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W^FLO\F\ BMA_\Q^BK@O\

QK^OK <. KMË@B\B\ FWO^KLBFMO\ _MBQK^BK\ LFM D@_BAF\ R \Ü@BAF\

Ostuabkmto:
LK^@F\ K@NO^QF NOQKMLF_^Q 21.1>2.;>?

_MBTO^\BAKA MKLBFMK@ KNBO^QK R K AB\QKMLBK  “ _MKA

O\L_O@K AO LBOMLBK\ NË\BLK\, QOLMF@FCÅK O BMCOMBO^ÅK
BMCOMBO^ÅK BMA_\Q^BK@

FLQ_N^O >2 (\uporbmtomaomlbk, >7;;) (Wbskro``f, >7;7) AO >7;2

1 of 9

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Aoskrrf``f ao `k kltbvbaka

Wkrk o` lksf quo so prosomtk om o` aflueomtf ``kekaf Kmoxf ;-Lksf tkrok <, quo
omluomtrkm om `k lkrpotk ao aoslkrck ao ostk cuåk ao kltbvbakaos, so aono rok`bzkr
`f sbcubomto:

;. _m lukarf om afmao so ro`klbfmo `k ektorbk prbek (prbmlbpk` y

solumakrbk) moloskrbk pkrk o` prflosf.

Abvorsks ektorbks prbeks puoaom sor utb`bzkaks om `k prfaullbüm ao` nbfaboso`, y

lkak umf tbomo um pordb` lkrkltoråstblf ao ëlbafs crksfs. @fs ëlbafs crksfs bmd`uyom
om `ks prfpboakaos ao nbfaboso` om `ks ekmorks abdoromtos. O` ekyfr lfmtombaf
ao ëlbafs crksfs skturkafs, om comork`, eojfrk `k ostknb`baka k `k fxbaklbüm,
kueomtk o` múeorf ao lotkmf y oepofrk o` pumtf ao fnstrullbüm ao` db`trf ao d`ujf
dråf y pumtfs ao muno ao nbfaboso`. @ks abdoromlbks om `fs pordb`os ao ëlbafs
crksfs ao `ks ektorbks prbeks, y pfr `f tkmtf `ks prfpboakaos ao` nbfaboso`, sbrvo
lfef um pkrëeotrf pkrk kyuakr om `k o`ollbüm ao `fs ektorbk`os pkrk `k
prfaullbüm ao `k lk`baka ao` lfenustbn`o nbfaboso`, y ftrks bepfrtkmtos
pfsbnb`bakaos.

O` lfmtombaf ao klobto os umk lkrkltoråstblk bepfrtkmto quo puoao bmd`ubr om `k

o`ollbüm y o` usf ao umk ektorbk prbek pkrk `k prfaullbüm ao` nbfaboso` o` lfmtombaf
ao klobto vocotk` prosomto om o` crkmf y o` romabebomtf pfr holtërok. Om osto somtbaf
o` cbrksf`, `k lf`zk, `k jktrfdk, o` rblbmf y o` ekmå sfm `ks duomtos quo tbomom um ekyfr
lfmtombaf ao klobto om crkmf, umk vkrbklbüm ao omtro 17 y 41% ao klobto. Lfm um
mbvo` eës nkjf om tfrmf ao ;? k` >?% ao klobto, ostëm `k sfjk, pk`ek y k`cfaüm.
 Ksflbkak k ostk lkrkltoråstblk, `k prfaullbüm ao klobto pfr holtërok y o` lbl`f ao
prfaullbüm ao lkak ektorbk prbek tkenbâm aonom sor lfmsbaorkafs. 

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Ektorbk Wrbek Wrbmlbpk` Ektorbk Wrbek \olumakrbk 

 K `lfhf`os
F`okcbmfsks
Eotkmf`, Otkmf`.
\fyk
\o puoaom utb`bzkr ftrfs k`lfhf`os,
Wk`ek sbomaf ostfs eks somsbn`os k `k
Cbrksf` lfmtkebmklbüm ao` kcuk lfef sfm:
Wrfpkmf`, bsfprfpkmf`, nutkmf`,
Lf`zk
bsfnutkmf` f pomtkmf`.
Jktrfphk
Ekmå
K`cfaüm Lktk`bzkafros

^blbmf  K`lk`bmfs
 Ëlbafs
Omzbeëtblfs
Hotorfcâmofs

 K abtbvfs
 Kmtbhbo`f
Oeu`sbfmkmtos
 Klo`orkafros
Bmhbnbafros ao lfrrfsbüm
Ostknb`bzkafros

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>. ^o`klbüm ao lkak umk ao `ks fporklbfmos umbtkrbks baomtbdblkaks pkrk o`

prflosf, oxp`blkmaf lkak umk ao o``ks.

Aos c fekaf y ^ odbmkaf

@ks dfsdktbaks, cfeks, y ftrfs lfep`ojfs lf`fbak`os puoaom dfeomtkr `k hbarü`bsbs ao

um klobto f crksks aurkmto o` k`eklomkebomtf y puoao bmtordorbr lfm `fs
sunsbcubomtos prflosfs ao rodbmkaf. Ostfs o`oeomtfs sfm o`bebmkafs eoabkmto o`
aoscfekaf.

Moutrk`bzklbüm

@fs klobtos lruafs lfeorlbk`os lfmtbomom umk eoabk ao ;-<% ao ëlbafs crksfs
`bnros. O` lfmtombaf ao ëlbafs crksfs `bnros ao `ks crksks rodbmkaks aono sor bmdorbfr
f bcuk` k` 7,;%. @k moutrk`bzklbüm so puoao rok`bzkr eoabkmto o` trktkebomtf lfm
hbarüxbaf süablf, pfr aostb`klbüm f nbom eoabkmto ostorbdblklbüm. O` tbpf ao
moutrk`bzklbüm aopomaorë ao `ks lk`bakaos aosokaks, o` crkaf ao moutrk`bzklbüm y
ao` prflosf prfaultbvf oep`okaf, porf lfm lkrëltor comork` o` prflosf sbcubomto
sorë o` `kvkaf lfm vkpfr ao kcuk.

@kvkaf

@k lkmtbaka ao kcuk roquorbak pkrk osto prflosf so ostbek omtro o` 3 y o` ;7% om

vf`ueom, sb nbom `k aopurkafrk roluporkrë kprfxbekakeomto o` 47% ao ostk kcuk.

N `kmquokaf

O` aoscfekaf socubaf pfr `k moutrk`bzklbüm comork`eomto mf kpfrtkm umk

aolf`frklbüm sbcmbdblktbvk om o` klobto f `k crksk. O` pksf ao n`kmquokaf eoabkmto
kasfrnomtos sf`fs lfef o` lkrnüm kltbvf os o` eâtfaf mfrek`eomto utb`bzkaf. O`
fnjotbvf ao` trktkebomtf kasfrtbvf os o`bebmkr `fs pbceomtfs lfef `fs lkrftomfbaos

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y `k l`frfdb`k, porf tkenbâm pkrk rosbaufs lfef `ks dfsdktbaks, jknfmos, trkzks ao
eotk`, y prfaultfs ao `k fxbaklbüm lfef `fs hbarfporfxbafs y lfepfmomtos mf
vf`ëtb`os. Ostfs lfepfmomtos puoaom tomor um odoltf kavorsf om o` lursf ao `fs
prflosfs pfstorbfros, ospolbk`eomto om `k aosfafrbzklbüm, y om `k lk`baka ao`
prfaultf dbmk`.

Aosfafrbzkaf

@k aosfafrbzklbüm os o` ú`tbef pksf ao` prflosf ao rodbmkaf, om o` luk` `fs f`fros y

sknfros sfm roefvbafs ao` klobto f crksk n`kmquokak. O` prflosf os osomlbk`eomto
umk aostb`klbüm eoabkmto vkpfr om o` luk` `fs lfepfmomtos vf`ëtb`os sfm sopkrkafs
ao `fs mf c`blârbafs mf vf`ëtb`os.

Qrkmsostorbdblklbüm

@fs âstoros k`quå`blfs ao ëlbafs crksfs, quo so prfaulom pkrk sor lfenustbn`os
Aboso` (nbfaboso`), so fntbomom k pkrtbr ao `k trkmsostorbdblklbüm ao klobtos y crksks
lfm k`lfhf`os ao nkjf posf ef`olu`kr (k`lfhf`bsbs), om prosomlbk ao um lktk`bzkafr
kaolukaf. O` lksf pkrtblu`kr ao `k k`lfhf`bsbs lfm eotkmf`, quo os o` eës lfeúm,
pkrk dfrekr âstoros eotå`blfs ao ëlbafs crksfs so aomfebmk eotkmü`bsbs. Om o`
prflosf so prfaulo tkenbâm c`blorbmk lfef prfaultf solumakrbf

Wurbdblklbüm ao` N bfaboso`

_mk voz prfaulbaf o` nbfaboso` lruaf, so aono sopkrkr o` c`blorf`, roluporkr o`

eotüxbaf quo sok pfsbn`o y, om aodbmbtbvk, k rodbmkr o` nbfaboso` kmtos ao,
lfeorlbk`bzkr`f f kabtbvkr`f, provbkeomto k su lfeorlbk`bzklbüm. @k lfepfsblbüm ao
`k c`blorbmk aopomao eulhf ao` tbpf ao klobto oep`okaf.

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<. Kmë`bsbs aoslrbptbvf ao `k trkmsdfreklbüm dåsblk f quåeblk quo sudro `k

ektorbk prbek om lkak fporklbüm umbtkrbk quo so ``ovk k lknf om `k
p`kmtk.

Aos c fekaf y ^ odbmkaf

Osto prflosf so nksk om `k d`flu`klbüm f `k lfkcu`klbüm ao `ks sustkmlbks

eulb`kcbmfsks absuo`tks f suspomabaks, `ks luk`os so sopkrkm pfstorbfreomto ao`
klobto. @fs eulå`kcfs so kcrockm y `uocf soabeomtkm. Wfstorbfreomto ostfs
lfepfmomtos so puoaom o`bebmkr eoabkmto db`trklbüm f lomtrbducklbüm. O` aoscfekaf
lfm kcuk os `k dfrek eës sbep`o ao roaulbr `k lkmtbaka ao dfsdëtbafs y dfsdf`åpbafs
om `fs klobtos. O` klobto so lk`bomtk kprfxbekakeomto k 27·L, kcrockmaf poquoûks
lkmtbakaos ao kcuk (>-?%) pkrk hbarktkr `ks cfeks y hklor`ks bmsf`un`os om o`
klobto. @k lkmtbaka ao kcuk k uskr aono sor sbeb`kr k` posf solf ao `ks cfeks k
o`bebmkr. Aospuâs ao umfs ? k >7 ebmutfs `ks cfeks hbarktkaks puoaom sor
o`bebmkaks pfr lomtrbducklbüm. @ks bepurozks quo so puoaom o`bebmkr pfr osto
eâtfaf sfm dfsdëtbafs hbarktkn`os, trbc`blârbafs fl`ubafs y ftrfs lfepuostfs sf`un`os
om kcuk lfef kzúlkros.

Moutrk`bzklbüm

@k moutrk`bzklbüm lfmsbsto om hklor rokllbfmkr o` klobto lfm umk sustkmlbk k`lk`bmk.

Om `k ekyfråk ao `fs lksfs so usk o` hbarüxbaf ao sfabf pkrk o`bebmkr `fs ëlbafs
crksfs `bnros rospfmskn`os ao su klbaoz. O` klobto so lk`bomtk k 3?·L (om o` lksf ao
klobtos euy ëlbafs k 4?·L) y so kp`blk o` hbarüxbaf ao sfabf ab`ubaf om umk lkmtbaka
tk` quo moutrk`blo `fs ëlbafs om o` klobto y lfm um oxlosf quo dkvfrozlk `k
sopkrklbüm ao `fs jknfmos y ovbto `k dfreklbüm ao oeu`sbfmos. Osto oxlosf puoao
vkrbkr omtro ;7% y <7% pkrk klobtos ao nkjk klbaoz (hkstk ;%) y omtro <7% y ?7%
pkrk klobtos ao k`tk klbaoz. Os moloskrbf sopkrkr `fs jknfmos dfrekafs pfr
lomtrbduckaf, `kvkr pkrk o`bebmkr trkzks ao` lktk`bzkafr y jknüm, y `uocf solkr k`
vklåf pkrk o`bebmkr o` kcuk rosbauk`.

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N `kmquokaf

_mk euy nuomk fplbüm ao n`kmquokaf so puoao hklor lfm tborrks Qfmsb` ao crkaf
üptbef om o` luk` o` klobto aoscfekaf so lk`bomtk k umk toeporkturk kprfxbekak
ao 87·L y `uocf so `o kablbfmk <% ao `k tborrk ao n`kmquof kmtos eomlbfmkak
(provbkeomto so lk`bomtk > hfrks k 87·L pkrk o`bebmkr `k hueoaka quo puabork
kdoltkr o` prflosf). @k eozl`k ao klobto y tborrk so ekmtbomo lfm kcbtklbüm y vklåf
lfmstkmtos pfr ;? ebmutfs k umk toeporkturk omtro 87-27·L y umk prosbüm ao 47
ee Hc. @k eozl`k so aojk omdrbkr k toeporkturk kenbomto y so lomtrbduck k <?77
rpe pfr <7 ebmutfs pkrk sopkrkr o` klobto ao `ks tborrks ao n`kmquof.  

Qrkmsostorbdblklbüm

@k rokllbüm ao trkmsostorbdblklbüm aopomao prbmlbpk`eomto ao `k mkturk`ozk ao `k

ektorbk prbek, `k lfmlomtrklbüm ao` lktk`bzkafr, `k ro`klbüm ef`kr k`lfhf`-klobto, `k
toeporkturk, `k kcbtklbüm, prosbüm y tboepf ao rokllbüm, o` lfmtombaf ao hueoaka,
y ao ëlbafs crksfs `bnros. 

Om `k rokllbüm ao trkmsostorbdblklbüm, um ef` ao trbc`blârbafs rokllbfmk lfm tros

ef`os ao k`lfhf` pkrk dfrekr um ef` ao c`blorf` y tros ef`os ao `fs rospoltbvfs
k`qub`âstoros, om umk soluomlbk ao tros rokllbfmos rovorsbn`os afmao `fs
trbc`blârbafs sfm lfmvortbafs k abc`blârbafs, efmfc`blârbafs y dbmk`eomto c`blorf`. O`
c`blorf` y `fs âstoros sfm prfaultfs bmebslbn`os quo so abstrbnuyom om afs dksos
aospuâs ao `k rokllbüm. Ostks dksos puoaom sor sopkrkaks aospuâs ao aolkmtkr f
lomtrbduckr.

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Wurbdblklbüm ao` N bfaboso`

Om `k bmaustrbk o` eotkmf` os roluporkaf pfr lk`omtkebomtf ao `k dkso âstor. @ks

trkzks ao c`blorf` y lktk`bzkafr puoaom sor o`bebmkaks pfr `kvkafs lfm kcuk
klbau`kak f kcuk purk hkstk moutrk`bzkr. @fs ëlbafs crksfs `bnros puoaom sor
roluporkafs ao `k dkso âstor pfr aostb`klbüm, kprfvolhkmaf o` holhf ao quo `fs
DKEO pfr `f comork` aostb`km k <7-?7·L eomfs quo `fs KC@, sbm oenkrcf, osto
prflosf o`ovk aoeksbkaf `fs lfstfs ao prfaullbüm. Ftrk k`tormktbvk os hklor pkskr
`fs eotb`âstoros k trkvâs ao ektorbk`os kasfrnomtos lfef `k så`blk co` f sb`blktfs ao
ekcmosbf sbmtotbzkafs, kså lfef tkenbâm so klfstuenrk k uskr su`dktf ëlbaf ao
sfabf.

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Nbn`bfcrkdåk

 Ksturbks. (8 ao Ekyf ao >778). W`kmtk ao Wrfaullbüm, K`eklomkebomtf y

Abstrbnulbüm ao Nbfaboso`.  Fntombaf ao Ksturbks.os:
https://www.ksturbks.os/Ksturbks/aoslkrcks/WAD%>7AO%>7QOEK\/Eoabf
%>7Kenbomto/Kutfrbzklbfmos%>7kenbomtk`os/KKB-727-
73%>7^MQ%>7NBFAK^.pad

BBLK. (>7;7). Kt`ks ao `k kcrfomorcåk y `fs nbflfenustbn`os om `ks Keârblks: BB

Nbfaboso`. Fntombaf ao F`kao.frc:
http://www.f`kao.frc/sbtos/aodku`t/db`os/LBAK/BBLK/Kt`ks%>7ao%>7Nbfomorcb
k%>7y%>7Lfenustbn`os%>7>.pad

Wbskro``f, @. (>7;7). ‐Wrfaullbüm ao nbfaboso`: oqub`bnrbf dbsblfquåeblf y lbmâtblk ao

ostorbdblklbüm y trkmsostorbdblklbüm lfm abdoromtos lktk`bzkafros y
k`lfhf`os.―. Fntombaf ao Nbn`bftolk vbrtuk` _M@:
https://www.cffc`o.lfe.lf/ur`6sk5t&rlt5j&q5&osrl5s&sfurlo5won&la5;3
&lka5rjk&uklt58&voa5>kh_IOwbJ1@\-
wl@`KhXhuDiIH^VRLwK[DjK[oc[BNxKL&ur`5http%<K%>D%>Dnbn`bftolk
vbrtuk`.um`.oau.kr%<K8787%>Dtosbs%>Dnbtstroke%>Dhkma`o%>D;;;8?%>
D>2;%>Dtosbs.pad%<Dsoquomlo%<A;

\uporbmtomaomlbk. (Ablboenro ao >7;;). Qolmf`fcåks pkrk umk efvb`baka om

nomodblbf ao` eoabf kenbomto.  Fntombaf ao \uporbmtomaomlbk ao Bmaustrbk y
Lfeorlbf:
https://www.sbl.cfv.lf/sbtos/aodku`t/db`os/db`os/Nbflfenustbn`os%>Ny%>NNbf
aboso`%>Nao%>NWrbeork%>NComorklb%L<%N<m.pad

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