2 food from Malaysia, sample year: September 1996 and February
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 1997, country: Japan/Malaysia567
article567: Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 17–125 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 71 μg/kg, article567: Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
sample origin: marketed food from the Philippines, sample year: literature567
December 1996, country: Japan/Malaysia567 incidence: 1/5, conc.: 33 μg/kg, sample origin: marketed food from
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, the Philippines, sample year: December 1996, country: Japan/
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Malaysia567
AFG1 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article567: Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature567 article567: Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
literature567
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 8/20, conc. range: 9–44 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28 μg/kg, sample Aflatoxin/s
origin: different district hygiene institutes, GDR, sample year: incidence: 22/74, conc. range: 0.01–4 μg/kg* (19 sa.), >4 μg/kg*
unknown, country: GDR29 (3 sa., maximum: 19 μg/kg*), sample origin: ethnic, health-food,
• Co-contamination: not reported and local stores as well as supermarkets in the four largest cities,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Sweden, sample year: autumn 1996–summer 1998, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Sweden13, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sun- • Co-contamination: not reported
flower), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Fruits than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29; article13: Beans (brown bean), Peas, Peas (chickpea), OTA, lit-
Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature29 erature13; Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature13; Nuts (almond),
incidence: 0/17, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: marketed Products (peanut product), AFB1, literature13; Nuts (Brazil nut,
food from Malaysia, sample year: September 1996 and February paranut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Oil seeds, AFB1 and AF/S,
1997, country: Japan/Malaysia567 literature13
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/6, conc.: 2 μg/kg*, sample origin: FDA districts, USA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article567: Products (peanut product), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), article701: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pista-
Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil chio nut), Products (nut product), AF/S, literature701; Nuts
nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pista- (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature701
chio nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut
Fusarium Toxins
paste), Paste (pipian paste), Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne
pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, Depsipeptides
literature19
Beauvericin
incidence: 11/32, conc. range: >30–220 μg/kg*, sample origin:
markets in or near Manila (capital), Philippines, sample year:
sample origin: local markets and online stores, USA, sample year:
1967–1969, country: USA134, *AF
August 2011–January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan28, *included
peanut butter, peanut flour, and raw peanut
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and BEA
article134: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut),
Products (coconut product), Tubers, AF/S, literature134
article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1, literature28;
incidence: 8/295*, conc. range: 15.0–340.0 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO,
101.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: local retail stores in the region of OTA, and OTB, literature28
Brasilia (capital), Brazil, sample year: 2002–2011, country: Brazil208,
*peanut butter and peanut candies, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: local markets and online stores, USA, sample year:
August 2011–January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777,
*included peanut butter, peanut flour, and raw peanut
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
article208: Nuts, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), AF/S,
BEA
literature208
incidence: 49/100, conc. range: 0.1–5 μg/k* (14 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg* than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(10 sa.), 11–20 μg/kg* (3 sa.), 21–35 μg/kg* (17 sa.), and >50 article777: Products (almond product), Products (peanut prod-
μg/kg* (5 sa.), sample origin: commercial and imported food uct), AFB1, literature777; Products (pistachio product), AFB1,
from retail outlets and points of entries, Malaysia, sample year: AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO, OTA, and OTB, literature777
1995–1999, country: Malaysia233, *AF not specified
• Co-contamination: not reported Products (pistachio product) may contain the following
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other mycotoxins:
article233: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Nuts, Aspergillus Toxins
Nuts (peanut), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, Aflatoxin B1
literature233 incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 0.7–1.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.05 μg/kg,
incidence: 30/45, conc. range: >20 to ≤1,789 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: sample origin: local markets and online stores, USA, sample year:
384 μg/kg*, sample origin: supermarkets in the region of Campinas August 2011–January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan28, *included
(municipality), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: 1995/1996, pistachio butter, pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio
country: Brazil421, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, OTA, and OTB; no further information available
article421: Nuts (peanut), AF/S, literature421 article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA literature28;
incidence: 8/41*, conc. range: ≤11.4 μg/kg*, sample origin: Products (pistachio product), AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO, OTA, and
markets, superstores, malls, and venders of major districts of OTB, literature28
Punjab (province), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 0.5–1.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.85 μg/kg,
Pakistan573, *packed peanut nimko, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 sample origin: local markets and online stores, USA, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: August 2011–January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Canada777, *included pistachio butter, pistachio flour, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ roasted pistachio
article573: Butter (peanut butter), Cookies, Nuts (peanut), AF/S, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
literature573 AFG1, OTA, and OTB; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
incidence: 14/71, conc. range: ≤10.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: New • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Zealand, sample year: unknown, country: New Zealand701, *AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 article777: Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777;
• Co-contamination: not reported Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA, literature777;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Products (pistachio product), AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO, OTA, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTB, literature777
Products (pistachio product) 325

incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012, article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA literature28;
country: USA/Taiwan28, *included pistachio butter, pistachio flour, Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO,
and roasted pistachio and OTB, literature28
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 1.0–6.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local
AFG1, OTA, and OTB; no further information available markets and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2012, country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777, *included pistachio butter,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio
article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA literature28; • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, NEO, OTA, and AFG1, OTA, and OTB
OTB, literature28 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012, article777: Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777;
country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777, *included pistachio butter, Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA, literature777;
pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTB, literature777
AFG1, OTA, and OTB
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Ochratoxin B
article777: Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777; sample origin: local markets and online stores, USA, sample year:
Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA, literature777; August 2011–January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan28, *included
Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, NEO, OTA, and pistachio butter, pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio
OTB, literature777 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, OTA, and OTB; no further information available
and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012, article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA literature28;
country: USA/Taiwan28, *included pistachio butter, pistachio flour, Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO,
and roasted pistachio and OTA, literature28
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 0.5–2.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg,
AFG1, OTA, and OTB; no further information available sample origin: local markets and online stores, USA, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: August 2011–January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Canada777, *included pistachio butter, pistachio flour, and
article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA literature28; roasted pistachio
Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, BEA, NEO, OTA, and • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
OTB, literature28 AFG1, OTA, and OTB
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777, *included pistachio butter, article777: Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777;
pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA, literature777;
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, NEO,
AFG1, OTA, and OTB and OTA, literature777
Fusarium Toxins
article777: Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777; Depsipeptides
Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA, literature777;
Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, BEA, NEO, OTA, and Beauvericin
OTB, literature777 incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets
and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins country: USA/Taiwan28, *included pistachio butter, pistachio flour,
and roasted pistachio
Ochratoxin A
markets and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–
January 2012, country: USA/Taiwan28, *included pistachio butter,
article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA literature28;
pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio
Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, NEO, OTA,
and OTB, literature28
AFG1, OTA, and OTB; no further information available
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 1.9 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets Products (potato product) may contain the following
and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012, mycotoxins:
country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777, *included pistachio butter,
pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio Fusarium Toxins
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Type A Trichothecenes
AFG1, OTA, and OTB
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Diacetoxyscirpenol
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article777: incidence: 1/21, conc.: 21 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777; Products (peanut Germany, sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
product), AFB1 and BEA, literature777; Products (pistachio prod- • Co-contamination: not reported
uct), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, NEO, OTA, and OTB, literature777 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Type A Trichothecenes article151: Beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, litera-
Neosolaniol ture151; Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA,
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 58 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets literature151; Products (potato product), HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and
and online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012, ZEA, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA,
country: USA/Taiwan28, *included pistachio butter, pistachio flour, literature151
and roasted pistachio
HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 1/21, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
Germany, sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
article28: Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA literature28;
Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, OTA, and
OTB, literature28
article151: Beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, litera-
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 46 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets and ture151; Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA,
online stores, USA, sample year: August 2011–January 2012, literature151; Products (potato product), DAS, MAS, SCIRP, and
country: USA/Taiwan/Canada777, *included pistachio butter, ZEA, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA,
pistachio flour, and roasted pistachio literature151
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Monoacetoxyscirpenol
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 3/21, conc.: 5–26 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
article777: Products (almond product), AFB1, literature777; Germany, sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
Products (peanut product), AFB1 and BEA, literature777; • Co-contamination: not reported
Products (pistachio product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA, OTA, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTB, literature777 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Products (plant product) may contain the following ture151; Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA,
mycotoxins: literature151; Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, SCIRP, and
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins ZEA, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA,
literature151
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.0 μg/kg Scirpentriol
(1 sa.), sample origin: Finland, sample year: 1998, country: EU698 incidence: 2/21, conc. range: 23–35 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 29 μg/kg,
incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), ≤7.0 μg/kg sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2000/2001,
(2 sa.), sample origin: Finland, sample year: 1998, country: EU698, country: Germany151
*miscellaneous commodities of plant origin • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Finland,
sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *miscellaneous commodities of
plant origin
ture151; Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and
ZEA, literature151; Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS,
and ZEA, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA,
literature151
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Other Fusarium Toxins
Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil),
Peas, Peas (chickpea), Raisins, Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, Zearalenone
chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), incidence: 1/21, conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores,
Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine Germany, sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 • Co-contamination: not reported
Products (tomato product) 327
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Products (tomato product) may contain the following
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ mycotoxins:
ture151; Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, Alternaria Toxins
literature151; Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, and Altenuene
SCIRP, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA, incidence: 8/10, conc. range: 3.8–4.82 μg/kg, sample origin: Italian
literature151 supermarkets, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy822
Products (sesame product) may contain the following • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aspergillus Toxins article822: Juices (apple juice), ALT and TA, literature822;
Products (tomato product), AOH, literature822; see also
Aflatoxin B1 Products (tomato product), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
incidence: 5/130, conc. range: 1 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of Microbial Metabolites
primary storage or processing (domestic products) and sites
of importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Alternariol
Cyprus200 incidence: 24/34, conc. range: >LOD (14 sa.), 6.1–25 μg/kg (10 sa.),
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and Münster
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743
article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut) cereals and their products reported in the present book/article743:
and Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils (vegetable oil),
(chestnut), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Nuts (pistachio nut), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Products (tomato product),
AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AME and TA, literature743; Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, AOH,
AFG2, literature200 ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also Juices, Oils (vegetable oil),
see also Seeds (sesame) Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Metabolites
Products (soybean product) may contain the following incidence: 5/10, conc. range: 4.0–6.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Italian
mycotoxins: supermarkets, Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy822
Fusarium Toxins • Co-contamination: not reported
Fumonisin/s than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 3/35, conc. range: ≤21 μg/kg, sample origin: German article822: Juices (apple juice), ALT and TA, literature822;
market, Germany, sample year: 1999–2001, country: Germany510 Products (tomato product), ALT, literature822; see also Products
• Co-contamination: not reported (tomato product), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
book/article 510: Sauces, Vegetables (asparagus), FB/S, Alternariol Methyl Ether
literature510 incidence: 27/34, conc. range: >LOD (19 sa.), 1.2–7.4 μg/kg (8 sa.),
Products (tobacco product) may contain the following (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743
mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: not reported
article743: Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils
Aflatoxin B1
(vegetable oil), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Products
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 0.016–0.021 μg/kg (dry mass), ∅
(tomato product), AOH and TA, literature743; Seeds (sun-
conc.: 0.019 μg/kg (dry mass), sample origin: Washington D.C.
flower), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also
area, USA, sample year: unknown, country: USA725, *chew tobacco
Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.013–0.271 μg/kg (dry mass), ∅ Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
conc.: 0.091 μg/kg (dry mass), sample origin: Washington D.C.
area, USA, sample year: unknown, country: USA725, *dry snuff Tenuazonic Acid
tobacco incidence: 31/34, conc. range: >LOD (16 sa.), 52–460 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (15 sa.), sample origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Münster (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Germany743
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
article743: Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils Powder (cocoa powder), Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (sesame),
(vegetable oil), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Products Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
(tomato product), AME and AOH, literature743; Seeds (sun-
flower), ALT, AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also Pulp (apple pulp) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further
incidence: 26/26*, conc. range: 7–2,330 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 187 μg/kg, Patulin
sample origin: German market, Germany, sample year: unknown, incidence: 25/32, conc. range: 1.3–102.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 24.1 μg/kg,
country: Germany781, *included different tomato products sample origin: Czech baby food producer, Czech Republic, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: unknown, country: Czech Republic911
article781: Sauces (pepper sauce), TA, literature781 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article911: Apple cider, Baby food, Fruit salad, Fruits (apple),
Fruits (pear), Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), PAT,
Prunes see Fruits (dried) literature911
see also Fruits (apple)
Pudding may contain the following mycotoxins:
Pulp (grape pulp) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 6/8, conc. range: ≤3.585 μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries Ochratoxin A
and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119, incidence: 14/16*, conc. range: 0.0212–0.0354 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.0283 μg/l,
*AFS total sample origin: markets, Rio de Janeiro (state), Brazil, sample year:
• Co-contamination: not reported unknown, country: Brazil/Argentina377, *frozen grape pulp
article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Keskul, Muhallebi, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups, article377: Juices (grape juice), Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine
AF/S, literature119 (white), OTA, literature377
Pudding ingredients were sugar, cornstarch, instant cocoa,
thickener agent, chocolate flavor, and vanilla. Pulp (plum pulp) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Ochratoxin A Patulin
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.8 μg/l, sample origin: local store in Munich
and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: (city) Germany, sample year: 1996/1997, country: Germany52,
September/October 2008, country: Canada90 *commercial product
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year:
article52: Juices (apple juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices
(cherry juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), PAT,
literature52
Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), Candies,
Pulp (tomato pulp) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza,
Products, Raisins, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90 Alternaria Toxins
incidence: 27/32*, conc. range: ≤0.080 μg/kg, sample origin: Tenuazonic Acid
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, incidence: 7/22, conc. range: 39–111 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 73.6 μg/kg,
Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Campinas
country: Germany262, *choco crème (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: July 1994–December
incidence: 7/32*, conc. range: ≤0.090 μg/kg, sample origin: regions 1995, country: Brazil48
around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CA and TA; 6 sa.
Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, contaminated solely with TA
country: Germany262, *different kinds of puddings and crèmes • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article48: Pulp (tomato pulp), CPA, literature48; Puree, CPA and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ TA, literature48
Puree 329
Cyclopiazonic Acid article45: Puree, AOH and TA, literature45
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Campinas (city), incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 0.2–0.5 μg μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.35 μg/kg,
São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: July 1994–December 1995, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
country: Brazil48 Germany46, *tomato puree
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CA and TA; 6 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
sa. contaminated solely with CPA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cle46: Juices (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste), Tomato ketchup,
article48: Pulp (tomato pulp), TA, literature48; Puree, CPA and Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46; Juices
TA, literature48 (vegetable juice), AME, literature46; Puree, AOH, literature46
Pulses see Legumes market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010,
country: Switzerland47, *tomato puree and concentrates
Pumpkin kernels see Seeds (pumpkin) • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Puree may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Alternaria Toxins article47: Fruits (tomato), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato
ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT,
Alternariol AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Puree, AOH and TA, litera-
incidence: 5/80*, conc. range: 187–8,756 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2,219 μg/kg, ture47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter:
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets Buenos Aires (city), Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Argentina, sample year: March/April 2006, country: Argentina45,
*tomato puree Tenuazonic Acid
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA; 2 incidence: 23/80*, conc. range: 39–4,021 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 775 μg/kg,
sa. co-contaminated with AOH and AME; 1 sa. contaminated sample origin: local markets and supermarkets Buenos Aires (city),
solely with AOH Argentina, sample year: March/April 2006, country: Argentina45,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *tomato puree
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contamination with AME and TA;
article45: Puree, AME and TA, literature45 2 sa. co-contamination with AOH and TA; 15 sa. contamination
solely with TA
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Germany46, *tomato puree article45: Puree, AME and AOH, literature45
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 17/17*, conc. range: 2–790 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 165 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: Swiss market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and
article46: Juices (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste), Tomato winter 2010, country: Switzerland47, *tomato puree and concentrates
ketchup, Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46; • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Juices (vegetable juice), Puree, AME, literature46 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 11/17*, conc. range: 4–33 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss article47: Fruits (tomato), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato
market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT,
country: Switzerland47, *tomato puree and concentrates AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Puree, AME and AOH, litera-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ture47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article47: Fruits (tomato), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato incidence: 4/22*, conc. range: 29–76 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 53 μg/kg,
ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Campinas
AME, AOH, and TA, literature47; Puree, AME and TA, litera- (city), São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: July 1994–December
ture47; see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: 1995, country: Brazil48, *tomato puree
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with CA and TA; 2
sa. contaminated solely with TA
incidence: 21/80*, conc. range: 84–1,734 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 593 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets Buenos Aires (city), article48: Pulp (tomato pulp), CPA and TA, literature48; Puree,
Argentina, sample year: March/April 2006, country: Argentina45, CPA, literature48
*tomato puree incidence: 12/12*, conc. range: 1.0–78 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.3 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contamination with AME and TA; sample origin: retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown,
2 sa. co-contamination with AME and AOH; 13 sa. contamina- country: Germany581, *for composition of each single puree see
tion solely with AME the article
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 5/76*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (3 sa.), LOQ-10 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (2 sa., maximum: 5.7 μg/kg), sample origin: supermarkets, organic
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ produce retail outlets, and pharmacies in Lisbon (capital), Portugal,
article581: Tea, TA, literature581 sample year: August 2007–March 2009, country: Portugal486, *apple
purees for infants and young children, homogenized
Cyclopiazonic Acid • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/22*, conc. range: 36–117 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 76.5 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: local markets and supermarkets in Campinas (city), article486: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature486
São Paulo (state), Brazil, sample year: July 1994–December 1995, incidence: 0/24* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
country: Brazil48, *tomato puree Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with CA and TA shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spain594, *apple puree included baby foods, **conventional
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/22* **, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 10–25 μg/kg
article48: Pulp (tomato pulp), CPA and TA, literature48; Puree, (2 sa.), 25–50 μg/kg (1 sa.), and 50.2 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 22.5 μg/kg,
TA, literature48 sample origin: Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets
Ochratoxin A and bio shops, Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012,
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 2.3–13.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.1 μg/kg, country: Spain594, *apple puree included baby foods, **organic
sample origin: grapes collected in a field in Apulia (region), incidence: 5/17* **, conc. range: LOQ-10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10–25
southern Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy49, *red grape μg/kg (2 sa.), 25–50 μg/kg (1 sa.), and 50.2 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.:
berry puree 25.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Catalonian (autonomous community)
• Co-contamination: not reported supermarkets and bio-shops, Spain, sample year: November
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2011–May 2012, country: Spain594, *apple puree included baby
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ foods, **without vitamin C
article49: Sultanas, OTA, literature49 incidence: 1/29* **, conc.: 8.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
Patulin Catalonian (autonomous community) supermarkets and bio-
incidence: 1/15* **, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, shops,594Spain, sample year: November 2011–May 2012, country:
supermarkets, hypermarkets or organic food shops, Italy, sample Spain , *apple puree included baby foods, **with vitamin C
year: November 2003–February 2004, country: Italy35, *fruit puree, • Co-contamination: not reported
**conventional • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 9/25* **, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (8 sa.), 13.0 article594: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature594
μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets For detailed information see the article.
or organic food shops, Italy, sample year: November 2003–
February 2004, country: Italy35, *fruit puree, **organic incidence: 1/16* conc.: 2.9 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
• Co-contamination: not reported and retail shops in Novi Sad (city), Vojvodina (province), Serbia,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: 2013–2015, country: Serbia/Portugal , *apple puree
904
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 10/50*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg (8 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (2 sa.,
article35: Fruits (apple), Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), maximum: 7.7 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 3.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
Vinegar (apple), PAT, literature35 supermarkets and retail shops in Novi Sad (city), Vojvodina
Conventional and organic purees included 23 baby food samples (province), Serbia, sample year: 2013–2015, country: Serbia/
(homogenized fruits, 11 conventional and 12 organic sa.). Portugal904, *multifruit puree
incidence: 6/18*, conc. range: 7.7–28.4 μg/kg, sample origin: stores • Co-contamination: not reported
and supermarkets, Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Spain , *apple compote and puree
43 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article904: Juices, Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature904
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/18* conc. range: 7.59–41.10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16.2 μg/kg,
article43: Juices (apple juice), Products (apple product), PAT, sample origin: supermarkets and organic shops, Portugal, sample
literature43 year: unknown, country: Portugal905, *conventional tomato puree
incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: 22–221 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 123.0 μg/kg, incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 13.15 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
sample origin: different Argentinean towns, Argentina, sample and organic shops, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country:
year: unknown, country: Argentina50, *apple puree Portugal905, *organic tomato puree
article50: Marmalade (apple marmalade), Marmalade (pear article905: Jellies and Juices (apple juice), Juices (tomato juice),
marmalade), PAT, literature50 PAT, literature905
Raisins 331
Penicillium Toxins Aspergillus Toxins
Mycophenolic Acid Aflatoxin B1

incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 31,000 μg/kg, sample origin: private incidence: 3/8, conc. range: 15–180 μg/kg, sample origin: major
households of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, local retail outlets at Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–
country: Austria850, *moldy apple puree 1985, country: India7
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ent in a sa.
article850: Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture850; Fruits (lemon), MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and MA, article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7;
literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA, FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature850; Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts,
Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond),
(lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chapter: Further AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts
see also Fruits (apple) (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7;
“QbA” see Wine Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7;
Raisins, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7
Quinoa see Flour incidence: 4/20, conc. range: ≤13.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.7 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail shops and local markets in Rabat-Salé
Raisins may contained the following mycotoxins:
(region), Morocco, sample year: January–October 2006, country:
Alternaria Toxins Spain/Morocco352
Alternariol • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased in Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), AFB1
supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample and AF/S, literature352; Raisins, AF/S, literature352
year: 2016/2017, country: China815
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 1.68–2.35 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.02 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Chile, Iran, and Turkey, sa. purchased in local
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ shops in Poland, sample year: unknown, country: Poland664,
article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried, *organic sa. from Turkey without any mycotoxins
AME, AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, MA, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article664: Fruits (goji), Raisins, OTA, literature664
Alternariol Methyl Ether incidence: 1/22, conc.: 0.64 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets,
incidence: 11/57, conc. range: 0.3–13.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.1 μg/kg, shops, and market stalls in Mashhad (city), Khorasan (province),
sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased in Iran, sample year: 2009–2011, country: Iran726
supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: 2016/2017, country: China815 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article726: Currants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature726;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Raisins, OTA, literature726
AME, AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AOH, MA,
outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab
OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried,
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750,
*ingredients for halva
Tenuazonic Acid • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 20/57, conc. range: 6.9–594.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 104.8 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
μg/kg, sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased cereals and their products reported in the present book/article750:
in supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, Halva, AFB1 and AFM1, literature750; Nuts (almond), Nuts (pista-
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China 815 chio nut), Spices (cardamom), AFB1, literature750
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/6, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: Corinth (city),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Peloponnese (peninsula), Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Greece767
than cereals and their products reported in the present • Co-contamination: 1 sa. (Corinth) co-contaminated with AFB1
book/article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, and OTA
dried, AME, AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AME, AOH, MA, OTA, and OTB, literature815; see also Dates, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Fruits, dried, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial article767: Currants, Sultanas, AFB1 and OTA, literature767;
Metabolites Raisins, OTA, literature767
Aflotoxin B2 AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour

incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 16–150 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 83 μg/kg, (soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts and Spices, AFB1,
sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature339
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- Aflatoxin/s
ent in a sa. incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 2.6–7.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 5.05
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg*, sample origin: retail shops and local markets in NWFP
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and northern areas, Pakistan, sample year: January–November
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; 2009, country: Pakistan17, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
nut) (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts article17: Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, Kernels (apricot), Nuts
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pine nut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AF/S, literature17
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7; incidence: 4/20, conc. range: ≤13.9 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 10.7 μg/kg*,
Raisins, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7 sample origin: retail shops and local markets in Rabat-Salé
(region), Morocco, sample year: January–October 2006, country:
Aflotoxin G1 Spain/Morocco352, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 15–80 μg/kg, Ø conc.: 47.5 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: major local retail outlets at Nainital (district), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7 than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- book/article352: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
ent in a sa. Nuts (walnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature352; Raisins, AFB1,
incidence: 3/53, conc. range: ≤1 μg/kg* (2 sa.) and 1.64 μg/kg* (1 sa.),
sample origin: vendors, Pakistan, sample year: 2012, country:
Pakistan/Ireland680, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew incidence: 2/51, conc. range: ≤1 μg/kg* (1 sa.) and 1.54 μg/kg*
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.81 μg/kg*, sample origin: vendors, Pakistan,
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts sample year: 2013, country: Pakistan/Ireland680, *AFB1, AFB2,
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; AFG1, and AFG2
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7; incidence: 3/66, conc. range: ≤1 μg/kg* (1 sa.) and 1–4 μg/kg*
Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature7 (2 sa., maximum 2.23 μg/kg*), sample origin: vendors, Pakistan,
sample year: 2014, country: Pakistan/Ireland680, *AFB1, AFB2,
Aflotoxin G2
AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 1/8, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: major local retail
country: India7
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres-
article680: Raisins, OTA, literature680
ent in a sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3/16, conc. range: 0.85–2.14 μg/kg*, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Tehran (capital), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran828,
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera- *total AFS
ture7; Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; • Co-contamination: not reported
Grogannuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nuts (almond), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture7; Nuts (cashew nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and article828: Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature828
OTA, literature7; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and For detailed information see the article.
OTA, literature7; Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
and STG, literature7; Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
and RBT, literature7; Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, Citrinin
literature7 incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.19 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket year: unknown, country: Germany673
in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and
Japan339 OTA
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article673: Cocoa, AF/S and OTA, literature673; Raisins, OTA, lit-
article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and erature673; Sultanas, CIT and OTA, literature673
Raisins 333
Ochratoxin A incidence: 10*/11, conc. range: 0.02–12.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.73 μg/kg,

incidence: 1/8, conc.: pr, sample origin: major local retail outlets at sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across
Nainital (district), India, sample year: 1983–1985, country: India7 Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2005, country: Japan146,
• Co-contamination: Often more than one mycotoxin was pres- *imported products
ent in a sa. • Co-contamination: not reported
article7: Coconuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; article146: Beans (green bean), Coffee, Wine, OTA, literature146;
Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature7; Nuts (almond), ture146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, RBT, STG, and ZEA, literature7; Nuts (cashew incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 4.2 μg/kg**, sample origin: stores, Taiwan,
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature7; Nuts sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan/Russia147, *black raisins,
(peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature7; Nuts **CL-ELISA
(pistachio nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and STG, literature7; • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature7; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Raisins, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature7 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 31/52, conc. range: ≤12.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.93 μg/kg, article147: Beans (kidney beans), Berries (grape), Coffee, OTA,
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in seven literature147
major cities, Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2007, incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 0.93–1.20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.07 μg/kg,
country: Japan85 sample origin: sales outles, Qatar, sample year: October 2002,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Qatar229, *grape raisins, dried
article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature85; Beverages, Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, article229: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts
Spices (coriander), Wine, OTA, literature85 (pistachio nut), AF/S, literature229; Coffee, OTA, literature229;
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA,
fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: September/ literature229
October 2008, country: Canada90 incidence: 101/106*, conc. range: ≤21.40 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.17 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year: Kulmbach, Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
September/October 2009, country: Canada90 country: Germany262, *raisins and currants
article90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
Pies, Pizza, Products, Pudding, Seeds, Wine, OTA, literature90 Powder (cocoa powder), Pudding, Seeds (linseed), Seeds (ses-
incidence: 6/13, conc. range: 0.14–0.70 μg/kg, sample origin: ame), Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan112 incidence: 98/101, conc. range: 0.1 μg/kg (5 sa.), 0.2–4.0 μg/kg
• Co-contamination: not reported (73 sa.), 4.1–10 μg/kg (13 sa.), 10.1–20 μg/kg (6 sa.), and 29.8 μg/kg
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (1 sa.), sample origin: 13 regions in UK, sample year: October/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ November 1998, country: UK263
article112: Cassis, Juices, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa, Coffee, • Co-contamination: not reported
Food, and Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder (cocoa • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 0.02–5.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.56 μg/kg, article263: Chocolate, Currants, Figs, Juices (grape juice),
sample origin: Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Powder (cocoa powder), Sultanas, Wine (red), OTA,
Poland, sample year: 2004, country: Poland116 literature263
incidence: 1/6*, conc. range: 0.02–0.08 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 18/20, conc. range: 0.125–6.2* μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.48 μg/kg,
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample sample origin: imported from Greece, Iran, and Turkey purchased
year: 2005, country: Poland116, *raisins and fruit, dried in Hungarian outlets, Hungary, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Hungary273, *Iranian sa.
Coffee, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and AFG1, literature116; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116 article273: not reported
sample origin: imported from Australia, Chile, Greece, and the than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
USA and purchased in unknown shops in Norwich and article664: Fruits (goji), OTA, literature664; Raisins, AFB1,
supermarkets, small shops, etc. across UK, sample year: unknown, literature664
country: UK328 incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.7 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: unknown, country: Germany673
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and OTA
article328: Currants and Sultanas, OTA, literature328 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 67/85, conc. range: ≤26.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.29 μg/kg, article673: Cocoa, AF/S and OTA, literature673; Raisins, CIT, lit-
sample origin: different countries and unknown collected in erature673; Sultanas, CIT and OTA, literature673
unknown retail locations across Canada, sample year: 1998–2000, incidence: 38/53, conc. range: ≤1 μg/kg (9 sa.), 1–10 μg/kg (26 sa.),
country: Canada329 and ≥10 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum 12.75 μg/kg), sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported vendors, Pakistan, sample year: 2012, country: Pakistan/Ireland680
incidence: 38/51, conc. range: ≤1 μg/kg (12 sa.), 1–10 μg/kg (24 sa.),
and ≥10 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum 11.16 μg/kg), sample origin:
article329: Currants, Sultanas, OTA, literature329
vendors, Pakistan, sample year: 2013, country: Pakistan/Ireland680
incidence: 46/66, conc. range: ≤1 μg/kg (15 sa.), 1–10 μg/kg (28 sa.),
and ≥10 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum 10.88 μg/kg), sample origin:
sample origin: popular markets in Rabat (capital), Morocco,
vendors, Pakistan, sample year: 2014, country: Pakistan/Ireland680
sample year: unknown, country: Morocco/France341
article680: Raisins, AF/S, literature680
article341: Fruits, dried, Olives, OTA, literature341
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.) and 5.0 μg/kg
(1 sa.), sample origin: Finland, sample year: 1998, country: EU698
sample origin: retail shops in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
Morocco, sample year: July/August 2005, country: Morocco/ incidence: 20/29, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (9 sa.), 1.0–
Spain364, *raisins, dried 2.9 μg/kg (9 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), and 7.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample
• Co-contamination: not reported origin: Finland, sample year: 1999, country: EU698
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 6/13, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), 1.0–
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), and 4.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: France,
article364: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (walnut), OTA, literature364 sample year: 1998/1999, country: EU698
incidence: 96/118*, conc. range: >0.1 μg/kg (91 sa.) and >10 μg/kg • Co-contamination: not reported
(5 sa., maximum 34.6 μg/kg), sample origin: local stores, Sweden, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: winter seasons 1999/2000 and 2001/2002, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Sweden598, *raisins and currants article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Coffee,
• Co-contamination: not reported Coffee beans, Cocoa, Currants, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other juice), Fruits, dried, Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Peas, Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Spices, Spices
article598: not reported (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
For detailed information see the article. Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine
(rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698
sample origin: supermarkets and stores, USA, sample year: 2012– incidence: 3/22, conc.: 0.8–4.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.21 μg/kg, sample
2014, country: USA599, *conventional origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in Mashhad
(city), Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: 2009–2011,
country: Iran726
sample origin: supermarkets and stores, USA, sample year: 2012–
2014, country: USA599, *organic
article726: Currants, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature726;
Raisins, AFB1, literature726
article599: Dates, Figs, Nuts (pistachio nut), OTA, literature599
incidence: 6/10, conc. range: 0.16–5 μg/kg (6 sa., maximum:
4.10 μg/kg), sample origin: dried grape factories in Hamadan
sample origin: Chile, Iran, and Turkey, sa. purchased in local
(province), Iran, sample year: October 2012–March 2013, country:
shops in Poland, sample year: unknown, country: Poland664,
Iran742
*organic sa. from Turkey without any mycotoxins
Raisins 335
article742: Currants, Sultanas, OTA literature742 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article815:
incidence: 4/4, conc. range: <0.8–10 μg/kg (3 sa.) and 103.3 μg/kg Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried, AME, AOH, MA,
(1 sa.), sample origin: Crete (island, administrative unit), Greece, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, MA, OTB, and TA,
sample year: 2012, country: Greece767 literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried, chapter: Further
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: <0.8–10 μg/kg (3 sa.) and 10–100
see also Currants, Fruits, dried, and Sultanas
μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Aigio and Corinth (town and city),
Peloponnese (peninsula), Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Ochratoxin B
Greece767 incidence: 2/57, conc. range: 0.1–0.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. (Corinth) co-contaminated with AFB1 sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased in
and OTA; no further information available supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: 2016/2017, country: China815
article767: Currants, Sultanas, AFB1 and OTA, literature767; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Raisins, AFB1, literature767 than cereals and their products reported in the present
incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 0.75–6.48 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.62 μg/kg, book/article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits,
sample origin: dried fruit store, Iran, sample year: unknown, dried, AME, AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins,
country: Iran 783 AME, AOH, MA, OTA, and TA, literature815; see also Dates,
• Co-contamination: not reported Fruits, dried, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
incidence: 5/12, conc. range: ≤2.17 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 Fumonisin/s
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech Fumonisin B1
Republic811 incidence: 7/7, conc. range: 243.42–17,321.51 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
• Co-contamination: not reported 2924 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from China, India, Iran,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other South Africa, Turkey, USA, and unknown origin, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Hungary600
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, iso-FB1,
and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products FB2, iso-FB2,3, FB3, 3-epi-FB3, FB4, 3-epi-FB4, FB5, and iso-FB5,
(ginger product), Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper, 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, 3-epi-FB3, FB4, and
chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), 3-epi-FB4; 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4, and
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine 3-epi-FB4; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4; 1
(red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3
sample origin: Achaia (Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present
September 2011, country: Italy/Greece812 book/article600: Raisins, FB2 and FB3, literature600; see also
incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 1.1–98.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 35.9 μg/kg, Raisins, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
sample origin: Ilia (Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: Metabolites
September 2011, country: Italy/Greece812
Fumonisin B2
incidence: 2/6, conc. range: ≤1.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Corinthia incidence: 7/7, conc. range: 157.14–11,515.78 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
(Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: September 2011, 2279 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from China, India, Iran,
country: Italy/Greece812 South Africa, Turkey, the USA, and unknown origin, sample year:
incidence: 13/18, conc. range: ≤22.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Messinia unknown, country: Hungary600
(Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: September 2011, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, iso-FB1, FB2,
country: Italy/Greece812 iso-FB2,3, FB3, 3-epi-FB3, FB4, 3-epi-FB4, FB5, and iso-FB5; 1 sa.
incidence: 7/9, conc. range: ≤66.7 μg/kg, sample origin: Zante Island, co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, 3-epi-FB3, FB4, and 3-epi-
Greece, sample year: September 2011, country: Italy/Greece812 FB4; 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4, and 3-epi-FB4;
• Co-contamination: not reported 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4; 1 sa. co-con-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other taminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3
article812: Raisins, FB2, literature812 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article600: Raisins, FB1 and FB3, literature600; see also Raisins,
sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased in incidence: 10/21, conc. range: <LOQ-7.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, imported from Chile, China, Greece, South Africa, Turkey, and the
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815 USA sample year: unknown, country: Denmark601
• Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with FB2 and FB4 OTA, OTB, and TA, literature815; see also Dates, Fruits, dried,
and 1 sa. contaminated solely with FB2 chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Rapeseeds see Oil seeds
article601: see also Raisins, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Microbial Metabolites Red kidney beans see Beans (kidney bean)
Red pepper see Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)
incidence: 0/4, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Achaia
(Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: September 2011, Reserva see Wine (red)
country: Italy/Greece812
incidence: 0/4, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Ilia Retsina see Wine, miscellaneous
(Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: September 2011,
country: Italy/Greece812 Rhine Riesling see Wine (white)
incidence: 2/6, conc. range: ≤9.9 μg/kg, sample origin: Corinthia
(Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: September 2011,
Rice wine see Wine, miscellaneous
Riesling see Wine (white)
incidence: 7/18, conc. range: ≤17.7 μg/kg, sample origin: Messinia
(Peloponnese region), Greece, sample year: September 2011, Rioja see Wine (red) and Wine (white)
incidence: 3/9, conc. range: ≤25.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Zante Roero Arneis see Wine
Island, Greece, sample year: September 2011, country: Italy/
Greece812 Rootcrops may contained the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Aflotoxin/s
article812: Raisins, OTA, literature812 incidence: 43/129*, Ø conc.: 3.8 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater
For detailed information see the article. Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country:
Philippines1, *rootcrops and products, **AF of pos sa.?
Fumonisin B3 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 7/7, conc. range: 50.27–3,716.03 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 684 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
μg/kg, sample origin: imported from China, India, Iran, South than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Africa, Turkey, USA, and unknown origin, sample year: unknown, article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee,
country: Hungary600 Drinks (alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, iso-FB1, Products (coconut product), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
FB2, iso-FB2,3, FB3, 3-epi-FB3, FB4, 3-epi-FB4, FB5, and iso-FB5; 1 Sweet potatoes, Yams, AF/S, literature1
sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, 3-epi-FB3, FB4, and
3-epi-FB4; 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4, and Roero Arneis see Wine
3-epi-FB4; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, and FB4; 1
sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3 Safflower seeds see Seeds (safflower)
than cereals and their products reported in the present Sago see Starch (cassava starch)
book/article600: Raisins, FB1 and FB2, literature600; see also
Raisins, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
Salep may contain the following mycotoxins:
Metabolites Aspergillus Toxins
Penicillium Toxins Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 6/7, conc. range: ≤1.562 μg/kg*, sample origin: groceries
Mycophenolic Acid and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: Turkey119,
incidence: 27/57, conc. range: 0.3–2647.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 130.7 *AFS total
μg/kg, sample origin: principally Xinjiang (province), purchased • Co-contamination: not reported
in supermarkets and local markets in Beijing (capital), China, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 2016/2017, country: China815 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Keskul, Muhallebi, Pudding, Sauces (chocolate sauce), Soups,
article815: Dates, MA, PA, and TA, literature815; Fruits, dried, Salep is a flour made from tubers. Ingredients were sugar,
AME, AOH, MA, PAT, and TA, literature815; Raisins, AME, AOH, thickener agent, salep flavor, and cinnamon.
Sauces (chilli sauce) 337
Sauces may contain the following mycotoxins: DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
Fusarium Toxins (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
Fumonisin/s Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
incidence: 8/53*, conc. range: ≤17 μg/kg, sample origin: German incidence: 5/26, conc. range: ≤24.1 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail
market, Germany, sample year: 1999–2001, country: Germany510, markets of Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
*seasoning sauces and pastes (districts) in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Pakistan751, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 4/24, conc. range: ≤20.9 μg/kg*, sample origin: food
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ restaurants in Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
article510: Products (soybean product), Vegetables (asparagus), (districts) in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown,
FB/S, literature510 country: Pakistan751, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Sauces (apple sauce) may contain the following • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Alternaria Toxins article751: Sauces (chilli sauce), AF/S, literature751; Spices (cay-
enne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, literature751
Alternariol
incidence: 6/10, conc. range: 1.2–2.0 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.5 μg/l, sample Fusarium Toxins
origin: retail shops, Hesse (federal state), Germany, sample year: Type B Trichothecenes
2009/2010, country: Germany439
• Co-contamination: not reported Nivalenol
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 1/4, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article439: shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
Juices (apple juice), Juice (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste), • Co-contamination: not reported
Tomato ketchup, Wine (white), AOH, literature439 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Sauces (chilli sauce) may contain the following mycotoxins: cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Aspergillus Toxins
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry
Aflatoxin/s paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S,
incidence: 10/26, conc. range: ≤54.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), OTA and
retail markets of Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
(districts) in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and
country: Pakistan751, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA,
literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO,
incidence: 7/24, conc. range: ≤33.9 μg/kg*, sample origin: food
NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-
restaurants in Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV,
(districts) in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown,
OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV,
country: Pakistan751, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
OTA, and T-2, literature16
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Other Fusarium Toxins
article751: Sauces (chilli sauce), OTA, literature751; Spices (cay- Zearalenone
enne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, literature751 incidence: 1/4, conc.: 7.1 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
Ochratoxin A
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
ture16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces
(chilli sauce), NIV and OTA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
sauce), NIV and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and
T-2, literature16
Sauces (chocolate sauce) may contain the following country: New Zealand277
Aflatoxin/s article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: 0.575–8.672 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 4.131 μg/kg, Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
sample origin: groceries and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AF/S, lit-
2003, country: Turkey119, *AFS total erature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine
• Co-contamination: not reported fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1,
article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello, literature277; Sauces (peanut sauce), AF/S, literature277
Keskul, Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Soups, AF/S, literature119 Aflatoxin/s
Chocolate sauce ingredients were sugar, cocoa, and milk incidence: 18/20, conc. range: 19–943 μg/kg*, sample origin:
powder. Keneba (village), Gambia, sample year: September (end of rainy
season) 1989 or 1992, country: UK/France/USA101, *AFB1, AFB2,
Sauces (flour sauce) may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 13/22*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 6–15 μg/kg** article101: Sauces (leaf sauce), AF/S, literature101
(8 sa.), 16–25 μg/kg** (3 sa.), >100 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin:
incidence: 8/24, conc. range: 0.2–10.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 2.7 μg/kg*,
Keneba (village), Gambia, sample year: October 1988, country:
France/England/Germany/USA/Gambia118, *bukolo, **AF
country: New Zealand277, *AFS total
Food, Nuts (peanut), Sauces (leaf sauce), AF/S, literature118
Sauces (fruit sauce) see Fruits (apple) Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AF/S, lit-
Sauces (leaf-sauce) may contain the following mycotoxins: erature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine
fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper,
Aspergillus Toxins chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1,
AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Sauces
Aflatoxin/s
(peanut sauce), AFB1, literature277
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: 21–34 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 27 μg/kg,
sample origin: Keneba (village), Gambia, sample year: September
Sauces (peanut-chilli sauce) may contain the following
(end of rainy season) 1989 or 1992, country: UK/France/USA101,
mycotoxins:
article101: Sauces (peanut sauce), AF/S, literature101 incidence: 16/16, conc. range: 2.0–4.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), >4.0–≤230.0
μg/kg (12 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets and/or traditional
incidence: 56/87*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg** (3 sa.), 6–15 μg/kg** markets in Yogyakarta (city), Indonesia, sample year: 1998/1999,
(34 sa.), 16–25 μg/kg** (9 sa.), 26–50 μg/kg** (5 sa.), 51–100 country: Indonesia/Austria/Canada106, *sambal pecel/sambal sate
μg/kg** (4 sa.), >100 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: Keneba • Co-contamination: not reported
(village), Gambia, sample year: October 1988, country: France/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
England/Germany/USA/Gambia118, *kucha, **AF than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article106: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Food, Nuts
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than (peanut), Products, AFB1, literature106
Food, Nuts (peanut), Sauces (flour sauce), AF/S, literature118 incidence: 7/12, conc. range: 8–207 μg/kg, sample origin:
Sauces (peanut sauce) may contain the following 2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226
article226: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut),
Aflatoxin B1
Snacks, AFB1 and AF/S, literature226; Sauces (peanut chilli
sauce), AF/S, literature226
Sauces (soy sauce) 339
Aflatoxin/s • Co-contamination: not reported

incidence: 9/12, conc. range: 7–613 μg/kg, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
traditional markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226 article132: Beans (kidney bean), Butter (peanut butter), Curd
• Co-contamination: not reported (bean curd), Nuts (peanut), Oils (rapeseed oil), Oils (soybean
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other oil), Paste (bean paste), Tofu, Wine, miscellaneous, AFB1,
article226: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 20–170 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 95 μg/kg,
Snacks, AFB1 and AF/S, literature226; Sauces (peanut chilli sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand,
sauce), AFB1, literature226 sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1;
Sauces (pepper sauce) may contain the following 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Alternaria Toxins cereals and their products reported in the present book/article133:
Beans, Sauces (soy sauce), AFG1, literature133; Beans (soybean),
Tenuazonic Acid Curd (bean curd), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature133
incidence: 34/53, conc. range: 0.31–12.5 μg/kg*, sample origin:
sample origin: German market, Germany, sample year: unknown,
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: China402 (measured by
country: Germany781, *included normal, Ajvar and Calabrian
TRFIA, only 3 sa. exceed 5.0 μg AFB1/kg
pepper sauce
article781: Products (tomato product), TA, literature781
Aflatoxin G1
Sauces (pepper and barbecue sauce) may contain the incidence: 3/10, conc. range: 20–70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 36.7 μg/kg,
following mycotoxins: sample origin: markets around Bangkok (capital) area, Thailand,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins sample year: July 1983–April 1985, country: Thailand133
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1;
Ochratoxin A 2 sa. contaminated solely with AFG1
incidence: 7/50*, conc. range: ≤0.72 μg/l sample origin: different • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article133: Beans, AFG1, literature133; Beans (soybean), Curd
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (bean curd), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature133;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Sauces (soy sauce), AFB1, literature133
article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (carrot juice),
Juices (grape juice), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (soy sauce), Aflatoxin G2
Spices (mustard), Tomato ketchup, Vinegar (apple), Vinegar incidence: 1/149, conc.: pr, sample origin: factories, Taiwan, sample
(balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine year: April–December 1974, country: Taiwan590
(white), OTA, literature110 • Co-contamination: not reported
Sauces (soy sauce) may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article590: Paste (soybean paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
Aspergillus Toxins literature590
Aflatoxin B1 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.81 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin:
grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gangneung, and Ochratoxin A
Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year: incidence: 2/15*, conc. range: ≤0.25 μg/l sample origin: different
May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10 origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110,
• Co-contamination: not reported *soja- and herbal sauce
article10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Paste (soybean paste), Spices article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (carrot juice),
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), AFB1, Juices (grape juice), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper and
literature10 barbecue sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato ketchup, Vinegar
(apple), Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine
(rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature110
sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai (city)
areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country: incidence: 5/5, ∅ conc.: 6.82 μg/kg, sample origin: Japan, sample
China/USA132 year: 1996, country: Japan592
• Co-contamination: not reported article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH, and TA, literature514; Sauces (tomato sauce), ALT, AME,
article592: not reported and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces
Fusarium Toxins
Type B Trichothecenes For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 4/8, conc. range: ≤25 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16 μg/kg, sample
Deoxynivalenol
origin: Dutch survey program (2013) and retail shops across The
incidence: 34/35, conc. range: 4.5–1,245.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 142
Netherlands, sample year: 2013?, country: Netherlands568
μg/kg, sample origin: local markets in Guangzhou (city),
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
Guangdong (province), China, sample year: unknown, country:
and TA.
China882
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 30.5–238.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 114 μg/kg, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article568:
sample origin: imports from Japan purchased on local markets in Figs, Olives, Seeds (sunflower), TA, literature568; Fruits (apple),
Guangzhou (city), Guangdong (province), China, sample year: AOH, literature568; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME and TA, litera-
unknown, country: China882 ture568; Wine (red), AOH and TA, literature568; see also Seeds (sun-
• Co-contamination: not reported flower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 3/9, conc. range: ≤16 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores,
Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: Netherlands/
article : not reported
882
Germany906
Sauces (tomato sauce) may contain the following • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
mycotoxins: cereals and their products reported in the present book/article906:
Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and TA, lit-
Alternaria Toxins erature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906; Paste (tomato
paste), Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA,
Altenuene
literature906; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME and TA, literature906
incidence: 9/28, conc. range: <LOQ-12.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local
supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–February Alternariol Methyl Ether
2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514 incidence: 7/24*, conc. range: 1–4 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Switzerland47, *tomato sauces and soup
article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AOH, and TA, literature514; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME, AOH, article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH,
and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, lit-
(tomato sauce), and Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further erature47; Sauces (tomato sauce), AOH and TA, literature47; see
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: Further
For detailed information see the article. Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Alternariol incidence: 22/28, conc. range: <LOQ-3.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 8/24*, conc. range: 4–10 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–
market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514
country: Switzerland47, *tomato sauces and soup • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera-
article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME,
and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, lit- AOH, and TA, literature514; Sauces (tomato sauce), ALT, AOH,
erature47; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME and TA, literature47; see and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces
also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: Further (tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 24/28, conc. range: <LOQ-41.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013– incidence: 4/8, conc. range: ≤7.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.8 μg/kg, sample
February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514 origin: Dutch survey program (2013) and retail shops across The
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Netherlands, sample year: 2013?, country: Netherlands568
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and TA.
Seeds (bush mango) 341
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906; Paste
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (tomato paste), Seeds (sunflower), Tomato ketchup, AME,
article568: Figs, Olives, Seeds (sunflower), TA, literature568; AOH, and TA, literature906; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME and
Fruits (apple), AOH, literature568; Sauces (tomato sauce), Wine AOH, literature906
(red), AOH and TA, literature568; see also Seeds (sunflower),
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Sauvignon see Must
Sauvignon Blanc see Wine (white)
stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country:
Seasonings see Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Seeds may contain the following mycotoxins:
article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
(tomato sauce), AOH and TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil),
Ochratoxin A
AME, literature906; Paste (tomato paste), Seeds (sunflower),
Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and TA, literature906
and fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year:
Tenuazonic Acid September/October 2008, country: Canada90, *seeds, shelled
incidence: 24/24*, conc. range: 4–144 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 40 μg/kg, incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.35 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets
sample origin: Swiss market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, sample year:
and winter 2010, country: Switzerland47, *tomato sauces and soup September/October 2009, country: Canada90, *seeds, shelled
article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), Candies,
and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, lit- Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts, Pies, Pizza,
erature47; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME and AOH, literature47; Products, Pudding, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature90
see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: Further
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Seeds (bush mango) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 28/28, conc. range: 7.7–330.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local Alternaria Toxins
supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–February
2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514 Tenuazonic Acid
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 26/40, conc. range: ≤80.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22.3 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AOH, and TA, literature514; Sauces (tomato sauce), ALT, AME, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and AOH, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
(tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, and T-2,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
For detailed information see the article. AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
origin: Dutch survey program (2013) and retail shops across The
Netherlands, sample year: 2013?, country: Netherlands568
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, and Aspergillus Toxins
TA; 4 sa. contaminated solely with TA
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article568: incidence: 23/40, conc. range: ≤713.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 68.1 μg/kg,
Figs, Olives, Seeds (sunflower), TA, literature568; Fruits (apple), sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
AOH, literature568; Sauces (tomato sauce), AME and AOH, litera- September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
ture568; Wine (red), AOH and TA, literature568; see also Seeds (sun- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
flower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 7/9, conc. range: ≤111 μg/kg, sample origin: retail article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, BEA,
stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA,
Netherlands/Germany906 literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 11.71 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt Aflatoxin G2

Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.14 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt
country: Nigeria639 Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Nigeria639
AFG1, and AFG2 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article639: Seeds (bush mango), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture639; Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, article639: Seeds (bush mango), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639 ture639; Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1,
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 10/40, conc. range: ≤105.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22.8 μg/kg, Aflatoxin M1
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: incidence: 6/40, conc. range: ≤25.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.2 μg/kg,
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AFM1, BEA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA, article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, BEA,
literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA,
AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
and Microbial Metabolites (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
For detailed information see the article. and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 2.43 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt For detailed information see the article.
Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013, Other Aspergillus Toxins
country: Nigeria639
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Sterigmatocystin
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 16/40, conc. range: ≤8.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/
article639: Seeds (bush mango), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Ireland603
ture639; Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin G1 article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
incidence: 19/40, conc. range: ≤6.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.0 μg/kg, BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, T-2, and TA,
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
year: September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/ AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
Ireland603 (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. and Microbial Metabolites
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, BEA, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA,
literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample
year: September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/
Ireland603
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.85 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Nigeria639 article603: Seeds (bush mango), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, BEA,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA,
AFG1, and AFG2 literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
article639: Seeds (bush mango), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, litera- and Microbial Metabolites
ture639; Seeds (melon), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, For detailed information see the article.
Seeds (bush mango) 343
Cyclopiazonic Acid Fusarium Toxins

sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: Depsipeptides
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 Beauvericin
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 8/40, conc. range: ≤7.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.7 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
BEA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA,
and Microbial Metabolites literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
For detailed information see the article. AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
Kojic Acid
incidence: 40/40, conc. range: ≤488,800.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
46,160.9 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state),
Nigeria, sample year: September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/ Type A Trichothecenes
Austria/Ireland603
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. HT-2 Toxin
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 7/40, conc. range: ≤104.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 43.4 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
BEA, CPA, HT-2, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
and Microbial Metabolites BEA, CPA, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA,
For detailed information see the article. literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
Ochratoxin A (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
incidence: 28/40, conc. range: ≤831.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 43.4 μg/kg, and Microbial Metabolites
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: For detailed information see the article.
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. T-2 Toxin
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
and Microbial Metabolites BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, and TA,
For detailed information see the article. literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
Ochratoxin B (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
incidence: 7/40, conc. range: ≤129.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23.5 μg/kg, and Microbial Metabolites
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Type B Trichothecenes
Nivalenol
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, STG, T-2, and TA,
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA,
literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Aflatoxin B2

AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds incidence: 4/198, conc. range: pr, sample origin: 16 districts of
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins Bihar (state), India, sample year: February/March 1987, country:
and Microbial Metabolites India463
For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article463: Seeds (linseed), AFB1, literature463
Moniliformin
incidence: 9/40, conc. range: ≤602.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 73.6 μg/kg, Aflatoxin/s
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: incidence: 46/105, conc. range: 120–810 μg/kg, sample origin:
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 different areas of Bihar (state), India, sample year: March 1984–
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. February 1985, country: India524
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
BEA, CPA, HT-2, MA, KA, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA, article524: For detailed information see the article.
AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins Ochratoxin A
and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 12/24, conc. range: ≤1.79 μg/kg, sample origin: regions
For detailed information see the article. around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
Penicillium Toxins Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany262
Mycophenolic Acid • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 22/40, conc. range: ≤291.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 27.6 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Powder (cocoa powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (sesame),
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article603: Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262
Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, BEA, CPA,
HT-2, KA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA, literature603; Seeds (lupine) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CPA, KA, Aspergillus Toxins
OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds (melon), Seeds (bush
mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Aflatoxin/s
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 2/13*, conc. range: 4.5–6.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: local
see also Ogbono markets in Karthoum (capital), Sudan, sample year: 1993–1996,
country: Yemen/Oman715, *for food and feed, **AFB1 and AFB2
Seeds (linseed) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: not reported
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1 article715: not reported
incidence: 15/48, conc. range: <20 μg/kg (2 sa.), 21–100 μg/kg
(7 sa.), 101–500 μg/kg (3 sa.), 501–1,000 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: Seeds (melon) may contain the following mycotoxins:
875 μg/kg), sample origin: villages of Khagaria and Saharsa Aspergillus Toxins
(districts) of North Bihar (state), India, sample year: August–
October 1987, country: India128 Aflatoxin B1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), southwest
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/
article128: Beans (cowpea), Beans (mung bean), Field mustard, Austria/Ireland361
Lentils, Peas (chickpea), AFB1, literature128 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 13/198, conc. range: 18–460 μg/kg, sample origin: 16 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
districts of Bihar (state), India, sample year: February/March than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1987, country: India463 article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera-
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2, ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1,
9 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 BEA, CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other BEA, and STG, literature361
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 9/32, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (3 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg
article463: Seeds (linseed), AFB2, literature463 (4 sa.), >20 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 36 μg/kg), sample origin: open
Seeds (melon) 345
markets in villages in Ogun (state in the rain forest), Nigeria, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 8/28, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 10 to <15 article532: not reported
μg/kg (3 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: 18 μg/kg), sample For detailed information see the article.
origin: open markets in towns in Ogun (state in the rain forest), incidence: 13/16, conc. range: ≤127.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37.5 μg/kg,
Nigeria, sample year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531 sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
incidence: 10/26, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (6 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland
603
(2 sa.), >20 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 50 μg/kg), sample origin: open • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
markets in villages in Oyo (state in the rain forest), Nigeria, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 7/29, conc. range: 10 to <15 μg/kg (4 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
(2 sa.), 23 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: open markets in towns in
TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
Oyo (state in the rain forest), Nigeria, sample year: March–June
2001, country: Nigeria531
incidence: 9/22, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (4 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg and Microbial Metabolites
(2 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), 26 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: open For detailed information see the article.
markets in villages in Osun (state in the rain forest), Nigeria,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.82 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt
sample year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531
Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013,
incidence: 14/24, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (6 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg country: Nigeria639
(4 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (3 sa.), 26 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: open • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
markets in towns in Osun (state in the rain forest), Nigeria, AFG1, and AFG2
sample year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 9/35, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (4 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(2 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: 16 μg/kg), sample origin: article639: Seeds (bush mango), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
open markets in villages in Kaduna (state in the savanna), Nigeria, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Seeds (melon), AFB2,
sample year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria 531 AFG1, and AFG2, literature639
incidence: 6/26, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg incidence: 64/182*, conc. range: ≤55 μg/kg**, sample origin:
(3 sa.), 15 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: open markets in towns in Ogun, Osun, and Oyo (states) in the humid forest, Nigeria, sample
Kaduna (state in the savanna), Nigeria, sample year: March–June year: unknown, country: Nigeria668, *storage time for “egusi”
2001, country: Nigeria531 melon seeds in different facilities 0–10 months; **after 6–8-
incidence: 11/28, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (5 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg month storage time
(3 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), 25 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: open incidence: 49/179*, conc. range: ≤45 μg/kg**, sample origin:
markets in villages in Niger (state in the savanna), Nigeria, sample Bauchi, Kaduna, and Niger (states) in the savanna, Nigeria, sample
year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531 year: unknown, country: Nigeria668, *storage time for “egusi”
incidence: 5/25, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg melon seeds in different facilities 0–12 months, **after 10–12-
(2 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 17 μg/kg), sample origin: month storage time
open markets in towns in Niger (state in the savanna), Nigeria, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 8/23, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (3 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg article668: not reported
(1 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), >20 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 30 μg/kg), For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: open markets in villages in Bauchi (state in the
savanna), Nigeria, sample year: March–June 2001, country: incidence: 58/65, conc. range: 0.4–2 μg/kg (38 sa.), 2–5 μg/kg
Nigeria531 (8 sa.), 5–15 μg/kg (5 sa.), 15–50 μg/kg (5 sa.), 50–200 μg/kg (2 sa.),
sample origin: Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 6/19, conc. range: 5 to <10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 10 to <15 μg/kg country: Iran727
(2 sa.), 15–20 μg/kg (1 sa.), 28 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: open • Co-contamination: not reported
markets in towns in Bauchi (state in the savanna), Nigeria, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: March–June 2001, country: Nigeria531 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article727: Seeds (melon), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature727
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 22/22, conc. range: 0.1–2 μg/kg (7 sa.), 2.1–10 μg/kg
article531: not reported (7 sa.), >10 μg/kg (8 sa., maximum: 66.5 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 9.7 μg/kg,
sample origin: retailers and households, Ireland and UK, sample
incidence: 24/75, conc. range: 2.3–47.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 15.3 μg/kg, year: September 2015, country: Ireland/Nigeria/UK/Italy846
sample origin: farmers’ stores in humid forest, Nigeria, sample • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
year: July–December 2000, country: Nigeria532 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: farmers’ stores in the Northern Guinea savanna, Seeds (melon), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature846
Nigeria, sample year: July–December 2000, country: Nigeria532 For detailed information see the article.
Aflatoxin B2 article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 0.75–5.30 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg, BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), southwest TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2,
Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/ AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
Austria/Ireland361 (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
• Co-contamination: not reported and Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.39 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera- Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013,
ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, country: Nigeria639
BEA, CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
BEA, and STG, literature361 AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 article639: Seeds (bush mango), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Seeds (melon), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, and AFG2, literature639
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/65, conc. range: 0.4–2 (4 sa.) μg/kg, 2–5 (2 sa.) μg/kg,
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, sample origin: Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: unknown,
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and country: Iran727
TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and Microbial Metabolites article727: Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature727
incidence: 11/22, conc. range: 0.1–2 μg/kg (9 sa.), 2.1–10 μg/kg
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt (2 sa.), ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retailers and households,
Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013, Ireland and UK, sample year: September 2015, country: Ireland/
country: Nigeria639 Nigeria/UK/Italy846
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature846
article639: Seeds (bush mango), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), For detailed information see the article.
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Seeds (melon), AFB1,
AFG1, and AFG2, literature639 Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 14/65, conc. range: 0.4–2 (7 sa.) μg/kg, 2–5 (5 sa.) μg/kg, incidence: 3/16, conc. range: ≤6.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.7 μg/kg,
5–15 (2 sa.) μg/kg, sample origin: Khorasan (province), Iran, sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
sample year: unknown, country: Iran727 September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
article727: Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature727 article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
incidence: 22/22, conc. range: 0.1–2 μg/kg (17 sa.), 2.1–10 μg/kg TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
(4 sa.), 13.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 1.5 μg/kg, sample origin: AFM1, CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds
retailers and households, Ireland and UK, sample year: September (melon), Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins
2015, country: Ireland/Nigeria/UK/Italy846 and Microbial Metabolites
article846: Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013,
literature846 country: Nigeria639
AFG1, and AFG2
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: article639: Seeds (bush mango), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Seeds (melon), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFB2, and AFG1, literature639
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/65, conc.: 0.4–2 μg/kg, sample origin: Khorasan
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (province), Iran, sample year: unknown, country: Iran727
Seeds (melon) 347
article727: Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG1, literature727 article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
incidence: 6/22, conc. range: 0.1–2 μg/kg (6 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
sample origin: retailers and households, Ireland and UK, sample TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
year: September 2015, country: Ireland/Nigeria/UK/Italy846 AFM1, CPA, KA, and OTA, literature603; see also Seeds (melon),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Microbial Metabolites
article846: Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CIT, and OTA, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
literature846
For detailed information see the article. 3-Nitropropionic Acid
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 177.9–1,472.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 825.2
Aflatoxin M1 μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states),
incidence: 4/16, conc. range: ≤2.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: South Africa/Austria/Ireland361
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera-
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1,
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and BEA, CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2,
TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, and STG, literature361
CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds (melon),
Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year:
incidence: 2/4, conc. range: ≤29 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
to USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
AFG2 BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other CPA, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds (melon),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Seeds (bush mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Microbial Metabolites
Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil For detailed information see the article.
nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio
Citrinin
nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut paste),
incidence: 4/22, conc. range: 0.2–2 μg/kg (1 sa.), 2.1–10 μg/kg (3 sa.,
Paste (pipian paste), Products (peanut product), Spices (cay-
maximum: 3.6 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 3.0 μg/kg, sample origin: retailers
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S,
and households, Ireland and UK, sample year: September 2015,
literature19
country: Ireland/Nigeria/UK/Italy846
Other Aspergillus Toxins • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 4/9, conc. range: 0.64–12.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.98 article846: Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), literature846
Southwest Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/ For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: not reported Cyclopiazonic Acid
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera- September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603
ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
BEA, CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, and BEA, literature361 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 13/16, conc. range: ≤2.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.4 μg/kg, sample article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1,
origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and
September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFM1, KA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds (melon), Seeds (pumpkin) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Microbial Metabolites Fusarium Toxins
For detailed information see the article. Type A Trichothecenes
Kojic Acid HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 16/16, conc. range: ≤3,942.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,288.5 incidence: 1/5, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany,
μg/kg, sample origin: local markets in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
sample year: September/October 2014, country: Nigeria/Austria/ • Co-contamination: not reported
Ireland603 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article151: Beans, Seeds (pumpkin), Spices (cayenne pepper,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ chilli), ZEA, literature151; Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower),
article603: Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature151; Products (potato product),
BEA, CPA, HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA, literature151
TA, literature603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFM1, CPA, OTA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds (melon), Other Fusarium Toxins
Microbial Metabolites Zearalenone
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/5, conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, Germany,
sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151
incidence: 1/16, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
in Lagos (state), Nigeria, sample year: September/October 2014, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
country: Nigeria/Austria/Ireland603 cle151: Beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, literature151;
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than ture151; Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article603: ZEA, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2, literature151
Seeds (bush mango), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, BEA, CPA, see also Oil seeds
HT-2, KA, MA, MON, NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, T-2, and TA, litera-
ture603; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, CPA, Seeds (sesame) may contain the following mycotoxins:
KA, and STG, literature603; see also Seeds (melon), Seeds (bush
Alternaria Toxins
mango), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
For detailed information see the article. Alternariol
incidence: 3/22, conc. range: 0.2–2 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: incidence: 15/17, conc. range: 0.3–14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg,
0.95 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retailers and sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts),
households, Ireland and UK, sample year: September 2015, Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country:
country: Ireland/Nigeria/UK/Italy846 Nigeria/Austria629
article846: Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, BEA, CIT, DON, FA,
literature846 KA, STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame),
Fusarium Toxins Alternariol Methyl Ether

incidence: 16/17, conc. range: 0.2–4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample
Depsipeptides origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts), Plateau State,
Beauvericin Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country: Nigeria/Austria629
incidence: 7/9, conc. range: 0.19–2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.09 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: markets in Lagos, Ogun, and Oyo (states), Southwest • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Nigeria, sample year: March 2016, country: Nigeria/South Africa/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Austria/Ireland361 article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AOH, BEA, CIT, DON, FA, KA,
• Co-contamination: not reported STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame), chap-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Tenuazonic Acid
article361: Beans (locust bean), 3-NPA. BEA, and CIT, litera- incidence: 16/17, conc. range: 2–40 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16 μg/kg,
ture361; Iru, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature361; Ogiri, 3-NPA, AFB1, sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts),
BEA, CIT, and STG, literature361; Seeds (melon), 3-NPA, AFB1, Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country:
AFB2, and STG, literature361 Nigeria/Austria629
Seeds (sesame) 349
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. nut), Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Spice (nutmeg), AFB1, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture239; Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature239
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.54 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, BEA, CIT, DON, in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country:
FA, KA, STG, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame), Japan339, *white sesame
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2
Aflatoxin B1 article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, AFB1 and AFG2, literature339;
incidence: 2/19, conc. range: 0.6–2.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.5 μg/kg, Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour (soybean flour), AFB1,
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods literature339; Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, ture339; Seeds (sesame), Raisins, AFG2, literature339
country: Japan99 incidence: 23/30*, conc. range: 0.1–14.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported mostly imported from other countries and purchased on the
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Athens (capital) market, Greece, sample year: autumn 2014,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Greece397, *sesame seeds and sesame products
article99: Beans, Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99; Food, Jam • Co-contamination: not reported
(bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; article397: not reported
Seeds (sesame), AFB2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne pep-
per, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; incidence: 33?/182*, conc. range: 0.1–0.5 μg/kg (31 sa.), 0.5–1
Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99 μg/kg (16 sa.), 1–2 μg/kg (7 sa.), 2–6 μg/kg (9 sa., maximum:
5.54 μg/kg), sample origin: Khorasan (province), Iran, sample
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: silos, homes, and year: September 2009–August 2010, country: Iran677, *sesame
small shops in different villages on the southern coast, Guatemala, seeds, unprocessed
sample year: 1976, country: Guatemala136, *sa. stored for 6 months • Co-contamination: not reported
during dry season • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article677: Seeds (sesame), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature677
article136: Beans (black bean), AF/S, literature136; Coffee, AFB1, incidence: 91*/269, conc. range: 1–2 μg/kg (58 sa.), 2–3 μg/kg (17
literature136 sa.), 3–4 μg/kg (7 sa.), 4–5 μg/kg (4 sa.), >5 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum:
40.57 μg/kg), sample origin: imported from Afghanistan to
incidence: 7/8, conc. range: 0.54–1.82 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.90 μg/kg, Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: April 2008–January 2009,
sample origin: supermarkets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample country: Iran745, *only sa. contaminated >1 μg/kg are considered
year: unknown, country: Malaysia182 • Co-contamination: not reported
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article182: article745: Seeds (sesame), AFB2 and AFG1, literature745
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sunflower), Spices (cayenne pepper,
chilli), Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature182 Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 4?/211, conc. range: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of incidence: 2/19, conc. range: 0.2–0.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg,
primary storage or processing (domestic products) and sites of sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200 and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), article99: Beans, Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99; Food, Jam
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chest- (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts
nut), Products (sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (ses- Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
ame), AFG1 and AFG2, literature200 Seeds (sesame), AFB1, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne pep-
per, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99;
incidence: 4/19*, conc. range: 4–10 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99
sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *sesame seeds, moldy
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 8?/182*, conc. range: 0.1–0.5 μg/kg (13 sa., maximum:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than 0.42 μg/kg), sample origin: Khorasan (province), Iran, sample
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article239: year: September 2009–August 2010, country: Iran677, *sesame
Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits (orange), seeds, unprocessed
Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chest-
article677: Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature677 nut), Products (sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200;
incidence: 4*/269, conc. range: 1–2 μg/kg (1 sa.), 2–3 μg/kg (1 sa.), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (ses-
>5 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 5.71 μg/kg), sample origin: imported ame), AFB1 and AFG1, literature200
from Afghanistan to Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 7.05 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarket
April 2008–January 2009, country: Iran745, *only sa. contaminated in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country:
>1 μg/kg are considered Japan339, *white sesame
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2
article745: Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFG1, literature745 article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, AFB1 and AFG2, literature339;
Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour (soybean flour), Seeds
Aflatoxin G1 (sesame), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 4?/211, conc. range: <0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of and AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339
importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200 incidence: 1/182*, conc.: 0.1–0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Khorasan
• Co-contamination: not reported (province), Iran, sample year: September 2009–August 2010,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Iran677, *sesame seeds, unprocessed
article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chest- article677: Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature677
nut), Products (sesame product), Spices, AFB1, literature200; Aflatoxin/s
Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (ses- incidence: 2/75, conc. range: <10 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: <1 μg/kg*,
ame), AFB1 and AFG2, literature200 sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and
incidence: 20/20, conc. range: 0.06–2.04 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.75 μg/kg, distributors, Thailand, sample year: September 1967–July 1969,
sample origin: markets in Ankara (capital), Turkey, sample year: country: Thailand139, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
unknown, country: Turkey221 • Co-contamination: not reported
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article221: article139: Beans, Beans (mung bean), Food, Nuts (peanut),
Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature221 Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (garlic/onion), Starch
incidence: 1/182*, conc.: 1–2 μg/kg, sample origin: Khorasan (cassava starch), Vegetables, AF/S, literature139
(province), Iran, sample year: September 2009–August 2010, For detailed information see the article.
country: Iran677, *sesame seeds, unprocessed incidence: 4/10, conc. range: 0.10–1.01 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.46
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg*, sample origin: “Casamance” region in southern Guinea,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Senegal, sample year: unknown, country: Senegal/Nigeria/USA710,
than cereals and their products reported in the present *B-AF/S
book/article677: Seeds (sesame), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, incidence: 9/15, conc. range: 0.10–1.23 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.33
literature677 μg/kg*, sample origin: “Bassin arachidier” and “Senegal Oriental”
incidence: 5*/269, conc. range: 1–2 μg/kg (3 sa.), 3–4 μg/kg (2 sa., regions, Senegal, sample year: unknown, country: Senegal/
maximum: 3.86 μg/kg), sample origin: imported from Afghanistan Nigeria/USA710, *B-AF/S
to Khorasan (province), Iran, sample year: April 2008–January • Co-contamination: not reported
2009, country: Iran745, *only sa. contaminated >1 μg/kg are • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
considered than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article745: Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFB2, literature745 Sterigmatocystin
incidence: 1/17, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos,
Aflatoxin G2
Mekera, and Vwang (districts), Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year:
incidence: 4?/211, conc. range: <0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of
April/May 2011, country: Nigeria/Austria629
importation, Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200
article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, BEA, CIT, DON,
FA, KA, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame),
Seeds (sesame) 351
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Nigeria/Austria629

3-Nitropropionic Acid • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 3/17, conc. range: 3–95 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 35 μg/kg, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts), Plateau State, article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, CIT, DON, FA,
Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country: Nigeria/Austria629 KA, STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame),
article629: Seeds (sesame), AME, AOH, BEA, CIT, DON, FA, KA,
T-2 Toxin
STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame),
incidence: 1/30, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites”
and small retail shops, Japan, sample year: summer 2010–winter
Citrinin 2012, country: Japan892
incidence: 3/17, conc. range: 13–17 μg/kg; ∅ conc.: 15 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nigeria/Austria629 article892: Beans (mung bean), DON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ture892; Beans (soybean), HT-2 and T-2, literature892; Seeds
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (sesame), ZEA, literature892
article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, FA,
KA, STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame), Deoxynivalenol
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 15/17, conc. range: 8–76 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 28 μg/kg,
sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts),
Kojic Acid
Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country:
incidence: 9/17, conc. range: 50–64,600 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7,449
Nigeria/Austria629
μg/kg, sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang
(districts), Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011,
country: Nigeria/Austria629
article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, BEA, CIT, FA, KA,
STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame), chap-
article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, BEA, CIT, DON,
FA, STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame), Other Fusarium Toxins
Fusaric Acid
Ochratoxin A incidence: 1/17, conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos,
incidence: 9/24, conc. range: ≤0.860 μg/kg, sample origin: regions Mekera, and Vwang (districts), Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year:
around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel, April/May 2011, country: Nigeria/Austria629
Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
country: Germany262 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, BEA, CIT, DON,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ KA, STG, TA, and ZEA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame),
article : Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
262
Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
Powder (cocoa powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Zearalenone
Seeds (sunflower), OTA, literature262 incidence: 15/17, conc.: range: 0.7–38 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7 μg/kg,
sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts),
incidence: 19/19, conc. range: 1.90–15.66 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.14 Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country:
μg/kg, sample origin: markets in Kaffin Koro, Minna, and Pasiko Nigeria/Austria629
(towns), Niger State, Nigeria, sample year: 2010, country: Nigeria785 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article629: Seeds (sesame), 3-NPA, AME, AOH, BEA, CIT, DON,
article785: Flakes (cassava), OTA, literature785 FA, KA, STG, and TA, literature629; see also Seeds (sesame),
Fusarium Toxins chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 2/7*, ∅ conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample origin: Yemen, sample
Depsipeptides
year: 1984, country: Japan630, *ncac
Beauvericin • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 16/17, conc. range: 3–82 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: B’Ladi, Bokkos, Mekera, and Vwang (districts), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Plateau State, Nigeria, sample year: April/May 2011, country: article630: not reported
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops, Japan, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: summer 2010–winter 2012, country: Japan892 article648: Seeds (sunflower), AME and TA, literature648
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 20/20*, conc. range: 250–980 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 661
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in Cordoba (province), Argentina,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: 1994, country: Argentina649, *ncac, **first sampling
article892: Beans (mung bean), DON, HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, litera- • Co-contamination: 16 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA;
ture892; Beans (soybean), HT-2 and T-2, literature892; Seeds 4 sa. contaminated solely with AOH
(sesame), T-2, literature892 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Seeds (sunflower) may contain the following mycotoxins: article649: Seeds (sunflower), AME and TA, literature649
Alternaria Toxins incidence: 17/20*, conc. range: 60–800 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 360
μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in Cordoba (province), Argentina,
Altenuene
sample year: 1994, country: Argentina649, *ncac, **second sampling
incidence: 1/11, conc.: >LOD, sample origin: retail stores in the
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH and
area of Arnsberg and Münster (cities), Germany, sample year:
TA; 12 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA; 4 sa. contami-
unknown, country: Germany743
nated solely with AOH
article649: Seeds (sunflower), AME and TA, literature649
(vegetable oil), Products (tomato product), AME, AOH, and TA, incidence: 4/20*, conc. range: 800–1,600 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
literature743; Seeds (sunflower), AME, AOH, ATX-I, and TA, lit- 1,070 μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in Cordoba (province), Argentina,
erature743; see also Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sun- sample year: 1994, country: Argentina649, *ncac, **third sampling
flower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH and
TA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA
Alternariol • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2*/2, conc. range: 357–1,840 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,090 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: several localities in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), article649: Seeds (sunflower), AME and TA, literature649
Italy, sample year: late summer, country: Italy164, *visibly affected incidence: 38/50, conc. range: 35–792 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 166 μg/kg,
by Alternaria rot sample origin: oil seed factory, Argentina, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH; country: Argentina650
1 sa. contaminated solely with AOH • Co-contamination: 31 sa. co-contaminated with AME and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AOH; 7 sa. contaminated solely with AOH
article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, article650: Seeds (sunflower), AME, literature650
literature164; Olives, ALT, AME, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sun-
flower), AME, literature164 incidence: 6/11, conc. range: >LOD (3 sa.), 16–39 μg/kg (3 sa.),
incidence: 9/79*, conc. range: 4.6–246 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 62.4 μg/kg, (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743
sample origin: farmer’s fields and cultivar trials, South Africa, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: 2016, country: Germany/Brazil/South Africa414, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*sunflower seeds, unshelled than cereals and their products reported in the present
incidence: 4/80*, conc. range: 7.7–119 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 63.2 μg/kg, book/article743: Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743;
sample origin: farmer’s fields and cultivar trials, South Africa, Oils (vegetable oil), Products (tomato product), AME, AOH,
sample year: 2016, country: Germany/Brazil/South Africa414, and TA, literature743; Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, ATX-I,
*sunflower seeds, shelled and TA, literature743; see also Juices, Oils (vegetable oil),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Microbial Metabolites
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/10, conc.: 36 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores,
article414: Seeds (sunflower), AME and TA, literature414; see also
Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: Netherlands/
Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Germany906
Metabolites • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH;
incidence: 128/150*, conc. range: 50–676 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 189 no further information available
μg/kg, sample origin: Buenos Aires, Cordoba, La Pampa, San Luis, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and Santa Fe (provinces), Argentina, sample year: 1991/1992, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Argentina648, *ncac article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and
• Co-contamination: 46 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906; Paste
and TA; 44 sa. co-contaminated solely with AOH and TA; 18 sa. (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato ketchup, AME,
co-contaminated solely with AME and AOH; 20 sa. contami- AOH, and TA, literature906; Seeds (sunflower), AME and TA,
nated solely with AOH literature906
Seeds (sunflower) 353
Alternariol Methyl Ether incidence: 31/50, conc. range: 90–630 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 114 μg/kg,
incidence: 1*/2, conc.: 129 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities sample origin: oil seed factory, Argentina, sample year: unknown,
in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: late summer, country: Argentina650
country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot • Co-contamination: 31 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article650: Seeds (sunflower), AOH, literature650
article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), Spices (pepper), incidence: 7?/11, conc. range: >LOD (2 sa.), 0.64–21 μg/kg (4 sa.),
AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, sample origin: retail stores in the area of Arnsberg and Münster
literature164; Olives, ALT, AME, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sun- (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany743
flower), AOH, literature164 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 13/79*, conc. range: 0.9–197 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 24.1 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: farmer’s fields and cultivar trials, South Africa, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article743:
sample year: 2016, country: Germany/Brazil/South Africa414, Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils (vegetable oil),
*sunflower seeds, unshelled Products (tomato product), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743;
incidence: 5/80*, conc. range: 0.7–27.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.1 μg/kg, Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, ATX-I, and TA, literature743; see also
sample origin: farmer’s fields and cultivar trials, South Africa, Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further
sample year: 2016, country: Germany/Brazil/South Africa414, Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
*sunflower seeds, shelled incidence: 1/10, conc.: 1.7 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: Netherlands/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Germany906
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH;
article414: Seeds (sunflower), AOH and TA, literature414; see also no further information available
Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Metabolites cereals and their products reported in the present book/article906:
incidence: 68/150*, conc. range: 30–836 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 202 μg/kg, Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and TA, litera-
sample origin: Buenos Aires, Cordoba, La Pampa, San Luis, and ture906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906; Paste (tomato
Santa Fe (provinces), Argentina, sample year: 1991/1992, country: paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato ketchup, AME, AOH, and
Argentina648, *ncac TA, literature906; Seeds (sunflower), AOH and TA, literature906
• Co-contamination: 46 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH, Altertoxin I
and TA; 18 sa. co-contaminated solely with AME and AOH; 4 incidence: 1/11, conc.: >LOD, sample origin: retail stores in the
sa. co-contaminated solely with AME and TA; 2 sa. contami- area of Arnsberg and Münster (cities), Germany, sample year:
nated solely with AME unknown, country: Germany743
article648: Seeds (sunflower), AOH and TA, literature648 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article743:
incidence: 0/20*, conc.: no contamination**, sample origin: silo in Juices, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature743; Oils (vegetable oil),
Cordoba (province), Argentina, sample year: 1994, country: Products (tomato product), AME, AOH, and TA, literature743;
Argentina649, *ncac, **first sampling Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, OH, and TA, literature743; see also
• Co-contamination: not reported Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Tenuazonic Acid
article649: Seeds (sunflower), AOH and TA, literature649
incidence: 53/79*, conc. range: 82.7–5,160 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 510 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 600 μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in sample origin: farmer’s fields and cultivar trials, South Africa,
Cordoba (province), Argentina, sample year: 1994, country: sample year: 2016, country: Germany/Brazil/South Africa414,
Argentina649, *ncac, **second sampling *sunflower seeds, unshelled
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH
incidence: 28/80*, conc. range: 65.7–6,260 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7521
and TA
μg/kg, sample origin: farmer’s fields and cultivar trials, South
Africa, sample year: 2016, country: Germany/Brazil/South
Africa414, *sunflower seeds, shelled
incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 800 μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Cordoba (province), Argentina, sample year: 1994, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Argentina649, *ncac, **third sampling article414: Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature414; see
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH also Seeds (sunflower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
and TA Microbial Metabolites
sample origin: Dutch survey program (2013) and retail shops
across The Netherlands, sample year: 2013?, country: Netherlands568
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with TA and TEN; 4 incidence: 8/10, conc. range: ≤1,350 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
sa. contaminated solely with TA stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Netherlands/Germany906
Figs, Olives, TA, literature568; Fruits (apple), AOH, literature568; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Sauces (tomato sauce), AME, AOH, and TA, literature568; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Wine (red), AOH and TA, literature568; see also Seeds (sunflower), article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites and TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906;
incidence: 98/150*, conc. range: 2,500–15,796 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: Paste (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Tomato ketchup,
6,459 μg/kg, sample origin: Buenos Aires, Cordoba, La Pampa, San AME, AOH, and TA, literature906; Seeds (sunflower), AME and
Luis, and Santa Fe (provinces), Argentina, sample year: 1991/1992, AOH, literature906
country: Argentina648, *ncac Aspergillus Toxins
• Co-contamination: 46 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
and TA; 44 sa. co-contaminated solely with AOH and TA; 4 sa. Aflatoxin B1
co-contaminated solely with AME and TA; 4 sa. contaminated incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 10.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local marketing
solely with TA institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, country: GDR29, *moldy
article648: Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature648 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 16/20*, conc. range: 3,900–31,600 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (pea-
16,000 μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in Cordoba (province), nut product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee,
Argentina, sample year: 1994, country: Argentina649, *ncac, **first OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29;
sampling Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, litera-
• Co-contamination: 16 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA ture29; Seeds (sunflower), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: supermarkets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample
article649: Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature649 year: unknown, country: Malaysia182
incidence: 13/20*, conc. range: 3,600–15,800 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: • Co-contamination: not reported
8,000 μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in Cordoba (province), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Argentina, sample year: 1994, country: Argentina649, *ncac, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article182:
**second sampling Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sesame), Spices (cayenne pepper,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH and chilli), Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature182
TA; 12 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA Aflatoxin B2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local marketing
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, country: GDR29, *moldy
article649: Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, literature649 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 9/20*, conc. range: 3,120–6,240 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
4,500 μg/kg**, sample origin: silo in Cordoba (province), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Argentina, sample year: 1994, country: Argentina649, *ncac, **third article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (pea-
sampling nut product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH and OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29;
TA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and TA; 5 sa. contami- Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, litera-
nated solely with TA ture29; Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29
than cereals and their products reported in the present Aflatoxin G1
book/article 649: Seeds (sunflower), AME and AOH, incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local marketing
literature649 institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, country: GDR29, *moldy
incidence: 11/11, conc. range: >LOD (9 sa.), 350–490 μg/kg (2 sa.), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
∅ conc.: 420 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores in the area of cereals and their products reported in the present book/article29:
Arnsberg and Münster (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown, Butter (peanut butter, Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut product),
country: Germany743 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee, OTA, literature29;
• Co-contamination: not reported Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Fruits (apple), Fruits
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature29; Seeds (sunflower),
(vegetable oil), Products (tomato product), AME, AOH, and TA, Aflatoxin G2
literature743; Seeds (sunflower), ALT, AME, AOH, and ATX-I, incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: local marketing
literature743; see also Juices, Oils (vegetable oil), Seeds (sun- institutions, GDR, sample year: unknown, country: GDR29, *moldy
flower), chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Co-contamination: not reported
Seeds (sunflower) 355
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article151: Beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture151; Nuts (hazelnut), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature151;
article29: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (pea- Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA,
nut product), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Coffee, literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA, literature151;
OTA, literature29; Fruits, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature29; Seeds (sunflower), T-2 and ZEA, literature151
Fruits (apple), Fruits (peach), Juices (apple juice), PAT, litera-
ture29; Seeds (sunflower), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature29 T-2 Toxin
Aflatoxin/s sample origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2000/2001,
incidence: 7/136, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg* (5 sa.), 10.0–14.9 country: Germany151
μg/kg* (1 sa.), 15.0–19.9 μg/kg* (1 sa.), sample origin: brokers, • Co-contamination: not reported
distributors, growers, processors, and retail trade, Canada, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 1970–1975, country: Canada15, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and AFG2 article151: Beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ZEA, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture151; Nuts (hazelnut), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature151;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2 and
article15: Butter (peanut butter), Cocoa beans, Nuts (almond), ZEA, literature151
Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts
(pistachio nut), Nuts (walnut), AF/S, literature15 Type B Trichothecenes
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.92 μg/kg*, sample origin: mainly imported Deoxynivalenol
from local retail outlets in Lodz (city), Poland, sample year: incidence: 4/9* **, conc. range: 40–304 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 155
unknown, country: Poland18, *AFS total μg/kg, sample origin: different locations, Serbia, sample year:
• Co-contamination: not reported 2004, country: Serbia634, *ncac, **sunflower and sunflower meal
incidence: 5/10* **, conc. range: 114–788 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 447
μg/kg, sample origin: different locations, Serbia, sample year:
article18: Nut cereals, Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut),
2005, country: Serbia634, *ncac, **sunflower and sunflower meal
Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts
(walnut), AF/S, literature18
article633: Beans (soybean), DON, literature634
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 100–500 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: home-
grown as well as imported and purchased in retail outlets and
regions around Detmold, Giessen, Hamburg, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kiel,
from Portuguese cereal traders, Portugal, sample year: unknown,
Kulmbach, and Trier (cities), Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Portugal787, *for food and feed
country: Germany262
article787: Beans (soybean), DON and ZEA, literature787; Seeds
article262: Bars, Chocolate, Drinks (chocolate drink), Figs,
(sunflower), ZEA, literature787
Fruits, dried, Nut crème, Nuts, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut),
Powder (cocoa powder), Pudding, Raisins, Seeds (linseed), Other Fusarium Toxins
Seeds (sesame), OTA, literature262
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 4.34 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and Zearalenone
small shops, Jordan, sample year: September 2008–March 2009, incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 2–4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample
country: Jordan315 origin: food stores, Germany, sample year: 2000/2001, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Germany151
article315: Coffee beans, Nuts, OTA, literature315 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Fusarium Toxins ture151; Products (potato product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP,
and ZEA, literature151; Nuts (hazelnut), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA,
literature151; Seeds (pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA, literature151;
HT-2 Toxin Seeds (sunflower), HT-2 and T-2, literature151
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: food stores, incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 5–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: home-
Germany, sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151 grown as well as imported and purchased in retail outlets and
• Co-contamination: not reported from Portuguese cereal traders, Portugal, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Portugal787, *for food and feed
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2; 1
article. sa. co-contaminated with FB2 and MA; 3 sa. contaminated
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other solely with FB1
article787: Beans (soybean), DON and ZEA, literature787; Seeds than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(sunflower), DON, literature787 article736: Shiitake, DON, FB1, and MA, literature736
see also Oil seeds
Sesame oils see Oils (sesame oil) Deoxynivalenol
Sesame products see Products (sesame product) sample origin: supermarkets in Shanghai (city), China, sample
year: unknown, country: China736; *Lentinula edodes
Sesame seeds see Seeds (sesame) • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and MA;
4 sa. contaminated solely with DON
Shea nuts may contain the following mycotoxins:
article736: Shiitake, FB1, FB2, and MA, literature736
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 2/21*, conc. range: <5 μg/kg (1 sa.**), 15 μg/kg (1 sa.**), Penicillium Toxins
sample origin: Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, and Upper Volta, sample
year: May–September 1981, country: England563, *providing Mycophenolic Acid
cocoa-butter substitutes, **moldy shea nut sa. incidence: 12/30*, conc. range: 3.3–28,819.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3,378
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Shanghai (city), China,
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 sample year: unknown, country: China736; *Lentinula edodes
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with DON and MA;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MA; 1 sa. co-contaminated
article563: Shea nuts, AFB2, literature563 with FB2 and MA; 7 sa. contaminated solely with MA
incidence: 1/21*, conc.: pr**, sample origin: Ghana, Ivory Coast, article736: Shiitake, DON, FB1, and FB2, literature736
Mali, and Upper Volta, sample year: May–September 1981,
country: England563, *providing cocoa-butter substitutes, **moldy Shiraz see Wine (red)
shea nut sa.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and Shiro may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFB2
Aspergillus Toxins
article563: Shea nuts, AFB1, literature563 incidence: 5/60, conc. range: 100–500 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 271 μg/kg,
sample origin: government-owned stores, retail shops, and open
Sherry see Wine, miscellaneous markets in Addis Ababa (capital), Ethiopia, sample year: unknown,
country: Ethiopia168
Shiitake may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: not reported
Fumonisin/s article168: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature168
Fumonisin B1 For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 6/30*, conc. range: 8.2–78.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 35.1 μg/kg, Shiro is a homogenous stew. It consisted primarily of powdered
sample origin: supermarkets in Shanghai (city), China, sample chickpeas or broad bean meal and is often prepared with spices.
year: unknown, country: China736; *Lentinula edodes Singkamas see Tubers
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MA;
3 sa. contaminated solely with FB1 Snack bar see Bars
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Snacks may contain the following mycotoxins:
article736: Shiitake, DON, FB2, and MA, literature736 Alternaria Toxins
Fumonisin B2 Alternariol Methyl Ether
incidence: 5/30*, conc. range: 8.2–71.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 31.4 μg/kg, incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 47 μg/kg, sample origin: street traders in
sample origin: supermarkets in Shanghai (city), China, sample Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria/
year: unknown, country: China736; *Lentinula edodes Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based
Snacks 357
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street article833: Snacks, AFB2, literature833; see also Snacks, chapter:
traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/maize-based
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: street hawkers, markets, and retail shops, Southwest
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, BEA, FB1, FB2, FB3, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria398, *groundnut
KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: Further snacks, dry-roasted
article398: Snacks, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature398
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 5/11*, conc. range: 8–75 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 559–679 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 619 μg/kg,
traditional markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year:
2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *snacks, unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based
traditional (fried floured peanut, peanuts with brown sugar, and incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.8–1.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, sample
sweet-grounded peanuts) origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/maize-based
article226: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Sauces (peanut chilli sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature226; article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
Snacks, AF/S, literature226 KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: Further
incidence: 68/106*, conc. range: 5–165 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25.5 μg/kg, Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
sample origin: street hawkers, markets, and retail shops, Southwest incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street
Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria398, *groundnut vendors in Lagos (metropolis), Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
snacks, dry-roasted country: Spain/Nigeria833, *snacks, cassava-based
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample origin: street vendors in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Lagos (metropolis), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spain/Nigeria833, *snacks, coconut-based (baked coconut and
article398: Snacks, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature398 coconut candy)
incidence: 3/10*, conc. range: 52–362 μg/kg, sample origin: street incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: street vendors in
traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Lagos (metropolis), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based Spain/Nigeria833, *groundnut-based snacks
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 9.3–12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 10.7 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
maize-based article833: Snacks, AFB1, literature833; see also Snacks, chapter:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB2, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB1, FB2, FB3, incidence: 12/106*, conc. range: 5–20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.2 μg/kg,
KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: Further sample origin: street hawkers, markets, and retail shops, Southwest
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria398, *groundnut
snacks, dry-roasted
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street • Co-contamination: not reported
vendors in Lagos (metropolis), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Spain/Nigeria833, *snacks, cassava-based than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 23 μg/kg, sample origin: street vendors in article398: Snacks, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature398
Lagos (metropolis), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
Spain/Nigeria833, *snacks, coconut-based (baked coconut and Aflatoxin G2
coconut candy) incidence: 3/106*, conc. range: 7–10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.0 μg/kg,
sample origin: street hawkers, markets, and retail shops, Southwest
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: ≤19 μg/kg, sample origin: street
Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Nigeria398, *groundnut
vendors in Lagos (metropolis), Nigeria, sample year: unknown,
snacks, dry-roasted
country: Spain/Nigeria833, *snacks, groundnut-based
article398: Snacks, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature398
Aflatoxin M1 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.

sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based article763: Snacks, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: Further
traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/maize-based Kojic Acid
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 6/10*, conc. range: 23–485 μg/kg, sample origin: street
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AME, BEA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: Further incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 194.4–218 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 206 μg/kg,
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year:
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/
Aflatoxin/s maize-based
incidence: 5/11*, conc. range: 7–112 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
traditional markets and supermarkets, Indonesia, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
2001/2002, country: Austria/Indonesia/Thailand226, *snacks, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
traditional (fried floured peanut, peanuts with brown sugar, and article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB1,
sweet-grounded peanuts) FB2, FB3, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter:
• Co-contamination: not reported Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Fusarium Toxins
article226: Butter (peanut butter), Cake (peanut), Nuts (peanut), Depsipeptides
Sauces (peanut chilli sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature226;
Snacks, AFB1, literature226 Beauvericin
incidence: 4/40*, conc. range: 10–40 μg/kg**, sample origin:
traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
markets in Idadan (city), Southwest Nigeria, sample year:
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based
unknown, country: Nigeria529, *“robo” = fried melon balls, **AFB1,
AFB2, and AFG1 incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 1.8–1.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.85 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year:
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contami- unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/
nated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 maize-based
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, AME, FB1, FB2, FB3,
incidence: 9/12*, conc. range: ≤43.8 μg/kg**, sample origin: markets
KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: Further
and street corners in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria, sample year:
unknown, country: Nigeria721, *snacks, groundnut-based
(groundnut cake, peanut candy, roasted and boiled groundnut), Fumonisin/s
**AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
Fumonisin B1
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 6.0 μg/kg**, sample origin: markets and incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street
street corners in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria, sample year: unknown, traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
country: Nigeria721, *snacks, nut-based (tiger nut, gurundi, Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based
coconut chips, and walnut), **AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/
article721: not reported maize-based
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB2,
FB3, KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter:
traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 2.9–4.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.85 μg/kg, Fumonisin B2
sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/ traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country:
maize-based
Soups 359
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 35–40 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37.5 μg/kg, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: cle659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, DON,
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/ ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, OTA,
maize-based OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean flour),
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB1, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste (peanut
FB3, KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and
ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
Fumonisin B3 DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-
traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based and Microbial Metabolites
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 12.5–14.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.5 μg/kg, Alternariol Methyl Ether
sample origin: street traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: 0.2–23.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.4 μg/kg,
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/ sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon,
maize-based sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. South Africa659, *peanut soup
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB1,
FB2, KA, and MON, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter:
South Africa659, *peanut soup
Other Fusarium Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Moniliformin article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: street DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: unknown, country: OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-based flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 68–72 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 70 μg/kg, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: street-traders in Lagos (city), Nigeria, sample year: AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
unknown, country: Nigeria/Austria763, *snacks, groundnut-/ OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
maize-based (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AOH,
article763: Snacks, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFB2, AFM1, AME, BEA, FB1, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
FB2, FB3, and KA, literature763; see also Snacks, chapter: Further flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Aspergillus Toxins
Soft drink see Juices (apple juice)
Aflatoxin B1
Soups may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: <LOQ-37 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16
μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
Alternaria Toxins
forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
Alternariol Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup
incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: 0.04–3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, incidence: 6/8*, conc. range: 1–36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14 μg/kg,
sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup South Africa659, *peanut soup
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 0.1–2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
South Africa659, *peanut soup article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, AOH,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, Aflatoxin G2
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 10–36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23 μg/kg, sample
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites South Africa659, *peanut soup
Aflatoxin B2 sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: <LOQ-8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/ sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), South Africa659, *peanut soup
Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5/8*, conc. range: 0.4–7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, book/article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ CIT, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA,
South Africa659, *peanut soup NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. (soybean flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AME, AOH, BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, Metabolites
and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH,
BEA, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, Aflatoxin/s
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: ≤3.073 μg/kg**, sample origin:
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: groceries and supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: 2003, country:
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Turkey119, *instant soup, **AFS total
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 0.6–44 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 19 μg/kg, sample than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, article119: Asure, Beverages, Cocoa, Cream, Ice cream, Jello,
sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ Keskul, Muhallebi, Pudding, Salep, Sauces (chocolate sauce),
South Africa659, *peanut soup AF/S, literature119
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 2.4–6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample In this case instant soup ingredients were lentil flour, corn starch,
origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample salt, wheat flour, vegetable oil, various spices, flavor enhancer
year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South monosodium glutamate, and acidity regulator citric acid.
Africa659, *peanut soup Other Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.5
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September 2011, country:
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste South Africa659, *peanut soup
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Soups 361
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA,
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, Ochratoxin B
and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: Yaounde
AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–
OTA, and OTB, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: *peanut soup
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: <LOQ-1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1 μg/kg,
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
Kojic Acid South Africa659, *peanut soup
incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 34–329 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 130 μg/kg, sample • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ than cereals and their products reported in the present
South Africa659, *peanut soup book/article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA,
CIT, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA,
NIV, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour
sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
FB2, FB3, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA,
FB1, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA,
literature659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB,
ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, and STG, literature659; see also
Metabolites
OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, Fusarium Toxins
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, Depsipeptides
AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, OTA, Beauvericin
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 0.04–0.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg,
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon,
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Yaounde (region, incidence: 8/8*, conc. range: 0.1–1.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg,
southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
incidence: 5/8*, conc. range: <LOQ-2.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.7 μg/kg,
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, Enniatin B
and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg,
AOH, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon,
OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: South Africa659, *peanut soup
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites incidence: 8/8*, conc. range: 0.01–0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.04 μg/kg,
Enniatin A sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: 0.02–0.03 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, South Africa659, *peanut soup
sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
South Africa659, *peanut soup than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 7/8*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
sample year: July–September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
South Africa659, *peanut soup flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera- Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, Enniatin B1
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: 0.03–0.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg,
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, DON, BEA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, sample origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon,
FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut South Africa659, *peanut soup
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial incidence: 8/8*, conc. range: 0.01–0.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg,
Metabolites sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon,
Enniatin A1 South Africa659, *peanut soup
incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 0.02–0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
incidence: 8/8*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
South Africa659, *peanut soup FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour),
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2, Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Further
AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA, Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
(peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1, Fumonisin/s
ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, Fumonisin B1
and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: 0.6–8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.6 μg/kg, sample
AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, origin: Yaounde (region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon,
and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/
Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter: Further South Africa659, *peanut soup
Soy isoflavones 363
incidence: 6/8*, conc. range: 0.9–17 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
South Africa659, *peanut soup DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera-
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera- FB1, FB2, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, Metabolites
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
FB2, FB3, KA, OTA, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Type B Trichothecenes
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut Deoxynivalenol
paste), Soups, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 1.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region,
Metabolites southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September
2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup
Fumonisin B2
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 1–1.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg,
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 5.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde (region,
southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–September
2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, *peanut soup
incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: <LOQ-2.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.1 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: Bamenda (region, western highlands), Cameroon, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: July/September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
South Africa659, *peanut soup article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3,
article659: Dagwa, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, CIT, FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, AFB2,
DON, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, NIV, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, KA, MA,
OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Flour (soybean OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Paste
flour), AFB1, AFG1, BEA, DON, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, BEA, ENA, ENA1,
FUS-X, KA, NIV, and ZEA, literature659; Kuru-kuru, AFB1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, OTB, STG, VIOM,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB3, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME,
KA, MA, OTA, OTB, ROQ-C, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, litera- AOH, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, OTA,
ture659; Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AME, OTB, and STG, literature659; see also Dagwa, Flour (soybean
BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, FA, FB1, FB2, FB3, KA, MA, OTA, flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut paste), Soups, chapter:
OTB, STG, VIOM, and ZEA, literature659; Soups, AFB1, AFB2, Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
AFG1, AFG2, AME, AOH, DON, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, see also Sauces (tomato sauce)
Dagwa, Flour (soybean flour), Kuru-kuru, Paste (peanut Soy isoflavones may contain the following mycotoxins:
Metabolites Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Ochratoxin A
Fumonisin B3
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 1 μg/kg, sample origin: drugstore and the
incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 1.9 μg/kg, sample origin: Yaounde
internet, Belgium, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium77, *5
(region, southern tropical forest), Cameroon, sample year: July–
notified and 7 non-notified sa.
September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659,
*peanut soup
incidence: 0/8*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bamenda than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(region, western highlands), Cameroon, sample year: July– article77: Medicinal plants, OTA, literature77; Soy isoflavones,
September 2011, country: Cameroon/Austria/South Africa659, FB1, literature77; Spices (garlic), FB1, FB2, FB3, and OTA, litera-
*peanut soup ture77; Vegetables (black radish), FB1 and FB2, literature77
Fusarium Toxins • Co-contamination: not reported

Fumonisin/s than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Fumonisin B1 article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample origin: drugstore and the ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
internet, Belgium, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium77, *5 ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio
notified and 7 non-notified sa. nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices, AFB2 and AFG1, literature99; Spices (cayenne pepper,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99
article77: Medicinal plants, Soy isoflavones, OTA, literature77; incidence: 58?/136*, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (34 sa.), >2.0–
Spices (garlic), FB1, FB2, FB3, and OTA, literature77; Vegetables 10.0 μg/kg (22 sa.), sample origin: different exporting companies,
(black radish), FB1 and FB2, literature77 Turkey, sample year: 2007, country: Turkey115, *commercial
Turkish food
Soy sauce see Sauces (soy sauce) incidence: 99/248*, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (70 sa.), >2.0–
10.0 μg/kg (26 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), >20.0–50.0 μg/kg
Soybean paste see Paste (soybean paste)
(1 sa.), sample origin: different exporting companies, Turkey,
Soybean products see Products (soybean product) sample year: 2008, country: Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food
incidence: 35/57*, conc. range: >0.2–2.0 μg/kg (30 sa.), >2.0–
Soybeans see Beans (soybean) 10.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), >10.0–20.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
different exporting companies, Turkey, sample year: 2009, country:
Sparkling wine see Wine, miscellaneous Turkey115, *commercial Turkish food
“Spätlese” see Wine and Wine (white) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices may contain the following mycotoxins: book/article115: Food, Products (cocoa products), AFB1,
Alternaria Toxins literature115
Tenuazonic Acid Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample
incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: 60–420 μg/kg, sample origin: year: 2004, country: Poland116, *culinary mixes
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166,
*included allspice, caraway, cardamom, marjoram, and nutmeg incidence: 12/15*, conc. range: 0.05–6.35 μg/kg, sample origin:
(contaminated); not contaminated: cinnamon and clove Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: 2005, country: Poland116, *spices (mixes)
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and
juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), ture116; Spices, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116
Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 0.16–0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: food
(curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, shops in Debrecen (town), Hungary, sample year: October 2004,
literature166 country: Hungary170, *spice mixture
incidence: 5?/37*, conc. range: 0.2–0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: article170: Spices, AFB2, literature170; Spices (cayenne pepper,
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *spices, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature170; Spices (pepper),
mixed AFB1, literature170
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/6*, conc.: <0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: sites of primary
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other storage or processing (domestic products) and sites of importation,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Cyprus, sample year: 1992–1996, country: Cyprus200, *pepper,
article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), AFB1 and AFB2, literature97; turmeric and others
Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), AFB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices, AFB2, literature97; Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 16?/78*, conc. range: ≤1.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, article200: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), AFB1,
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, Nuts (walnut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature200; Nuts (chest-
country: Japan99, *spices, mixed nut), Products (sesame product), AFB1, literature200; Nuts
Spices 365
( pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2, literature200; Seeds (sesame), • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature200 AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-
incidence: 9/13*, conc. range: 0.15–14.9 μg/kg, sample origin: local contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
markets, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia338, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*included black pepper, cumin, and red pepper than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2; article530: Spices, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530;
no further information available Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
article338: Fruits, dried, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature338; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
Spices, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature338 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 0.79–0.95 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.87 μg/kg, incidence: 1*/50, conc.: 5.1 μg/kg*, sample origin: Netherlands,
sample origin: local supermarket in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Netherlands546, *bay leaf
sample year: unknown, country: Japan339, *included cardamom**, • Co-contamination: not reported
clove**, cumin, red pepper, turmeric (curcuma), and white • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
pepper, **contaminated than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and article546: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AF/S, literature546
AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 incidence: 1/10*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Chinese markets in
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Italy768, *Pelargonium graveolens L.
article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB2, article768: Food, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature768; Spices
AFG1, and AFG2, literature339 (fennel), Spices (star anise), AFG2, literature768
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 11/130, conc. range: <LOQ (8 sa.), LOQ-5.0 μg/kg (3 sa.,
incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 10–46 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/kg, maximum: 1.95 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.31 μg/kg, sample origin: imports
sample origin: El Atarin, Dokki Square, and Giza Market (districts) from Europe, India, Northern Africa, South America, Sub-Saharan
in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: USA/ area, and USA purchased in stores in northwestern Italy, sample
Egypt344, *included cinnamon = 10 and 46 μg AFB1/kg, coriander year: September 2011–February 2012, country: Italy884
= no contamination, black pepper = 33 μg AFB1/kg, and red • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA
pepper = 10 μg AFB1/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article884: Spices, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature884
article344: Food, Medicinal plants, Vegetables, dried, AFB1,
literature344 Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/37*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
incidence: 8/10*, conc. range: 0.05–3.32 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.85 μg/kg, year: unknown, country: Japan97, *spices, mixed
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *included mixed • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
spices for “biryani,” “dalca,” “kerutuk,” “kurma,” “soto,” “rendang,” than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
seafood, and vegetables article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), AFB1 and AFB2, literature97;
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 1 sa. co- AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices, AFB1, literature97; Spices
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co- (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97
contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 16?/78*, conc. range: ≤0.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <0.1 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
article530: Spices, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices country: Japan99, *spices, mixed
(cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article99:
and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99; Food,
Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 2.44–11.03 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.68 μg/kg, (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices
(second study), country: Malaysia530, *included mixed spices for (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99; Spices (cayenne pepper,
“biryani,” “kurma,” “masala,” “soto,” “rendang,” and barbeque chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99
incidence: 3/4*, conc. range: 0.02–0.08 μg/kg, sample origin: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
year: 2004, country: Poland116, *culinary mixes incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.41–1.54 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.03 μg/kg,
incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 0.06–0.32 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year:
Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530, *included mixed
year: 2005, country: Poland116, *spices (mixes) spices for “biryani,” “kurma,” “masala,” “soto,” “rendang,” and
• Co-contamination: not reported barbeque
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa.
article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture116; Spices, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.25 μg/kg, sample origin: food shops in article530: Spices, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530;
Debrecen (town), Hungary, sample year: October 2004, country: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices
Hungary170, *spice mixture (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
article170: Spices, Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature170; Spices incidence: 6/130, conc. range: <LOQ (4 sa.), LOQ-5.0 μg/kg (2 sa.),
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature170 ∅ conc.: 1.07 μg/kg, sample origin: imports from Europe, India,
incidence: 7/13*, conc. range: 0.05–1.2 μg/kg, sample origin: local Northern Africa, South America, Sub-Saharan area, and USA
markets, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia338, purchased in stores in north-western Italy, sample year: September
*included black pepper, cumin, and red pepper 2011–February 2012, country: Italy884
• Co-contamination: 7 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA
no further information available • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article884: Spices, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature884
article338: Fruits, dried, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature338; For detailed information see the article.
Spices, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature338 Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: 0.41–0.70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.56 μg/kg, incidence: 16?/78*, conc. range: ≤0.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <0.1 μg/kg,
sample origin: local supermarket in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
sample year: unknown, country: Japan339, *included cardamom**, and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
clove, cumin, red pepper**, turmeric (curcuma), and white country: Japan99, *spices, mixed
pepper, **contaminated • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article99:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Beans, Seeds (sesame), Spices, Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99;
article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices
(soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99; Spices (cayenne pepper,
AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB1, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99
AFG1, and AFG2, literature339 incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, sample origin: Warsaw (capital)
For detailed information see the article. market or from food producers, Poland, sample year: 2004,
incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 0.09–0.67 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.27 μg/kg, country: Poland116, *culinary mixes
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: incidence: 8/15*, conc. range: 0.04–1.12 μg/kg, sample origin:
unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *included mixed Warsaw (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample
spices for “biryani,” “dalca,” “kerutuk,” “kurma,” “soto,” “rendang,” year: 2005, country: Poland116, *spices (mixes)
seafood, and vegetables • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature116;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature116
article530: Spices, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530;
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices incidence: 6/13*, conc. range: 0.07–2.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local
(cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, markets, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia338,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), *included black pepper, cumin, and red pepper
Spices 367
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
no further information available than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article884: Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature884
article338: Fruits, dried, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature338;
Spices, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature338 Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Warsaw
incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 0.69–7.09 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.64 μg/kg, (capital) market or from food producers, Poland, sample year:
sample origin: local supermarket in Okayama (prefecture), Japan, 2004, country: Poland116, *culinary mixes
sample year: unknown, country: Japan339, *included cardamom**,
clove, cumin**, red pepper**, turmeric (curcuma)**, and white incidence: 1/15*, conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: Warsaw (capital)
pepper, **contaminated market or from food producers, Poland, sample year: 2005,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and country: Poland116, *spices (mixes)
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. • Co-contamination: not reported
co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2; 1 sa. contaminated • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
solely with AFG1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article116: Coffee, Raisins, OTA, literature116; Food, AFB1 and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, literature116; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and ture116; Spices, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature116
AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour incidence: 2/13*, conc. range: 0.07–0.09 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.08 μg/kg,
(soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and sample origin: local markets, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006,
AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB1, country: Tunisia338, *included black pepper, cumin, and red pepper
AFB2, and AFG2, literature339 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2;
For detailed information see the article. no further information available
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.17 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: cereals and their products reported in the present book/article338:
Malaysia530, *included mixed spices for “biryani,” “dalca,” Fruits, dried, Spices, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature338
“kerutuk,” “kurma,” “soto,” “rendang,” seafood, and vegetables incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: 3.93–6.94 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.56 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: local supermarket in Okayama (prefecture), Japan,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA sample year: unknown, country: Japan339, *included cardamom,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than clove, cumin, red pepper**, turmeric (curcuma)**, and white
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article530: pepper**, **contaminated
Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), AFG2, 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2; 1 sa. con-
Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and taminated solely with AFG2
OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 article339: Coconuts, Fruits, dried, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and
incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 0.75–2.74 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.63 μg/kg, AFG2, literature339; Figs, AFB2 and AFG2, literature339; Flour
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: (soybean flour), AFB1, literature339; Nuts, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530, *included mixed AFG2, literature339; Raisins, AFG2, literature339; Spices, AFB1,
spices for “biryani,” “kurma,” “masala,” “soto,” “rendang,” and AFB2, and AFG1, literature339
barbeque For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 0.01 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Malaysia530, *included mixed spices for “biryani,” “dalca,”
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article530: “kerutuk,” “kurma,” “soto,” “rendang,” seafood, and vegetables
Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices article530: Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530;
(poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices
incidence: 3/130, conc. range: <LOQ (3 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.42 μg/kg, (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
sample origin: imports from Europe, India, Northern Africa, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
South America, Sub-Saharan area, and USA purchased in stores in AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
north-western Italy, sample year: September 2011–February 2012, and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
country: Italy884 incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.22 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country:
Malaysia530, *included mixed spices for “biryani,” “kurma,” • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
“masala,” “soto,” “rendang,” and barbeque than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article250: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), AF/S,
AFG1, and AFG2 literature250
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 5/12, conc. range: 8.1–84.09 μg/kg* **, ∅ conc.: 39.0
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg* **, sample origin: local markets, Qatar, sample year:
article530: Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; unknown, country: Qatar/Italy445, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices **garam masala: 8.1 μg AFS*/kg; turmeric/curcuma: 13.21
(cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, μg AFS*/kg; tandoori: 18.76 μg AFS*/kg; chilli powder: 71.01
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), μg AFS*/kg; black pepper: 84.09 μg AFS*/kg
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 • Co-contamination: not reported
and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 7/130, conc. range: <LOQ (3 sa.), LOQ-5.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
∅ conc.: 2.26 μg/kg, sample origin: imports from Europe, India, article445: not reported
Northern Africa, South America, Sub-Saharan area, and USA For detailed information see the article.
purchased in stores in north-western Italy, sample year: September incidence: 43/56, conc. range: 0.48–94.96 μg/kg, sample origin: 5
2011–February 2012, country: Italy884 governorates, Kuwait, sample year: unknown, country: Kuwait704,
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA *AF
article884: Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature884 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
For detailed information see the article. article704: Coffee, OTA, literature704; Nuts, AF/S, literature704
Aflatoxin/s Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.9 μg/kg**, sample origin: specialist food
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *five spice Ochratoxin A
powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 2.6 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
• Co-contamination: not reported UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *five spice powder
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, FB/S, OTA, and Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, and
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS,
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander),
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera- AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S,
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices
Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
sales outlets, Qatar, sample year: October 2002, country: Qatar229, incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.86 μg/kg, sample origin: sales outlets,
*spice powder, mixed, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 Qatar, sample year: October 2002, country: Qatar229, *spice
• Co-contamination: not reported powder, mixed
Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AF/S, literature229; Coffee, Raisins, Spices, OTA, literature229; Spices article229: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pis-
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, literature229 tachio nut), Spices, AF/S, literature229; Coffee, Raisins, OTA, lit-
erature229; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA,
incidence: 5/41*, conc. range: 1–1.9 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 2–3.9 μg/kg**
literature229
(3 sa.), 4–10 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: supermarkets, local
and ethnic shops in Norwich (city) area, UK, sample year: incidence: 4/13*, conc. range: 0.75–5.5 μg/kg, sample origin: local
unknown, country: UK250, *herbs and spices, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, markets and traditional family reserves, Tunisia, sample year:
and AFG2, (garlic powder: 3.3 μg AFS**/kg; ginger: 1.3, 2.0, 8.4 μg 2005/2006, country: Tunisia340, *included cumin, black pepper, and
AFS**/ kg; fenugreek: 2.5 μg AFS**/ kg) red pepper
Spices 369
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA
article340: Fruits, dried, OTA, literature340 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: 0.30–3.65 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.36 μg/kg, article884: Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature884
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: For detailed information see the article.
unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *included mixed Ochratoxin B
spices for “biryani,” “dalca,” “kerutuk,” “kurma,” “soto,” “rendang,” incidence: 68/681*, conc. range: ≤15.07 μg/kg**, sample origin:
seafood, and vegetables German spice company, Germany, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; country: Germany712, *more than 50 different spice commodities,
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 1 sa. co- **vanilla extract
contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. • Co-contamination: not reported
contaminated solely with OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article712: Spices, OTA, literature712
article530: Spices, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530;
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices Fusarium Toxins
(cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
Fumonisin/s
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 Fumonisin B1
and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 incidence: 2/13, conc. range: 70–130 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 100.0 μg/kg,
incidence: 11/22*, conc. range: ≤0.82 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: local markets and traditional home reserves,
supermarkets and fresh provision shops, Hong Kong, China, Tunisia, sample year: 2005/2006, country: Tunisia642
sample year: August/September 2005, country: China697 • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: August/September 2005, country: China697,
*seasonings
Fumonisin/s
incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 13–17 μg/kg**, sample origin:
*five spice powder, **FB1 and FB2
article697: Chocolate, Coffee, Fruits, dried, Juices, Legumes,
OTA, literature697
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.0–2.9 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg (2 sa.), ≤23.8 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Italy, sample year: article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
1999, country: EU698 ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
• Co-contamination: not reported AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article698: Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, OTA, and
beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS,
juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas (chick- DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander),
pea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices (cayenne pepper, AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S,
chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
incidence: 143/681*, conc. range: ≤41.83 μg/kg**, sample origin: Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
German spice company, Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
Germany712, *more than 50 different spice commodities, **chilli
• Co-contamination: not reported Zearalenone
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 3.2–5.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
article712: Spices, OTB, literature712 *five spice powder
incidence: 31/130, conc. range: LOQ-5.0 μg/kg (15 sa.), 5.0–10.0 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg (11 sa.), 10.0–15.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), >15.0 μg/kg (3 sa., maximum: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
19.06 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 6.18 μg/kg, sample origin: imports from than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Europe, India, Northern Africa, South America, Sub-Saharan area, article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
and USA purchased in stores in north-western Italy, sample year: ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
September 2011–February 2012, country: Italy884 AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces chilli and AFG1
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1 and AFB2, literature22; Spices
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera-
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera- ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
see also Herbs AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
Spices (ammi) may contain the following mycotoxins: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
Aspergillus Toxins
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/7, conc.: 60 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets Spices (anise) may contain the following mycotoxins:
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–November
Aspergillus Toxins
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Aflatoxin B1
AFG1 incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 4.9–8.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.1 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic anise sa.
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB2 and AFG1, literature22; Spices • Co-contamination: not reported
(cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Herbs (sage), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leave), Spices (pepper),
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 30–35 μg/kg*, sample origin: Assiut
Aflatoxin B2 (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641,
incidence: 1/7, conc.: 34 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets *AFB1 and AFB2
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–November • Co-contamination: not reported
1986, country: India22 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and AFG1 article641: Spices (black cumin), AF/S and CIT, literature641;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (caraway), Spices (marjoram), AF/S and STG, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture641; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), STG,
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1 and AFG1, literature22; Spices literature641; Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel), Spices (pep-
(cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera- per), Spices (peppermint), AF/S, literature641
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Ochratoxin
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 6/80*, conc. range: 0.41–0.98 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.73 μg/kg,
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, sample origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in eight
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), cities, China, sample year: April–July 2009, country: China885,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices *aniseed
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/7, conc.: 32 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets article885: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon),
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–November Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (prickly ash), OTA,
1986, country: India22 literature885
Spices (cardamom) 371
Spices (basil) may contain the following mycotoxins: Other Aspergillus Toxins
Aspergillus Toxins Sterigmatocystin
incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 14–18 μg/kg, sample origin: Assiut
Aflatoxin B1 (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641
sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic basil sa. cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: not reported cle641: Spices (anise), Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (fennel), Spices (pepper), AF/S, literature641; Spices (black
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cumin), AF/S and CIT, literature641; Spices (cayenne pepper,
article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip), chilli), Spices (cumin), STG, literature641; Spices (marjoram),
Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and STG, literature641
Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
(fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaves), Spices (pepper), Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary),
Ochratoxin A
Spices (black cumin) may contain the following sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions,
mycotoxins: Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20
Aflatoxin/s
article20: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 25–31 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 28 μg/kg*,
Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (paprika), Spices
sample origin: Assiut (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown,
(pepper), OTA, literature20
country: Egypt641, *AFB1 and AFG1
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 2/12, conc. range: ≤0.71 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech Republic811
article641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (pepper), Spices (peppermint), AF/S, literature641; Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(black cumin), CIT, literature641; Spices (caraway), Spices (mar- article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
joram), AF/S and STG, literature641; Spices (cayenne pepper, and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products
chilli), Spices (cumin), STG, literature641 (ginger product), Raisins, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), Spices
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red),
Wine (white), OTA, literature811
Citrinin
Spices (cardamom) may contain the following mycotoxins:
origin: Assiut (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown,
country: Egypt641 Aspergillus Toxins
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article22: incidence: 1/6, conc.: 20 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
Spices (anise), Spices (black cumin), Spices (coriander), Spices in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–October
(fennel), Spices (pepper), Spices (peppermint), AF/S, literature641; 1986, country: India22
Spices (caraway), Spices (marjoram), AF/S and STG, literature641; • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), STG, literature641 AFG1
Spices (caraway) may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
Aspergillus Toxins Spices (cardamom), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera-
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
Aflatoxin/s
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 12–14 μg/kg*, sample origin: Assiut
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
(governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641,
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
*AFB1 and AFB2
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
article641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel),
Spices (pepper), AFS, literature641; Spices (black cumin), AF/S
and CIT, literature641; Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper, incidence: 3?/6*, conc. range: 18–129 μg/kg, sample origin: major
chilli), Spices (cumin), STG, literature641; Spices (marjoram), retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: May 1984–
AF/S and STG, literature641 December 1986, country: India22, *greater cardamom

• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/6, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–October
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; 1986, country: India22
Spices (cardamom), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; AFG1
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera-
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 21/34*, conc. range: ≤7.34 μg/kg, sample origin: retail AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
outlets, cafeterias, and hotels from major districts of Punjab AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
(state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan750, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
*ingredients for halva (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 3?/6*, conc. range: 17–78 μg/kg, sample origin: major
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: May 1984–
article750: Halva, AFB1 and AFM1, literature750; Nuts (almond), December 1986, country: India22, *greater cardamom
Nuts (pistachio nut), Raisins, AFB1, literature750 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–October Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera-
1986, country: India22 ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFG1 and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma),
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera- (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera-
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA,
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, literature22
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, Aflatoxin G2
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), incidence: 0/6, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: major
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), 1984–October 1986, country: India22
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 3?/6*, conc. range: 14–108 μg/kg, sample origin: major • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: May 1984– than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
December 1986, country: India22, *greater cardamom article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CIT, and OTA, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera- AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma),
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera-
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), literature22
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices incidence: 3?/6*, conc. range: 5–76 μg/kg, sample origin: major
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: May 1984–
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 December 1986, country: India22, *greater cardamom
Spices (cassia) 373
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CIT, and OTA, litera- CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: pr, sample origin: major retail outlets
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices in Nainital (district), India, sample year: May 1984–December
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), 1986, country: India22, *greater cardamom
Citrinin article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, litera-
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–October ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
1986, country: India22 Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, Spices (cassia) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices Aflatoxin B1
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 13 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–
incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: major November 1986, country: India22, *Indian cassia
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: May 1984– • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
December 1986, country: India22, *greater cardamom AFG1, and AFG2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
Aflatoxin B2
Ochratoxin A incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 11 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail
incidence: 0/6, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: major outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February November 1986, country: India22, *Indian cassia
1984–October 1986, country: India22 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, incidence: 0/42*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: open
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and *chilli powder
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, incidence: 2/35*, conc. range: 69.72–222 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 145.9
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, μg/kg, sample origin: exotic shops and supermarkets in Antwerp
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, and Ghent (cities), Belgium, sample year: 2012/2013, country:
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), Belgium889, *included whole chilli pods, chilli powders, and chilli
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices flakes
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–November AFG2, CIT, FB2, OTA, and STG, literature889
1986, country: India22, *Indian cassia For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Aspergillus Toxins
AFG1, and AFG2
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; μg/kg, sample origin: grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature22; sample year: May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10, *hot pepper
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and powder
ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Co-contamination: not reported
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), article10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Paste (soybean paste), Sauces
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), (soy sauce), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature10
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 incidence: 4?/9*, conc. range: 15–146 μg/kg, sample origin: major
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February
Aflatoxin G2
1984–December 1986, country: India22, *chillies
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–November
1986, country: India22, *Indian cassia
AFG1, and AFG2
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma),
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices
(fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera-
ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA,
literature22
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 2.6–9.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.9 μg/kg,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli) may contain the following country: Japan99, *red pepper
Alternaria Toxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Alternariol Methyl Ether article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
incidence: 0/18*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: open ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio
*chilli pods, whole nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
Spices, Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99;
incidence: 0/26*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: open Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99; Spices (cayenne
markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, pepper, chilli), AFB2 and AFG1, literature99
*chilli flakes
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli) 375
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA167, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*red pepper than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article171: Cocoa beans, Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (pepper),
AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFB1, literature171
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 3 sa. incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: 2.5–40 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 20.8 μg/kg**,
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 sample origin: markets (marked sa. of unknown origin), Turkey,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample year: unknown, country: Turkey172, *red pepper, **TLC
article167: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature167; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
erature167; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167 article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2,
incidence: 8/60*, conc. range: 250–525 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 426 μg/kg, literature172
sample origin: government-owned stores, retail shops, and open incidence: 10/15*, conc. range: 1.7–100 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 36.3 μg/kg**,
markets in Addis Ababa (capital), Ethiopia, sample year: unknown, sample origin: spice-sellers (unmarked sa. from unknown origin,
country: Ethiopia168, *red pepper, grounded India, and Turkey), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey172,
• Co-contamination: not reported *red pepper, **TLC and HPLC
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 5 sa. con-
article168: Shiro, AFB1, literature168 taminated solely with AFB1
sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (capital) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal169, article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2,
*cayenne pepper, packaged literature172
incidence: 3/8*, conc. range: 1.5–2.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.97 μg/kg, incidence: 7/11*, conc. range: 2.4–60 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 21.7 μg/kg**,
sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (capital) sample origin: street bazaars (unmarked sa. from unknown origin
area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal169, *chilli, and Turkey), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey172,
packaged *red pepper, **TLC and HPLC
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 4 sa.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ contaminated solely with AFB1
article169: Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Spices (saffron), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature169 article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2,
incidence: 10/22*, conc. range: 0.14–15.7 μg/kg, sample origin: literature172
food shops in Hajdú-Bihar (county), Hungary, sample year: For detailed information see the article.
October 2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores in
incidence: 7/16*, conc. range: 0.24–9.4 μg/kg, sample origin: shops Osaka (prefecture), Japan, sample year: 1988–1992, country:
in/around Kaposvár (town), Somogy (county), Hungary, sample Japan173, *red pepper
year: October 2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded • Co-contamination: not reported
and originally packed • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 0.28 μg/kg, sample origin: food shops in
article173: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2,
Hajdú-Bihar (county), Hungary, sample year: November 2004,
and AFG1, literature173; Nuts (peanut), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded
literature173
incidence: 0/19*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: 10
Hungarian counties, Hungary, sample year: October/November
sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper, home-made
Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174, *red
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 0.75–8.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.43 μg/kg, paprika
sample origin: food shops in Debrecen (town), Hungary, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: October 2004, country: Hungary170, *chilli • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article174: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature174;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (cumin), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
article170: Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, literature170; Spices (cayenne AF/S, literature174
pepper, chilli), AFB2 and OTA, literature170; Spices (pepper),
AFB1, literature170
sample origin: various cities, Turkey, sample year: unknown,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 2.0 μg/kg, sample origin: imported sa. country: Turkey175, *red pepper
collected by the Mycotoxin Research Association, Japan, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: 1985, country: Japan171, *red pepper
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/sample origin: supermarkets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample
article175: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, literature175
year: unknown, country: Malaysia182
μg/kg, sample origin: public markets, supermarkets, shops, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
bonded warehouse in Emilia Romagna (administrative region), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Italy, sample year: 2000–2005, country: Italy176, *hot pepper, article182: Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sun-
whole/smashed flower), Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature182
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 3 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in
sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 Corum and Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other August 2011, country: Turkey183, *red chilli flakes
article176: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, AFG1, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
literature176; Spices (cinnamon), AFB1, literature176; Spices (nut- OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 4 sa. contami-
meg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature176 nated solely with AFB1
incidence: 72/75*, conc. range: 0.025–5 μg/kg (61 sa.), >5 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(11 sa., maximum: 24.7 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 1.9 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
bazaars and herbal shops in Sanliurfa (town), Turkey, sample article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
year: April, country: Turkey177, *pepper, deep-red ground literature183; Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported OTA, literature183
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 14/22*, conc. range: 0.20–35.77 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.10
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg, sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in
article177: not reported Corum and Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–
incidence: 15/30*, conc. range: 0.2–32.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.4 μg/kg, August 2011, country: Turkey183, *red chilli powder
sample origin: bazaars and markets in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample year: unknown, country: Turkey178, *red-scaled pepper AFG1, and OTA; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 5 sa. contami-
nated solely with AFB1
sample origin: bazaars and markets in Istanbul (capital), Turkey,
sample year: unknown, country: Turkey178, *red pepper
article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
literature183; Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and
OTA, literature183
article178: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature178;
Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AF/S, literature178 incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 2.5–2.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.6 μg/kg,
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 68/100*, conc. range: 0.025–5 μg/kg (50 sa), >5 μg/kg
Denmark217, *chilli
(18 sa., maximum: 40.9 μg/kg), sample origin: retail sales points in
Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: April/May 2004, country: incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 2.1–5.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.6 μg/kg,
Turkey179, *red pepper, powdered sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Denmark217, *cayenne pepper
article217: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
bazaars, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *chilli
AFG2, literature217; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1,
powder
and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2,
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 1.6–80.4 μg/kg, sample origin: herbal literature217
shops, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *chilli
powder
(3 sa.), 31–50 μg/kg (1 sa.), 51100 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 2.1–4.2 μg/kg, sample origin: regulated market yards and cold storage facilities, Andhra Pradesh
supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, (state), India, sample year: 1998/1999, country: India241, *chilli
*chilli powder grade 1
(6 sa.), 31–50 μg/kg (3 sa.), 51–100 μg/kg (4 sa.), >100 μg/kg (2 sa.),
sample origin: regulated market yards and cold storage facilities,
article180: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature180;
Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year: 1998/1999, country:
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AF/S, literature180
India241, *chilli grade 2
incidence: 41/44*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (21 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and OTA; 1 sa.
(4 sa.), 31–50 μg/kg (3 sa.), 51–100 μg/kg (2 sa.), >100 μg/kg co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2 and OTA; 17 sa. co-contam-
(11 sa., maximum: 969 μg/kg), sample origin: regulated market inated with AFB1 and OTA
yards and cold storage facilities, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 1998/1999, country: India241, *chilli grade 3 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 3/12*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 31–50 μg/kg article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
(1 sa.), sample origin: regulated market yards and cold storage OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
facilities, Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year: 1998/1999, and OTA, literature245
country: India241, *chillies from cold store incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 0.2–6.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.26 μg/kg,
incidence: 17/43*, conc. range: <10 μg/kg (12 sa.), 11–30 μg/kg sample origin: warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets,
(1 sa.), 51–100 μg/kg (3 sa.), >100 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: and smaller shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245,
supermarkets in Hyderabad (city), India, sample year: 1998/1999, *cayenne pepper
country: India241, *chilli powder • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and OTA; 2 sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
incidence: 10/33*, conc. range: tr-8 μg/kg, sample origin: India,
OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
sample year: unknown, country: Canada242, *cayenne pepper
and OTA, literature245
• Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and
AFB2; 5 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 incidence: 18/29*, conc. range: 1–12.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other different sources, Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Pakistan246, *red chilli, whole
article242: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2 and AFG1, incidence: 17/23*, conc. range: 1–13.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
literature242 different sources, Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: tr-6 μg/kg, sample origin: India, Pakistan246, *red chilli, crushed
sample year: unknown, country: Canada242, *Indian chilli powder incidence: 81/124*, conc. range: 1–79.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and different sources, Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country:
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and AFB2; 2 sa. co- Pakistan246, *red chilli powder
contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1; 2 sa. contaminated solely • Co-contamination: not reported
with AFB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article242: article246: not reported
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2 and AFG1, literature242 incidence: 16/22*, conc. range: ≤96.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 13/24*, conc. range: 9.5–211.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 62.3 markets, herbal shops, and chilli-growing areas, Faisalabad (city),
μg/kg, sample origin: retail and wholesale, Nordwürttemberg Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: June–December 2008,
(administrative region), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan/Portugal/USA247, *chilli, whole
country: Germany243, *cayenne pepper powder and ground chilli incidence: 19/22*, conc. range: ≤89.6 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, markets, herbal shops, and chilli-growing areas, Faisalabad (city),
and AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: June–December 2008,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Pakistan/Portugal/USA247, *chilli, grounded
article243: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2 and AFG1, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture243; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFB2, literature243 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 11/22*, conc. range: ≤5 μg/kg (7 sa.), >5 μg/kg (4 sa., article247: not reported
maximum: 24 μg/kg), sample origin: unknown, sample year: incidence: 2/16, conc. range: 2.3–9.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.65 μg/kg,
unknown, country: Germany/Thailand244, *chilli and cayenne pepper sample origin: retail stores in and around Calcutta (city), India,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample year: unknown, country: India248
article244: Spices (coriander), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature244 article248: not reported
incidence: 29/31*, conc. range: 0.6–13.9 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 52/80*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (9 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg
warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller (34 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (3 sa.), >10 μg/kg (6 sa., maximum:
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245, *chilli 56.61 μg/kg), sample origin: local markets and open markets in
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Kuala Lumpur (capital), Putrajaya (city), and Selangor (state)
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, areas, Malaysia, sample year: May/June 2009, country:
AFG1, and OTA; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and Malaysia249, *chilli, dried
article249: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
OTA, literature249 (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 2.9–4.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.7 μg/kg, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
country: New Zealand277, *cayenne pepper AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009, incidence: 38/42*, conc. range: 0.34–77.13 μg/kg, sample origin:
country: New Zealand277;*chilli powder apiaries, supermarkets, open bazaars, and retail shops in Sanliurfa
• Co-contamination: not reported (city, province) region, Turkey, sample year: 2013, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Turkey595, *isot red pepper
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nut- literature595
meg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 0.126–1.424 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.527
Figs, Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city),
AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper
literature277; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, dried on concrete surface
literature277 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 10.7 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa.
Asian countries purchased from major wholesale/retail store of co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
ethnic foods, West of Scotland, sample year: unknown, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
UK314, *chilli, dried and crushed than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 1.926–9.822 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
article314: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, literature314 4.208 μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city),
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 15.5–57.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper
retail sales points in different regions, Iran, sample year: March– dried on soil surface
May 2015, country: Iran491 • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
• Co-contamination: not reported 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2
article491: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (sage), AFB1, literature491; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (curcuma), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), Spices article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
(thyme), AFB1, literature491 literature595
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 3.18 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.21 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013,
Malaysia530, *chilli, dried or coarse dried country: Nigeria639
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA AFG1, and AFG2
article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices article639: Seeds (bush mango), Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2,
(curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 11.3 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), La Paz (capital), Bolivia, sample year: unknown, country: Japan/
AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, Peru/Bolivia678, *crushed or powdered red chilli pepper
literature530 incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 0.7–0.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg,
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 6.44–28.43 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16.2 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in Lima (capital), Peru, sample year:
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Japan/Peru/Bolivia678, *red chilli pepper,
unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530, *chilli, dried crushed or powdered
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, • Co-contamination: not reported
China, sample year: unknown, country: Japan/Peru/Bolivia678, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*red chilli pepper, crushed or powdered than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: article801: Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature801
supermarket, Japan, sample year: unknown, country: Japan/Peru/ incidence: 29/30*, conc. range: 0.51–46.28 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.03
Bolivia678, *red chilli pepper, crushed or powdered μg/kg, sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department
• Co-contamination: not reported stores in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Thailand/Austria/Germany857, *chilli powder
article678: not reported μg/kg, sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department
incidence: 150/182*, conc. range: LOQ-5 μg/kg (100 sa.), 5–10 stores in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown,
μg/kg (15 sa.), 10–50 μg/kg (25 sa.), >50 μg/kg (10 sa., maximum: country: Thailand/Austria/Germany857, *chilli pods
165 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 8.89 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, • Co-contamination: not reported
supermarkets, groceries, and herbal shops in Adana and Osmaniye • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(provinces), Turkey, sample year: January 2011–December 2012, than cereals and their products reported in the present
country: Turkey734, *chilli book/article857: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
• Co-contamination: 84 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and ture857; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2 and AFG1,
AFB2; no further information available literature857
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey,
article734: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2 and AFG1, sample year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic
literature734 red pepper sa.
incidence: 3/13, conc. range: 0.9–1.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/kg, incidence: 4/7*, conc. range: 3.5–30.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23.4 μg/kg,
sample origin: central markets in Cusco and Trujillo (cities) sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample
and Lima (capital), Peru, sample year: unknown, country: year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic red pepper
Japan749 flake sa.
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA • Co-contamination: not reported
book/article749: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), OTA, article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
literature749 Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cinna-
incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 10.8–33.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 22 μg/kg, mon), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel),
sample origin: supermarkets and night markets in Penang (state), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leave), Spices (pepper), Spices
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia766 (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), Spices
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; (sumac), AFB1, literature859
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 65/65*, conc. range: 15.75–500 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 182 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: market, India, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ India863, *red chilli powder
article766: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 AFG1, and AFG2, literature766; • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.03355–0.04149 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: article863: not reported
0.03886 μg/kg, sample origin: popular markets in Hyderabad incidence: 7/18*, conc. range: <LOQ-687 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 133.1
(city), Andhra Pradesh (province), India, sample year: June 2012, μg/kg, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
country: Iran800, *chilli, whole 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli pods, whole
incidence: 24/26*, conc. range: <LOQ-91 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 20.5
μg/kg, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli flakes
article800: Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature800
incidence: 35/42*, conc. range: <LOQ-31.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
10.4 μg/kg, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
0.41427 μg/kg, sample origin: popular herbal shops in Qaemshahr
2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli powder
(city), Mazandaran (province), Iran, sample year: June 2012,
country: Iran801, *chilli powder incidence: 11/35*, conc. range: <LOQ-11.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
8.07 μg/kg, sample origin: exotic shops and supermarkets in
Antwerp and Ghent (cities), Belgium, sample year: 2012/2013,
0.15311 μg/kg, sample origin: popular markets in Hyderabad
country: Belgium889, *included whole chilli pods, chilli powders,
(city), Andhra Pradesh (province), India, sample year: June 2012,
and chilli flakes
country: Iran801, *chilli powder
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 3 sa.
article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
AME, CIT, FB2, OTA, and STG, literature889 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: <LOQ (3 sa.), 5.1–35 μg/kg (6 sa.), article167: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
sample origin: markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown, literature167; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
country: Belgium891, *red chilli literature167; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 7/22*, conc. range: 0.22–1.25 μg/kg, sample origin: food
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other shops in Hajdú-Bihar (county), Hungary, sample year: October
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB2, FB2, OTA, and incidence: 3/16*, conc. range: 0.52–0.73 μg/kg, sample origin:
STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, FB1, shops in/around Kaposvár (town), Somogy (county), Hungary,
OTA, and STG, literature891 sample year: October 2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper,
incidence: 4/56*, conc. range: <LOQ-0.89 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.64 grounded and originally packed
μg/kg, sample origin: imported from China and Vietnam as well incidence: 0/13*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: food
as Korea and purchased in local markets, Korea, sample year: shops in Hajdú-Bihar (county), Hungary, sample year: November
unknown, country: Korea901, *red pepper powder 2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded
incidence: 0/19*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: 10
article : Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), OTA, literature
901 901

Aflatoxin B2 Debrecen (town), Hungary, sample year: October 2004, country:
incidence: 4?/9*, conc. range: 11–88 μg/kg, sample origin: major Hungary170, *chilli
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
1984–December 1986, country: India22, *chillies • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article170: Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, literature170; Spices (cayenne
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ pepper, chilli), AFB1 and OTA, literature170; Spices (pepper),
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; AFB1, literature170
incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: markets
(marked sa. of unknown origin), Turkey, sample year: unknown,
erature ; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2,
22
country: Turkey172, *red pepper
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature ; Spices (curcuma),
22
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature ; Spices22
article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1 and AFG2,
literature172
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, incidence: 5/15*, conc. range: 3.2–40 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 12.4
literature22 μg/kg**, sample origin: spice sellers (unmarked sa. from unknown
origin, India, and Turkey), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country:
Turkey172, *red pepper, **TLC and HPLC
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
country: Japan99, *red pepper
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1 and AFG2, literature172
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- incidence: 3/11*, conc. range: 3.4–7.8 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.06 μg/kg**,
ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera- sample origin: street bazaars (unmarked sa. from unknown origin
ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio and Turkey), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey ,
172
nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature ; 99 *red pepper, **TLC and HPLC
Spices, Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99; Spices (cayenne AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2
pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 8/15*, conc. range: 0.1–1.5 μg/ kg, ∅ conc.: 0.38 μg/kg,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1 and AFG2, literature172
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA167,
*red pepper
incidence: 5/26*, conc. range: 0.4–2.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.46 μg/kg, incidence: 5/33*, conc. range: tr, sample origin: India, sample year:
sample origin: various cities, Turkey, sample year: unknown, unknown, country: Canada242, *cayenne pepper
country: Turkey175, *red pepper • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB2
book/article 175: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB 1, article242: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFG1,
literature175 literature242
incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: 0.81–1.20 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.01 incidence: 2/6*, conc. range: tr, sample origin: India, sample year:
μg/kg, sample origin: public markets, supermarkets, shops, and unknown, country: Canada242, *Indian chilli powder
bonded warehouse in Emilia Romagna (administrative region), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Italy, sample year: 2000–2005, country: Italy176, *hot pepper, AFG1; 1 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and AFB2
whole/smashed • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article242: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFG1,
article176: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, and sample origin: retail and wholesale, Nordwürttemberg
AFG2, literature176; Spices (cinnamon), AFB1, literature176; (administrative region), Germany, sample year: unknown,
Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature176 country: Germany243, *cayenne pepper powder and ground chilli
incidence: 17/24*, conc. range: 0.04–1.28 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.24 • Co-contamination: 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
μg/kg, sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in and AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
Corum and Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010– • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
August 2011, country: Turkey183, *red chilli flakes than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article243: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFG1, litera-
AFG1, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and ture243; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFB2, literature243
OTA; 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFB2 incidence: 10/31*, conc. range: 0.2–0.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245, *chilli
article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
literature183; Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
OTA, literature183 AFG1, and OTA; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
incidence: 11/22*, conc. range: 0.05–1.07 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.32 OTA
μg/kg, sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Corum and Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2010–August 2011, country: Turkey183, *red chilli powder article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
AFG1, and OTA; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and and OTA, literature245
OTA; 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFB2 incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: warehouses,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller shops, UK,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: unknown, country: UK245, *cayenne pepper
article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
literature183; Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA
OTA, literature183 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 1.7–2.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and
Denmark217, *chilli OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 2.1–3.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3 μg/kg, and OTA, literature245
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 14/80*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (8 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (3 sa.),
Denmark217, *cayenne pepper 5–10 μg/kg (2 sa.), 11.45 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: local markets
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and open markets in Kuala Lumpur (capital), Putrajaya (city), and
AFG1, and AFG2 Selangor (state) areas, Malaysia, sample year: May/June 2009,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Malaysia249, *chilli, dried
article217: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG2, literature217; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and AFG2, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2, article249: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and
literature217 OTA, literature249
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from • Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
Asian countries purchased from major wholesale/retail store of 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 2 sa.
ethnic foods, West of Scotland, sample year: unknown, country: co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2
UK314, *chilli, dried and crushed • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article595:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature595
article314: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature314 Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013,
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.46 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, country: Nigeria639
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Malaysia530, *chilli, dried or coarse dried AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article639: Seeds (bush mango), Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature639
(curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 84/182*, conc. range: LOQ-5 μg/kg (82 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg
AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), (1 sa.), 11.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.88 μg/kg, sample origin:
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), markets, supermarkets, groceries, and herbal shops in Adana and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), Osmaniye (provinces), Turkey, sample year: January 2011–
AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, December 2012, country: Turkey734, *chilli
literature530 • Co-contamination: 84 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 0.63–2.74 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.36 μg/kg, AFB2; no further information available
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530, *chilli, dried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 article734: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/10, conc.: 5.0 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and
article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices night markets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample year: unknown,
(curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, country: Malaysia766
AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 article766: Nuts (peanut), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1,
incidence: 36/42*, conc. range: 0.031–7.72 μg/kg, sample origin: AFG1, and AFG2, literature766
apiaries, supermarkets, open bazaars, and retail shops in Sanliurfa incidence: 26/30*, conc. range: 0.09–6.12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.27
(city, province) region, Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: μg/kg, sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department
Turkey595, *isot red pepper stores in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Thailand/Austria/Germany857, *chilli powder
sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department stores
article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2,
in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown, country:
literature595
Thailand/Austria/Germany857, *chilli pods
μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
dried on concrete surface article857: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature857;
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG2; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFG1, literature857
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. co-contami-
incidence: 1/18*, conc.: 31.5 μg/kg, sample origin: open markets,
nated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. contaminated
Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli
solely with AFB2
pods, whole
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6/26*, conc. range: <LOQ-6.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.1 μg/kg,
article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013,
literature595 country: Belgium889, *chilli flakes
incidence: 10/10*, conc. range: 0.128–0.478 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: incidence: 2/42*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: LOQ, sample origin:
0.278 μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city), open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country:
Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper Belgium889, *chilli powder
dried on soil surface
incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: exotic literature167; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
shops and supermarkets in Antwerp and Ghent (cities), Belgium, erature167; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167
sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *included whole incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: markets
chilli pods, chilli powders, and chilli flakes (marked sa. of unknown origin), Turkey, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. country: Turkey172, *red pepper
article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AME, CIT, FB2, OTA, and STG, literature889 article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
For detailed information see the article. literature172
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: markets, Sri incidence: 3/15*, conc. range: 4–20 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 11.3 μg/kg**,
Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *red chilli sample origin: spice-sellers (unmarked sa. from unknown origin,
• Co-contamination: not reported India, and Turkey), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Turkey172, *red pepper, **TLC and HPLC
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, FB2, OTA, and AFG1
STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, FB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, and STG, literature891 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Aflatoxin G1 article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
incidence: 4?/9*, conc. range: 8–58 μg/kg, sample origin: major literature172
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: 0.9–4.1 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.5
1984–December 1986, country: India22, *chillies μg/kg**, sample origin: street bazaars (unmarked sa. from
• Co-contamination: not reported unknown origin and Turkey), Turkey, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Turkey172, *red pepper, **TLC and HPLC
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; AFG1
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, literature172
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, For detailed information see the article.
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 1.40 μg/kg, sample origin: public markets,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices supermarkets, shops, and bonded warehouse in Emilia Romagna
(fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera- (administrative region), Italy, sample year: 2000–2005, country:
ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Italy176, *hot pepper, whole/smashed
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: ≤1.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.0 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, article176: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
country: Japan99, *red pepper literature176; Spices (cinnamon), AFB1, literature176; Spices (nut-
• Co-contamination: not reported meg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature176
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 4/24*, conc. range: 0.24–2.05 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.27 μg/kg,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Corum and
cle99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–August
Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste 2011, country: Turkey183, *red chilli flakes
(peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1,
sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Corum and
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (pepper), AFB1,
Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–August
AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1,
2011, country: Turkey183, *red chilli powder
literature99
incidence: 4/15*, conc. range: 0.7–28.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.1 μg/kg, AFG1, and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFG1
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA167, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*red pepper than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
and AFG2; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature183
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
article167: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
Denmark217, *chilli
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Denmark217, *cayenne pepper than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article249: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and
AFG1, and AFG2 OTA, literature249
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.26 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article217: island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
Butter (peanut butter), Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Malaysia530, *chilli, dried or coarse dried
ture217; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, lit- • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
erature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2, literature217 AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
incidence: 0/33*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: India, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample year: unknown, country: Canada242, *cayenne pepper cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: not reported cle530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article242: OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFB2, literature242 AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: tr-3 μg/kg, sample origin: India, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2,
sample year: unknown, country: Canada242, *Indian chilli powder literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than country: Malaysia530, *chilli, dried
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFB2, literature242 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: retail and wholesale, Nordwürttemberg article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
(administrative region), Germany, sample year: unknown, (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
country: Germany243, *cayenne pepper powder and ground chilli AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
• Co-contamination: 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
and AFG1 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
article243: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (paprika), apiaries, supermarkets, open bazaars, and retail shops in Sanliurfa
AFB1 and AFB2, literature243 (city, province) region, Turkey, sample year: 2013, country:
incidence: 3/31*, conc. range: 0.2–1.1 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey595, *isot red pepper
warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller • Co-contamination: not reported
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245, *chilli • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and OTA literature595
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city),
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper
OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, dried on concrete surface
and OTA, literature245 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: warehouses, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller shops, UK, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: unknown, country: UK245, *cayenne pepper than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
and OTA literature595
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city),
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper
OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, dried on soil surface
and OTA, literature245 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 21/80*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (14 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (3 AFG1, and AFG2
sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (2 sa.), >10 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 17.65 μg/kg), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: local markets and open markets in Kuala Lumpur than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(capital), Putrajaya (city), and Selangor (state) areas, Malaysia, article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
sample year: May/June 2009, country: Malaysia249, *chilli, dried literature595
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 3.73 μg/kg, sample origin: shops in Watt Aflatoxin G2

Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013, incidence: 4?/9*, conc. range: 6–40 μg/kg, sample origin: major
country: Nigeria639 retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, 1984–December 1986, country: India22, *chillies
article639: Seeds (bush mango), Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2, article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature639 literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
incidence: 32/182*, conc. range: LOQ-5 μg/kg (32 sa., maximum: ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
3.88 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.77 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
supermarkets, groceries, and herbal shops in Adana and Osmaniye CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
(provinces), Turkey, sample year: January 2011–December 2012, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
country: Turkey734, *chilli AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
• Co-contamination: 84 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
AFB2; no further information available (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article734: incidence: 2/15*, conc. range: 0.5–1.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFB2, literature734 sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA167,
incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 5.80–14.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.9 μg/kg, *red pepper
sample origin: supermarkets and night markets in Penang (state), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia766 AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- article167: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
cle766: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 AFG1, and AFG2, literature766; Spices literature167; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature766 erature167; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167
incidence: 2/30*, conc. range: 0.07–0.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.08 μg/kg, incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: markets
sample origin: retail fresh markets or modern department stores (marked sa. of unknown origin), Turkey, sample year: unknown,
in the central region of Thailand, sample year: unknown, country: country: Turkey172, *red pepper
Thailand/Austria/Germany857, *chilli powder • Co-contamination: not reported
fresh markets or modern department stores in the central region
of Thailand, sample year: unknown, country: Thailand/Austria/
literature172
Germany857, *chilli pods
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 0/15*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: spice-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sellers (unmarked sa. from unknown origin, India, and Turkey),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey172, *red pepper
article857: Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature857; • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AFB2, literature857 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/18*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: open
markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889,
literature172
*chilli pods, whole
incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 2 μg/kg**, sample origin: street bazaars
incidence: 1/26*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: open markets, Sri
(unmarked sa. from unknown origin and Turkey), Turkey, sample
Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli flakes
year: unknown, country: Turkey172, *red pepper, **TLC and HPLC
incidence: 0/42*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: open • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, AFG2
*chilli powder • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: exotic than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
shops and supermarkets in Antwerp and Ghent (cities), Belgium, article172: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *included whole literature172
chilli pods, chilli powders, and chilli flakes For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 1.20 μg/kg, sample origin: public markets,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other supermarkets, shops, and bonded warehouse in Emilia Romagna
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (administrative region), Italy, sample year: 2000–2005, country:
article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, Italy176, *hot pepper, whole/smashed
AME, CIT, FB2, OTA, and STG, literature889 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
For detailed information see the article. AFG1, and AFG2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
article176: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
literature176; Spices (cinnamon), AFB1, literature176; Spices (nut- AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
meg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature176 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.7–1.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.85 μg/kg, and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
Denmark217, *chilli (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.6–1.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.1 μg/kg, country: Malaysia530, *chilli, dried
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Denmark217, *cayenne pepper • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, and AFG2 article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
article217: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
AFG2, literature217; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
and AFG1, literature217; Meal (pistachio meal), AFB1 and AFB2, and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
literature217 incidence: 7/42*, conc. range: 0.001–1.542 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 2/31*, conc. range: 0.3–0.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.35 μg/kg, apiaries, supermarkets, open bazaars, and retail shops in Sanliurfa
sample origin: warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, (city, province) region, Turkey, sample year: 2013, country:
and smaller shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245, Turkey595, *isot red pepper
*chilli • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
and OTA article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city),
OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper
and OTA, literature245 dried on concrete surface
incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG2;
warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa.
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245, *cayenne contaminated solely with AFG2
pepper • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 0.127–0.451 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.220
OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, μg/kg, sample origin: local fresh market in Sanliurfa (city),
and OTA, literature245 Turkey, sample year: 2013, country: Turkey595, *isot red pepper
incidence: 3/80*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg (2 sa., dried on soil surface
maximum: 3.2 μg/kg), sample origin: local markets and open • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
markets in Kuala Lumpur (capital), Putrajaya (city), and Selangor and AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2
(state) areas, Malaysia, sample year: May/June 2009, country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Malaysia249, *chilli, dried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article595: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
article249: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and Market, Calabar (city), Nigeria, sample year: January 2013,
OTA, literature249 country: Nigeria639
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.04 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: AFG1, and AFG2
Malaysia530, *chilli, dried or coarse dried • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA article639: Seeds (bush mango), Seeds (melon), AFB1, AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, and AFG2, literature639; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
incidence: 8/10, conc. range: 5.20–8.82 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.7 μg/kg, incidence: 9/12*, conc. range: ≤30 μg/kg**, sample origin:
sample origin: supermarkets and night markets in Penang (state), imported to USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *capsicum,
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia766 **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2; 6 sa. con- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
taminated solely with AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy),
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil
cle766: Nuts (peanut), AFB1 AFG1, and AFG2, literature766; Spices nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio
(cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature766 nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut paste),
incidence: 0/18*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: open Paste (pipian paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon),
markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, literature19
*chilli pods, whole incidence: 41/72*, conc. range: ≤8.8 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.2 μg/kg**,
incidence: 0/26*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: open sample origin: supermarkets and hypermarkets in 12 main cities of
markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: 2008/2009,
*chilli flakes country: Spain93, *red pepper, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 1/42*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: open markets, Sri
Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli powder
incidence: 0/35*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: exotic article93: Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AF/S,
shops and supermarkets in Antwerp and Ghent (cities), Belgium, literature93
sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *included whole
incidence: 12/106, conc. range: ≤966 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 125 μg/kg*,
chilli pods, chilli powders, and chilli flakes
sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and
distributors, Thailand, sample year: September 1967–July 1969,
country: Thailand139, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AME, CIT, FB2, OTA, and STG, literature889
article139: Beans, Beans (mung bean), Food, Nuts (peanut),
Aflatoxin/s Seeds (sesame), Spices (garlic/onion), Starch (cassava starch),
incidence: 14/23*, Ø conc.: 11.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater Vegetables, AF/S, literature139
Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country: For detailed information see the article.
Philippines1, *pili and pili products, **AFS of pos sa.? incidence: 14/14*, conc. range: ≤9.68 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.23
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg**, sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (capital), Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *red paprika, **AFS total
article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee, • Co-contamination: not reported
Drinks (alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Products (coconut product), Rootcrops, Sweet potatoes, Yams, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AF, literature1 article174: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature174;
incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 1.1–5.4 μg/kg**, sample origin: Spices (cumin), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, AF/S, literature174
*chilli powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 17/30*, conc. range: 0.3–44.7 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 16.8
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg**, sample origin: bazaars and markets in Istanbul (capital),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey178, *red-scaled
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- pepper, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; incidence: 10/30*, conc. range: 0.3–14.2 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.6
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S μg/kg**, sample origin: bazaars and markets in Istanbul (capital),
and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey178, *red pepper,
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), DAS, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), article178: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature178;
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AF/S, literature178
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 2.7–76.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; bazaars, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *chilli
Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 powder
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 1.8–85.9 μg/kg, sample origin: herbal incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 5.60–69.28 μg/kg**, sample origin:
shops, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *chilli sales outlets, Qatar, sample year: October 2002, country: Qatar229,
powder *chilli powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*chilli powder than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article229: Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pis-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other tachio nut), AF/S, literature229; Coffee, Raisins, Spices (cayenne
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ pepper, chilli), OTA, literature229; Spices, AF/S and OTA,
article180: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature180; literature229
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AF/S, literature180 incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: 0.1–5 μg/kg** (3 sa.), 6–10 μg/kg**
incidence: 8/44*, conc. range: 1.1–97.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 20.5 (1 sa.), >50 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: commercial and
μg/kg**, sample origin: retailers and spice shops, Sanliurfa imported food from retail outlets and points of entries, Malaysia,
(province), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey186, sample year: 1995–1999, country: Malaysia , *chilli powder etc.,
233
*red-scaled pepper, **AFB and AFG **AF not specified

incidence: 3/26*, conc. range: 1.8–16.4 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 7.3
μg/kg**, sample origin: retailers and spice shops, Sanliurfa
(province), Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey , 186
article233: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy),
*red pepper powder, **AFB and AFG
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Products (peanut products), AF/S,
literature233
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 18/50*, conc. range: 1.0–1.9 μg/kg** (2 sa.), 2.0–3.9
article186: Spices (pepper), AF/S, literature186 μg/kg** (5 sa.), 4.0–10 μg/kg** (2 sa.), 10–50 μg/kg** (9 sa.,
maximum: 14.8 μg/kg** ***), sample origin: supermarkets, local
and ethnic shops in Norwich (city) area, UK, sample year:
market stalls, shops, and supermarkets, Ireland, sample year:
unknown, country: UK250, *included cayenne pepper, chilli, and
unknown, country: Ireland187, *chilli powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
paprika, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, ***cayenne pepper sa.
and AFG2
incidence: 9/14*, conc. range: 1–1.9 μg/kg** (2 sa.), 2–3.9 μg/kg**
(3 sa.), 4–10 μg/kg** (1 sa.), 10–50 μg/kg** (2 sa.), >50 μg/kg**
μg/kg**, sample origin: market stalls, shops, and supermarkets,
(1 sa.), sample origin: Port Health Authorities at Felixstowe
Ireland, sample year: unknown, country: Ireland187, *cayenne
(town), UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK250, *included
pepper, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
whole chilli and chilli powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article : Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry),
187
article250: Spices, Spices (curry), AF/S, literature250
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), AF/S, literature 187

μg/kg**, sample origin: directly from markets in Pakistan as sold
markets in ten cities, Korea, sample year: May–September 2006,
by vendors, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal251, *chilli,
country: Korea , *red pepper flour, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
188
ground, **AFS total
AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 0.1–6.6 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.15
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg**, sample origin: directly from markets in Pakistan as sold
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ by vendors, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal , *pod
251
article188: Paste (red pepper paste), Spices (curry), Spices chilli, **AFS total
(ginger), AF/S, literature188 • Co-contamination: not reported
μg/kg**, sample origin: bazaars and markets in Burdur, Isparta,
and Antalya city centers, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country:
Turkey190, *red pepper, **AFS total incidence: 14/35*, conc. range: ≤2.49 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail
shops, Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
incidence: ?/38*, conc. range: ≤9.46 μg/kg**, sample origin:
June–August 2008, country: Spain252, *chilli, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
bazaars and markets in Burdur, Isparta, and Antalya city centers,
and AFG2
Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey190, *red pepper,
flaked, **AFS total
book/article252: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), OTA and
ZEA, literature252; Spices (paprika), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA,
article190: Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AF/S, literature190
literature252
incidence: 11/11*, conc. range: 1.9–65.7 μg/kg**, sample origin: in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country:
distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country: Pakistan751, *chilli, crushed, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Spain253, *chilli, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 15/28*, conc. range: ≤99.3 μg/kg**, sample origin: food
• Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, restaurants in Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
OTA, T-2, and ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, OTA, (districts) in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown,
and ZEA country: Pakistan751, *chilli, crushed, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG2
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), DON, OTA, T-2, and
retail markets of Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA,
literature253
country: Pakistan751, *chilli powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 29/42* **, conc. range: ≤95.9 μg/kg***, sample origin:
incidence: 17/29*, conc. range: ≤92.9 μg/kg**, sample origin: food
markets, herbal shops, and chilli-growing areas, Faisalabad (city),
Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: 2009, country: Pakistan/
Portugal/USA254, *whole and ground chilli, **collected in summer
country: Pakistan751, *chilli powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
season, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 32/45* **, conc. range: ≤74.6 μg/kg***, sample origin: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets, herbal shops, and chilli growing areas, Faisalabad (city), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: 2009/2010, country: article751: Sauces (chilli sauce), AF/S and OTA, literature751;
Pakistan/Portugal/USA254, *whole and ground chilli, **collected Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), OTA, literature751
in winter season, ***AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 223/226*, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg** (138 sa.), 10–20
μg/kg** (63 sa.), >20 μg/kg** (22 sa., maximum: 91.4 μg/kg**),
sample origin: warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets,
and smaller shops across Pakistan, sample year: July 2006–June
2011, country: Pakistan765, *red chilli, whole, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 2.9–5.0 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 3.8 μg/kg**, and AFG2
incidence: 64/69*, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg** (13 sa.), 10–20
country: New Zealand277, *cayenne pepper, **AFS total
μg/kg** (19 sa.), >20 μg/kg** (32 sa., maximum: 77.9 μg/kg**),
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 3.5–8.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 5.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets,
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009, and smaller shops across Pakistan, sample year: July 2006–June
country: New Zealand277;*chilli powder, **AFS total 2011, country: Pakistan765, *red chilli, powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: not reported and AFG2
incidence: 34/36*, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg** (5 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg**
(10 sa.), >20 μg/kg** (19 sa., maximum: 93.7 μg/kg**), sample
origin: warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and
smaller shops across Pakistan, sample year: July 2006–June 2011,
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
country: Pakistan765, *red chilli, crushed, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nut-
AFG2
meg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277;
Figs, Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1,
AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1,
literature277; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and OTA,
literature277
New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *chilli
(domestic) the internet shopping mall, supermarket, and
powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 2.9–5.0 μg/kg**, sample origin: Korea809, *packed, dried, and ground red pepper sa., **AFB1, AFB2,
New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, AFG1, and AFG2
*cayenne pepper, **AFB1 and AFB2
(domestic) the internet shopping mall, supermarket, and
wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, country:
Korea809, *non-packed, dried, and ground red pepper sa.
article702: Figs, Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature702; incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 0.05–0.11 μg/kg**, sample origin:
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, imported from China purchased in the internet shopping mall,
dried, OTA, literature702 supermarket, and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year:
unknown, country: Korea809, *packed, dried, and ground red
incidence: 17/29*, conc. range: ≤94.1 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail
pepper sa., **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
markets of Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh (districts)
incidence: 0/6*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported (black cumin), AF/S and CIT, literature641; Spices (caraway),
from China purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket, Spices (marjoram), AF/S and STG, literature641; Spices (cumin),
and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, STG, literature641
country: Korea809, *non-packed, dried, and ground red pepper sa. incidence: 5/18*, conc. range: <LOQ-31.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 34.3
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported μg/kg?, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
from Vietnam purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket, 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli pods, whole
and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 10/26*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: <LOQ, sample
Korea809, *packed, dried, and ground red pepper sa. origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country:
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.90 μg/kg**, sample origin: imported from Belgium889, *chilli flakes
Vietnam purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket, incidence: 18/42*, conc. range: <LOQ-13.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.0
and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, μg/kg, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
country: Korea809, *non-packed, dried, and ground red pepper sa., 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli powder
incidence: 10/35*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: exotic shops
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 4.22–38.03 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 18.98 and supermarkets in Antwerp and Ghent (cities), Belgium, sample
μg/kg**, sample origin: imported from India purchased in the year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *included whole chilli pods,
internet shopping mall, supermarket, and wholesale market, chilli powders, and chilli flakes
South Korea, sample year: unknown, country: Korea809, *packed, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
dried, and ground red pepper sa., **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/0*, conc.: no sa. available, sample origin: imported than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
from India purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket, article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, AFG2, AME, CIT, FB2, and OTA, literature889
country: Korea809, *non-packed, dried, and ground red pepper sa. For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: markets, Sri
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *red chilli
article809: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), OTA, literature809 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 116/116*, conc. range: 0.15–70.3 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
9.48 μg/kg**, sample origin: markets of Karachi (city), Pakistan, article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, and
sample year: 2007–2009, country: Pakistan836, *red chilli sa., **AF OTA, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, FB1,
• Co-contamination: not reported OTA, and STG, literature891
article836: not reported Citrinin
incidence: 10/10* **, conc. range: 0.23–1.46 μg/kg***, ∅ conc.: incidence: 4/18*, conc. range: <LOQ-2,107 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
0.90 μg/kg***, sample origin: local supermarket, sample year: 1,363 μg/kg, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
unknown, country: China/Germany855, *red paprika sa., **storage 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli pods, whole
time: 0 days, ***AFS incidence: 1/26*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: open markets, Sri
incidence: 10/10* **, conc. range: 7.93–9.32 μg/kg***, ∅ conc.: Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli
8.50 μg/kg***, sample origin: local supermarket, sample year: flakes
unknown, country: China/Germany855, *red paprika sa., **storage incidence: 2/42*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: LOQ, sample origin:
time: 90 days, ***AFS open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Belgium889, *chilli powder
incidence: 2/35*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: LOQ, sample origin:
exotic shops and supermarkets in Antwerp and Ghent (cities),
Belgium, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *included
whole chilli pods, chilli powders, and chilli flakes
Other Aspergillus Toxins • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 3/5*, conc. range: 10–23 μg/kg, sample origin: Assiut article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
(governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641, AFG2, AME, FB2, OTA, and STG, literature889
*red pepper For detailed information see the article.
article641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel), specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
Spices (pepper), Spices (peppermint), AF/S, literature641; Spices *chilli powder
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; literature183; Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and OTA, literature183
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops,
paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S, Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sample year: unknown,
FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, country: Belgium/Russia192, *pili-pili
and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
ture16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2,
sample origin: retail shops, Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia,
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and
sample year: unknown, country: Belgium/Russia192, *red pepper
ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2,
NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 31 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops,
FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sample year: unknown,
NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, country: Belgium/Russia192, *chilli
NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops,
incidence: 14/22*, conc. range: 0.4–26.8 μg/kg, sample origin: food Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sample year: unknown,
shops in Hajdú-Bihar (county), Hungary, sample year: October country: Belgium/Russia192, *cayenne
2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 9/16*, conc. range: 0.4–66.2 μg/kg, sample origin: shops
in/around Kaposvár (town), Somogy (county), Hungary, sample
article192: Licorice, OTA, literature192
year: October 2004, country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded
and originally packed incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 1.4–13 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.2 μg/kg,
sample origin: retail shops in Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia,
sample year: autumn–winter 2005/2006, country: Belgium/Russia/
Hajdú-Bihar (county), Hungary, sample year: November 2004,
Hungary193, *cayenne
country: Hungary170, *red pepper, grounded
incidence: 6/19*, conc. range: 0.4–3.5 μg/kg, sample origin: 10
Hungary193, *included chilli and chilli pods
Debrecen (town), Hungary, sample year: October 2004, country:
Hungary170, *chilli
Hungary193, *red pepper
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 19 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops in
article170: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sample year: autumn–winter
AFB2, literature170; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature170 2005/2006, country: Belgium/Russia/Hungary193, *included pili-
pili and pili-pili pods
μg/kg, sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in
Corum and Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November
2010–August 2011, country: Turkey183, *red chilli flakes
article193: Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
Spices (pepper), OTA, literature193
AFG1, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 3 sa. contami- incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 160 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Austria,
nated solely with OTA sample year: 1994, country: EU194, *cayenne pepper
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 13/18*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-4.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 5.0–
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 9.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), 10.0–24.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), 38 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample
article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, origin: Austria, sample year: 1994, country: EU194, *red pepper
literature183; Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, literature183 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 12/22*, conc. range: 0.78–98.2 μg/g, ∅ conc.: 24.65 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article194:
μg/kg, sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Coffee, Coffee beans, Spices (curry), Spices (marjoram), Spices
Corum and Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010– (pepper), OTA, literature194
August 2011, country: Turkey , *red chilli powder
183
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, sample origin: sales outlets, Qatar, sample year: October 2002,
AFG1, and OTA; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and country: Qatar229, *chilli powder
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; 3 sa. contami- • Co-contamination: not reported
nated solely with OTA
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 2/32*, conc. range: 47 μg/kg (1 sa.), 93 μg/kg (1 sa.),
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article229: sample origin: markets and cold storage units, Guntur and
Butter (peanut butter), Figs, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Khammam (districts), Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year:
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature229; Coffee, Raisins, unknown, country: UK/India255, *dried chilli pods (grade 1)
OTA, literature229; Spices, AF/S and OTA, literature229 incidence: 2/14*, conc. range: 10–29 μg/kg (1 sa.), 50–100 μg/kg
incidence: 31/31*, conc. range: 0.2–152.2 μg/kg, sample origin: (1 sa.), sample origin: markets and cold storage units, Guntur and
warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller Khammam (districts), Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year:
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245, *chilli unknown, country: UK/India255, *dried chilli pods (grade 2)
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 8/23*, conc. range: 10–29 μg/kg (3 sa.), 30–49 μg/kg
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, (5 sa.), sample origin: markets and cold storage units, Guntur and
AFG1, and OTA; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and Khammam (districts), Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year:
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and OTA; 1 sa. unknown, country: UK/India255, *dried chilli pods (grade 3)
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2 and OTA; 17 sa. co-contam-
inated with AFB1 and OTA; 2 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
(4 sa.), 50–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), 120 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
markets and cold storage units, Guntur and Khammam (districts),
Andhra Pradesh (state), India, sample year: unknown, country:
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
UK/India255, * chilli powder from supermarkets
AFG2, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
and OTA, literature245
sample origin: warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, article255: not reported
and smaller shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245,
*cayenne pepper
country: New Zealand277, *cayenne pepper
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and OTA; 2 sa.
co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 1.8–7.3 μg/kg, sample origin: available
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in New Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New Zealand277,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *cayenne pepper
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 0.23–39.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
AFG2, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, available in New Zealand, sample year: 2007, country:
and OTA, literature245 New Zealand277;*chilli powder
incidence: 65/80*, conc. range: <1.0 μg/kg (18 sa.), 1–5 μg/kg incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 1.3–6.3 μg/kg, sample origin: available
(26 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (9 sa.), >10 μg/kg (12 sa., maximum: in New Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New
101.42 μg/kg), sample origin: local markets and open markets in Zealand277;*chilli powder
Kuala Lumpur (capital), Putrajaya (city), and Selangor (state) • Co-contamination: not reported
areas, Malaysia, sample year: May/June 2009, country: Malaysia249, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*chilli, dried than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
article249: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and sauce), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AF/S, litera-
AFG2, literature249 ture277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine
incidence: 35/35*, conc. range: 0.62–44.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (curry), Spices
retail shops, Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277;
year: June–August 2008, country: Spain252, *chilli, **AFB1, AFB2, Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.62 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Malaysia530, *chilli, dried or coarse dried
article252: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and ZEA, litera- AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
ture252; Spices (paprika), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature252 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 11/11*, conc. range: 4.3–19.1 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country: article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices
Spain253, *chilli (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, OTA, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
T-2, and ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, OTA, and ZEA AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, T-2, and incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
literature253 country: Malaysia530, *chilli, dried
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
article530: Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article749: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature749
AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), incidence: 3/4, conc. range: 163.4–1,059.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 474
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices (curcuma), μg/kg, sample origin: central markets in Santiago de Chile
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), (capital), Chile, sample year: unknown, country: Japan749
AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1,
literature530
sample origin: central markets in La Paz (capital), Bolivia, sample
incidence: 0/41* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: year: unknown, country: Japan749
supermarkets, online shopping mall, small stakeholder mills, • Co-contamination: not reported
HACCP-implemented factories, and an important company, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Korea, sample year: August 2008, country: Korea588, *red paprika/ than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
red peppers, **pre-harvest stages article749: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature749
incidence: 11/68* **, conc. range: ≤34.96 μg/kg, sample origin: incidence: 11/29*, conc. range: ≤54.3 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
supermarkets, online shopping mall, small stakeholder mills, markets of Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
HACCP-implemented factories, and an important company, (districts) in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown,
Korea, sample year: August 2008, country: Korea588, *red paprika/ country: Pakistan751, *chilli, crushed
red peppers, **post-harvest-and processing stages
incidence: 14/28*, conc. range: ≤48.7 μg/kg, sample origin: food
incidence: 31/83* **, conc. range: ≤33.59 μg/kg, sample origin: restaurants in Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
supermarkets, online shopping mall, small stakeholder mills, (districts) in Punjab (state), Pakistan, sample year: unknown,
HACCP-implemented factories, and an important company, country: Pakistan751, *chilli, crushed
Korea, sample year: August 2008, country: Korea588, *red paprika/
red peppers, **distribution stages
markets of Faisalabad, Jhang, Lahore, and Toba Tek Singh
country: Pakistan751
article588: not reported incidence: 12/29, conc. range: ≤58.1 μg/kg, sample origin: food
incidence: 6/8*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.0–
2.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), ≤14.5 μg/kg (4 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands,
country: Pakistan751
sample year: 1996, country: EU698, *pepper powder
article751: Sauces (chilli sauce), AF/S and OTA, literature751;
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature751
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices,
Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), incidence: 5/13*, conc. range: 0.64–3.85 μg/kg, sample origin:
Peas, Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, (domestic) the internet shopping mall, supermarket, and
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, country:
Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Korea809, *red pepper, packed, dried, and ground
Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 incidence: 0/45*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 1.3–6.3 μg/kg, sample origin: New (domestic) the internet shopping mall, supermarket, and
Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *chilli powder wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, country:
Korea809, *red pepper, non-packed, dried, and ground
New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0.23 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
*cayenne pepper China purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket,
• Co-contamination: not reported and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Korea809, *red pepper, packed, dried, and ground
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.15 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
article702: Figs, Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), China purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket,
AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried, Spices (cayenne pep- and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown,
per, chilli), AF/S, literature702; Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, country: Korea809, *red pepper, non-packed, dried, and ground
dried, OTA, literature702 incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported
incidence: 5/13, conc. range: 0.6–47.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18.9 μg/kg, from Vietnam purchased in the internet shopping mall,
sample origin: central markets in Cusco and Trujillo (cities), and supermarket, and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year:
Lima (capital), Peru, sample year: unknown, country: Japan749 unknown, country: Korea809, *red pepper, packed, dried, and ground
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 0. 20 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from incidence: 2/18*, conc. range: <LOQ-5.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
Vietnam purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket, open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country:
and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, Belgium889, *chilli pods, whole
country: Korea809, *red pepper, non-packed, dried, and ground incidence: 13/26*, conc. range: <LOQ-15 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.6
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 3.75–56.30 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 17.31 μg/kg, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
μg/kg, sample origin: imported from India purchased in the 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli flakes
internet shopping mall, supermarket, and wholesale market, incidence: 20/42*, conc. range: <LOQ-282 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37.8
South Korea, sample year: unknown, country: Korea809, *red μg/kg, sample origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year:
pepper, packed, dried, and ground 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli powder
incidence: 0/0*, conc.: no sa. available, sample origin: imported incidence: 16/35*, conc. range: <LOQ-17.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 9.93
from India purchased in the internet shopping mall, supermarket, μg/kg, sample origin: exotic shops and supermarkets in Antwerp
and wholesale market, South Korea, sample year: unknown, and Ghent (cities), Belgium, sample year: 2012/2013, country:
country: Korea809, *red pepper, non-packed, dried, and ground Belgium889, *included whole chilli pods, chilli powders, and chilli
• Co-contamination: not reported flakes
article809: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature809 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 11/12*, conc. range: ≤32.7 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech AFG2, AME, CIT, FB2, and STG, literature889
Republic811, *chilli pepper, dried For detailed information see the article.
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6/10*, conc. range: <LOQ (2 sa.), 7.0–27 μg/kg (4 sa.),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Belgium891, *red chilli
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs • Co-contamination: not reported
and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(ginger product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), Spices (nutmeg), Spices article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, and
(paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, FB1,
literature811 OTA, and STG, literature891
incidence: 12/30*, conc. range: LOD-2.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), 2.0–5.0 incidence: 6/56*, conc. range: <LOQ-4.51 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.38
μg/kg (5 sa.), 5.0–15.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), >15.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: μg/kg, sample origin: imported from China and Vietnam as well
8.45 μg/kg, sample origin: marketed in Italy, sample year: as Korea and purchased in local markets, Korea, sample year:
unknown, country: Italy820, *chilli unknown, country: Korea901, *red pepper powder
article820: Coffee, Wine (red), OTA, literature820 article901: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature901
incidence: 44/44*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg (31 sa.), 5–15 μg/kg (9 sa.),
Fusarium Toxins
15–30 μg/kg (2 sa.), >30 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 31.7 μg/kg), ∅
conc.: 5.3 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets, free markets,
Fumonisin/s
traditional bazaars, and traditional family reserves in Istanbul
(capital), Turkey, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Turkey861, *red Fumonisin B1
pepper flakes, unpacked incidence: 7/14*, conc. range: 20.2–140 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 99.9 μg/kg,
incidence: 27/31*, conc. range: 0.05–1 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: FUCHS Gewürze GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014,
supermarkets, free markets, traditional bazaars, and traditional country: Latvia679, *hot paprika, ground
family reserves in Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
2012/2013, country: Turkey861, *red pepper flakes, packed • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cle679: Spices (nutmeg), FB1 and OTA, literature679; Spices (oreg-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ano), STG, literature679; Spices (paprika), FB1, OTA, and STG,
article861: not reported literature679; Spices (thyme), DON, STG, and ZEA, literature679
incidence: 16/80*, conc. range: 0.41–30.73 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.77 μg/kg, Fumonisin B2
sample origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in eight incidence: 1/18*, conc.: 87.1 μg/kg, sample origin: open markets,
cities, China, sample year: April–July 2009, country: China885, *chilli Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *chilli
• Co-contamination: not reported pods, whole
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 9/26*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: <LOQ, sample
article885: Spices (anise), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (cumin), origin: open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country:
Spices (curry), Spices (prickly ash), OTA, literature885 Belgium889, *chilli flakes
incidence: 3/42*, conc. range: <LOQ, ∅ conc.: LOQ, sample origin: FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16;
open markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (gin-
Belgium889, *chilli powder ger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices
incidence: 4/35*, conc. range: <LOQ-53.8 μg/kg, sample origin: (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
exotic shops and supermarkets in Antwerp and Ghent (cities),
Belgium, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Belgium889, *included T-2 Toxin
whole chilli pods, chilli powders, and chilli flakes incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: ≤0.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spain253, *chilli
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON,
article889: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, T-2, and ZEA
AFG2, AME, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature889 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (paprika),
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: markets, Sri AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature253
Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *red chilli
• Co-contamination: not reported Type B Trichothecenes
Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, and
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *chilli powder
STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, FB1,
OTA, and STG, literature891
Type A Trichothecenes cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Diacetoxyscirpenol Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and
incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 47–81 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *chilli powder paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S,
• Co-contamination: not reported FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, HT-2, OTA, and
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA,
ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO,
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV,
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV,
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and T-2, literature16
AF/S, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (corian- incidence: 2/11*, conc. range: ≤0.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
der), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country:
AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, Spain253, *chilli
literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON,
Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera- OTA, T-2, and ZEA
ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, OTA, T-2, and
HT-2 Toxin ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA,
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 24 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food literature253
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *chilli powder Other Fusarium Toxins
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Zearalenone
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 4.5–15.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and *chilli powder
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste • Co-contamination: not reported
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli Spices (celery) may contain the following mycotoxins:
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Aspergillus Toxins
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, and OTA, literature16; Spices (corian- Aflatoxin G1
der), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 3.7 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, USA, sample year: unknown,
literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; country: USA185, *celery seeds
Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: pr, sample origin: major retail outlets article185: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature185; Spices
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: February 1984–December (pepper), AFG1 and AFG2, literature185
1986, country: India22, *chillies
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (cinnamon) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Aflatoxin B1
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.98 μg/kg, sample origin: public markets,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- supermarkets, shops, and bonded warehouse in Emilia Romagna
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, (administrative region), Italy, sample year: 2000–2005, country:
and AFG2, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Italy176
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices cereals and their products reported in the present book/article176:
(fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera- Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; literature176; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature176
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 49.4–53 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 51.6 μg/kg,
literature22 sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 2–17 μg/kg, sample origin: food year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic cinnamon sa.
stores, Germany, sample year: 2000/2001, country: Germany151, • Co-contamination: not reported
*red pepper • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne
article151: Beans, ZEA, literature151; Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sun- pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fen-
flower), HT-2, T-2, and ZEA, literature151; Products (potato nel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaves), Spices (pepper),
product), DAS, HT-2, MAS, SCIRP, and ZEA, literature151; Seeds Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary),
(pumpkin), HT-2 and ZEA, literature151 Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859
incidence: 15/35*, conc. range: ≤129 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
shops, Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
June–August 2008, country: Spain252, *chilli, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Ochratoxin A
and AFG2 incidence: 7/13, conc. range: ≤2.21 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.60
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829
article252: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S and OTA, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture252; Spices (paprika), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature252 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 4/11*, conc. range: ≤114.3 μg/kg, sample origin: article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts
distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country: (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, litera-
Spain253, *chilli ture829; Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829
OTA, T-2, and ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, OTA, and incidence: 4/80, conc. range: 0.55–2.02 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.10 μg/kg,
ZEA sample origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in eight
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cities, China, sample year: April–July 2009, country: China885
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
T-2, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature253 article885: Spices (anise), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
see also Spices, Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper) (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (prickly ash), OTA, literature885
Spices (coriander) 397
Spices (coriander) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Alternaria Toxins article322: Spices (coriander), AFB2 and AFG1, literature322
Tenuazonic Acid For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 1,500–1,700 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1,600 incidence: 1/9, conc.: 45.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: processors
μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year: unknown,
Germany166 country: Canada323, *approximate conc.
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), article323: Spices (coriander), AFB2, literature323; Spices (cur-
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices cuma), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature323; Spices
(cherry juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature323
(pear juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 7.68 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
juice), Spices, Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
(curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, Malaysia530, *“ketumbar”
Aspergillus Toxins AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
incidence: 6?/9, conc. range: 25–230 μg/kg, sample origin: major article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2,
1984–December 1986, country: India22 AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (coriander), AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; incidence: 1/1, conc.: 10.97 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country:
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Malaysia530
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFG1
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala),
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cori-
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 ander), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur-
incidence: 2?/15, ∅ conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices
in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt104 (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, literature530
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 15.6 μg/kg, sample origin: organic markets
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and organic shops, Turkey, sample year: May 2010–May 2011,
article104: Kubeba, AFB1 and AFB2, literature104; Spices (corian- country: Turkey859, *organic coriander sa.
der), AFG1, literature104; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature104; • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (curcuma), AFB1 and AFG1, literature104 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/12, conc. range: ≤5 μg/kg (1 sa.), 5.2 μg/kg (1 sa.), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
Germany/Thailand244 Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne
• Co-contamination: not reported pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (cumin), Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leave), Spices (pepper),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary),
article244: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859
AFB1, literature244
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 6?/9, conc. range: 20–72 μg/kg, sample origin: major
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: India322,
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January
*not stored
1984–December 1986, country: India22
AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1

than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 6?/9, conc. range: 13–40 μg/kg, sample origin: major
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, 1984–December 1986, country: India22
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- • Co-contamination: not reported
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG2, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
(fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera- ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2,
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
literature22 AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
year: unknown, country: India322, *not stored AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
AFG1 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 2?/15, ∅ conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt104
article322: Spices (coriander), AFB1 and AFG1, literature322 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 16 μg/kg*, sample origin: processors located than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year: unknown, country: article104: Kubeba, AFB1 and AFB2, literature104; Spices (corian-
Canada323, *approximate conc. der), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature104; Spices (curcuma),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 AFB1 and AFG1, literature104
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: India322,
article323: Spices (coriander), AFB1, literature323; Spices (cur- *not stored
cuma), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature323; Spices • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
(ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature323 AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1.16 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Malaysia530, *“ketumbar” article322: Spices (coriander), AFB1 and AFB2, literature322
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.43 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Malaysia530, *“ketumbar”
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (coriander), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.57 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (coriander), AFB1,
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country: AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
Malaysia530 AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
AFG1 incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.84 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Malaysia530
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
(cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFG1
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cori- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ander), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
(pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2,
AFB1, literature530 AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (coriander), AFB1,
Spices (coriander) 399
AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
(coriander), DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry),
Aflatoxin G2 AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
incidence: 6?/9, conc. range: 14–35 μg/kg, sample origin: major literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16;
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera-
1984–December 1986, country: India22 ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/9, conc. range: 2.90*–12.80** μg/kg, sample origin:
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; market stalls, shops, and supermarkets, Ireland, sample year:
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, unknown, country: Ireland187, *AFB2, **AFB1
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, article187: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curcuma),
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, Spices (curry), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), AF/S,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), literature187
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices incidence: 1/5, conc.: 8 μg/kg*, sample origin: Assiut (governorate),
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641, *AFB1 and AFG1
Malaysia530, *“ketumbar” article641: Spices (anise), Spices (fennel), Spices (pepper), AF/S,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, literature641; Spices (black cumin), AF/S and CIT, literature641;
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA Spices (caraway), Spices (marjoram), AF/S and STG, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture641; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), STG,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (coriander), AFB1, Citrinin
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, incidence: 1/9, conc.: 34 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–December
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 1986, country: India22
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
(state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
country: Malaysia530
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (coriander), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
Aflatoxin/s AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 0.7 μg/kg*, sample origin: specialist food
Ochratoxin A
AFG1, and AFG2
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(coriander), AF/S, DON, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2,
literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (coriander), AFB1,
Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera- AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
literature16 AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
incidence: 10/20, conc. range: 74–576 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 206 μg/kg, incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: ≤1.96 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions, regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20 Republic811, *coriander seeds
article20: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
Spices (caraway), Spices (curcuma), Spices (paprika), Spices and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products
(pepper), OTA, literature20 (ginger product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne
incidence: 1/9, conc.: pr, sample origin: major retail outlets in pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (mustard), Spices (nut-
Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–December meg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red), Wine
1986, country: India22 (white), OTA, literature811
than cereals and their products reported in the present Type B Trichothecenes
book/article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
Deoxynivalenol
ture22; Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 21 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
OTA, literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG2, literature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (cur-
cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22;
Spices (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG,
literature22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
ture22; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG,
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 0.93 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
and small retail shops in seven major cities, Japan, sample year: AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
winter 2007, country: Japan85 (coriander), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry),
• Co-contamination: not reported AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera-
article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2, ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
literature85; Beverages, Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, literature16
Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature85
(3 sa.), 50–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, India, Zearalenone
sample year: unknown, country: India/UK/Belgium191, *coriander incidence: 3?/3, conc. range: 3.6–6.7 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist
seeds food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
article191: Spices (curcuma), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
OTA, literature191 Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Malaysia530, *“ketumbar” Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
Spices (cumin) 401
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
AF/S, DON, and OTA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 1.25–2.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.85 μg/kg,
Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (gin- sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (capital)
ger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal169,
(tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 *cumin, packaged
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: pr, sample origin: major retail outlets • Co-contamination: not reported
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–December • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
1986, country: India22 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article169: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Spices (saffron),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, literature169
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; incidence: 8/14, conc. range: ≤0.08 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.03 μg/kg,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, • Co-contamination: not reported
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, article174: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), (pepper), AFB1 and AF/S, literature174; Spices (cumin), AF/S,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices literature174
sample origin: supermarkets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample
Spices (cumin) may contain the following mycotoxins: year: unknown, country: Malaysia182, *cumin powder
Alternaria Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Tenuazonic Acid
article182: Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sun-
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 530–1,350 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 940
flower), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country:
literature182
Germany 166
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Corum and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–August
article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), 2011, country: Turkey
183
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry • Co-contamination: not reported
juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, OTA, literature183; Spices (cumin), AFB2 and OTA, literature183;
literature166 Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature183
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 2.45 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
Aspergillus Toxins
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
Aflatoxin B1 Malaysia530, *“jintan putih”
incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 24–104 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 64 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
sample origin: major retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
sample year: July 1984–December 1986, country: India22 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB2,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB2, (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, country: Malaysia530
• Co-contamination: not reported (coriander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (cumin), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices
ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed),
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB2, AFB1, literature530
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 country: Malaysia530
sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic cumin sa. than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip), AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
(fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leave), Spices (pepper),
Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), Aflatoxin G1
Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859 incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 8–45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 26.5 μg/kg, sample
origin: major retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample
Aflatoxin B2 year: July 1984–December 1986, country: India22
incidence: 2/8, conc. range: 12–78 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45 μg/kg, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: major retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: July 1984–December 1986, country: India22 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFB2, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), AFB1,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices (gar-
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), lic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), AFB1,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
(fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera- incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.35 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, Malaysia530, *“jintan putih”
incidence: 2/19, conc. range: 0.07–0.10 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.08 μg/kg, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Corum and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–August than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2011, country: Turkey183 article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
• Co-contamination: not reported ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper),
OTA, literature183; Spices (cumin), AFB1 and OTA, literature183; AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1,
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature183 literature530
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.35 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country:
Malaysia530, *“jintan putih” Malaysia530
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
book/article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
Spices (cumin) 403
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and article190: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AF/S,
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 literature190
Aflatoxin G2 Other Aspergillus Toxins

incidence: 1/8, conc.: 30 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
Sterigmatocystin
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: July 1984–December
incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 11 μg/kg, sample origin: Assiut
(governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641
cle641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel), Spices
(pepper), AF/S, literature641; Spices (black cumin), AF/S and CIT,
literature641; Spices (caraway), Spices (marjoram), AF/S and STG,
literature641; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), STG, literature641
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
AFB2, AFG1, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), AFB1, Citrinin
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices (gar- incidence: 1/8, conc.: 22 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
lic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), AFB1, in Nainital (district), India, sample year: July 1984–December
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 1986, country: India22
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
Malaysia530, *“jintan putih”
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
(state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), Ochratoxin A
country: Malaysia530 incidence: 1/19, conc.: 0.63 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, herbal
• Co-contamination: not reported shops, and bazaars in Corum and Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: November 2010–August 2011, country: Turkey183
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB1, article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, OTA, literature183; Spices (cumin), AFB1 and AFB2, literature183;
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature183
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 20.40 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
Aflatoxin/s
Malaysia530, *“jintan putih”
sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174, *AFS total
Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper),
AFB1 and AF/S, literature ; Spices (cumin), AFB1, literature
174 174
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
incidence: 28/28, conc. range: 4.55–8.57 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 7.03 AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
μg/kg*, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey190, *AFS total AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
incidence: 7/29, conc. range: 0.31–3.25 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.46 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2;
sample origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in eight 3 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
cities, China, sample year: April–July 2009, country: China885 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article323: Spices (coriander), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- literature323; Spices (curcuma), AFB2, literature323; Spices (gin-
cle885: Spices (anise), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cin- ger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature323
namon), Spices (curry), Spices (prickly ash), OTA, literature885 incidence: 8/10, conc. range: 1.3–4.2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
see also Spices sales points in different regions, Iran, sample year: March–May
Spices (curcuma) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: not reported
Tenuazonic Acid article491: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (sage), AFB1, literature491;
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 60–100 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 80 μg/kg, sample Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper),
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 Spices (thyme), AFB1, literature491
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year:
unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *“kunyit”
Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear
juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice),
Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry),
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA,
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices
literature166
(masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices
Aspergillus Toxins (curcuma), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper),
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: March
1984–December 1986, country: India22
unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB2,
AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2,
literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices Aflatoxin B2
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), incidence: 5?/9, conc. range: 12–150 μg/kg, sample origin: major
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: March
incidence: 2?/15, ∅ conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies 1984–December 1986, country: India22
in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Egypt104 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
article104: Kubeba, AFB1 and AFB2, literature104; Spices (corian- literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
der), AFB1 and AFG1, literature104; Spices (pepper), AFB1, litera- ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
ture104; Spices (curcuma), AFG1, literature104 and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: tr-3.8 μg/kg*, sample origin: processors AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year: unknown, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma),
country: Canada323, *approximate conc. AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
Spices (curcuma) 405
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices incidence: 2?/15, ∅ conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt104
incidence: 3/6, conc. range: tr-1.3 μg/kg*, sample origin: processors • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Canada323, *approximate conc. article104: Kubeba, AFB1 and AFB2, literature104; Spices (corian-
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 der), AFB1 and AFG1, literature104; Spices (pepper), Spices (cur-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cuma), AFB1, literature104
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
article323: Spices (coriander), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study),
literature323; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, literature323; Spices (gin- country: Malaysia530, *“kunyit”
ger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature323 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Malaysia530, *“kunyit” cle530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala),
and OTA AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cuma), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 0.56–1.26 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.91 μg/kg,
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year:
(masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530
(curcuma), AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 1.68 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country: article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
Malaysia530 ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB2,
AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- Aflatoxin G2
ander), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, incidence: 5?/9, conc. range: 14–125 μg/kg, sample origin: major
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cumin), AFB2, retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: March
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, 1984–December 1986, country: India22
AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 5?/9, conc. range: 20–125 μg/kg, sample origin: major article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: March Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
1984–December 1986, country: India22 literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
• Co-contamination: not reported erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG2, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin),
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (cur-
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera-
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA,
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, literature22
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), Aflatoxin/s
AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), incidence: 4/10, conc. range: 0.81–16.40 μg/kg*, sample origin:
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices market stalls, shops, and supermarkets, Ireland, sample year:
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), unknown, country: Ireland187, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Co-contamination: not reported Penicillium Toxins

than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Rubratoxin
article187: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), incidence: 1/9, conc.: 375 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
Spices (curry), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), AF/S, in Nainital (district), India, sample year: March 1984–December
literature187 1986, country: India22
Citrinin
origin: major retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample
year: March 1984–December 1986, country: India22
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFG2, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2,
see also Spices
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (cur- Spices (curry) may contain the following mycotoxins:
cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and RBT, literature22; Spices
(fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, litera- Alternaria Toxins
Tenuazonic Acid
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA,
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 190–2,100 μg/kg, sample origin:
literature22
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166
incidence: 13/25, conc. range: 39–925 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 290 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20 article166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice),
• Co-contamination: not reported Juices (banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other juice), Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ juice), Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice),
article20: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices, Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma),
Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), Spices (paprika), Spices Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA,
(pepper), OTA, literature20 literature166
incidence: 9/25*, conc. range: 10–29 μg/kg (3 sa.), 30–49 μg/kg Aspergillus Toxins
(2 sa.), 50–100 μg/kg (3 sa.), 110 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail
shops, India, sample year: unknown, country: India/UK/ Aflatoxin B1
Belgium191, *curcuma powder incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 3.64–4.12 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.88
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg, sample origin: grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Gangneung, and Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample year: May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10, *curry powder
article191: Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), • Co-contamination: not reported
OTA, literature191 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: conc. range: 0.20–3.58 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
article10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts
1.89 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample
(peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Paste (soybean paste), Sauces
year: unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *“kunyit”
(soy sauce), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper),
AFB1, literature10
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (capital)
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal169, *curry
(masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices powder, packaged
(curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature530; Spices (pepper), • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (curry) 407
article169: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Spices (saf- AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
fron), AFB1, literature169 incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 3.15–3.89 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.52 μg/kg,
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 0.2–202 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 41.4 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year:
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009, unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for
country: New Zealand277, *curry powder chicken curry
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB2,
(nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
paranut), AFB1, literature277; Spices (curry), AF/S and OTA, (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
literature277 country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(first study), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for fish curry than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA; 1 sa. AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB2,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- incidence: 6/6, conc. range: ≤1.03 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.41 μg/kg,
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 0.16–2.66 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.14 μg/kg, cle829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts (pista-
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: chio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, literature829;
unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices (curry), AF/S and
meat curry OTA, literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829;
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature829
OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), year: unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur- for fish curry
cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
(curry), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pep- AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
per), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 4.38 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country: ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
Malaysia530, *mixed spices for fish curry AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1,
AFG1, and OTA AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 0.04–0.38 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.21 μg/kg,
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), (first study), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB2, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
OTA
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1, (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study),
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 • Co-contamination: not reported
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Malaysia530, *mixed spices for fish curry article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
AFG1, and OTA AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.62 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country:
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1, Malaysia530, *mixed spices for fish curry
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
chicken curry AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for chicken curry
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
(state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin G1 article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 0.01–0.16 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.09 ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample AFB 2, AFG 1, AFG2, and OTA, literature ; Spices (curcuma),
530
year: unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature ; Spices (curry), AFB1,
530
for fish curry AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Aflatoxin G2
AFG1, and OTA incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.02 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Malaysia530, *mixed spices for fish curry
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- • Co-contamination: not reported
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
Spices (curry) 409
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Aflatoxin/s

cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- incidence: 3?/3*, conc. range: 0.8–61.2 μg/kg**, sample origin:
cle530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, *curry powder, “hot,” **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg**, sample origin: specialist food
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1, AFB2, shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry powder,
AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, “mild,” **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination**, sample origin:
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
(state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), *curry mixes, dry, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1, Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
(state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for fish curry (curry), DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- literature16
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1, incidence: 3/20*, conc. range: 0.50–9.10 μg/kg**, sample origin:
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), market stalls, shops, and supermarkets, Ireland, sample year:
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1, unknown, country: Ireland187, *curry powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and and AFG2
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for chicken curry article187: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander),
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (curcuma), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), AF/S,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 0.13–0.46 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.295 μg/kg*,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- sample origin: markets in ten cities, Korea, sample year: May–
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), September 2006, country: Korea188, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur- • Co-contamination: not reported
cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(curry), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pep- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
per), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, article188: Paste (red pepper paste), Spices (cayenne pepper,
literature530 chilli), Spices (ginger), AF/S, literature188
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang incidence: 10/29, conc. range: 1–1.9 μg/kg* (6 sa.), 2–3.9 μg/kg*
(state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), (2 sa.), 4–10 μg/kg* (2 sa., maximum: 5.2 μg/kg*), sample origin:
country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry supermarkets, local and ethnic shops in Norwich (city) area,
• Co-contamination: not reported UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK250, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and AFG2
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), than cereals and their products reported in the present
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur- book/article250: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S,
cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices literature250
(curry), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pep-
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 0.2–225 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 46.1
per), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1,
μg/kg**, sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year:
literature530
2009, country: New Zealand277, *curry powder, **AFS total
• Co-contamination: not reported AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16;
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), >25 μg/kg (2 sa.,
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut maximum: 33 μg/kg), sample origin: Austria, sample year: 1994,
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nut- country: EU194, *curry powder
meg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; • Co-contamination: not reported
Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
paranut), AFB1, literature277; Spices (curry), AFB1 and OTA, article194: Coffee, Coffee beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
literature277 Spices (marjoram), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature194
incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: ≤225 μg/kg**, sample origin: New incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 0.2–3.5 μg/kg, sample origin: available
Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *curry in New Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New Zealand277,
powder, **AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 *curry powder
article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried, Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
AF/S, literature702; Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
dried, OTA, literature702 sauce), Spices (curry), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee,
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: ≤1.17 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.45 μg/kg*, Dates, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried,
sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state), OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829, *AFB1, AFB2, (ginger), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277;
AFG1, and AFG2 Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for fish curry
article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts • Co-contamination: not reported
(pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices (curry), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1 and OTA, literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
literature829; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala),
literature829 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur-
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices
(curry), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices
Ochratoxin A (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed),
incidence: 3?/3*, conc. range: 2.3–21.3 μg/kg, sample origin: AFB1, literature530
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 0.14–9.59 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.42 μg/kg,
*curry powder, “hot” sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year:
incidence: 3?/3*, conc. range: 1.8–9.4 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, country: Malaysia530, *mixed spices for meat curry
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, • Co-contamination: not reported
*curry powder, “mild” • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 4?/ 4*, conc. range: 1.2–5.4 μg/kg, sample origin: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
*curry mixes, dry ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curry), AFB1,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: ≤3.5 μg/kg, sample origin: New
and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *curry
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; powder
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (corian- article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger),
der), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried,
Spices (curry) 411
Spices (curry), AF/S, literature702; Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist
dried, OTA, literature702 food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
incidence: 6/6, conc. range: ≤2.74 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.44 μg/kg*, powder, “mild”
sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state), incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829 UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes, dry
article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
(pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, lit- ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
erature829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
(curry), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
AF/S, literature829; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
literature829 sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
incidence: 5/11*, conc. range: 1.04–6.24 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.44 μg/kg, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
sample origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in eight AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
cities, China, sample year: April–July 2009, country: China885, (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
*curry powder (curry), AF/S, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
article885: Spices (anise), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices literature16
(cinnamon), Spices (cumin), Spices (prickly ash), OTA,
literature885 HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist
Fusarium Toxins food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
powder, “hot”
Fumonisin/s
incidence: 3?/3*, conc. range: 15–16 μg/kg**, sample origin: incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
*curry powder, “hot,” **FB1 and FB2 powder, “mild”
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 21 μg/kg**, sample origin: specialist food incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 17 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry powder, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes, dry
“mild, **FB1 and FB2 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 230 μg/kg**, sample origin: specialist food
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes,
dry, **FB1 and FB2
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry
paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S,
FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA,
and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
ture16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2,
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA,
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X,
NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON,
FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO,
NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S,
NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and Neosolaniol
ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, litera- incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist
ture16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, powder, “hot”
literature16
Type A Trichothecenes food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
powder, “mild”
Diacetoxyscirpenol
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes, dry
powder, “hot” • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA,
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and ture16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2,
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA,
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, HT-2,
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON,
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO,
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S,
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Nivalenol
Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (gin- incidence: 3?/3*, conc. range: 15–50 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist
ger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
(tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 powder, “hot”
incidence: 3?/3*, conc. range: 9–67 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist
T-2 Toxin food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist powder, “mild”
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
powder, “hot
UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes, dry
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist • Co-contamination: not reported
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
powder, “mild than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 13 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops, article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes, dry ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, OTA, T-2, and
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, litera-
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), ture16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices literature16
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, and
ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, litera-
ture16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, Zearalenone
literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, incidence: 3?/3*, conc. range: 1.2–10.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
literature16 specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
*curry powder, “hot”
Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist powder, “mild”
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 5.2 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
powder, “hot”
UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes, dry
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: specialist • Co-contamination: not reported
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
powder, “mild” than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/4*, conc.: 7 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops, article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *curry mixes, dry ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
Spices (fennel) 413
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
T-2, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, litera- article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
ture16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne
literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices
literature16 (cumin), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaves), Spices (pep-
per), Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rose-
Spices (fennel) may contain the following mycotoxins: mary), Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859
Aspergillus Toxins Aflatoxin B2
Aflatoxin B1
1984–September 1986, country: India22
1984–September 1986, country: India22
literature22 Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
(fennel), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22;
Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
(fennel), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22;
Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pep-
per), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.67 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
Malaysia530, *“jintan manis”
unknown (first study), country: Malaysia530, *“jintan manis”
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (masala), AFB1,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel), AFB1,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel),
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper),
AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, incidence: 1/2, conc.: 2.31 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
literature530 island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country:
Malaysia530
unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530
1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel), AFB1,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel), AFB2, Aflatoxin G1
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and incidence: 6?/9, conc. range: 15–76 μg/kg, sample origin: major
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January
incidence: 6/7*, conc. range: 1.1–11 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.7 μg/kg, sample 1984–September 1986, country: India22
origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic fennel seed sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article530:
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen- (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices incidence: 0/2, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Penang
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), (state, island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 country: Malaysia530
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.22 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, • Co-contamination: not reported
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Malaysia530, *“jintan manis” than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (masala), AFB1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel), AFB1,
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (masala), AFB1, AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), incidence: 1/2, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Chinese markets in Hebei
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel), AFB1, (province), China, sample year: unknown, country: China/Italy768
AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 0.85 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530 article768: Food, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature768; Spices, AFB1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1 literature768; Spices (star anise), AFG2, literature768
article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori- incidence: 1/3, conc.: 1.2 μg/kg*, sample origin: specialist food
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (masala), AFB1, shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *AFB1, AFB2,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFG1, and AFG2
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fennel), AFB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin G2 ture16; Nuts (almond), AFS, literature16; Oils, AF/S and ZEA,
incidence: 6?/9, conc. range: 9–69 μg/kg, sample origin: major literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles,
1984–September 1986, country: India22 AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce),
• Co-contamination: not reported NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander),
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- ture16; Spices (fennel), ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON,
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO,
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S,
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 20–25 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 22.5 μg/kg*,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen- sample origin: Assiut (governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown,
nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices country: Egypt641, *AFB1 and AFG1
(garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), • Co-contamination: not reported
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article22:
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (pepper), AF/S, litera-
Malaysia530, *“jintan manis” ture641; Spices (black cumin), AF/S and CIT, literature641; Spices
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, (caraway), Spices (marjoram), AF/S and STG, literature641; Spices
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), STG, literature641
Spices (fenugreek) 415
Other Aspergillus Toxins • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,

AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
Sterigmatocystin • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 1/9, conc.: 142 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets than cereals and their products reported in the present
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–September book/article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
1986, country: India22 (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (masala),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (cur-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (fen-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed),
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, AFB1, literature530
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Fusarium Toxins
Zearalenone
(fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature22;
per), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, AF/S and ZEA,
literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry
Citrinin paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles,
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: 28–59 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 43.5 μg/kg, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce),
sample origin: major retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and
sample year: January 1984–September 1986, country: India22 ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS,
• Co-contamination: not reported DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; ture16; Spices (fennel), AF/S, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S,
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, Spices (fenugreek) may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen- Aspergillus Toxins
nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
Aflatoxin B1
μg/kg, sample origin: Alexandria, Luxor (cities), and Cairo
Ochratoxin A (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt/USA127, *3
incidence: 2/9, conc. range: pr, sample origin: major retail outlets sa. freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for 12 months, **1 freshly
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: January 1984–September produced sa. and 2 stored sa.
1986, country: India22 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 (2 sa. were
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other the stored sa.)
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, article127: Beans (broad bean), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2,
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- literature127; Lentils, AFB1, literature127; Spices (fenugreek),
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFB2 and AFG1, literature127
Aflatoxin B2
μg/kg**, sample origin: Alexandria, Luxor (cities), and Cairo
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen-
(capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt/USA127, *3
nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and STG, literature22; Spices
sa. freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for 12 months, **stored sa.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and
Malaysia530, *“jintan manis” article127: Beans (broad bean), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2,
literature127; Lentils, AFB1, literature127; Spices (fenugreek), Aflatoxin G1

AFB1 and AFG1, literature127 incidence: 1/6, conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
Aflatoxin G1 1986, country: India22
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 1.8 μg/kg**, sample origin: Alexandria, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Luxor (cities), and Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, AFG1
country: Egypt/USA127, *3 sa. freshly produced and 3 sa. stored for • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
12 months, **stored sa. cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and cle22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices
AFG1 (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, literature22;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
book/article127: Beans (broad bean), Nuts (peanut), Spices ture22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA,
(fenugreek), AFB1 and AFB2, literature127; Lentils, AFB1, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
literature127 and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
Spices (garlic) may contain the following mycotoxins:
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices (garlic), AFB1 and
Aspergillus Toxins AFB2, literature22; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT,
STG, and ZEA, literature22
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 12 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Ochratoxin A
sample origin: drugstore and specialized shop, Belgium, sample
and AFG1
year: unknown, country: Belgium77, *five notified and seven
non-notified sa.
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3,
and OTA; 1 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
article77: Medicinal plants, OTA, literature77; Soy isoflavones,
and AFG2, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
FB1 and OTA, literature77; Spices (garlic), FB1, FB2, and FB3, lit-
erature77; Vegetables (black radish), FB1 and FB2, literature77
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices Fusarium Toxins
ture22; Spices (garlic), AFB2 and AFG1, literature22; Spices Depsipeptides
(pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, Beauvericin
literature22 incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 4,900 μg/kg, sample origin: private
households of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown,
Aflatoxin B2
country: Austria850, *moldy
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, FB1, FB2,
and FB3.
AFG1
article850: Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, litera-
ture850; Fruits (lemon), Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and
MA, literature850; Spices (garlic), FB1, FB2, and FB3, literature850;
Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits
(lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chapter: Further
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG2, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, Fumonisin/s
AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, Fumonisin B1
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 10 μg/kg, sample origin: drugstore and
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices specialized shop, Belgium, sample year: unknown, country:
(garlic), AFB1 and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), AFB1, Belgium77, *five notified and seven non-notified sa.
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3,
and OTA
Spices (garlic) 417
book/article77: Medicinal plants, OTA, literature77; Soy isofla- article77: Medicinal plants, OTA, literature77; Soy isoflavones,
vones, FB1 and OTA, literature77; Spices (garlic), FB2, FB3, and FB1 and OTA, literature77; Spices (garlic), FB1, FB2, and OTA,
OTA, literature77; Vegetables (black radish), FB1 and FB2, literature77; Vegetables (black radish), FB1 and FB2, literature77
literature77 incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 660 μg/kg, sample origin: private households
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: ~46–440 μg/kg, sample origin: of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country:
commercially available for industrial use, Netherlands, sample Austria850, *moldy
year: unknown, country: Netherlands184, *garlic powder • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, FB1, FB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported and FB3
Spices (onion), FB1, literature184; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and OTA, article850: Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, litera-
literature184; Spices (pepper), AFB2, literature184 ture850; Fruits (lemon), Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 6,400 μg/kg, sample origin: private MA, literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA, FB1, and FB2, literature850;
households of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits
country: Austria850, *moldy (lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chapter: Further
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, FB1, FB2, Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
and FB3 Type B Trichothecenes
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article850: Deoxynivalenol
Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, literature850; incidence: 1/4, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
Fruits (lemon), Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and MA, shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA, FB2, and FB3, literature850; • Co-contamination: not reported
Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
(lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chapter: Further cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Fumonisin B2 ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 8 μg/kg, sample origin: drugstore and (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
specialized shop, Belgium, sample year: unknown, country: Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
Belgium77, *five notified and seven non-notified sa. sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS,
and OTA DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article77: DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
Medicinal plants, OTA, literature77; Soy isoflavones, FB1 and OTA, ture16; Spices (garlic), FUS-X and NIV, literature16; Spices (gin-
literature77; Spices (garlic), FB1, FB3, and OTA, literature77; ger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices
Vegetables (black radish), FB1 and FB2, literature77 (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
of staff members, Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol)
Austria850, *moldy incidence: 1/4, conc.: 5 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, FB1, FB2, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
and FB3 • Co-contamination: not reported
article850: Fruits (apple), Nuts (chestnut), AME and AOH, litera- article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
ture850; Fruits (lemon), Puree, MA, literature850; Jam, AOH and ture16; Nuts (almond) AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
MA, literature850; Spices (garlic), BEA, FB1, and FB3, literature850; AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
Wine (red), AME, AOH, and MA, literature850; see also Fruits Paste (curry pastes), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
(lemon), Jam, Nuts (chestnut), Wine (red), chapter: Further ture16; Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S,
FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper,
Fumonisin B3 chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 3 μg/kg, sample origin: drugstore and Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
specialized shop, Belgium, sample year: unknown, country: Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA,
Belgium77, *five notified and seven non-notified sa. T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON and NIV, litera-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, FB3, ture16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
and OTA literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
literature16
Nivalenol • Further contamination of plants and plant products other

incidence: 1/4, conc.: 21 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16 article167: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG2, literature167; Spices (ginger), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than erature167; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- incidence: 10/12, conc. range: ≤3.50 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.63 μg/kg,
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste (curry • Co-contamination: not reported
paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Pickles, AF/S, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli sauce), NIV, OTA, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article174:
and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, litera- Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), Spices (pepper),
ture16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, AFB1 and AF/S, literature174; Spices (ginger), AF/S, literature174
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA,
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X,
HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic),
country: New Zealand277, *ginger, ground
DON and FUS-X, literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO,
NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S,
NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16
Spices (garlic/onion) may contain the following mycotoxins: cle277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter
(peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts
Aspergillus Toxins (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and
AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (pepper), Vine fruits,
Aflatoxin/s
dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
incidence: 2/58, conc. range: ≤60 μg/kg*?, ∅ conc.: 67 μg/kg*?,
Spices (curry), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, litera-
sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and
ture277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277; Spices
distributors, Hong Kong (British colony) and Thailand, sample
(ginger), AF/S and OTA, literature277
year: September 1967–July 1969, country: Thailand139, *AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 incidence: 8/15, conc. range: tr-25 μg/kg*, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported processors located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unknown, country: Canada323, *approximate conc.
article139: Beans, Beans (mung bean), Food, Nuts (peanut), AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
Seeds (sesame), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Starch (cassava AFG1; 4 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 sa. contami-
starch), Vegetables, AF/S, literature139 nation solely with AFB1
Spices (ginger) may contain the following mycotoxins: article323: Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (nut-
meg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature323; Spices (ginger), AFB2, AFG1,
Alternaria Toxins and AFG2, literature323
Tenuazonic Acid incidence: 5/9, conc. range: 1.9–39.8 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 50–70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 60 μg/kg, sample sales points in different regions, Iran, sample year: March–May
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166 2015, country: Iran491
cle166: Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), Juices article491: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (sage), AFB1, literature491;
(banana juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curcuma), Spices (pepper),
Juices (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Spices (thyme), AFB1, literature491
Juices (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, incidence: 2/7, conc. range: ≤0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.16 μg/kg,
Spices (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
(curry), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166 Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829
incidence: 3/5, conc. range: 1.4–6.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA167 (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, litera-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, ture829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices (curry),
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 1 Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature829; Spices
sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 (ginger), AF/S, literature829
Spices (ginger) 419
incidence: 3/4*, conc. range: 3.8–23.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 16.5 μg/kg, incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: <LOQ**, sample origin: local
sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country:
year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic ginger sa. China875, *moldy and normal fresh ginger, **moldy ginger sa.
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices ture875; Tea, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875
(cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (laurel leave), Spices (pepper),
Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), Aflatoxin G1
Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859 incidence: 1/5, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets, Beijing • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
(capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China875, *ginger AFG1, and AFG2
powder • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2 article167: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than and AFG2, literature167; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article875: literature167; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167
Spices (ginger), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875; Tea,
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875 incidence: 3/15, conc. range: tr-15 μg/kg*, sample origin:
processors located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year:
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local unknown, country: Canada323, *approximate conc.
markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
China875, *moldy and normal fresh ginger AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article875: than cereals and their products reported in the present
Spices (ginger), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875; Tea, book/article323: Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875 (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature323; Spices (ginger), AFB1,
Aflatoxin B2 AFB2, and AFG2, literature323
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: USA167 markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, China875, *ginger powder
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature875; Tea,
literature167; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature167; AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875
Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167 incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 0.70–0.89 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.80
incidence: 7/15, conc. range: tr-15 μg/kg*, sample origin: μg/kg**, sample origin: local markets, Beijing (capital), China,
processors located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year: sample year: unknown, country: China875, *moldy and normal
unknown, country: Canada323, *approximate conc. fresh ginger, **moldy ginger sa.
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and
AFG1, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2 and AFG1
AFG1; 4 sa. co-contamination with AFB1 and AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
article323: Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (nut- ture875; Tea, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875
meg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature323; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFG1,
and AFG2, literature323 Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local year: unknown, country: USA167
markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
China875, *ginger powder AFG1, and AFG2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit-
article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, litera- erature167; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature167;
ture875; Tea, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875 Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature167
incidence: 2/15, conc. range: tr-4 μg/kg*, sample origin: processors nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio
located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year: unknown, nut), Nuts (walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut paste),
country: Canada323, *approximate conc. Paste (pipian paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon),
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), AF/S,
AFG1, and AFG2 literature19
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 10/12, conc. range: ≤9.10 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.47 μg/kg*,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article323: sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174, *AFS total
and AFB2, literature323; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 3/5*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China875, article174: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), Spices
*ginger powder (pepper), AFB1 and AF/S, literature174; Spices (ginger), AFB1,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFG1 and AFG2; literature174
2 sa. contaminated solely with AFG2 incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 0.18 μg/kg**, sample origin: markets in ten
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cities, Korea, sample year: May–September 2006, country: Korea188,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *ginger product, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
ture875; Tea, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: 0.25–0.65 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.45 μg/kg**, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: local markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: article188: Paste (red pepper paste), Spices (cayenne pepper,
unknown, country: China875, *moldy and normal fresh ginger, chilli), Spices (curry), AF/S, literature188
**moldy ginger sa. incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 0.3–3.6 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 2.0 μg/kg**,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB2, AFG1, and sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009,
AFG2; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFG2 country: New Zealand277, *ginger, ground, **AFS total
Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature875; Tea, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875 article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
Aflatoxin/s Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
incidence: 4?/4*, conc. range: 4.2–13.5 μg/kg, sample origin: Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (pep-
*AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 per), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne
• Co-contamination: not reported pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (ginger), AFB1 and OTA, literature277
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 0.3–3.6 μg/kg**, sample origin:
ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *ginger,
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; ground, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; • Co-contamination: not reported
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry),
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried,
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices AF/S, literature702; Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits,
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, dried, OTA, literature702
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, incidence: 2/7, conc. range: ≤0.39 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 0.35 μg/kg*,
literature16; Spices (ginger), DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829, *AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 2 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported to USA, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cle829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts (pista-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ chio nut), Spices (ginger), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil),
article19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), ZEA, literature829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices
Candies (pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil (curry), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature829
Spices (ginger) 421
Ochratoxin A article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry),
incidence: 4?/4, conc. range: 2.1–7.5 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried,
food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16 Spices (ginger), AF/S, literature702; Spices (pepper), Vine fruits,
• Co-contamination: not reported dried, OTA, literature702
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 7/12*, conc. range: ≤12.7 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), Republic811, *ginger roots, dried
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; • Co-contamination: not reported
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (ginger product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (mustard), Spices
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red),
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, Wine (white), OTA, literature811
literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, and T-2, incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country:
literature16 China875, *ginger powder
incidence: 2/25*, conc. range: 10–29 μg/kg (1 sa.), 30–49 μg/kg incidence: 1/10*, conc.: <LOQ**, sample origin: local markets,
(1 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, India, sample year: unknown, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China875,
country: India/UK/Belgium191, *ginger powder *moldy and normal fresh ginger, **moldy ginger sa.
article191: Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (pepper), article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
OTA, literature191 ture875; Tea, AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops in Fusarium Toxins
Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sample year: autumn-winter
2005/2006, country: Belgium/Russia/Hungary193 Depsipeptides
• Co-contamination: not reported Beauvericin
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ μg/kg, sample origin: Bavarian retail stores, Germany, sample
article193: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), year: unknown, country: Germany746, *ginger spice, dried
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature193 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA, ENA1,
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.6–4.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.55 μg/kg, ENB, and ENB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA and ENB
sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2007, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: New Zealand277, *ginger, ground than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 0.5–2.1 μg/kg, sample origin: available article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
in New Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New Zealand277, literature746; Spices (ginger), ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
*ginger, ground literature746
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: Bavarian retail stores, Germany, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Germany 746, *ginger herb, dried for
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; infusions
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENB, and
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut ENB1, 1 sa. contaminated solely with BEA
sauce), Spices (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Dates, Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
(paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, literature746; Spices (ginger), ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
paranut), AFB1, literature277 literature746
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: ≤2.1 μg/kg, sample origin: New incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bavarian
Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *ginger, retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
ground Germany746, *ginger root, fresh
article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
literature746; Spices (ginger), ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENB, and ENB1,
literature746 literature746
Enniatin A Enniatin B
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 22.4–90.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 56.3 incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: >LOD-6.2 μg/kg, sample origin:
μg/kg, sample origin: Bavarian retail stores, Germany, sample Bavarian retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
year: unknown, country: Germany746, *ginger spice, dried Germany746, *ginger spice, dried
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA,
ENA1, ENB, and ENB1 ENA1, ENB, and ENB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than ENB
Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746 article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bavarian literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB1,
retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: literature746
Germany746, *ginger herb, dried for infusions incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 6.0 μg/kg, sample origin: Bavarian retail
• Co-contamination: not reported stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany746,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *ginger herb, dried for infusions
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENB,
article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, and ENB1
literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bavarian article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB1,
Germany746, *ginger root, fresh literature746
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bavarian
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Germany746, *ginger root, fresh
article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
Enniatin A1 literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB1,
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 20.6–65.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 42.8 literature746
μg/kg, sample origin: Bavarian retail stores, Germany, sample
year: unknown, country: Germany746, *ginger spice, dried Enniatin B1
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA, incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 11.5–30.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 20.7
ENA1, ENB, and ENB1 μg/kg, sample origin: Bavarian retail stores, Germany, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: unknown, country: Germany746, *ginger spice, dried
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENA,
article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1
literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENB, and ENB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/2*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bavarian article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB,
Germany746, *ginger herb, dried for infusions literature746
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 6.4 μg/kg, sample origin: Bavarian retail
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany746,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article746: *ginger herb, dried for infusions
Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, literature746; • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENB,
Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENB, and ENB1, literature746 and ENB1
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bavarian • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Germany746, *ginger root, fresh article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB,
literature746
Spice (majoran) 423
incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Bavarian ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
Germany746, *ginger root, fresh Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
• Co-contamination: not reported Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
article746: Medicinal plants, BEA, ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1, AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
literature746; Spices (ginger), BEA, ENA, ENA1, and ENB, (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
literature746 (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2,
Type A Trichothecenes literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, lit-
Neosolaniol erature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 23 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food literature16
• Co-contamination: not reported Nivalenol
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 1/4, conc.: 34 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
cle16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; Paste than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DAS, Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (coriander), Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry), AF/S, sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S,
DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, litera- OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
ture16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16; Spices AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
(ginger), AF/S, DON, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16; Spices (coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices
(tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, literature16 (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2,
T-2 Toxin literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, OTA, and T-2,
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 18 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16 literature16
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (laurel leave) may contain the following mycotoxins:
ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), Aflatoxin B1
AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16; incidence: 2/7*, conc. range: 16.5–20.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18.4 μg/kg,
Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic laurel
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, leaves sa.
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), • Co-contamination: not reported
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne
literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, and OTA, pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices
literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper),
literature16 Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary),
Deoxynivalenol Spice (majoran) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample origin: specialist food shops, Aspergillus Toxins
UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/5, conc.: 9 μg/kg*, sample origin: Assiut (governorate),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641, *AFB1 and AFB2
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
article641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (masala), AFB1, AFG1,
Spices (pepper), Spices (peppermint), AF/S, literature641; Spices AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2,
(black cumin), AF/S and CIT, literature641; Spices (caraway), literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
AF/S and STG, literature641; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
Spices (cumin), Spices (marjoram), STG, literature641 Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 0.18 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
Other Aspergillus Toxins island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia530
Sterigmatocystin
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
incidence: 1/5, conc.: 17 μg/kg, sample origin: Assiut (governorate),
Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), AFB1,
book/article641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (masala), AFB1,
(fennel), Spices (marjoram), Spices (pepper), Spices (pep-
permint), AF/S, literature641; Spices (black cumin), AF/S and
CIT, literature641; Spices (caraway), AF/S and STG, litera-
ture641; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), STG, Aflatoxin G2
literature641 incidence: 1/4, conc.: 0.01 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia530
Ochratoxin A AFG1, AFG2, and OTA
incidence: 1/13, conc.: 28 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Austria, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: 1994, country: EU194 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma),
article194: Coffee, Coffee beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (masala),
Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature194 AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper),
Spices (masala) may contain the following mycotoxins: literature530
Aspergillus Toxins Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 10/15*, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg** (8 sa.), ≤14.01
Aflatoxin B1
μg/kg** (2 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, open bazaars, and
local markets in Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample year: January–
μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample
July 2015, country: Pakistan/Ireland393, *composite spices (nihari
year: unknown, country: Malaysia530
masala), unpacked, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 12?/15*, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg** (9 sa.), ≤16.57
and OTA μg/kg** (2 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, open bazaars, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other local markets in Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample year: January–
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ July 2015, country: Pakistan/Ireland , *composite spices (biryani
393
article : Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-

530 masala), unpacked, **AFB 1, AFB2, AFG 1, and AFG2
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), AFB1, incidence: 12/15*, conc. range: ≤7.20 μg/kg**, sample origin: retail
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), shops, open bazaars, and local markets in Karachi (city), Pakistan,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (masala), AFB2, sample year: January–July 2015, country: Pakistan/Ireland393,
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and *composite spices (karhai masala), unpacked, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530 and AFG2
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 11/15*, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg** (8 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg**

incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 0.05–0.34 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.21 (2 sa.), 25.74 μg/kg** (1 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, open
μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample bazaars, and local markets in Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample
year: unknown, country: Malaysia530 year: January–July 2015, country: Pakistan/Ireland393, *composite
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, spices (korma masala), unpacked, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 13?/15, conc. range: 1–10 μg/kg* (9 sa.), 10–20 μg/kg*
and OTA (1 sa.), 22.10 μg/kg* (1 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, open
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than bazaars, and local markets in Karachi (city), Pakistan, sample
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- year: January–July 2015, country: Pakistan/Ireland393, *composite
cle530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), spices (tikka masala), unpacked, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Spices (mustard) 425
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 11/125*, conc. range: pr, sample origin: mustard
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other growing areas (16 districts) of Bihar (state), India, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ February/March 1987, country: India545, *Brassica juncea Coss.
article393: not reported (brown-seeded, Rai)
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1
incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 0.26–0.56 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.38 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample article545: Field mustard, AFB1 and AFB2, literature545; Spices
year: unknown, country: Malaysia 530 (mustard), AFB1 and AFG1, literature545
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 4/100, conc. range: pr, sample origin: different zones
and OTA
of Bihar (state), India, sample year: March 1984–February 1985,
country: India544
and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), AFB1,
AFG2
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature ; Spices (curcuma),
530
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature ; Spices (masala), AFB1,
530
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and
Oils (mustard oil), AFB1, literature544; Spices (mustard), AFB1,
Spices (mustard) may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 2/125*, conc. range: pr, sample origin: mustard growing
areas (16 districts) of Bihar (state), India, sample year: February/
Aspergillus Toxins March 1987, country: India545, *Brassica juncea Coss. (brown-
Aflatoxin B1 seeded, Rai)
incidence: 44/100, conc. range: tr-750 μg/kg, sample origin: • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2
different zones of Bihar (state), India, sample year: March 1984– and AFG1
February 1985, country: India544 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2; 3 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 1 sa. co-con- article545: Field mustard, AFB1 and AFB2, literature545; Spices
taminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; 31 sa. contami- (mustard), AFB1 and AFB2, literature545
nated solely with AFB1 Aflatoxin G2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 1/100, conc.: pr, sample origin: different zones of Bihar
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article544: (state), India, sample year: March 1984–February 1985, country:
Oils (mustard oil), AFB1, literature544; Spices (mustard), AFB2, India544
AFG1, and AFG2, literature544 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 14/125*, conc. range: 15–640 μg/kg, sample origin: AFG1, and AFG2
mustard growing areas (16 districts) of Bihar (state), India, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample year: February/March 1987, country: India545, *Brassica than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
juncea Coss. (brown-seeded, Rai) article544: Oils (mustard oil), AFB1, literature544; Spices (mus-
• Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; tard), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature544
2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1; 3 sa. con-
taminated solely with AFB1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 3/4, conc. range: ≤0.34 μg/l sample origin: different
article545: Field mustard, AFB1 and AFB2, literature545; Spices origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110
(mustard), AFB2 and AFG1, literature545 • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 13/100, conc. range: pr, sample origin: different zones
of Bihar (state), India, sample year: March 1984–February 1985,
Juices (grape juice), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper and
country: India544
barbecue sauce), Sauces (soy sauce), Tomato ketchup, Vinegar
• Co-contamination: 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2; 3 sa.
(apple), Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine
co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1; 1 sa. co-contami-
nated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 3/12, conc. range: ≤0.37 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article544: regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
Oils (mustard oil), AFB1, literature544; Spices (mustard), AFB1, Republic811
AFG1, and AFG2, literature544 • Co-contamination: not reported
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- cereals and their products reported in the present book/article173:
cle811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs and Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature173; Nuts
Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products (gin- (peanuts), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
ger product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne pepper, literature173; Spices (nutmeg), AFB2 and AFG1, literature173
chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices (nutmeg), incidence: 1/3, conc.: 2.27 μg/kg, sample origin: public markets,
Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red), Wine (white), supermarkets, shops, and bonded warehouse in Emilia Romagna
OTA, literature811 (administrative region), Italy, sample year: 2000–2005, country: Italy176
Spices (nutmeg) may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin B1 AFG2, literature176; Spices (cinnamon), AFB1, literature176;
incidence: 5/5*, ∅ conc.: 23.8 μg/kg, sample origin: shops, Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, literature176
supermarkets and wholesalers, France, sample year: 1989/1990,
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1.77 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in
country: France5, *nutmeg, powdered
Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
Germany181, *nutmeg powder
AFG1
article5: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, literature5
incidence: 25?/56, conc. range: 0.2–60.3 μg/kg, sample origin: cereals and their products reported in the present book/article181:
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97 Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature181;
• Co-contamination: not reported Nuts (hazelnut), Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature181;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature181; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (nutmeg), AFB2 and AFG1, literature181
article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
incidence: 3?/5, conc. range: 2.5–5.5 μg/kg, sample origin: imported
ture97; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pep-
from India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, USA, sample year: unknown,
per), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB2,
country: USA185
incidence: 84?/108, conc. range: 0.2–13.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.6 μg/kg, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods cereals and their products reported in the present book/article185:
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, Spices (celery), AFG1, literature185; Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, litera-
country: Japan99 ture185; Spices (pepper), AFG1 and AFG2, literature185
incidence: 3/13*, conc. range: 5–15 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown,
sample year: unknown, country: Germany239, *nutmeg, moldy
ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio
Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (lemon), Fruits (orange),
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices
Fruits (peach), Fruits (tomato), Nuts (almond), Nuts (cashew nut),
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (walnut), Seeds (sesame), AFB1, literature239;
literature99; Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
Nuts (peanut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature239
ture99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99
incidence: 11/28, conc. range: ≤5 μg/kg (8 sa.), >5 μg/kg (3 sa.,
maximum: 7.7 μg/kg), sample origin: unknown, sample year:
μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon
unknown, country: Germany/Thailand244
(capital) area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country:
Portugal169, *nutmeg, packaged
article244: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander),
AFB1, literature244
article169: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
Spices (curry), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Spices (saf- incidence: 4/13, conc. range: 5–37.5 μg/kg*, sample origin:
fron), AFB1, literature169 processors located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year:
unknown, country: Canada323, *approximate conc.
sample origin: retail stores in Osaka (prefecture), Japan, sample
year: 1988–1992, country: Japan173
AFG1; 1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
article323: Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), AFB1 and AFB2,
Spices (nutmeg) 427
literature323; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- Aflatoxin B2
erature323; Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, literature323 incidence: 25?/56, conc. range: 0.1–6.5 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 30/32*, conc. range: 1.0–23.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12.5 μg/kg, unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97
sample origin: Netherlands, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: not reported
Netherlands546, *nutmeg powder • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture97; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pep-
article546: Spices, AFB1, literature546; Spices (nutmeg), AF/S, per), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1,
literature546 AFG1, and AFG2, literature97
incidence: 25/25, conc. range: 1.0–378 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 52.3 μg/kg, incidence: 84?/108, conc. range: ≤2.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.5 μg/kg,
sample origin: imported from Indonesia, Japan, sample year: sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
unknown, country: Japan548 and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, country: Japan99
AFG1, and AFG2; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG1; 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 5 sa. con- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
taminated solely with AFB1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
article548: Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature548 ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio
nut), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
sample origin: sa. from Hainan (province) purchased in markets,
literature99; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
herbal shops, and bazaars in Beijing (capital), China, sample year:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; incidence: 1/3, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores in Osaka
1 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1 (prefecture), Japan, sample year: 1988–1992, country: Japan173
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature549 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature173; Nuts
sample origin: sa. from Yunnan (province) purchased in markets,
(peanuts), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
literature173; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFG1, literature173
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and incidence: 1/3, conc.: 0.47 μg/kg, sample origin: public markets,
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 supermarkets, shops, and bonded warehouse in Emilia Romagna
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (administrative region), Italy, sample year: 2000–2005, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Italy176
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature549 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
incidence: 0/3, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: sa. from
Guangdong (province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and
bazaars in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown,
AFG2, literature176; Spices (cinnamon), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1,
country: China549
literature176
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.40 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature549 Germany181, *nutmeg powder
AFG1
sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829
ture181; Nuts (hazelnut), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
AFB1 and AFG1, literature181; Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (pep-
article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts
per), AFB1, literature181
(pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, litera-
ture829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices (curry), incidence: 3?/5, conc. range: 0.75–1.1 μg/kg, sample origin:
AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and imported from India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, USA, sample year:
AF/S, literature829; Spices (nutmeg), AF/S and OTA, unknown, country: USA185
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than incidence: 84?/108, conc. range: ≤2.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
cle185: Spices (celery), AFG1, literature185; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
literature185; Spices (pepper), AFG1 and AFG2, literature185 country: Japan99
incidence: 3/13, conc. range: tr-15 μg/kg*, sample origin: • Co-contamination: not reported
processors located in six Canadian cities, Canada, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
unknown, country: Canada323, *approximate conc. cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 cle99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
article323: Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), AFB1 and AFB2, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne
literature323; Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
erature323; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, literature323 ture99; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature99;
sample origin: imported from Indonesia, Japan, sample year: incidence: 1/3, conc.: 0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores in Osaka
unknown, country: Japan548 (prefecture), Japan, sample year: 1988–1992, country: Japan173
AFG1, and AFG2; 8 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and and AFG1
AFG1; 10 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article548: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature548 ture173; Nuts (peanuts), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices
(pepper), AFB1, literature173; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2,
incidence: 1/4, conc.: 0.17 μg/kg, sample origin: sa. from Hainan
literature173
(province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in
Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.63 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in
China549 Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 Germany181, *nutmeg powder
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature549 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: sa. from Yunnan (province) purchased in markets,
ture181; Nuts (hazelnut), Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, lit-
erature181; Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
literature181; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature181
AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 incidence: 10/25, conc. range: 0.6–78 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 14.4 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: imported from Indonesia, Japan, sample year:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ unknown, country: Japan548
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature549 • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 0/3, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: sa. from
Guangdong (province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and
bazaars in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown,
article548: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature548
country: China549
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/56, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: unknown, country: Japan97
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature549 • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 25?/56, conc. range: 0.4–15.8 μg/kg, sample origin:
article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97
ture97; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, litera-
ture97; Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pepper), Spices (nutmeg),
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97
article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- incidence: 84?/108, conc. range: ≤0.4 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <0.1 μg/kg,
ture97; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), Spices (pep- sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
per), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
AFB2, and AFG2, literature97 country: Japan99
Spices (nutmeg) 429

cle99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, literature99; article546: Spices, Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, literature546
Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99; incidence: 20/20, conc. range: ≤23.74 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 5.24 μg/kg*,
Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state),
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829, *AFB1, AFB2,
pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, and AFG2
AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99 • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: imported from Indonesia, Japan, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
unknown, country: Japan548 article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, (pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, litera-
AFG1, and AFG2 ture829; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature829; Spices (curry),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature829; Spices (ginger), AFB1 and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AF/S, literature829; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 and OTA,
article548: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature548 literature829
incidence: 0/4, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: sa. from Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Hainan (province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and bazaars
in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China549 Ochratoxin A
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: retail shops in Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia,
than cereals and their products reported in the present sample year: autumn-winter 2005/2006, country: Belgium/Russia/
book/article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, Hungary193
incidence: 1/6, conc.: 0.29 μg/kg, sample origin: sa. from Yunnan • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China549 article193: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger),
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature193
AFG2 incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 4.3–23.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.9 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: New Zealand277
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature549 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/3, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: sa. from • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Guangdong (province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
bazaars in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
country: China549 Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
• Co-contamination: not reported Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (pep-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ per), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature549 pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut),
Aflatoxin/s AFB1, literature277
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: ≤2 μg/kg*, sample origin: imported incidence: 0/4, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: sa. from
to USA, sample year: 1986, country: USA19, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, Hainan (province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and
and AFG2 bazaars in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: China549
cle19: Butter (peanut butter), Candies (peanut candy), Candies than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(pistachio candy), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (Brazil nut, para- article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature549
nut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pecan nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Nuts
incidence: 1/6, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: sa. from Yunnan
(walnut), Oils (peanut oil), Paste (peanut paste), Paste (pipian
(province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in
paste), Products (peanut product), Seeds (melon), Spices (cay-
Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China549
enne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), AF/S, literature19
incidence: 30/32*, conc. range: 2.3–36.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 15.8 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
μg/kg**, sample origin: Netherlands, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Netherlands546, *nutmeg powder, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature549
and AFG2
incidence: 0/3, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: sa. from • Co-contamination: not reported
Guangdong (province) purchased in markets, herbal shops, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
bazaars in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present
country: China549 book/article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture679; Spices (nutmeg), OTA, literature679; Spices (oreg-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ano), STG, literature679; Spices (paprika), FB1, OTA, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ STG, literature679; Spices (thyme), DON, STG, and ZEA,
article549: Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature549 literature679
incidence: 1/50, conc.: 14 μg/kg, sample origin: FUCHS Gewürze
GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014, country: Latvia679 Spices (onion) may contain the following mycotoxins:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Fumonisin/s
article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), FB1, Fumonisin B1
literature679; Spices (oregano), STG, literature679; Spices incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: ~5–135 μg/kg, sample origin:
(paprika), FB1, OTA, and STG, literature679; Spices (thyme), commercially available for industrial use, Netherlands, sample
DON, STG, and ZEA, literature679 year: unknown, country: Netherlands184, *onion powder
incidence: 3/3, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), ≤8.5 μg/kg • Co-contamination: not reported
(2 sa.), sample origin: Portugal, sample year: 1999, country: EU698 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: not reported than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other book/article184: Spices (garlic), FB1, literature184; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (paprika), AFB1 and OTA, literature184; Spices (pepper), AFB2,
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, literature184
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices,
Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Spices (oregano) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Peas, Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices,
Aspergillus Toxins
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (paprika), Spices (pep-
per), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Sterigmatocystin
Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 incidence: 5/50, conc. range: 15–28 μg/kg, sample origin: FUCHS
incidence: 12/12, conc. range: 0.30–60.70 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.70 Gewürze GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014, country: Latvia679
μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions, Czech Republic, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
2011–2013, country: Czech Republic811 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, literature679;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (nutmeg), FB1 and OTA, literature679; Spices (paprika),
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs FB1, OTA, and STG, literature679; Spices (thyme), DON, STG,
and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products and ZEA, literature679
Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices Spices (paprika) may contain the following mycotoxins:
(mustard), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red), Alternaria Toxins
incidence: 20/20, conc. range: ≤10.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.56 μg/kg, Alternariol
sample origin: retail stores in Lower Saxony (federal state), incidence: 6/20*, conc. range: <6.6–101 μg/kg, sample origin:
Germany, sample year: 2009, country: Germany829 grocery in Oostkamp (municipality), Belgium, sample year: June–
• Co-contamination: not reported October 2008, country: Belgium165, *sweet pepper with moldy or
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other brown spots
article829: Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829; Nuts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(pistachio nut), AFB1, literature829; Oils (maize oil), ZEA, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture ; Spices (cinnamon), OTA, literature ; Spices (curry),
829 829 article165: Spices (paprika), BEA, literature165
AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature829; Spices (ginger), Spices (nut- Tenuazonic Acid
meg), AFB1 and AF/S, literature829 incidence: 9/9, conc. range: 880–37,300 μg/kg, sample origin:
Fusarium Toxins unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166
Fumonisin/s • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Fumonisin B1 cereals and their products reported in the present book/article166:
incidence: 1/50, conc.: 25 μg/kg, sample origin: FUCHS Gewürze Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), Juices (banana
GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014, country: Latvia679 juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices
(grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices
Spices (paprika) 431
(pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices incidence: 7/15*, conc. range: 2.5–14.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.6 μg/kg,
(coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), sample origin: retail and wholesale, Nordwürttemberg
Spices (ginger), Spices (pepper), TA, literature166 (administrative region), Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Germany243, *different kinds of paprika powder
Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 5?/12, conc. range: 0.2–1.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods article243: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, literature243; Spices (paprika), AFB2, literature243
country: Japan99 incidence: 25/25, conc. range: 0.2–3.4 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera- and AFG1 and OTA; 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio AFG2, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and
nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2 and OTA; 1 sa.
Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFG1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 8/12, conc. range: 1.25–17.75 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.98 μg/kg, article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (capital) AFG2, and OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB2, AFG1,
area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal169, AFG2, and OTA, literature245
*paprika, packaged incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.2–3.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.5 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: available in New Zealand, sample year: 2009,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: New Zealand277
article169: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Spices (saf- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
fron), AFB1, literature169 article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 8.2–116.4 μg/kg, sample origin: Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
bazaars, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180 Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (pep-
per), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne
herbal shops, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180
pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), AFB1, AF/S, and
incidence: 7/10, conc. range: 0.5–1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277;
supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180 Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature277
incidence: 38/50*, conc. range: ≤0.91 μg/kg, sample origin: local
markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample year: February/
March 2015, country: Turkey449, *bell pepper, dried green
article180: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1
and AF/S, literature180; Spices (paprika), AF/S, literature180
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1.76 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: cle449: Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449;
Germany181, *paprika powder Spices (paprika), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449
sample origin: local retail outlets, Spain, sample year: 2004–2007,
country: Spain/Nicaragua586, *red paprika powder
article181: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2,
and AFG1, literature181; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG1, litera-
ture181; Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (pepper), AFB1, litera-
AFG1, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2,
ture181; Spices (paprika), AFG1, literature181
and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 2
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-con-
available for industrial use, Netherlands, sample year: unknown, taminated with AFB1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated
country: Netherlands184, *paprika powder with AFB1 and AFG2; 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and
• Co-contamination: not reported OTA; 4 sa. contaminated solely with AFB1
Spices (garlic), Spices (onion), FB1, literature184; Spices (paprika), Spices (paprika), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature586
OTA, literature184; Spices (pepper), AFB2, literature184
incidence: 58/70, conc. range: LOD-5.0 μg/kg (45 sa.), 5.0–10.0 Aflatoxin G1

μg/kg (13 sa., maximum: 7.3 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 3.4 μg/kg, sample incidence: 5?/12, conc. range: ≤0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <0.1 μg/kg,
origin: local supermarkets and free markets, São Paulo (city), sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods
Brazil, sample year: January–April 2006, country: Brazil587 and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
article587: Spices (paprika), AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature587 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Aflatoxin B2 ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), Spices
incidence: 7/15*, conc. range: 0.1–1.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.81 (paprika), AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts
μg/kg, sample origin: retail and wholesale, Nordwürttemberg (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2,
(administrative region), Germany, sample year: unknown, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper,
country: Germany243, *different kinds of paprika powder chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1.56 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Munich 181 (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
article : Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
243 Germany , *paprika powder
literature243; Spices (paprika), AFB1, literature243 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG1
sample origin: warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, article181: Butter (peanut butter), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2,
and smaller shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245 and AFG1, literature181; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG1, litera-
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, ture181; Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper),
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFB1, literature181
and AFG1 and OTA
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller
article : Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
245 shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK245
AFG2, and OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFG1, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
AFG2, and OTA, literature245 AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
and AFG1 and OTA; 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 0.13–0.66 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.26 AFG2, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and
μg/kg, sample origin: local markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, OTA
sample year: February/March 2015, country: Turkey449, *bell • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
pepper, dried green than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AFG2, and OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, and OTA, literature245
article449: Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera-
ture449; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 0.32–1.38 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.61 μg/kg,
literature449 sample origin: local markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample
year: February/March 2015, country: Turkey449, *bell pepper, dried
incidence: 7/21*, conc. range: 0.6–0.7 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, green
sample origin: local retail outlets, Spain, sample year: 2004–2007, • Co-contamination: not reported
country: Spain/Nicaragua586, *red paprika powder • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449; Spices
AFG1, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA, literature449
and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2; 2
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA incidence: 2/21*, conc. range: 0.9–1.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.0 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than sample origin: local retail586 outlets, Spain, sample year: 2004–2007,
cereals and their products reported in the present book/article :
586 country: Spain/Nicaragua , *red paprika powder
Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature586 • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
incidence: 9/70, conc. range: LOD-5.0 μg/kg (9 sa., maximum: AFG1, and OTA
0.5 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 1.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and free markets, São Paulo (city), Brazil, sample year: January– than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
April 2006, country: Brazil587 article586: Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 15/70, conc. range: LOD-5.0 μg/kg (15 sa., maximum:
article587: Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature587 1.6 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets
and free markets, São Paulo (city), Brazil, sample year: January– incidence: 2/10, conc. range: 0.40–6.40 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 3.40
April 2006, country: Brazil587 μg/kg*, sample origin: market stalls, shops, and supermarkets,
• Co-contamination: not reported Ireland, sample year: unknown, country: Ireland187, *AFB1, AFB2,
article587: Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature587 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aflatoxin G2 article187: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander),
incidence: 11/25, conc. range: 0.2–0.7 μg/kg, sample origin: Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices (pepper), AF/S,
warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller literature187
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, incidence: 38/64, conc. range: ≤7.25 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1, shops, Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2 and June–August 2008, country: Spain252, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
OTA AFG2
article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2, and OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, article252: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA,
AFG1, and OTA, literature245 literature252; Spices (paprika), OTA and ZEA, literature252
incidence: 50/50*, conc. range: 0.11–0.22 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.19 μg/kg, incidence: 17/17, conc. range: 1.8–50.4 μg/kg*, sample origin:
sample origin: local markets in Izmir (province), Turkey, sample distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country:
year: February/March 2015, country: Turkey449, *bell pepper, dried Spain253, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
green • Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported and ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, OTA, and ZEA
article449: Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, litera- Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
ture449; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature253; Spices (paprika), DON, OTA, and, ZEA, literature253
literature449 incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 22.3–83.7 μg/kg**, sample origin:
incidence: 8/21*, conc. range: 0.5–0.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country:
sample origin: local retail outlets, Spain, sample year: 2004–2007, Spain253, *paprika, smoked, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
country: Spain/Nicaragua586, *red paprika powder • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA
AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2,
AFG2; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. and ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), DON, OTA, and, ZEA,
co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFG2; 1 sa. co-contaminated literature253
with AFG2 and OTA incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.2–3.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 1.7 μg/kg*,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: New Zealand277, *AFS total
article586: Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
Aflatoxin/s cle277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; Butter
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 9.7–124.6 μg/kg*, sample origin: (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, Nuts, Nuts
bazaars, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *AFB1, (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut sauce), AFB1 and
AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (pepper), Vine fruits,
incidence: 10/10, conc. range: 1.8–62.4 μg/kg*, sample origin: dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
herbal shops, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, litera-
*AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 ture277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), AFB1, literature277; Spices
incidence: 7/10, conc. range: 0.5–1.8 μg/kg*, sample origin: (paprika), AFB1 and OTA, literature277
supermarkets, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, incidence: 19/23*, conc. range: 0.38–14.71 μg/kg**, sample origin:
*AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 exporting companies in Aydin (province), Turkey, sample year:
• Co-contamination: not reported January–August 2007, country: Turkey360, *destined for export,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article180: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1 AFG1; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2; 16 sa. con-
and AF/S, literature180; Spices (paprika), AFB1, literature180 taminated solely with AFB1
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
article360: Figs, Nuts (hazelnut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio and AFG1 and OTA; 9 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,
nut), AF/S, literature360 AFG2, and OTA; 11 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1 and
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: ≤3.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2 and OTA; 1 sa.
New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *AFB1 co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
and AFG1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article245: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AFG2, and OTA, literature245; Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2,
article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), AFG1, and AFG2, literature245
Spices (ginger), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried, AF/S, incidence: 63/64, conc. range: ≤281 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail
literature702; Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, shops, Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year:
dried, OTA, literature702 June–August 2008, country: Spain252, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
incidence: 1/36*, conc.: 3.5 μg/kg, sample origin: FUCHS Gewürze article252: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA,
GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014, country: Latvia679, *sweet literature252; Spices (paprika), AF/S and ZEA, literature252
paprika, ground incidence: 17/17, conc. range: 4.3–118.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spain253
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ • Co-contamination: 15 sa. co-contaminated with AFS,
article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, literature679; DON, OTA, and ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, OTA,
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), FB1 and OTA, literature679; and ZEA
Spices (oregano), STG, literature679; Spices (thyme), DON, STG, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and ZEA, literature679 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2,
and ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, and ZEA,
Ochratoxin A literature253
incidence: 16/23*, conc. range: 31–528 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 203 μg/kg, incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 9.0–474.7 μg/kg, sample origin:
sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions, distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country:
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20, *red paprika Spain253, *paprika, smoked
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with AFS and OTA
article20: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2,
Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices and ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, and ZEA,
(pepper), OTA, literature20 literature253
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 2.1–8.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.5 μg/kg, incidence: 4/4, conc. range: 13.3–50.6 μg/kg, sample origin: available
sample origin: commercially available for industrial use, in New Zealand, sample year: 2007, country: New Zealand277
Netherlands, sample year: unknown, country: Netherlands184,
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 15–103 μg/kg, sample origin: available
*paprika powder
in New Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New Zealand277
cle184: Spices (garlic), Spices (onion), FB1, literature184; Spices
(paprika), AFB1, literature184; Spices (pepper), AFB2, literature184
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: 2.6–35 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 18.8 μg/kg, Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
sample origin: retail shops in Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sauce), Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee,
sample year: autumn-winter 2005/2006, country: Belgium/Russia/ Dates, Spices (pepper), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277;
Hungary193 Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices
• Co-contamination: not reported (ginger), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other paranut), AFB1, literature277
article193: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger),
20.53 μg/kg, sample origin: local markets in Izmir (province),
Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature193
Turkey, sample year: February/March 2015, country: Turkey449,
incidence: 25/25, conc. range: 0.3–47.7 μg/kg, sample origin: *bell pepper, dried green
warehouses, packing establishments, supermarkets, and smaller • Co-contamination: not reported
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry),
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Spices (ginger), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried,
cle449: Eggplant, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature449; Spices (paprika), AF/S, literature702; Spices (pepper), Vine
Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature449 fruits, dried, OTA, literature702
incidence: 14/21*, conc. range: 0.7–73.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 11.9 μg/kg, incidence: 12/12*, conc. range: 5.50–91.80 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 19.00
sample origin: local retail outlets, Spain, sample year: 2004–2007, μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions, Czech Republic, sample year:
country: Spain/Nicaragua586, *red paprika powder 2011–2013, country: Czech Republic811, *paprika powder, fiery
AFG1, AFG2, and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions, Czech Republic, sample year:
AFG1, and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, 2011–2013, country: Czech Republic811, *paprika powder, sweet
and OTA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, and OTA; 2 • Co-contamination: not reported
sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG2, and OTA; 5 sa. co-con- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
taminated with AFB1 and OTA; 1 sa. co-contaminated with than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG2 and OTA article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- (ginger product), Raisins, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
cle586: Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature586 Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices
incidence: 60/70, conc. range: LOD-5.0 μg/kg (31 sa), 5.0–10.0 (mustard), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (pepper), Tea, Wine (red),
μg/kg (20 sa.), ≥10.0 μg/kg (9 sa., maximum: 97.3 μg/kg), ∅ conc.: Wine (white), OTA, literature811
7.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets and free markets,
Fusarium Toxins
São Paulo (city), Brazil, sample year: January–April 2006, country:
Brazil587
Depsipeptides
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Beauvericin
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 124 μg/kg, sample origin: grocery in
article587: Spices (paprika), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature587 Oostkamp (municipality), Belgium, sample year: June–October
2008, country: Belgium165, *sweet pepper with moldy or brown
spots
sample origin: FUCHS Gewürze GmbH, Latvia, sample year:
2010–2013, country: Latvia , *sweet paprika, ground
679
article165: Spices (paprika), AOH, literature165
article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, literature679; Fumonisin/s
Spices (nutmeg), FB1 and OTA, literature679; Spices (oregano),
STG, literature679; Spices (paprika), FB1 and STG, literature679; Fumonisin B1
Spices (thyme), DON, STG, and ZEA, literature679 incidence: 4/36*, conc. range: 9–40 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 23.3 μg/kg,
sample origin: FUCHS Gewürze GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014,
incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 4.3 μg/kg (1 sa.), country: Latvia679, *sweet paprika, ground
sample origin: Portugal, sample year: 1999, country: EU698, *sweet • Co-contamination: not reported
pepper • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 9/12*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 1.0– than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
2.9 μg/kg (3 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 9.8 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, literature679;
origin: Netherlands, sample year: 1996–1998, country: EU698, Spices (nutmeg), FB1 and OTA, literature679; Spices (oregano),
*paprika powder STG, literature679; Spices (paprika), OTA and STG, literature679;
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (thyme), DON, STG, and ZEA, literature679
article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, HT-2 Toxin
Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, incidence: 3/32*, conc. range: ≤199 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 82 μg/kg,
Juices, Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils sample orogin: different suppliers, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010,
(olive oil), Peas, Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), country: Spain589, *paprika and chilli pepper
Raisins, Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nut- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
meg), Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature698 article589: Spices (paprika), DON and T-2, literature589
incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 15–103 μg/kg, sample origin:
New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702 T-2 Toxin
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample orogin: different suppliers, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Spain589, *paprika and chilli pepper
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2,
article589: Spices (paprika), DON and HT-2, literature589 and ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, and, OTA,
literature253
Deoxynivalenol Spices (pepper) may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 1/17, conc.: 0.1 μg/kg, sample origin: distributor Alternaria Toxins
companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country: Spain253
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, Alternariol
OTA, and ZEA incidence: 1*/1, conc.: 640 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: late summer,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
and ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA, and TA
distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country: article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), AME, AOH, and
Spain253, *paprika, smoked TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, literature164;
• Co-contamination: not reported Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sun-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other flower), AME and AOH, literature164; Spices (pepper), AME and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ TA, literature164
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2, Alternariol Methyl Ether
and ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA, incidence: 1*/1, conc.: 49 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities
literature253 in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: late summer,
incidence: 4/32*, conc. range: ≤269 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 125 μg/kg, country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot
sample orogin: different suppliers, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
country: Spain589, *paprika and chilli pepper and TA
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), AME, AOH, and
article589: Spices (paprika), HT-2 and T-2, literature589. TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, literature164;
Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sun-
flower), AME and AOH, literature164; Spices (pepper), AOH and
TA, literature164
Zearalenone
incidence: 25/64, conc. range: ≤131 μg/kg*, sample origin: retail Tenuazonic Acid
shops, Catalonia (autonomous community), Spain, sample year: incidence: 1*/1, conc.: 54 μg/kg, sample origin: several localities
June–August 2008, country: Spain252, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and in Apulia and Basilicata (regions), Italy, sample year: late summer,
AFG2 country: Italy164, *visibly affected by Alternaria rot
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME, AOH,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other and TA
article252: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, OTA, and ZEA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature252; Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature252 article164: Fruits (mandarin), Fruits (tomato), AME, AOH, and
incidence: 3/17, conc. range: ≤78.2 μg/kg, sample origin: TA, literature164; Fruits (melon), AME and TA, literature164;
distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country: Olives, ALT, AME, AOH, and TA, literature164; Seeds (sun-
Spain253 flower), AME and AOH, literature164; Spices (pepper), AME and
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, DON, AOH, literature164
OTA, and ZEA; 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFS, OTA, and incidence: 6/6, conc. range: 60–1,000 μg/kg, sample origin:
ZEA unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Germany166
article253: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, DON, OTA, T-2, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article166:
and ZEA, literature253; Spices (paprika), AF/S, DON, and, OTA, Juices, Juices (apple juice), Juices (apricot juice), Juices (banana
literature253 juice), Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (cherry juice), Juices
incidence: 0/4*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: (grape juice), Juices (orange juice), Juices (pear juice), Juices
distributor companies, Spain, sample year: 2008–2010, country: (pomegranate juice), Juices (strawberry juice), Spices, Spices
Spain253, *paprika, smoked (coriander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry),
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), TA, literature166
Spices (pepper) 437

incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.08 μg/kg, sample origin: sample origin: article104: Kubeba, AFB1 and AFB2, literature104; Spices (coriander),
grocery markets in Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gangneung, and Spices (curcuma), AFB1 and AFG1, literature104
Gwangju (cities) as well as Seoul (capital), Korea, sample year:
May 2004–June 2005, country: Korea10, *pepper powder incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: unknown, country: USA167, *white pepper
cle10: Butter (peanut butter), Nuts, Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Nuts (pistachio nut), Paste (soybean paste), Sauces (soy sauce), article167: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger), AFB1,
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), AFB1, literature10 AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature167
incidence: 5?/8*, conc. range: 17–190 μg/kg, sample origin: major incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 1.25–5.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.67 μg/kg,
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: April 1984– sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (capital)
September 1986, country: India22, *black pepper area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal169, *white
• Co-contamination: not reported pepper, packaged
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, article169: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin),
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (saf-
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, fron), AFB1, literature169
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.46 μg/kg, sample origin: food shops in
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, Debrecen (town), Hungary, sample year: October 2004, country:
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), Hungary170, *black pepper
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen- • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pep- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
per), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22 article170: Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, literature170; Spices (cayenne
incidence: 7?/24*, conc. range: 0.6–2.3 μg/kg, sample origin: pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature170
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *white pepper incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 10.8 μg/kg, sample origin: imported sa.
• Co-contamination: not reported collected by the Mycotoxin Research Association, Japan, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: 1985, country: Japan171, *black pepper
article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ture97; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
AFG1, literature97; Spices (pepper), AFB2 and AFG1, literature97; article171: Cocoa beans, Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (cayenne
Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97 pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature171
incidence: 11?/84*, conc. range: 0.1–1.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, incidence: 1/13*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores in
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods Osaka (prefecture), Japan, sample year: 1988–1992, country:
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, Japan173, *white pepper
country: Japan99, *white pepper • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Butter (peanut butter), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- literature173; Nuts (peanuts), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1,
ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera- literature173
ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio incidence: 7/15*, conc. range: ≤0.30 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.09 μg/kg,
nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99; sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat (capital),
Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174, *black pepper
literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99; • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (pepper), AFB2 and AFG1, literature99 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 4/15*, ∅ conc.: 35 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt104, article174: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), Spices
*black pepper (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, literature174; Spices (pepper), AF/S,
incidence: 4/15*, ∅ conc.: 22 μg/kg, sample origin: local companies literature174
in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt104, incidence: 2/24*, conc. range: 8.6–9.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 9.05
*white pepper μg/kg**, sample origin: bazaars and markets in Istanbul (capital),
Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey178, *black pepper, incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.25 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
**AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Malaysia530, *black (“lada hitam”) and white pepper (“lada putih”)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
article178: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AF/S, litera- cereals and their products reported in the present book/article530:
ture178; Spices (pepper), AF/S, literature178 Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 0.9–1.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.05 μg/kg, (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices (masala), AFB1,
sample origin: bazaars, Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
Turkey180, *black pepper, grounded AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices (pepper), AFB2, litera-
ture530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.8 μg/kg, sample origin: herbal shops,
Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *black pepper, incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.32–0.39 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.35 μg/kg,
grounded sample origin: Penang (state, island), Malaysia, sample year:
unknown (second study), country: Malaysia530, *white pepper
Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *black pepper,
grounded
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AF/S,
(masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices
literature180; Spices (pepper), AF/S, literature180
(curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 1.00 μg/kg, sample origin: local stores in (pepper), AFB2, literature530; Spices (poppy seed), AFB1,
Munich (city), Germany, sample year: unknown, country: literature530
Germany181, *black pepper powder
incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg (1 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (4 sa.),
10–15 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: different shops, France, sample
year: unknown, country: France706, *black pepper
Butter (peanut butter), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 1–5 μg/kg (1 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg (1 sa.),
literature181; Nuts (hazelnut), AFB1 and AFG1, literature181; Nuts 15–20 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: different shops, France, sample
(pistachio nut), Spices (paprika), AFB1, literature181 year: unknown, country: France706, *white pepper
incidence: 4/4*, conc. range: 0.65–2.1 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.20 μg/kg, incidence: 0/1*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: different
sample origin: supermarkets in Penang (state), Malaysia, sample shops, France, sample year: unknown, country: France706, *green
year: unknown, country: Malaysia182, *black pepper pepper
article182: Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Seeds (sesame), Seeds (sun- article706: not reported
flower), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), AFB1, incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.04835–0.17468 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
literature182 0.12370 μg/kg, sample origin: popular markets in Hyderabad
incidence: 7/23*, conc. range: 0.13–0.42 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.20 μg/kg, (city), Andhra Pradesh (province), India, sample year: June 2012,
sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Corum and country: Iran800, *black pepper powder
Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–August incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.03115–0.04412 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
2011, country: Turkey183, *black pepper powder 0.03652 μg/kg, sample origin: popular markets in Hyderabad
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; (city), Andhra Pradesh (province), India, sample year: June 2012,
no further information available country: Iran800, *black pepper, whole
article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, literature183; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, litera- article800: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature800
ture183; Spices (pepper), AFB2 and OTA, literature183 incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.10075–0.53584 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
incidence: 5/7, conc. range: 0.7–8.4 μg/kg, sample origin: retail 0.24334 μg/kg, sample origin: popular herbal shops in Qaemshahr
sales points in different regions, Iran, sample year: March–May (city), Mazandaran (province), Iran, sample year: June 2012,
2015, country: Iran491 country: Iran801, *black pepper powder
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 6/6*, conc. range: 0.06316–0.26679 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 0.18757 μg/kg, sample origin: popular herbal shops in Qaemshahr
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (city), Mazandaran (province), Iran, sample year: June 2012,
article491: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (sage), AFB1, literature491; country: Iran801, *black pepper, whole
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curcuma), Spices (ginger), • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (thyme), AFB1, literature491
Spices (pepper) 439
article801: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, literature801 article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Sugar, AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
incidence: 4/6*, conc. range: 24.6–30.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 27.6 μg/kg, ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, litera-
sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample ture99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio
year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic black nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
pepper sa. Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99;
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFG1, literature99
article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip), sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Corum and
Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–August
pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices 2011, country: Turkey183, *black pepper powder
(cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leave), • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 11 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, Sri article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *black pepper OTA, literature183; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, litera-
ture183; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and OTA, literature183
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 4.9 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, Sri
Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *white pepper incidence: 1/5, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
• Co-contamination: not reported available for industrial use, Netherlands, sample year: unknown,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other country: Netherlands184
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB2, AFG2, CIT, FB1, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
OTA, and STG, literature891 article184: Spices (garlic), Spices (onion), FB1, literature184;
Spices (paprika), AFB1 and OTA, literature184
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.03 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
incidence: 5?/8*, conc. range: 12–150 μg/kg, sample origin: major island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (first study), country:
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: April 1984– Malaysia530, *black (“lada hitam”) and white pepper (“lada putih”)
September 1986, country: India22, *black pepper • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, lit- (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices
erature22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, (pepper), Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
AFG2, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2,
AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), incidence: 1/2*, conc.: 0.11 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (cur- island), Malaysia, sample year: unknown (second study), country:
cuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Malaysia530, *white pepper
Spices (fennel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2
literature22; Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature22 article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
incidence: 7?/24*, conc. range: 0.1–0.2 μg/kg, sample origin: (masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *white pepper (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices
• Co-contamination: not reported (pepper), Spices (poppy seed), AFB1, literature530
article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, AFB1 and AFB2, litera- markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891,
ture97; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil), AFB1, AFB2, and *black pepper
AFG1, literature97; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFG1, literature97; incidence: 1/10*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: markets, Sri Lanka,
Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature97 sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *white pepper
incidence: 11?/84*, conc. range: 0.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: <0.1 μg/kg, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Japan99, *white pepper article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported and STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFG2, CIT, FB1,
Aflatoxin G1 ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
incidence: 5?/8*, conc. range: 15–75 μg/kg, sample origin: major and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: April 1984– AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
September 1986, country: India22, *black pepper AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma),
• Co-contamination: not reported AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pep-
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; per), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, incidence: 1/7*, conc.: 1.1 μg/kg, sample origin: imported from
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, USA, sample year: unknown,
ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, country: USA185, *black pepper
and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, • Co-contamination: not reported
AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), than cereals and their products reported in the present
AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen- book/article185: Spices (celery), AFG1, literature185; Spices
nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; (nutmeg), AFB1 and AFB2, literature185; Spices (pepper),
Spices (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pep- AFG1, literature185
per), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, STG, and ZEA, literature22
incidence: 7?/24*, conc. range: 0.2–1.4 μg/kg, sample origin: Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *black pepper
unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Japan97, *white pepper
Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *white pepper
article97: Beans, Jam (bean jam), Spices, Spices (pepper), AFB1
and AFB2, literature97; Butter (peanut butter), Oils (peanut oil),
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, OTA,
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature97; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1,
and STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, CIT, FB1,
incidence: 11?/84*, conc. range: 0.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/kg,
sample origin: commercially available market basket sa. of foods Aflatoxin/s
and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990, incidence: 14/15*, conc. range: ≤0.55 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 0.21
country: Japan99, *white pepper μg/kg**, sample origin: popular markets in Salé (city) and Rabat
• Co-contamination: not reported (capital), Morocco, sample year: unknown, country: Morocco174,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other *black pepper, **AFS total
article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), Spices (pepper), Sugar, AFB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and AFB2, literature99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
paste), AFB1, literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (pea- article174: Spice (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), Spices
nut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, (ginger), AFB1 and AF/S, literature174; Spices (pepper), AFB1,
and AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), literature174
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and incidence: 8/24*, conc. range: 0.1–15.3 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 3.6
AFG1, literature99 μg/kg**, sample origin: bazaars and markets in Istanbul (capital),
incidence: 3?/7*, conc. range: 1.8–3.7 μg/kg, sample origin: Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey178, *black pepper,
imported from India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, USA, sample year: **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
unknown, country: USA185, *black pepper • Co-contamination: not reported
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- article178: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1 and AF/S, litera-
cle185: Spices (celery), AFG1, literature185; Spices (nutmeg), AFB1 ture178; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature178
and AFB2, literature185; Spices (pepper), AFG2, literature185 incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 1.2–2.3 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 1.75
μg/kg**, sample origin: bazaars, Turkey, sample year: unknown,
Aflatoxin G2
country: Turkey180, *black pepper, ground, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
incidence: 5?/8*, conc. range: 12–76 μg/kg, sample origin: major
and AFG2
retail outlets in Nainital (district), India, sample year: April 1984–
September 1986, country: India22, *black pepper incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 1.1 μg/kg, sample origin: herbal shops,
• Co-contamination: not reported Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *black pepper,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ground, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/5*, conc.: 0.3 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets,
article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Turkey, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey180, *black pepper,
Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, ground, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera- • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (pepper) 441
cle180: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (paprika), AFB1 article641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel),
and AF/S, literature180; Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature180 Spices (peppermint), AF/S, literature641; Spices (black cumin),
incidence: 1/20*, conc.: 13.8 μg/kg**, sample origin: retailers and AF/S and CIT, literature641; Spices (caraway), Spices (marjo-
spice shops, Sanliurfa (province), Turkey, sample year: unknown, ran), AF/S and STG, literature641; Spices (cayenne pepper,
country: Turkey186, *isot pepper, **AFB and AFG chilli), Spices (cumin), STG, literature641
• Co-contamination: not reported Other Aspergillus Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Sterigmatocystin
article186: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S, literature186 incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 105–125 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 115 μg/kg,
incidence: 4/30, conc. range: 0.42–3.24 μg/kg*, sample origin: sample origin: major retail outlets in Nainital (district), India,
market stalls, shops, and supermarkets, Ireland, sample year: sample year: April 1984–September 1986, country: India22, *black
unknown, country: Ireland187, *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 pepper
article187: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
Spices (curcuma), Spices (curry), Spices (paprika), AF/S, Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
literature187 literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
incidence: 10/24*, conc. range: 0.2–4.5 μg/kg, sample origin: and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
imported from Australia and Singapore as well as from supermarkets AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
in Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Selangor areas, Malaysia, sample AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1,
year: unknown, country: Malaysia189, *white pepper seed AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel),
incidence: 15/33*, conc. range: 0.1–4.6 μg/kg, sample origin: AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices
imported from Australia and Singapore as well as from (garlic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper),
supermarkets in Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Selangor areas, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and ZEA, literature22
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia189, *white incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: markets,
pepper powder Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *black
incidence: 18/30*, conc. range: 0.1–4.8 μg/kg, sample origin: pepper
imported from Australia and Singapore as well as from incidence: 8/10*, conc. range: <LOQ (4 sa.), 15–36 μg/kg (4 sa.),
supermarkets in Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Selangor areas, sample origin: markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown,
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia189, *black country: Belgium891, *white pepper
pepper seed • Co-contamination: not reported
imported from Australia and Singapore as well as from than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
supermarkets in Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Selangor areas, article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, OTA,
Malaysia, sample year: unknown, country: Malaysia189, *black and STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT,
pepper powder FB1, and OTA, literature891
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Citrinin
article189: not reported incidence: 1/8*, conc.: 50 μg/kg, sample origin: major retail outlets
For detailed information see the article. in Nainital (district), India, sample year: April 1984–September
incidence: 34/34*, conc. range: 0.67–6.15 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 3.44 1986, country: India22, *black pepper
μg/kg**, sample year: unknown, country: Turkey190, *black pepper, • Co-contamination: not reported
**AFS total • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other cle22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA, litera-
article190: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), AF/S, ture22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature22;
literature190 Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and
incidence: 3/5*, conc. range: 28–35 μg/kg**, sample origin: Assiut ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
(governorate), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2,
*black pepper, **AFB1 and AFG1 AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma), AFB1, AFB2,
• Co-contamination: not reported AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fennel), AFB1,
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22; Spices (gar- article193: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (ginger),
lic), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22; Spices (pepper), AFB1, Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), OTA, literature193
AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, STG, and ZEA, literature22 incidence: 11/11, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-4.9 μg/kg (6 sa.), 5.0–
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: markets, Sri Lanka, 9.9 μg/kg (5 sa., maximum: 8 μg/kg), sample origin: Austria,
sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *black pepper sample year: 1994, country: EU194
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: markets, • Co-contamination: not reported
Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *white • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
pepper than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article194: Coffee, Coffee beans, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (curry), Spices (marjoram), OTA, literature194
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, OTA, sample origin: supermarkets and open markets in Kuala Lumpur
and STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, FB1, (capital), Putrajaya (planned city), Selangor (state) areas,
OTA, and STG, literature891 Malaysia, sample year: October–December 2008, country:
Malaysia195, *included black and white pepper seeds as well as
Ochratoxin A pepper powder
sample origin: retail markets and supermarkets in 24 regions, incidence: 3/12, conc. range: 0.20–0.45 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.32 μg/kg,
Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia20, *black sample origin: imported from Australia, Malaysia, sample year:
pepper October–December 2008, country: Malaysia195, *included black
• Co-contamination: not reported and white pepper seeds as well as pepper powder
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: imported from Singapore, Malaysia, sample year:
article20: Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), October–December 2008, country: Malaysia195, *included black
Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices and white pepper seeds as well as pepper powder
(paprika), OTA, literature20 incidence: 27/36, conc. range: 0.5–13.58 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.21 μg/kg,
incidence: 4/23*, conc. range: 0.87–3.48 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.82 μg/kg, sample origin: market, Malaysia, sample year: October–December
sample origin: markets, herbal shops, and bazaars in Corum and 2008, country: Malaysia195, *included black and white pepper
Ankara (cities), Turkey, sample year: November 2010–August seeds as well as pepper powder
2011, country: Turkey183, *black pepper powder • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
no further information available than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 0.7–8.3 μg/kg, sample origin: available
article183: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and in New Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New Zealand277,
OTA, literature183; Spices (cumin), AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, litera- *black and white pepper
ture183; Spices (pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature183 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 14/26*, conc. range: 10–29 μg/kg (8 sa.), 30–49 μg/kg • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(5 sa.), 50–100 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: retail shops, India, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sample year: unknown, country: India/UK/Belgium191, *black article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277;
pepper seeds Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried,
• Co-contamination: not reported Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (nutmeg), Vine fruits, dried, OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices
article191: Spices (coriander), Spices (curcuma), Spices (ginger), (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices
OTA, literature191 (paprika), AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut,
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail shops in paranut), AFB1, literature277
Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sample year: autumn-winter incidence: 1/6, conc.: 0.80 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Netherlands,
2005/2006, country: Belgium/Russia/Hungary193, *included black sample year: 1996/1997, country: EU698
pepper and black pepper seeds • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 0/7*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: retail • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
shops in Belgium, Netherlands, and Russia, sample year: autumn- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
winter 2005/2006, country: Belgium/Russia/Hungary193, *included article698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa,
white pepper and white pepper seeds Coffee, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices,
• Co-contamination: not reported Juices (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Peas, Peas (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices
Spices (poppy seed) 443
(paprika), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine • Co-contamination: not reported
(rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: ≤8.3 μg/kg, sample origin: New than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *black and article22: Spices (ammi), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature22;
white pepper Spices (cardamom), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and OTA,
• Co-contamination: not reported literature22; Spices (cassia), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture22; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ and ZEA, literature22; Spices (coriander), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1,
article702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), AFG2, CIT, OTA, and ZEA, literature22; Spices (cumin), AFB1,
Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature702; AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and CIT, literature22; Spices (curcuma),
Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature702; Vine fruits, dried, OTA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and RBT, literature22; Spices (fen-
literature702 nel), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, OTA, and STG, literature22;
incidence: 11/12*, conc. range: ≤2.82 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
per), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, CIT, and STG, literature22
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
see also Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)
Republic811, *black pepper
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (peppermint) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs
Aflatoxin B1
and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products
μg/kg, sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey,
Spices (caraway), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices
sample year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic
(mustard), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Tea, Wine (red),
peppermint sa.
incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: <LOQ (3 sa.), 51 μg/kg (1 sa.), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sample origin: markets, Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: Belgium891, *black pepper article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: markets, Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne
Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *white pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices
pepper (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leave),
• Co-contamination: not reported Spices (pepper), Spices (poppy seed), Spices (rosemary), Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (sumac), AFB1, literature859
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, OTA, Aflatoxin/s
and STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, incidence: 1/5, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: Assiut (governorate),
FB1, and STG, literature891 Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: Egypt641, *AFB1 and AFB2
Fumonisin/s
article641: Spices (anise), Spices (coriander), Spices (fennel),
Fumonisin B1 Spices (pepper), AF/S, literature641; Spices (black cumin), AF/S
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 134.5 μg/kg, sample origin: markets, Sri and CIT, literature641; Spices (caraway), Spices (marjoram),
Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *black pepper AF/S and STG, literature641; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: markets, Spices (cumin), STG, literature641
Sri Lanka, sample year: unknown, country: Belgium891, *white
pepper
Spices (pili-pili) see Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli)
Spices (poppy seed) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article891: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AFB1, AFB2, FB2, OTA,
and STG, literature891; Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, CIT, Aflatoxin B1
OTA, and STG, literature891 incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: Penang (state,
Other Fusarium Toxins Malaysia530, *“kas-kas”
Zearalenone • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: pr, sample origin: major retail outlets than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
in Nainital (district), India, sample year: April 1984–September article530: Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cori-
1986, country: India22, *black pepper ander), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), Spices (fennel), Spices
(masala), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature530; Spices Spices (star anise) may contain the following mycotoxins:
(curcuma), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature530; Spices
(pepper), AFB1 and AFB2, literature530 Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 3/7*, conc. range: 0.98–3.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.4 μg/kg, Aflatoxin G2

sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, sample incidence: 1/3, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: Chinese markets in
year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic poppy seed sa. Beijing (capital) city and Fujian (province), China, sample year:
• Co-contamination: not reported unknown, country: China/Italy768
Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne article768: Food, AFB1, AFB2, and OTA, literature768; Spices, AFB1,
pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices literature768; Spices (fennel), AFG2, literature768
(cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leave),
Spices (pepper), Spices (peppermint), Spices (rosemary), Spices (sumac) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aspergillus Toxins
Spices (prickly ash) may contain the following mycotoxins: Aflatoxin B1
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins incidence: 8/10*, conc. range: 51.2–52.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45.8
μg/kg?, sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey,
Ochratoxin A sample year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic
incidence: 8/80, conc. range: 0.57–9.82 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.17 μg/kg, sumac
sample origin: supermarkets, shops, and market stalls in eight • Co-contamination: not reported
cities, China, sample year: April–July 2009, country: China885 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article859: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (linden), Herbs (rosehip),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne
article885: Spices (anise), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices
(cinnamon), Spices (cumin), Spices (curry), OTA, literature885 (cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaves),
Spices (pepper), Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed),
Spices (rosemary) may contain the following mycotoxins: Spices (rosemary), AFB1, literature859
Aspergillus Toxins
Spices (tandoori) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aflatoxin B1 Aspergillus Toxins
sample origin: organic markets and organic shops, Turkey, Aflatoxin/s
sample year: May 2010–May 2011, country: Turkey859, *organic incidence: 3?/3, conc. range: 1.9–6.8 μg/kg*, sample origin:
rosemary sa. specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16,
• Co-contamination: not reported *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
Herbs (sage), Spices (anise), Spices (basil), Spices (cayenne article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera-
pepper, chilli), Spices (cinnamon), Spices (coriander), Spices ture16; Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel),
(cumin), Spices (fennel), Spices (ginger), Spices (laurel leaves), AF/S and ZEA, literature16; Oils (sesame oil), OTA, literature16;
Spices (pepper), Spices (peppermint), Spices (poppy seed), Paste (curry paste), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16;
Spices (sumac), AFB1, literature859 Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli
Spices (saffron) may contain the following mycotoxins: OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1 (curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2,
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 2.0–2.75 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.38 μg/kg, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV,
sample origin: supermarkets and ethnic shops in Lisbon (capital) literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and
area, Portugal, sample year: unknown, country: Portugal169, T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), FB/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2,
*saffron, packaged literature16
article169: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (cumin), incidence: 3?/3, conc. range: 2.2–23.9 μg/kg, sample origin:
Spices (curry), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pep- specialist food shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16
per), AFB1, literature169 • Co-contamination: not reported
Spices (thyme) 445
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Type B Trichothecenes

Nivalenol
Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S
sauce), NIV, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices, AF/S, FB/S, OTA,
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), AF/S,
T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, and T-2,
DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (corian-
literature16
der), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (curry),
Fusarium Toxins AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, and ZEA,
literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, literature16;
Fumonisin/s Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and T-2, litera-
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 19 μg/kg*, sample origin: specialist food ture16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and T-2, literature16
shops, UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK16, *FB1 and FB2 see also Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (thyme) may contain the following mycotoxins:
article16: Food, AF/S, DON, FUS-X, NIV, OTA, and ZEA, litera- Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/2, conc.: 2.2 μg/kg, sample origin: retail sales points
in different regions, Iran, sample year: March–May 2015, country:
Iran491
article491: Herbs (camomile), Herbs (sage), AFB1, literature491;
Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curcuma), Spices (ginger),
Spices (pepper), AFB1, literature491
T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, NIV, OTA, and T-2, Other Aspergillus Toxins
literature16
Sterigmatocystin
Type A Trichothecenes incidence: 2/50, conc. range: 10–14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 12 μg/kg,
sample origin: FUCHS Gewürze GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014,
T-2 Toxin
country: Latvia679
book/article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, litera-
ture679; Spices (nutmeg), FB1 and OTA, literature679; Spices
(oregano), STG, literature679; Spices (paprika), FB1, OTA, and
STG, literature 679; Spices (thyme), DON and ZEA,
literature679
Pickles, AF/S, FB/S, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Sauces (chilli Fusarium Toxins
OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Type B Trichothecenes
AF/S, DAS, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices Deoxynivalenol
(coriander), AF/S, DON, OTA, and ZEA, literature16; Spices incidence: 7/50, conc. range: 10–142 μg/kg, sample origin:
(curry), AF/S, DAS, FB/S, FUS-X, HT-2, NEO, NIV, OTA, T-2, FUCHS Gewürze GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014, country:
and ZEA, literature16; Spices (garlic), DON, FUS-X, and NIV, Latvia679
literature16; Spices (ginger), AF/S, DON, NEO, NIV, OTA, and • Co-contamination: not reported
T-2, literature16; Spices (tandoori), AF/S, FB/S, NIV, and OTA, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, literature679; • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Spices (nutmeg), FB1 and OTA, literature679; Spices (oregano), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
STG, literature679; Spices (paprika), FB1, OTA, and STG, litera- article755: Strawberries, AOH, literature755
ture679; Spices (thyme), STG and ZEA, literature679 For detailed information see the article.
Other Fusarium Toxins Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
Zearalenone Ochratoxin A
incidence: 9/50, conc. range: 40–209 μg/kg, sample origin: FUCHS incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 0.22–1.44 μg/kg, sample origin:
Gewürze GmbH, Latvia, sample year: 2014, country: Latvia679 households and markets, Germany, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Germany26, *damaged or moldy
article679: Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), FB1, literature679; than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Spices (nutmeg), FB1 and OTA, literature679; Spices (oregano), article26: Fruits (apple), Fruits (cherry), Fruits (peach), Fruits
STG, literature679; Spices (paprika), FB1, OTA, and STG, litera- (tomato), Potatoes, OTA, literature26
ture679; Spices (thyme), DON and STG, literature679
Sugar may contain the following mycotoxins:
Spices (turmeric) see Spices (curcuma) Aspergillus Toxins
Starch (cassava starch) may contain the following Aflatoxin B1
mycotoxins: incidence: 3?/9, conc. range: 1.0–1.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.2 μg/kg,
Aspergillus Toxins
Aflatoxin/s country: Japan99
incidence: 2/65*, conc. range: ≤294 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 150 μg/kg**, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the
sample origin: market retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and article.
distributors, Thailand, sample year: September 1967–July 1969, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Thailand139, *sago, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present
• Co-contamination: not reported book/article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFB2, litera-
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other ture99; Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ literature99; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts
article139: Beans, Beans (mung bean), Food, Nuts (peanut), (pistachio nut), Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and
Seeds (sesame), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (garlic/ AFG2, literature99; Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli),
onion), Vegetables, AF/S, literature139 Spices (pepper), AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices
For detailed information see the article. (paprika), AFB 1 and AFG 1, literature 99; Sugar, AFB 2,
literature99
Strawberries may contain the following mycotoxins:
Aflatoxin B2
Alternaria Toxins incidence: 3?/9, conc. range: 0.1–0.2 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.1 μg/kg,
Alternariol and foodstuffs in Tokyo (capital), Japan, sample year: 1986–1990,
incidence: 7/21*, conc. range: 13–724 μg/kg, sample origin: local country: Japan99
markets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Spain755, *stored for <7 days at 6 ± 2 °C • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 8/13*, conc. range: 26–752 μg/kg, sample origin: local than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
markets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: article99: Beans, Seeds (sesame), AFB1 and AFB2, literature99;
Spain755, *stored for <5 days at 22 ± 2 °C Food, Jam (bean jam), Paste (peanut paste), AFB1, literature99;
• Co-contamination: not reported Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Spices (nutmeg), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature99;
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (pepper), AFB1,
article755: Strawberries, AME, literature755 AFB2, and AFG1, literature99; Spices (paprika), AFB1 and AFG1,
For detailed information see the article. literature99; Sugar, AFB1, literature99
Alternariol Methyl Ether Sugar beets may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 11/21*, conc. range: 10–26 μg/kg, sample origin: local
markets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Fusarium Toxins
Spain755, *stored for <7 days at 6 ± 2 °C
Zearalenone
incidence: 4/13*, conc. range: 11–137 μg/kg, sample origin: local incidence: 6/25*, conc. range: 12–391 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 154 μg/kg,
markets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: sample origin: northwestern Minnesota (state), USA, sample
Spain755, *stored for <5 days at 22 ± 2 °C year: September 1988, country: USA689, *moldy sugar beet roots
• Co-contamination: not reported (Fusarium spp.)
Sultanas 447
incidence: 31/75*, conc. range: 13–4,650 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 281 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
μg/kg, sample origin: outdoor stockpiles of a sugar-processing • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
company in northwestern Minnesota (state), USA, sample year: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1987/1988, country: USA689, *sugar beet fibers (high incidence of article300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, KA,
Fusarium equiseti on sugar beets before harvest and on stored and PA, literature300; Sugarcane, AFB1, AFG1, AME, KA, and
sugar beets) PA, literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Kojic Acid
article689: not reported; see also Sugar beets, chapter: Further incidence: 16/21*, conc. range: ≤117,815 μg/kg, ∅ conc.:
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites 20,176 μg/kg, sample origin: local vendors in Assiut (city), Assiut
(governorate), Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/
Sugarcane may contain the following mycotoxins: Austria300, *sugarcane grass
Alternaria Toxins • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
cle300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, KA, and
PA, literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AME, and PA,
sample origin: local vendors in Assiut (city), Assiut (governorate),
literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chap-
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300,
*sugarcane grass
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Penicillic Acid
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 10/21*, conc. range: ≤2,683 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 333 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local vendors in Assiut (city), Assiut (governorate),
article300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, KA, Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300,
and PA, literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, KA, and *sugarcane grass
PA, literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
chapter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Aspergillus Toxins cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, KA, and
Aflatoxin B1 PA, literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, AME, and KA,
incidence: 10/21*, conc. range: ≤30.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.6 μg/kg, literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chap-
sample origin: local vendors in Assiut (city), Assiut (governorate), ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300,
*sugarcane grass Sugarcane juice see Juices (sugarcane juice)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Sultanas may contain the following mycotoxins:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Aspergillus Toxins
article300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, KA,
and PA, literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFG1, AME, KA, and PA, Aflatoxin B1
literature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chap- incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: Aigio (town),
ter: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Peloponnese (peninsula), Greece, sample year: 2012, country:
Greece767
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 2/21*, conc. range: ≤7.76 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 5.10 μg/kg, incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.05 μg/kg, sample origin: Crete (island,
sample origin: local vendors in Assiut (city), Assiut (governorate), administrative unit), Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Greece767
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300, • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1 and OTA
*sugarcane grass • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than article767: Currants, Raisins, AFB1 and OTA, literature767;
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- Sultanas, OTA, literature767
cle300: Juices (sugarcane juice), 3-NPA, AFB1, AFG1, FA, KA, and Aflatoxin/s
PA, literature300; Sugarcane, 3-NPA, AFB1, AME, KA, and PA, lit- incidence: 0/24*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: imported
erature300; see also Juices (sugarcane juice), Sugarcane, chapter: from Argentina, Chile, Iran, and Turkey purchased from markets
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city, state), Brazil, sample year:
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins 2002/2003, country: Brazil356, *black sultanas
3-Nitropropionic Acid imported from Argentina, Chile, Iran, and Turkey purchased from
incidence: 13/21*, conc. range: ≤193 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 27.5 μg/kg, markets in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city, state), Brazil, sample
sample origin: local vendors in Assiut (city), Assiut (governorate), year: 2002/2003, country: Brazil356, *white sultanas, **AFB1 and AFB2
Egypt, sample year: January 2016, country: Egypt/Austria300, • Co-contamination: not reported
*sugarcane grass
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other purchased in shops in Norwich and supermarkets, small shops,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ etc. across the UK, sample year: unknown, country: UK328
article356: Figs, AF/S, literature356 • Co-contamination: not reported
Citrinin article328: Currants, Raisins, OTA, literature328
incidence: 1/2, conc.: tr, sample origin: unknown, sample year: incidence: 39/66, conc. range: ≤26.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.11 μg/kg,
unknown, country: Germany673 sample origin: different countries and unknown collected in retail
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and OTA locations across Canada, sample year: 1998–2000, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Canada329
article673: Cocoa, AF/S and OTA, literature673; Raisins, CIT and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
OTA, literature673; Sultanas, OTA, literature673 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article329: Currants, Raisins, OTA, literature329
Ochratoxin A
sample origin: local market, southern Italy, sample year: unknown, incidence: 19/24*, conc. range: 0.1–5.0 μg/kg (11 sa.), 5.1–10.0 μg/kg
country: Italy49 (4 sa.), 10.1–20.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), 33.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin:
• Co-contamination: not reported different markets in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city/state),
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Brazil, sample year: 2002/2003, country: Brazil331, *black sultanas
article49: Puree, OTA, literature49 different markets in Campinas (city) and São Paulo (city/state),
incidence: 28/53, conc. range: 0.51–58.04 μg/kg, sample origin: Brazil, sample year: 2002/2003, country: Brazil 331, *white
different export companies, Turkey, sample year: unknown, sultanas
country: Turkey55 • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article331: Dates, Figs, Fruits, dried, OTA, literature331
article55: Figs, AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature55; Fruits, dried, incidence: 20/62*, conc. range: 0.026–1.0 μg/kg (12 sa.), 1.01–
OTA, literature55 2.0 μg/kg (2 sa.), 2.01–5.0 μg/kg (3 sa.), 5.01–10 μg/kg (2 sa.),
incidence: 92/100, conc. range: 0.1 μg/kg (5 sa.), 0.2–4.0 μg/kg 25.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: unprocessed sultanas from
(67 sa.), 4.1–10 μg/kg (11 sa.), 10.1–20 μg/kg (7 sa.), 20.1–30 μg/kg vineyards in Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year: 1998, country:
(2 sa., maximum: 21.5 μg/kg), sample origin: 13 regions in UK, Turkey645
sample year: October/November 1998, country: UK263 incidence: 16/20*, conc. range: 0.026–1.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.01–2.0
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg (2 sa.), 2.01–5.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), 5.01–10 μg/kg (3 sa.), >10
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other μg/kg (6 sa., maximum: 33.6 μg/kg), sample origin: unprocessed
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sultanas from vineyards in Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year:
article263: Chocolate, Currants, Figs, Juices (grape juice), 1999, country: Turkey645
Powder (cocoa powder), Raisins, Wine (red), OTA, literature263 incidence: 4/10*, conc. range: 0.026–1.0 μg/kg (1 sa.), 2.01–5.0
incidence: 1/3, conc.: 3.6 μg/kg, sample origin: Peloponnese μg/kg (1 sa.), 5.01–10 μg/kg (1 sa.), 18.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample
(peninsula), Greece, sample year: 1998, country: Greece327 origin: unprocessed sultanas from vineyards in Aegean (region),
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Peloponnese Turkey, sample year: 2000, country: Turkey645
(peninsula), Greece, sample year: 1999, country: Greece327 incidence: 60/65*, conc. range: 0.026–1.0 μg/kg (4 sa.), 1.01–2.0
incidence: 7/9, conc. range: ≤13.2 μg/kg, sample origin: Crete μg/kg (6 sa.), 2.01–5.0 μg/kg (20 sa.), 5.01–10 μg/kg (18 sa.),
(island), Greece, sample year: 1998, country: Greece327 >10 μg/kg (12 sa., maximum: 40.4 μg/kg), sample origin:
unprocessed sultanas from packing-houses in Aegean (region),
incidence: 5/6, conc. range: ≤1.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Crete
Turkey, sample year: 2002, country: Turkey645
(island), Greece, sample year: 1999, country: Greece327
incidence: 3/8, conc. range: ≤10.3 μg/kg, sample origin: Crete
2.0 μg/kg (8 sa.), 2.01–5.0 μg/kg (12 sa.), 5.01–10 μg/kg (3 sa.),
(island), Greece, sample year: 2000, country: Greece327
>10 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: 54.0 μg/kg), sample origin:
unprocessed sultanas from packing-houses in Aegean (region),
Turkey, sample year: 2003, country: Turkey645
article327: Currants, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), incidence: 36/39*, conc. range: 0.026–1.0 μg/kg (15 sa.), 1.01–
Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature327 2.0 μg/kg (6 sa.), 2.01–5.0 μg/kg (9 sa.), 5.01–10 μg/kg (2 sa.),
>10 μg/kg (4 sa., maximum: 18.43), sample origin: unprocessed
sultanas from packing-houses in Aegean (region), Turkey, sample
sample origin: imported from Greece, Turkey, and unknown
year: 2004, country: Turkey645
Sweet potatoes 449
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 11/19, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.0–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 2.9 μg/kg (7 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (1 sa.), 13.17 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ origin: Greece, sample year: 1999, country: EU698
incidence: 10/16*, conc. range: 0.30–1.00 μg/kg (1 sa.), 1.01– • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
2.00 μg/kg (6 sa.), 2.01–5.00 μg/kg (1 sa.), 5.01–10.00 μg/kg (2 sa., cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
maximum: 5.90 μg/kg), sample origin: Aegean (region), Turkey, cle698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee,
sample year: 1999, country: Turkey646, *processed sultanas Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices
(grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas
incidence: 343/418*, conc. range: 0.30–1.00 μg/kg (245 sa.),
(chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices
1.01–2.00 μg/kg (63 sa.), 2.01–5.00 μg/kg (30 sa.), 5.01–10.00 μg/kg
(cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
Spices (pepper), Tea, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé),
origin: Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year: 2000, country:
Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698
Turkey646, *processed sultanas
incidence: 10/16, conc. range: 0.16–5 μg/kg (8 sa.), 5–10 μg/kg
(2 sa., maximum: 8.40 μg/kg), sample origin: dried grape factories
2.00 μg/kg (228 sa.), 2.01–5.00 μg/kg (158 sa.), 5.01–10.00 μg/kg
in Hamadan (province), Iran, sample year: October 2012–March
origin: Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year: 2001, country:
Turkey646, *processed sultanas
incidence: 414/414*, conc. range: 0.30–1.00 μg/kg (132 sa.), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
1.01–2.00 μg/kg (156 sa.), 2.01–5.00 μg/kg (120 sa.), 5.01– article742: Currants, Raisins, OTA literature742
10.00 μg/kg (5 sa.), 11.31 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Aegean
incidence: 2/2, conc. range: 10–100 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin:
(region), Turkey, sample year: 2002, country: Turkey 646,
Turkish sa. imported to Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Greece767
*processed sultanas
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 117.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Aigio (town),
Peloponnese (peninsula), Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Greece767
2.00 μg/kg (23 sa.), 2.01–5.00 μg/kg (11 sa., maximum: 4.10 μg/kg),
sample origin: Aegean (region), Turkey, sample year: 2003, incidence: 1/1, conc.: <0.8–10 μg/kg, sample origin: Crete (island,
country: Turkey646, *processed sultanas administrative unit), Greece, sample year: 2012, country: Greece767
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 2 sa. (Aigio and Crete) co-contaminated
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other with AFB1 and OTA; 2 sa. contaminated solely with OTA
article646: not reported cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
cle767: Currants, Raisins, AFB1 and OTA, literature767; Sultanas,
AFB1, literature767
sample origin: different supermarkets and traditional bazaars in
Istanbul (capital), Turkey, sample year: 2008/2009, country: incidence: 19/29, conc. range: ≤12.83 μg/kg, sample origin: retail
Turkey665 markets, China, sample year: 2012, country: China897
article665: Currants, Juices (grape juice), Pekmez, OTA, article897: Currants, OTA, literature897
literature665 For detailed information see the article.
see also Currants, Fruits, dried, and Raisins
sample origin: unknown, sample year: unknown, country: Sunflower seeds see Seeds (sunflower)
Germany673
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with CIT and OTA; 1 Sweet potatoes may contain the following mycotoxins:
sa. contaminated solely with OTA
Aspergillus Toxins
article673: Cocoa, AF/S and OTA, literature673; Raisins, CIT and incidence: 31/37*, Ø conc.: 60.6 μg/kg**, sample origin: greater
OTA, literature673; Sultanas, CIT, literature673 Manila (capital) area, Philippines, sample year: unknown, country:
incidence: 100/106, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (69 sa.), Philippines1, *sweet potato and sweet potato products, **AFS of
1.0–2.9 μg/kg (19 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg (4 sa.), 5.0–9.9 μg/kg (6 sa.), pos sa.?
≤21.40 μg/kg (2 sa.), sample origin: Germany, sample year: • Co-contamination: not reported
1995–1998, country: EU698 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Greece,
article1: Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Cassava, Cocoa, Coffee,
sample year: 1997, country: EU698
Drinks (alcoholic drink), Nuts (cashew nut), Nuts (peanut),
incidence: 11/15, conc. range: 1.0–2.9 μg/kg (7 sa.), 3.0–4.9 μg/kg Products (coconut product), Root crops, Spices (cayenne pep-
(3 sa.), 16.5 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Greece, sample year: 1998, per, chilli), Yams, AF/S, literature1
country: EU698 see also Tubers
Sweets may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Aspergillus Toxins article788: not reported
Aflatoxin M1 incidence: 1/37*, conc.: <1 μg/kg**, sample origin: Belo Horizonte
incidence: 134/138*, conc. range: 0.01–1.5 μg/kg, Ø conc.: (city) in Minas Gerais (state), Brazil, sample year: 2010, country:
0.48 μg/kg, sample origin: 36 districts of Punjab (province), Brazil818, *vegetable drugs, dried plant extracts, and industrialized
Pakistan, sample year: unknown, country: Pakistan/USA835, products, **green tea (Camellia sinensis)
*burfi (mithai or a type of sweets with main ingredients • Co-contamination: not reported
condensed milk and sugar) • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article835: not reported incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets,
see also Chocolate Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China875,
*ginger tea bags
Tahini see Butter (sesame butter)
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local
Tandoori see Spices (tandoori) markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country:
China875, *ginger black tea bags
Tea may contain the following mycotoxins: • Co-contamination: not reported
Tenuazonic Acid article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA,
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 1.3–2.4 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.87 μg/l, sample literature875; Tea, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875
origin: retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
Germany581, *infant fruit tea Aflatoxin B2
supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Spain373, *black tea bags
country: Germany581, *fruit tea
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: 0.7–2.7 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.7 μg/l, sample
origin: retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, country:
country: Spain373, *red tea bags
Germany581, *infant herbal tea
incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 3.8 μg/l, sample origin: retail stores, Germany,
sample year: unknown, country: Germany581, *herbal tea
country: Spain373, *green tea bags
incidence: 6/8*, conc. range: 14.4–32.2 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 26 μg/l,
sample origin: retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample
country: Germany581, *infant fennel tea
year: unknown, country: Spain373, *green mint tea bags
incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 6.1–13.7 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 10.6 μg/l, • Co-contamination: not reported
sample origin: retail stores, Germany, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Germany581, *fennel tea than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article373: Tea, AFG1, AFG2, 15-AcDON, and ENB, literature373
article581: Puree, TA, literature581 incidence: 0/12*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
Aspergillus Toxins country: Spain373, *black tea bags
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 0/14*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 1.45 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
year: unknown, country: Korea9, *adlay tea country: Spain373, *red tea bags
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ country: Spain373, *green tea bags
article9: Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2,
incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: supermarkets
literature9; Nuts (almond), Nuts (peanut), AFB1 and AFB2, lit-
in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain373,
erature9; Products (nut product), AFB1, literature9
*green mint tea bags
incidence: 1/10*, conc.: 5.4 μg/kg, sample origin: supermarkets in • Co-contamination: not reported
Almería (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, country: Spain788, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*green tea than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article373: Tea, AFB2, AFG2, 15-AcDON, and ENB, literature373
Tea 451
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
China875, *ginger tea bags article683: not reported
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 1.32–2.67 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.0 μg/kg, incidence: 11/40*, conc. range: ~190 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 12.07
sample origin: local markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: μg/kg**, sample origin: Iranian and imported sa. purchased from
unknown, country: China875, *ginger black tea bags Tehran (capital) markets, Iran, sample year: July 2010, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Iran817, *black tea, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2
article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
literature875; Tea, AFB1, AFG2, and OTA, literature875 article817: not reported
Aflatoxin G2 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins

Ochratoxin A
incidence: 1/32*, conc.: 1.33 μg/kg, sample origin: different regions,
*black tea bags
Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany197, *green tea
sample origin: different regions, Germany, sample year: unknown,
*red tea bags
country: Germany197, *herb tea
sample origin: different regions, Germany, sample year: unknown,
country: Spain373, *green tea bags
country: Germany197, *children´s herb tea
incidence: 4/8*, conc. range: 1.9–2.6 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2.3 μg/l, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
unknown, country: Spain373, *green mint tea bags than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article197: Coffee, OTA, literature197
incidence: 8/139, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (2 sa.), 1.0–
2.9 μg/kg (5 sa.), 10.30 μg/kg (1 sa.), sample origin: Germany,
article373: Tea, AFB2, AFG1, 15-AcDON, and ENB, literature373
sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698
incidence: 1/5*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: local markets, Beijing • Co-contamination: not reported
(capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China875, *ginger • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
tea bags cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
incidence: 3/5*, conc. range: <LOQ-3.09 μg/kg, sample origin: cle698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee,
local markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices
country: China875, *ginger black tea bags (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas
• Co-contamination: not reported (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Vinegar, Wine, Wine (red), Wine
article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, (rosé), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698
literature875; Tea, AFB1, AFG1, and OTA, literature875 incidence: 2/16*, conc. range: 0.65 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.65 μg/kg,
Aflatoxin/s sample origin: Yunnan (province) in south-western China, sa.
incidence: 4/20, conc. range: 2.8–18.4 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 7.25 μg/kg*, purchased in tea shops, Austria/Germany, sample year: unknown,
sample origin: markets from Aswan, Assiut, El-Minya, Qena, and country: Austria/Germany735, *loose Pu-erh tea, conventional
Sohag, (governorates), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country: incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 14.8 μg/kg, sample origin: Yunnan
Egypt196, *AFB1 and AFB2 (province) in south-western China, sa. purchased in tea shops,
• Co-contamination: not reported Austria/Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Austria/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Germany735, *loose Pu-erh tea, organic
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ incidence: 1/11*, conc.: 94.7 μg/kg, sample origin: Yunnan
article196: Cocoa, AF/S, literature196 (province) in south-western China, sa. purchased in tea shops,
incidence: 21/21, conc. range: 2.1–14.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 7.1 μg/kg*, Austria/Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Austria/
sample origin: domestic sa. purchased in retail stores in Amol (city), Germany735, *compressed Pu-erh tea
north of Iran, sample year: autumn 2010, country: Iran683, *AFS total • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 21/21, conc. range: 1.5–16.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 6.11 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
μg/kg*, sample origin: imported sa. purchased in retail stores in than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Amol (city), north of Iran, sample year: autumn 2010, country: article735: not reported
Iran683, *AFS total incidence: 8/12*, conc. range: ≤8.50 μg/kg, sample origin: 12
• Co-contamination: not reported regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech
Republic811, *green tea leaves and stalks, dried
incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: ≤250 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Republic811, *tea leaves and stalks, fermented article78: Medicinal plants, FB1, literature78
incidence: 4/12*, conc. range: ≤104 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 incidence: 1/91*, conc.: 76 μg/kg**, sample origin: supermarkets,
regions, Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech pharmacies, and private collections in China and Belgium, sample
Republic811, *herbs and vegetables for infusions—fruit tea year: 2008–2010, country: Belgium/China198, *tea raw material,
incidence: 1/12*, conc.: 1.62 μg/kg, sample origin: 12 regions, **Ceylon mélange (no mycotoxins were detected in the derived
Czech Republic, sample year: 2011–2013, country: Czech drinkable product)
Republic811, *herbs and vegetables for infusions—herbal tea • Co-contamination: not reported
article811: Beans, Chocolate, Coffee, Confectionery, Figs, Herbs Type B Trichothecenes
and Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products
(ginger product), Raisins, Spices (caraway), Spices (cayenne 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol
pepper, chilli), Spices (coriander), Spices (ginger), Spices incidence: 0/12*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
(mustard), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices (pepper), supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature811 country: Spain373, *black tea bags
incidence: 2/5*, conc. range: 1.05–1.19 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.12 μg/kg, incidence: 0/14*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
sample origin: local markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
unknown, country: China875, *ginger tea bags country: Spain373, *red tea bags
incidence: 0/5*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: local incidence: 0/10*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
markets, Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown,
China875, *ginger black tea bags country: Spain373, *green tea bags
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 2/8*, conc. range: 60.5–61 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 60.7 μg/l,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: unknown, country: Spain373, *green mint tea bags
article875: Spices (ginger), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature875; Tea, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature875 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Fusarium Toxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article373: Tea, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and ENB, literature373
Depsipeptides see also Coffee and Medicinal plants
Enniatin B Tempranillo see Must
supermarkets in Valencia (city), Spain, sample year: unknown, Tigernuts see Nuts (tigernut)
country: Spain373, *black tea bags
incidence: 0/14*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Tikka masala see Spices (tikka masala)
country: Spain373, *red tea bags Tobacco may contain the following mycotoxins:
incidence: 2/10*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: supermarkets Aspergillus Toxins
*green tea bags Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/40*, conc.: 15.5 μg/kg**, sample origin: Assiut and
Sohag (governorates), Egypt, sample year: unknown, country:
Egypt654, *Cleopatra and Rothman cigarettes, **Cleopatra cigarette
country: Spain373, *green mint tea bags
article654: Tobacco, AFB2, T-2, and ZEA, literature654
book/article373: Tea, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, and 15-AcDON,
literature373 Aflatoxin B2
Fumonisin/s
Fumonisin B1 Egypt654, *Cleopatra and Rothman cigarettes, **Cleopatra cigarette
supermarkets in Lisbon (capital), Portugal, sample year: unknown, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
country: Portugal78, *black tea than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article654: Tobacco, AFB1, T-2, and ZEA, literature654
Tomato concentrate 453
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Tofu may contain the following mycotoxins:
Penicillic Acid Aspergillus Toxins
incidence: 2/2*, conc. range: ~110–230 μg/kg, sample origin:
commercial tobacco company, USA, sample year: unknown, Aflatoxin B1
country: USA103, *commercial moldy tobacco incidence: 2/24*, conc. range: 1.7–6.3 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 4.03 μg/kg,
• Co-contamination: not reported sample origin: small markets in several urban Shanghai (city)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other areas, China, sample year: April 1988–April 1989, country: China/
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ USA132, *tofu, partially dried
Fusarium Toxins than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article132: Beans (kidney bean), Butter (peanut butter), Curd
(bean curd), Nuts (peanut), Oils (rapeseed oil), Oils (soybean
T-2 Toxin oil), Paste (bean paste), Sauces (soy sauce), Wine, miscella-
incidence: 1/40*, conc.: 2.8 μg/kg**, sample origin: Assiut and neous, AFB1, literature132
Egypt654, *Cleopatra and Rothman cigarettes, **Rothman cigarette Tomato concentrate may contain the following mycotoxins:
• Co-contamination: not reported Alternaria Toxins
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Altenuene
article654: Tobacco, AFB1, AFB2, and ZEA, literature654 incidence: 15/27, conc. range: 18.7–62.0 μg/kg, sample origin: local
supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–February
2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514
Zearalenone
article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera-
Egypt654, *Cleopatra and Rothman cigarettes, **Cleopatra cigarette
ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato sauce), ALT, AME,
AOH, and TA, literature514; Tomato concentrate, AME, AOH,
and TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces
article654: Tobacco, AFB1, AFB2, and T-2, literature654
Tobacco products see Products (tobacco product) For detailed information see the article.
Alternariol
Toffees may contain the following mycotoxins: incidence: 23/27, conc. range: <LOQ-31.0 μg/kg, sample origin:
Aspergillus Toxins local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–
February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514
Aflatoxin B1 • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 19/67*, conc. range: 2–400 μg/kg, sample origin: Mysore • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(city) market, India, sample year: October 1991–January 1992, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
country: India199, *groundnut toffee (chikki), sweet snack article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera-
• Co-contamination: not reported ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato sauce), ALT, AME,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other AOH, and TA, literature514; Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato
article199: Bondakadledkai, Congressbele, AFB1 and AFB2, lit- sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
erature199; Toffees, AFB2, literature199 Microbial Metabolites
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: incidence: 3/67*, conc. range: 3–120 μg/kg, sample Alternariol Methyl Ether
origin: Mysore (city) market, India, sample year: October 1991– incidence: 18/27, conc. range: <LOQ-6.10 μg/kg, sample origin:
January 1992, country: India199, *groundnut toffee (chikki), sweet local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013–
snack February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514
article199: Bondakadledkai, Congressbele, AFB1 and AFB2, lit- article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera-
erature199; Toffees, AFB1, literature199 ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato sauce), ALT, AME,
AOH, and TA, literature514; Tomato concentrate, ALT, AOH, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
TA, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and article883: Juices (citrus juice), Juices (tomato juice), Tomato
Microbial Metabolites ketchup, AME and TA, literature883; see also Juices (tomato
For detailed information see the article. juice), Tomato ketchup, chapter: Further Mycotoxins and
Tenuazonic Acid For detailed information see the article.
incidence: 27/27, conc. range: <LOQ-174.3 μg/kg, sample origin:
local supermarkets, Belgium, sample year: February 2013– incidence: 3/5, conc. range: ≤18 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores,
February 2015, country: Belgium/Austria/Germany514 Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: Netherlands/
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Germany906
article514: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), TA, litera- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
ture514; Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato sauce), ALT, AME, article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and
AOH, and TA, literature514; Tomato concentrate, ALT, AME, and TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906; Paste
AOH, literature514; see also Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Seeds (sunflower),
(tomato sauce), Tomato concentrate, chapter: Further AME, AOH, and TA, literature906; Tomato ketchup, AME and
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites TA, literature906
For detailed information see the article. Alternariol Methyl Ether
see also Puree incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.4 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
Tomato juice see Juices (tomato juice)
Tomato ketchup may contain the following mycotoxins: • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
Alternaria Toxins cle46: Juices (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste), Puree, Wine
Alternariol (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46; Juices (vegeta-
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 2.6 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample ble juice), AME, literature46; Tomato ketchup, AOH, literature46
year: unknown, country: Germany46 incidence: 3/19, conc. range: 1 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss market,
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, country:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Switzerland47
article46: Juices (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste), Puree, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Wine (red), Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46; Juices than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(vegetable juice), Tomato ketchup, AME, literature46 article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Sauces (tomato sauce), AME,
incidence: 3/19, conc. range: 4–5 μg/kg, sample origin: Swiss AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and
market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn and winter 2010, TA, literature47; Tomato ketchup, AOH and TA, literature47; see
country: Switzerland47 also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: Further
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 28/31, conc. range: 0.32–38 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 8.0 μg/kg,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: local supermarkets and agricultural trade markets
article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Sauces (tomato sauce), AME, in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: China883
AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
TA, literature47; Tomato ketchup, AME and TA, literature47; see • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: Further than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites article883: Juices (citrus juice), Juices (tomato juice), AME and
incidence: 18/18, conc. range: 1.0–5.0 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, TA, literature883; Tomato ketchup, AOH and TA, literature883; see
sample origin: retail shops, Hesse (federal state), Germany, sample also Juices (tomato juice), Tomato ketchup, chapter: Further
year: 2009/2010, country: Germany439 Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 1/5, conc.: 5.6 μg/kg, sample origin: retail stores,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: Netherlands/
article439: Juices (apple juice), Juice (tomato juice), Paste Germany906
(tomato paste), Sauces (apple sauce), Wine (white), AOH, • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 14/31, conc. range: 2.5–300 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 80 μg/kg, cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
sample origin: local supermarkets and agricultural trade markets cle906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and TA,
in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown, country: literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906; Paste (tomato
China883 paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Seeds (sunflower), AME, AOH,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. and TA, literature906; Tomato ketchup, AOH and TA, literature906
Ugba 455
Tenuazonic Acid Tomato sauce see Sauces (tomato sauce)

sample origin: Swiss market, Switzerland, sample year: autumn Tomatoes see Fruits (tomato) and Fruits, dried
and winter 2010, country: Switzerland47
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. Traditional Chinese medicine see Medicinal plants
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ “Trockenbeerenauslese” see Wine and Wine (white)
article47: Fruits (tomato), Puree, Sauces (tomato sauce), AME,
AOH, and TA, literature47; Fruits, dried, ALT, AME, AOH, and Tubers may contain the following mycotoxins:
TA, literature47; Tomato ketchup, AME and AOH, literature47; Aspergillus Toxins
see also Fruits (tomato), Fruits, dried, Puree, chapter: Further
Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites. Aflatoxin/s
incidence: 2/18, conc. range: 55–67 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 61 μg/kg, incidence: 6/59*, conc. range: >30 to ≤440 μg/kg**, sample origin:
sample origin: retail shops in the area of Giessen (town), Germany, markets in or near Manila (capital), Philippines, sample year:
sample year: unknown, country: Germany/Indonesia442 1967–1969, country: USA134, *included ubi, gabi, tugi, singkamas,
• Co-contamination: not reported and sweet potatoes, **AF
article442: Juices (apple juice), Juices (tomato juice), TA, cereals and their products reported in the present book/article134:
literature442 Beans, Butter (peanut butter), Nuts (peanut), Products (coconut
product), Products (peanut products), AF/S, literature134
incidence: 31/31, conc. range: 10.2–1,787 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 338
μg/kg, sample origin: local supermarkets and agricultural trade Tugi see Tubers
markets in Beijing (capital), China, sample year: unknown,
country: China883 Turmeric see Spices (curcuma)
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Ubi see Tubers
article883: Juices (citrus juice), Juices (tomato juice), AME and Ugba may contain the following mycotoxins:
TA, literature883; Tomato ketchup, AME and AOH, literature883;
Alternaria Toxins
see also Juices (tomato juice), Tomato ketchup, chapter:
Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites Alternariol Methyl Ether
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 4/30*, conc. range: 25–193 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 109 μg/kg,
incidence: 2/5, conc. range: ≤138 μg/kg, sample origin: retail sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
stores, Netherlands, sample year: autumn 2014, country: year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
Netherlands/Germany906 Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented African oil bean
article906: Figs, Fruits (tomato), Juices (tomato juice), AOH and article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
TA, literature906; Oils (sunflower oil), AME, literature906; Paste FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
(tomato paste), Sauces (tomato sauce), Seeds (sunflower), ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
AME, AOH, and TA, literature906; Tomato ketchup, AME and OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, DON, ENB,
AOH, literature906 HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Aspergillus Toxins
Ochratoxin A Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 18/57, conc. range: ≤3.8 μg/l sample origin: different incidence: 6/30*, conc. range: 3–36 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 20 μg/kg,
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110 sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
• Co-contamination: not reported year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented African oil bean
article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (carrot juice), • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Juices (grape juice), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper- and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
barbecue sauce), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Vinegar article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
(apple), Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
(rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature110 ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB,
Tomato puree see Puree HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Aflatoxin B2 Type A Trichothecenes

incidence: 1/30*, conc.: <LOQ, sample origin: fermented food
HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 17 μg/kg, sample origin: fermented food
country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented
African oil bean
country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented
African oil bean
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AME, DON, ENB,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON,
Other Aspergillus Toxins ENB, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Sterigmatocystin T-2 Toxin

incidence: 2/30*, conc. range: 22–27 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 25 μg/kg, incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 15 μg/kg, sample origin: fermented food
sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015–July 2016,
year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/ country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented
Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented African oil bean African oil bean
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON,
ENB, HT-2, OTA, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 ENB, HT-2, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Type B Trichothecenes
Ochratoxin A Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 1/30*, conc.: 9 μg/kg, sample origin: fermented food incidence: 4/30*, conc. range: 36–38 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 37 μg/kg,
sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015–July 2016, sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
African oil bean Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented African oil bean
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, ENB,
ENB, HT-2, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330 HT-2, OTA, STG, T-2, and ZEA, literature330
Fusarium Toxins Other Fusarium Toxins
Depsipeptides
Zearalenone
Enniatin B incidence: 4/30*, conc. range: 39–117 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 72 μg/kg,
incidence: 4/30*, conc. range: <LOQ, sample origin: fermented sample origin: fermented food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample
food sellers, Southwest Nigeria, sample year: February 2015– year: February 2015–July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/
July 2016, country: South Africa/Nigeria/Belgium/Kenya330, Belgium/Kenya330, *fermented African oil bean
*fermented African oil bean • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON,
article330: Iru, AFB1, AFG1, AFG1, AFG2, AME, DON, 3-AcDON, FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera-
FB1, FB2, FB3, FUS-X, HT-2, OTA, ROQ-C, T-2, and ZEA, litera- ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO,
ture330; Ogiri, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, AME, DAS, DON, HT-2, NEO, OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON,
OTA, STG, and ZEA, literature330; Ugba, AFB1, AFB2, AME, DON, ENB, HT-2, OTA, STG, and T-2, literature330
Utiel-Requena see Wine (red) and Wine (white)
Vegetables (asparagus) 457
Vanilla extract see Extracts • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Vegetables may contain the following mycotoxins: article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, and
Aspergillus Toxins MON, literature849
incidence: 1/3*, conc.: 43.49 μg/kg, sample origin: wasteland in
Aflatoxin/s Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
incidence: 1/140*, conc.: 46 μg/kg**, sample origin: market Poland849, *top of fresh asparagus plants
retailers, street vendors, wholesalers, and distributors, Thailand, • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with ENA1, FB1, and FB2
sample year: September 1967–July 1969, country: Thailand139, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
*fresh vegetables, **AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other MON, literature849
incidence: 0/3*, conc: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland
article139: Beans, Beans (mung bean), Nuts (peanut), Food,
in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
Seeds (sesame), Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (garlic/
Poland849, *base of fresh asparagus plants
onion), Starch (cassava starch), AF/S, literature139
Vegetables (asparagus) may contain the following than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
mycotoxins: article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, and
MON, literature849
Fusarium Toxins For detailed information see the article.
Depsipeptides Enniatin B
Beauvericin incidence: 0/5*, conc: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland
incidence: 1/5*, conc: 24.77 μg/kg, sample origin: wasteland in in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *spears of fresh asparagus plants
Poland849, *spears of fresh asparagus plants • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA and FB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, FB1, FB2, FB3, and
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, and MON, literature849
MON, literature849 incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland
incidence: 1/3*, conc: 103.64 μg/kg, sample origin: wasteland in in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *top of fresh asparagus plants
Poland849, *top of fresh asparagus plants • Co-contamination: not reported
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, FB1, FB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and MON than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, FB1, FB2, FB3, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ MON, literature849
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, and incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 20.16–40.33 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 30.3 μg/kg,
MON, literature849 sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland,
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 42.54–47.57 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 45.1 μg/kg, sample year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *base of fresh
sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample asparagus plants
year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *base of fresh asparagus • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENB, and
plants FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ENB and FB1
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENB, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA and FB1 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, FB1, FB2, FB3, and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ MON, literature849
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, FB3, and For detailed information see the article.
MON, literature849
Fumonisin/s
Fumonisin B1
Enniatin A1 incidence: 2/25*, conc. range: 460 μg/kg** and 7,400 μg/kg***,
incidence: 0/5*, conc: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland sample origin: asparagus producing area in Potenza (city,
in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country: commune), southern Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy83,
Poland849, *spears of fresh asparagus plants *affected by crown rot, **stem, ***crown
• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: 43.2–4,513.7 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ 1,223 μg/kg**, sample origin: fields of an asparagus-producing
article83: Vegetables (asparagus), FB2, literature83 area in Rhineland-Palatinate (state), western Germany, sample
incidence: 9*/20?, conc. range: 0.5–5.6 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.8 μg/kg, year: 2000, country: Germany86, *asparagus spears damaged by
sample origin: area of Poznan (city), central Poland, sample year: rot and growth depression, **data of subsamples B based on dry
2002, country: Poland/Germany84, *base of asparagus spears weight
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MON; • Co-contamination: not reported
3 sa. contaminated solely with FB1 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
article84: Vegetables (asparagus), MON, literature84 Besides FB1, FB2, and FB3 were found in 6 sa. but no declaration of
concentration.
incidence: 4*/20?, conc. range: tr-2.1 μg/kg, sample origin: area of
Poznan (city), central Poland, sample year: 2002, country: Poland/ incidence: 24/30*, conc. range: 24–670 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 149
Germany84, *center of asparagus spears μg/kg**, sample origin: fields in CaizhuangWeiji, Kangzhuang,
• Co-contamination: 4 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MON and Shangwacun (areas), Shandong (province), China, sample
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other year: June 2004, country: China87, *healthy asparagus spears,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ **based on dry weight
article84: Vegetables (asparagus), MON, literature84 • Co-contamination: 24 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2
incidence: 3*/20?, conc. range: 0.5–0.9 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.73
μg/kg, sample origin: area of Poznan (city), central Poland, sample
article87: Vegetables (asparagus), FB2, literature87
year: 2002, country: Poland/Germany , *top of asparagus spears
84
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MON incidence: 5/5*, conc. range: 2.25–19.52 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 7.44 μg/kg,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ year: May 2013, country: Poland , *spears of fresh asparagus
849
article : Vegetables (asparagus), MON, literature

84 84 plants
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and
incidence: 13*/20?, conc. range: 0.6–3.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 1.57 μg/kg,
FB3; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2; 1 sa. co-contami-
sample origin: area of Poznan (city), central Poland, sample year:
nated with BEA and FB1
2003, country: Poland/Germany , *base of asparagus spears
84
• Co-contamination: 8 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MON;
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA ENA1, ENB,, FB2, FB3,
and MON, literature849
article84: Vegetables (asparagus), MON, literature84 incidence: 3/3*, conc. range: 2.83–9.33 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 6.22 μg/kg,
sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample
incidence: 15*/20?, conc. range: tr-4.9 μg/kg, sample origin: area of
year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *top of fresh asparagus plants
Poznan (city), central Poland, sample year: 2003, country: Poland/
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, FB1, FB2,
Germany84, *top of asparagus spears
and MON; 1 sa. co-contaminated with ENA1, FB1, and FB2; 1 sa.
co-contaminated with FB1 and MON
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB2, FB3,
article84: Vegetables (asparagus), MON, literature84
sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in 7
year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *base of fresh asparagus plants
major cities, Japan, sample year: winter 2007, country: Japan85
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, ENB, and
FB1; 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA and FB1; 1 sa. co-contam-
inated with ENB and FB1
article85: beans (soybean) (FB1 and FB2), literature85; Beverages,
Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, Raisins, Spices (corian-
der), and Wine (OTA), literature85; Vegetables (asparagus), FB2,
literature85
incidence: 9/10*, conc. range: 36.4–366.5 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.:
178 μg/kg**, sample origin: fields of an asparagus-producing Fumonisin B2
area in Rhineland-Palatinate (state), western Germany, sample incidence: 2/25*, conc. range: 60 μg/kg** and 830 μg/kg***, sample
year: July 2000, country: Germany86, *asparagus spears damaged origin: asparagus producing area in Potenza (city, commune),
by rot and growth depression, **data of subsamples A based on southern Italy, sample year: unknown, country: Italy83, *affected
dry weight by crown rot, **stem, ***crown
Vegetables (asparagus) 459
• Co-contamination: 2 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2,
article83: Vegetables (asparagus), FB1, literature83 and MON, literature849
incidence: 2/20, conc. range: 2.5 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.5 μg/kg, sample incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland
origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in 7 major cities, in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
Japan, sample year: winter 2007, country: Japan85 Poland849, *top of fresh asparagus plants
article85: Beans (soybean), FB1 and FB2, literature85; Beverages, article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2,
Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, Raisins, Spices (corian- and MON, literature849
der), Wine, OTA, literature85; Vegetables (asparagus), FB1, incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland
literature85 in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
incidence: 24/30*, conc. range: 17–138 μg/kg**, ∅ conc.: 43.9 Poland849, *base of fresh asparagus plants
μg/kg**, sample origin: fields in CaizhuangWeiji, Kangzhuang, • Co-contamination: not reported
and Shangwacun (areas), Shandong (province), China, sample • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
year: June 2004, country: China87, *healthy asparagus spears, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
**based on dry weight article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2,
• Co-contamination: 24 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 and MON, literature849
article87: Vegetables (asparagus), FB1, literature87 Fumonisin/s
incidence: 6/51, conc. range: ≤49 μg/kg, sample origin: German
incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 0.14–1.08 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.64 μg/kg, market, Germany, sample year: 1999–2001, country: Germany510
sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample • Co-contamination: not reported
year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *spears of fresh asparagus • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
plants cereals and their products reported in the present book/article510:
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and Products (soybean product), Sauces, FB/S, literature510
FB3; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Other Fusarium Toxins
Moniliformin
incidence: 12*/20?, conc. range: tr-1,350 μg/kg, sample origin:
and MON, literature 849
area of Poznan (city), central Poland, sample year: 2002, country:
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 0.38–1.05 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.72 μg/kg, Poland/Germany84, *base of asparagus spears
sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MON;
sample year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *top of fresh 7 sa. contaminated solely with MON
asparagus plants • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with ENA1, FB1, and than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
FB2; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 article84: Vegetables (asparagus), FB1, literature84
incidence: 8*/19, conc. range: 70–290 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 139 μg/kg,
sample origin: area of Poznan (city), central Poland, sample year:
article : Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB3,
849
2003, country: Poland/Germany84, *base of asparagus spears
• Co-contamination: 8 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MON
incidence: 0/3*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Poland849, *base of fresh asparagus plants article84: Vegetables (asparagus), FB1, literature84
incidence: 13*/19, conc. range: tr-360 μg/kg, sample origin: area of
Poznan (city), central Poland, sample year: 2003, country: Poland/
Germany84, *top of asparagus spears
1 sa. contaminated solely with MON)
incidence: 3/5*, conc. range: 0.06–0.76 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.34 μg/kg, article84: Vegetables (asparagus), FB1, literature84
sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample For detailed information see the article.
year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *spears of fresh asparagus incidence: 0/5*, conc: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland
plants in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
• Co-contamination: 3 sa. co-contaminated with FB1, FB2, and FB3 Poland849, *spears of fresh asparagus plants
• Co-contamination: not reported country: USA/Egypt344, *included beans, freek**, and molokhia**,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other **contaminated
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
and FB3, literature849 than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 10.54–15.96 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 13.25 article344: Food, Medicinal plants, Spices, AFB1, literature344
μg/kg, sample origin: wasteland in Poznań (city), central Poland, Aflatoxin/s
sample year: May 2013, country: Poland849, *top of fresh asparagus incidence: 3/100, conc. range: 2–20 μg/kg* (2 sa.), >20 μg/kg* (1 sa.),
plants sample origin: imported and domestic sa. from Uruguay, sample
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with BEA, FB1, FB2, year: 1993–1995, country: Uruguay269, *AFB , AFB , AFG , and AFG
1 2 1 2
and MON; 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and MON • Co-contamination: not reported
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, article269: Beans (soybean), Vegetables, dried, ZEA, literature269;
and FB3, literature 849
Cocoa beans, AF/S, literature269; Fruits, dried, Oil seeds, AF/S
incidence: 0/3*, conc: no contamination, sample origin: wasteland and ZEA, literature269
in Poznań (city), central Poland, sample year: May 2013, country:
Poland849, *base of fresh asparagus plants Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
• Co-contamination: not reported Ochratoxin A
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Tunisia, sample year: unknown, country: Tunisia/France345,
article849: Vegetables (asparagus), BEA, ENA1, ENB, FB1, FB2, *chickpea, bean, and lentil?
and FB3, literature849 • Co-contamination: not reported
Vegetables (black radish) may contain the following article345: Bsissa, Olives, OTA, literature345
mycotoxins:
Fusarium Toxins
Fusarium Toxins
Zearalenone
Fumonisin/s incidence: 1/99, conc. range: >200 μg/kg, sample origin: imported
Fumonisin B1 and domestic sa. from Uruguay, sample year: 1993–1995, country:
incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 4 μg/kg, sample origin: internet, Belgium, Uruguay269, *vegetables (dried)
sample year: unknown, country: Belgium77, *2 notified and 4 non- • Co-contamination: not reported
notified sa. • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article269: Beans (soybean), ZEA, literature269; Cocoa beans,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Vegetables, dried, AF/S, literature269; Fruits, dried, Oil seeds,
article77: Medicinal plants, OTA, literature77; Soy isoflavones, AF/S and ZEA, literature269
FB1 and OTA, literature77; Spices (garlic), FB1, FB2, FB3, and
OTA, literature77; Vegetables (black radish), FB2, literature77 Vermouth see Wine, miscellaneous
Fumonisin B2 Vine fruits, dried may contain the following mycotoxins:

incidence: 1/6*, conc.: 2 μg/kg, sample origin: internet, Belgium, Aspergillus Toxins
sample year: unknown, country: Belgium77, *2 notified and 4 non-
notified sa. Aflatoxin B1
• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and FB2 incidence: 10/71, conc. range: <LOQ-17.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other 16.5 μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel,
and Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
article77: Medicinal plants, OTA, literature77; Soy isoflavones,
*purchased in Tunisia
FB1 and OTA, literature77; Spices (garlic), FB1, FB2, FB3, and
OTA, literature77; Vegetables (black radish), FB1, literature77
Vegetables, dried may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and
Aspergillus Toxins
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
Aflatoxin B1 HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1,
incidence: 3/12*, conc. range: 7–28 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 20 ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried,
μg/kg, sample origin: El Atarin, Dokki Square, and Giza Market AFG 2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature
720
(districts) in Cairo (capital), Egypt, sample year: unknown, For detailed information see the article.
Vine fruits, dried 461
Aflatoxin G2 incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 0.2–0.6 μg/kg, sample origin:

incidence: 6/71, conc. range: <LOQ-3.1 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 2.35 New Zealand, sample year: 2009, country: New Zealand702, *raisins,
μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and sultanas, and currants
Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and • Co-contamination: not reported
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other than
*purchased in Spain and Tunisia cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. cle702: Figs, Spices (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (ginger), Spices (paprika), AF/S and OTA, literature702; Spices
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ (pepper), OTA, literature702; Fruits, dried, AF/S, literature702
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and incidence: 18/71, conc. range: <LOQ-5.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 3.03
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
AFB1, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 *purchased in Spain and Tunisia
For detailed information see the article. • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
Ochratoxin A article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and
incidence: 2/3*, conc. range: 0.28–0.74 μg/kg, sample origin: OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
available in New Zealand, sample year: 2007, country: New HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1,
Zealand277, *raisins, sultanas, and currants ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried,
incidence: 5/10*, conc. range: 0.2–0.6 μg/kg, sample origin: AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and HT-2, literature720
available in New Zealand, sample year: 2008/2009, country: New For detailed information see the article.
Zealand277;*raisins, sultanas, and currants incidence: 10/48*, conc. range: 0.26–20.28 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 3.75
• Co-contamination: not reported μg/kg, sample origin: San Juan Province, Argentina, sample year:
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other unknown, country: Argentina816, *black dried vine fruits of
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ muscatel variety without seed grapes and respected export
article277: Bars, AFB1, AF/S, DON, NIV, and OTA, literature277; quality criteria
Butter (peanut butter), Confectionery, Food, Fruits, dried, • Co-contamination: not reported
Nuts, Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), Sauces (peanut • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
sauce), AFB1 and AF/S, literature277; Coffee, Dates, Spices (nut- than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
meg), Spices (pepper), OTA, literature277; Figs, Spices (cayenne article816: Must, Wine (red), OTA, literature816
pepper, chilli), Spices (curry), Spices (ginger), Spices (paprika),
AFB1, AF/S, and OTA, literature277; Nuts (Brazil nut, paranut), Fusarium Toxins
AFB1, literature277 Depsipeptides
incidence: 6*/27, conc. range: <LOQ-9.87 μg/kg*, sample origin:
Enniatin A
imported from Chile and Turkey to Italy, sample year: January
incidence: 6/71, conc. range: 19.4–60.8 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 27.2
2008–December 2009, country: Italy320, *contaminated sa. from
μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
Chile (1) and Turkey (5)
Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
*purchased in Tunisia
article320: Coffee beans, OTA, literature320; Kernels (apricot),
AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature320; Nuts (hazelnut), Paste
(hazelnut paste), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature320;
book/article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB,
Nuts (peanut), Nuts (pistachio nut), AFB1 and AFB2,
ENB1, and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1,
literature320
ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2,
incidence: 21/31*, conc. range: 1.5–14 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 2.29 μg/kg, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine
sample origin: Mendoza and San Juan (provinces), Argentina, fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA,
sample year: unknown, country: Argentina/Brazil647, *dried black literature720
vine fruits without seeds For detailed information see the article.
sample origin: Mendoza and San Juan (provinces), Argentina, Enniatin A1
sample year: unknown, country: Argentina/Brazil647, *dried white incidence: 34/71, conc. range: <LOQ-155 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 12.2
vine fruits without seeds μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and
• Co-contamination: not reported Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ *purchased in Spain and Tunisia
article647: not reported • Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Vinegar may contain the following mycotoxins:
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, Ochratoxin A
ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, incidence: 1/6, conc.: 0.80 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, year: unknown, country: Japan112
dried, AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, • Co-contamination: not reported
article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Wine, OTA, literature112; Cocoa,
Enniatin B Coffee, Food, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder (cocoa pow-
incidence: 42/71, conc. range: <LOQ-4,251 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: der), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112; Vinegar,
273 μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, OTB, literature112
and Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, incidence: 44/87, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (33 sa.), 1.0–
*purchased in Spain and Tunisia 2.9 μg/kg (8 sa.), ≤4.35 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: Germany,
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. sample year: 1995–1998, country: EU698
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti-
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, cle698: Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee,
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, Coffee beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices
ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, (grape juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas
AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 (chickpea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices
For detailed information see the article. (cayenne pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika),
Spices (pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Wine, Wine (red), Wine (rosé),
Enniatin B1 Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698
incidence: 21/71, conc. range: <LOQ-454 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 53.9 Ochratoxin B
μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and incidence: 1/6, conc.: 0.29 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and year: unknown, country: Japan112
Tunis (capital), Tunisia, sample year: 2012/2013, country: Spain720, • Co-contamination: not reported
*purchased in Spain and Tunisia • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, Vinegar, Wine, OTA, litera-
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ ture112; Cocoa, Coffee, Food, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder
article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and (cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112
OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1,
HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, Patulin
ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine fruits, dried, incidence: 1/2, conc.: 14.2 μg/l, sample origin: local market in
AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, HT-2, and OTA, literature720 Taipei (capital), Taiwan, sample year: unknown, country: Taiwan458
Type A Trichothecenes than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
HT-2 Toxin article458: Juices (apple juice), PAT, literature458
incidence: 5/71, conc. range: <LOQ-8.5 μg/kg*, ∅ conc.: 6.45
μg/kg*, sample origin: local and of Algeria, Chile, Iran, Israel, and Vinegar (apple) may contain the following mycotoxins:
Turkey purchased from markets in Valencia (city), Spain, and Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins
*purchased in Spain and Tunisia Ochratoxin A
• Co-contamination: For detailed information see the article. incidence: 1/18*, conc.: <0.01 μg/l, sample origin: different origins,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110, *apple
than cereals and their products reported in the present and fruit vinegar
book/article720: Dates, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DAS, ENA1, ENB, • Co-contamination: not reported
ENB1, and OTA, literature720; Figs, AFG1, BEA, DAS, ENA1, • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Fruits, dried, AFG2, than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
DAS, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, HT-2, and OTA, literature720; Vine article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (carrot juice),
fruits, dried, AFB1, AFG2, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1, and OTA, Juices (grape juice), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper- and
literature720 barbecue sauce), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato
For detailed information see the article. ketchup, Vinegar (balsamico), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red),
see also Currants, Fruits, dried, Raisins and Sultanas Wine (rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature110
Wine 463
Patulin “Weisser Riesling” see Wine (white)

incidence: 0/2* **, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:
markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets, or organic food shops, Wine may contain the following mycotoxins:
Italy, sample year: November 2003–February 2004, country: Italy35,
Aspergillus Toxins
*conventional, **apple vinegar
incidence: 2/6* **, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (2 sa., maximum: Aflatoxin B1
4.2 μg/kg), sample origin: markets, supermarkets, hypermarkets, incidence: 5/22*, conc. range: 0.4–1 μg/l**, ∅ conc.: 0.78 μg/l,
or organic food shops, Italy, sample year: November 2003– sample origin: different countries, sample year: unknown,
February 2004, country: Italy35, *organic, **apple vinegar country: Finland332, *different kinds of wine, **contaminated sa.
• Co-contamination: not reported from Algeria, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Yugoslavia (only >LOQ
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other concentrations mentioned)
article35: Fruits (apple), Juices (apple juice), Juices (pear juice), AFG1, and AFG2
Puree, PAT, literature35 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Vinegar (balsamico) may contain the following mycotoxins: article332: Wine, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, literature332
Aflatoxin B2
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 5/22*, conc. range: 0.1–0.3 μg/l**, ∅ conc.: 0.2 μg/l,
incidence: 21/29, conc. range: ≤4.35 μg/l, sample origin: different
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110
country: Finland332, *different kinds of wine, **contaminated sa.
from Algeria, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Yugoslavia (only >LOQ
concentrations mentioned)
AFG1, and AFG2
Juices (grape juice), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper- and
barbecue sauce), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato
ketchup, Vinegar (apple), Vinegar (wine), Wine (red), Wine
article332: Wine, AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, literature332
incidence: 15/15, conc. range: 0.008–0.046 μg/l (12 sa.), 0.102–
0.252 μg/l (3 sa.*), sample origin: imported from southern Aflatoxin G1
European countries and Morocco bought in local supermarkets incidence: 5/22*, conc. range: 0.3–1 μg/l**, ∅ conc.: 0.66 μg/l,
and small shops, France, sample year: summer 1999, country: sample origin: different countries, sample year: unknown,
Greece/France111, *balsamico vinegar sa. country: Finland332, *different kinds of wine, **contaminated sa.
• Co-contamination: not reported from Algeria, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Yugoslavia (only >LOQ
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other concentrations mentioned)
article111: Wine (red), OTA, literature111 AFG1, and AFG2
Vinegar (wine) may contain the following mycotoxins: than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
article332: Wine, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2, literature332
Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins For detailed information see the article.
Ochratoxin A Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 19/38, conc. range: ≤1.9 μg/l, sample origin: different incidence: 5/22*, conc. range: 0.1–0.3 μg/l**, ∅ conc.: 0. 18 μg/l,
origins, Germany, sample year: unknown, country: Germany110 sample origin: different countries, sample year: unknown,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Finland332, *different kinds of wine, **contaminated sa.
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other from Algeria, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Yugoslavia (only >LOQ
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ concentrations mentioned)
article110: Juices (blackcurrant juice), Juices (carrot juice), • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,
Juices (grape juice), Juices (tomato juice), Sauces (pepper- and AFG1, and AFG2,
barbecue sauce), Sauces (soy sauce), Spices (mustard), Tomato • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
ketchup, Vinegar (apple), Vinegar (balsamico), Wine (red), than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
Wine (rosé), Wine (white), OTA, literature110 article332: Wine, AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1, literature332
Vinho Verde see Wine, miscellaneous
“Vollreiflese” see Wine (red)
Ochratoxin A
Walnuts see Nuts (walnut) incidence: 15/83, conc. range: ≤1.29 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.29 μg/kg, sample
origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops in 7 major cities,
Weaning food see Baby food Japan, sample year: summer 2004–winter 2007, country: Japan85
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 14/18*, conc. range: LOQ-0.1 μg/l (7 sa.), 0.1–0.5 μg/l
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (7 sa., maximum: 0.420 μg/l), ∅ conc.: 0.088 μg/l, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy, sample year: 2000, country:
article85: Beans (soybean), Vegetables (asparagus), FB1 and FB2, Italy337, *red and white wine
literature85; Beverages, Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee beans, incidence: 17/33*, conc. range: LOQ-0.1 μg/l (8 sa.), 0.1–0.5 μg/l
Spices (coriander), Raisins, OTA, literature85 (8 sa.), 0.870 μg/l (1 sa.), ∅ conc.: 0.071 μg/l, sample origin:
incidence: 1/1, conc.: 0.02 μg/l, sample origin: supermarkets and wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy, sample year: 2001, country:
fast-food chains in Quebec (city), Canada, sample year: September/ Italy337, *red and white wine
October 2008, country: Canada90 incidence: 28/46*, conc. range: LOQ-0.1 μg/l (13 sa.), 0.1–0.5 μg/l
incidence: 0/1, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: (13 sa.), 0.5–2 μg/l (2 sa., maximum: 0.810 μg/l), ∅ conc.:
supermarkets and fast-food chains in Calgary (city), Canada, 0.089 μg/l, sample origin: wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy,
sample year: September/October 2009, country: Canada90 sample year: 2002, country: Italy337, *red and white wine
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 122/162*, conc. range: LOQ-0.1 μg/l (87 sa.), 0.1–
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than 0.5 μg/l (33 sa.), 0.5–2 μg/l (2 sa., maximum: 1.390 μg/l), ∅ conc.:
cereals and their products reported in the present book/arti- 0.069 μg/l, sample origin: wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy,
cle90: Baby food, Beans, Beverages, Butter (peanut butter), sample year: 2003, country: Italy337, *red and white wine
Candies, Chocolate, Coffee, Extracts, Herbs, Ice cream, Nuts,
incidence: 104/151*, conc. range: LOQ-0.1 μg/l (63 sa.), 0.1–
Pies, Pizza, Products, Pudding, Raisins, Seeds, OTA, literature90
0.5 μg/l (36 sa.), 0.5–2 μg/l (5 sa., maximum: 0.736 μg/l), ∅ conc.:
incidence: 1/14, conc.: 0.15 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, 0.081 μg/l, sample origin: wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy,
sample year: unknown, country: Japan112 sample year: 2004, country: Italy337, *red and white wine
0.5 μg/l (57 sa.), 0.5–2 μg/l (5 sa.), 2.630 μg/l (1 sa.), ∅ conc.:
0.068 μg/l, sample origin: wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy,
article112: Cassis, Juices, Raisins, OTA, literature112; Cocoa,
sample origin: wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy, sample year:
Coffee, Food, Vinegar, OTA and OTB, literature112; Powder
2005, country: Italy337, *red and white wine
(cocoa powder), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, OTA, and OTB, literature112
incidence: 8*/10, conc. range: 0.02–0.72 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 0.26 μg/kg,
0.5 μg/l (88 sa.), 0.5–2 μg/l (12 sa.), 2.010 μg/l (1 sa.), ∅ conc.:
sample origin: local supermarkets and small retail shops across
0.096 μg/l, sample origin: wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy,
sample year: 2006, country: Italy337, *red and white wine
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 71/95*, conc. range: LOQ-0.1 μg/l (68 sa.), 0.1–0.5 μg/l
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other (1 sa.), 0.5–2 μg/l (2 sa., maximum: 1.360 μg/l), ∅ conc.: 0.048 μg/l,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ sample origin: wineries in Piedmont (region), Italy, sample year:
article146: Beans (green bean), Coffee, Raisins, OTA, litera- 2007, country: Italy337, *red and white wine
ture146; Butter (peanut butter), AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2, • Co-contamination: not reported
literature146; Chocolate, AFB1 and OTA, literature146 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
incidence: 6/18*, conc. range: ≤0.11 μg/l, sample origin: unknown,
article337: Wine (red), Wine (white), OTA, literature337
sample year: unknown, country: Switzerland333, *white, red
(mainly contaminated), and rosé wines
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 8/10*, conc. range: 0.005–0.021 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.0148 μg/l,
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other sample origin: coastal Croatia, sample year: 2007, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Croatia535, *red wine, partly bottled
article333: Drinks, OTA, literature333 • Co-contamination: not reported
incidence: 1/117*, conc.: 0.02 μg/l, sample origin: Austrian wines,
Austria, sample year: unknown, country: Austria334, *red and
article535: Must, OTA, literature535
white wine and “Prädikatswein”
• Co-contamination: not reported incidence: 83/117*, conc. range: ≤2.00 μg/l, sample origin: different
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other winemaking regions of Greece, sample year: 1999–2006, country:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Greece/the UK621, *conventional
article334: not reported incidence: 21/33*, conc. range: ≤1.48 μg/l, sample origin: different
incidence: 77/107*, conc. range: ≤1.10 μg/l, sample origin: winemaking regions of Greece, sample year: 1999–2006, country:
supermarkets and wine shops in Piedmont (region), Italy, sample Greece/the UK621, *organic
year: 2003/2004 (production year), country: Italy336, *red and • Co-contamination: not reported
white wine (included Barbera, Cortese, Dolcetto, Erbaluce, and • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
Roero Arneis) than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
• Co-contamination: not reported article621: Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine (white), OTA,
article336: not reported incidence: 1/9*, conc.: 1.1 μg/l**, sample origin: home-made wine
For detailed information see the article. and from local supermarkets in Almeria (city), Spain, sample
Wine (red) 465
year: unknown, country: Spain627, *included red, rosé, and white incidence: 14/28*, conc. range: 3.5–80 μg/l, sample origin: Mosel-
wine, **rosé wine Saar-Ruwer (region), Germany, sample year: 2006 vintage,
• Co-contamination: not reported country: Germany916, * “Auslese”
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other incidence: 18/27*, conc. range: 5.7–20.3 μg/l, sample origin:
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Mosel-Saar-Ruwer (region), Germany, sample year: 2006 vintage,
article627: not reported country: Germany916, *”Beerenauslese”
incidence: 14/34*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-≤0.36 μg/kg (14 sa.), incidence: 4/5*, conc. range: 17.8–35.3 μg/l, sample origin: Mosel-
sample origin: France, sample year: 1998/1999, country: EU698, Saar-Ruwer (region), Germany, sample year: 2006 vintage,
*domestic wine (all types) country: Germany916, *“Trockenbeerenauslese”
incidence: 50/70*, conc. range: LOD/LOQ-0.9 μg/kg (47 sa.), incidence: 2/4*, conc. range: 5.3–12.1 μg/l, sample origin: Mosel-
≤1.64 μg/kg (3 sa.), sample origin: France, sample year: 1998/1999, Saar-Ruwer (region), Germany, sample year: 2006 vintage,
country: EU698, *imported wine (all types) country: Germany916,*unknown quality level
Baby food, Beans (soybean), Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee, Coffee article916: not reported
beans, Currants, Fruits, dried, Herbs, Jam, Juices, Juices (grape For detailed information see the article.
juice), Legumes, Nuts, Oil seeds, Oils (olive oil), Peas, Peas (chick-
pea), Products (plant product), Raisins, Spices, Spices (cayenne Wine (red) may contain the following mycotoxins:
pepper, chilli), Spices (nutmeg), Spices (paprika), Spices
(pepper), Sultanas, Tea, Vinegar, Wine (red), Wine (rosé), Wine Alternaria Toxins
(white), Wine, miscellaneous, OTA, literature698 Alternariol
incidence: 7/30*, conc. range: 0.092–0.446 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.235 μg/l, incidence: 1/1*, conc.: 4.9 μg/kg, sample origin: unknown, sample
sample origin: Romanian viticultural regions, Romania, sample year: unknown, country: Germany46, * “Vollreiflese”
year: 2009/2010, country: Romania732, *included red, white, dry • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AOH and AME
and sweet wine • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article46: Juices (tomato juice), Paste (tomato paste), Puree,
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Tomato ketchup, Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46;
article732: not reported Juices (vegetable juice), Wine (red), AME, literature46
For detailed information see the article. incidence: 5/5, conc. range: 0.36–7.50 μg/kg, sample origin:
incidence: 25/80, conc. range: 0.021–0.030 μg/l (14 sa.), 0.031– commercially available, sample year: unknown, country:
0.040 μg/l (8 sa.), 0.041–0.050 μg/l (3 sa.), sample origin: Argentinian, Germany160
Brazilian, and Chilean sa. purchased in supermarkets, Rio de • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
Janeiro (state), Brazil, sample year: 2002–2008, country: Brazil770 • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice),
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ Juices (orange juice), Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable
article770: not reported juice), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, lit-
incidence: 34/1188*, conc. range: LOD-LOQ (13 sa.), ≤0.35 μg/l (21 erature160; Wine (red), AME, literature160
sa.), sample origin: minor stores, wine shops, wineries, and incidence: 1/1, conc.: 1.9 μg/l, sample origin: unknown, sample
supermarkets, Chile, sample year: 2007–2009, country: year: unknown, country: Canada440
Chile870,*red and white wine • Co-contamination: not reported
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ article440: Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice), Nectars
article870: not reported (cranberry nectar), Nectars (prune nectar), AME and AOH,
For detailed information see the article. literature440, Juices (raspberry juice), AOH, literature440
Patulin incidence: 13/17, conc. range: 0.03–5.02 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 1.3 μg/l,
incidence: 5/7*, conc. range: 4.6–31.4 μg/l, sample origin: Mosel- sample origin: domestic, sample year: unknown, country:
Saar-Ruwer (region), Germany, sample year: 2006 vintage, Canada492
country: Germany916, *“QbA” • Co-contamination: 13 sa. co-contaminated with AME and
AOH
incidence: 3/6*, conc. range: 7.2–48.5 μg/l, sample origin: Mosel-
Saar-Ruwer (region), Germany, sample year: 2006 vintage,
country: Germany916, *“Kabinett”
article492: Juices (cranberry juice), Juices (grape juice), Wine
incidence: 6/19*, conc. range: 4.6–31.8 μg/l, sample origin: Mosel- (white), AME and AOH, literature492; Wine (red), AME,
Saar-Ruwer (region), Germany, sample year: 2006 vintage, literature492
country: Germany916, * “Spätlese”
incidence: 7/7, conc. range: 0.27–19.4 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 4.7 μg/l, Tomato ketchup, Wine (white), AME and AOH, literature46;
sample origin: imported from Argentina, Chile, Italy, and the USA, Juices (vegetable juice), AME, literature46; Wine (red), AOH,
sample year: unknown, country: Canada492 literature46
• Co-contamination: 6 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH; incidence: 5/5, conc. range: pr.-0.15 μg/kg, sample origin: commercially
1 sa. contaminated solely with AOH available, sample year: unknown, country: Germany160
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 5 sa. co-contaminated with AME and AOH
article492: Juices (cranberry juice), Juices (grape juice), Wine than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(white), AME and AOH, literature492; Wine (red), AME, article160: Beverages, Juices (apple juice), Juices (grape juice),
literature492 Juices (orange juice), Juices (tomato juice), Juices (vegetable
incidence: 6/56, conc. range: <LOQ-13 μg/l, sample origin: juice), Wine (white), Wine, miscellaneous, AME and AOH, lit-
supermarkets, grocery stores, wineries, and small stores in Entre erature160; Wine (red), AOH, literature160
Rios, Mendoza, and San Juan (provinces), Argentina, sample year: incidence: 13/17, conc. range: 0.01–0.23 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 0.119 μg/l,
2011, country: Argentina498 sample origin: domestic, sample year: unknown, country:
• Co-contamination: not reported Canada492
• Further contamination of plants and plant products other • Co-contamination: 13 sa. co-contaminated with AME and
than cereals and their products reported in the present book/ AOH
article498: Juices (grapefruit juice), Juices (orange juice), Wine • Further contamination of plants and plant products other
(rosé), AOH, literature498; Wine (red), AME, literature498; Wine than cereals and their products reported in the present book/
(white), AME and AOH, literature498

Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products

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Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products

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Martin

Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products

ISBN 978-3-319-92849-4 ISBN 978-3-319-92850-0 (eBook)

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

Bonn, Germany Martin Weidenbörner

incidence: 3/7 = 3 positives for aflatoxin contamination in relation to 7 investigated

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 1

Spices, Juices, Licorice, Powder (cocoa powder), Products Type B Trichothecenes

book/article151: Nuts (hazelnut), Seeds (sunflower), HT-2, Fusarium Toxins

Fusarium Toxins • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFG1,

• Co-contamination: not reported Aflatoxin G1

Aflatoxin/s Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins

incidence: 4/39, conc. range: 138–1,495 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 543 μg/kg, Type A Trichothecenes

Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 3/32, conc. range: tr-<20.0 μg/kg, sample origin:

incidence: 3/25*, conc. range: 1.2–3.1 μg/l, ∅ conc.: 2.4 μg/l, Aflatoxin G1

Fusarium Toxins • Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2,

• Co-contamination: 13 sa. co-contaminated with FB1 and OTA; Fusarium Toxins

Type B Trichothecenes • Further contamination of plants and plant products other

Bush mango seeds see Seeds (bush mango) Aflatoxin B1

• Co-contamination: 19 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, • Co-contamination: not reported

• Further contamination of plants and plant products other than Aflatoxin G2

Cashew nuts see Nuts (cashew nut) Tenuazonic Acid

Ochratoxin B Fusarium Toxins

Enniatin B incidence: 0/222*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin:

Moniliformin incidence: 50/222*, conc. range: ≤2,279.7 μg/kg, sample origin:

Penicillium Toxins Chenin Blanc see Wine (white)

Mycophenolic Acid Chestnuts see Nuts (chestnut)

Chilli pickles see Pickles • Co-contamination: not reported

Aflatoxin/s incidence: 5?/8, conc. range: 0.11–0.35 μg/kg, sample origin:

Dates, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA, literature7; Grogannuts, Aflatoxin G2

incidence: 0/38*, conc.: no contamination, sample origin: Chiang Enniatin B1

incidence: 7/9*, conc. range: 0.0025–0.0329 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: • Co-contamination: not reported

co-contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2 marketable, **green coffee

Aflatoxin G1 Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins

Copra may contain the following mycotoxins: Coriander see Spices (coriander)

Enniatin B unknown, country: Czech Republic/USA286, *dietary supplements

Other Fusarium Toxins Dinners see Products

Zearalenone Dolcetto see Wine

Aflatoxin B2 Entrees see Products

• Co-contamination: not reported • Co-contamination: not reported

• Co-contamination: 1 sa. co-contaminated with AFB1, AFB2, Fusarium Toxins

Aflatoxin B2 Type A Trichothecenes

Ochratoxin A Type B Trichothecenes

Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins

• Co-contamination: 8 sa. co-contaminated with OTA and PAT; 7 Enniatin A1

2010, country: Austria/Nigeria117, *included millet, soy, and waste 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol

Nuts (almond), AF/S, literature16; Oils, Spices (fennel), AF/S Zearalenone

incidence: 12/100*, conc. range: 5.3–295.8 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 92.5 μg/kg, Ochratoxin A

incidence: 3/9*, conc. range: >LOQ<10 μg/kg (1 sa.), >50 μg/kg Aflatoxin B1

Mycophenolic Acid Fruits (mango) may contain the following mycotoxins:

Fruits (melon) may contain the following mycotoxins: Ochratoxin A

Aflatoxin/s incidence: 5/16*, conc. range: 0.96–3.28 μg/kg**, sample origin:

Fruits and nuts, dried see Food • Co-contamination: not reported

Functional Food see Food Ochratoxin A

Aflatoxin B2 Grape pulp see Pulp (grape pulp)

incidence: 12/22*, conc. range: ≤5.94 μg/kg, sample origin: retail Ochratoxin A

Aflatoxin B1 Honey may contain the following mycotoxins:

Ice cream may contain the following mycotoxins: Aflatoxin B2

3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol Isoflavones see Soy isoflavones

Aspergillus and Penicillium Toxins Alternariol

Juices (banana juice) may contain the following mycotoxins: Patulin

Tenuazonic Acid incidence: 7/7*, conc. range: 0.0016–0.0647 μg/l, ∅ conc.:

• Co-contamination: not reported country: Egypt443

Bonn, Germany Martin Weidenbörner

Aflatoxin/s incidence: 4/60*, conc. range: 10–68 μg/kg, ∅ conc.: 46 μg/kg,