UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL & PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

(Minor: Energy systems)

(Assignment 2)

Design of a Rain Water Harvest system for Place of

Residence at Pointe aux Sables

By

CHETTIAR KRUBHA SHANKAR

ID: 1413730

SUBMITTED TO: Dr Y.Surnam

SUBMITTED ON: 19th April 2020

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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1

2.1 Problem Definition ............................................................................................................1

2.2 Aims and Objectives ..........................................................................................................2

3.0 Methodology .........................................................................................................................3

3.1 Site data for Rain harvest system .......................................................................................3

3.1.1 Rain water Harvest Catchment area ............................................................................3

3.1.2 Existing Area for tank and pump .................................................................................4

3.1.3 Existing Water outlets for Rain water harvest system ..................................................5

3.1.4 Existing Piping system for external part of the house ..................................................7

3.1.5 Water requirement for external part of the house .........................................................9

3.2 Precipitation Data for Port-Louis ..................................................................................... 10

4.0 Conceptual Design .............................................................................................................. 13

4.1 Identification of customer requirements and opportunities ............................................... 13

4.2 Concept Generation ......................................................................................................... 14

Concept 1: 3 Tank system.................................................................................................. 14

Concept 2: Underground Tank system ............................................................................... 16

Concept 3: Ground level tank system ................................................................................. 18

4.3: Concept Selection ........................................................................................................... 20

What is the Pugh matrix? ................................................................................................... 21

5.0 Mechanical Design .............................................................................................................. 24

5.1 Rain Water tank Sizing .................................................................................................... 24

5.1.1 Determining volume of Rain water collected on roof for the rainiest month .............. 24

5.2 Pump Sizing .................................................................................................................... 26

5.2.1 Determining the Major and Minor loss in the system ................................................ 26
 5.2.2 Total Pressure Head of Pump .................................................................................... 30

5.2.3 Power rating of the Centrifugal Pump ....................................................................... 31

5.2.4 PART 1: Centrifugal Pump Selection ........................................................................... 33

5.2.5 Impeller diameter Selection ...................................................................................... 35

5.2.6 Impeller types ........................................................................................................... 36

5.2.7 Pump Power curves .................................................................................................. 38

5.3 Final Design (Centrifugal Pump) ..................................................................................... 39

5.3.1 Flow chart of the system (Centrifugal Pump) ............................................................ 41

5.4 PART 2: Rotary Lobe Pump Selection............................................................................. 42

5.4.1 Total Pressure head system ....................................................................................... 43

5.4.2 Theoretical Power rating of pump ............................................................................. 44

5.4.3 Pump Curves ............................................................................................................ 45

5.4.4 Rotor lobe type ......................................................................................................... 46

5.4.4 Pump Power Curves ................................................................................................. 48

5.5 Final Design (Rotary Lobe Pump) ....................................................................................... 49

5.5.1 Flow chart for the system (Rotary Lobe Pump) .................................................... 51

6.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 53

7.0 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 54

Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 56

Appendix A ........................................................................................................................... 56

Appendix B ........................................................................................................................... 57

Appendix C ........................................................................................................................... 58

Appendix D ........................................................................................................................... 59

Appendix E ........................................................................................................................... 60
List of tables
Table 1: Components in existing pipe layout ...............................................................................7
Table 2: Weekly water requirements for external part of the house..............................................9
Table 3: Port-Louis Meteorological data averages for Temperature and Rainfall for year 1982 to
2012 (climatedata.org) .............................................................................................................. 11
Table 4: Pugh matric table for concepts .................................................................................... 23
Table 5:Minor head loss for the components in the system ........................................................ 27
Table 6: Total Minor head losses for the components ................................................................ 28
Table 7: Centrifugal pump specifications .................................................................................. 33
Table 8: Borger Rotary lobe pump specifications ...................................................................... 43
Table 9: Water Velocities for different applications (Engineering Toolbox)............................... 56
Table 10: Minor loss Coefficients for different types of fittings (Engineering Toolbox) .............. 57

List of Figures
Figure 1: Roof surface area (Rain water catchment) ...................................................................3
Figure 2: Area for tank and pump ...............................................................................................4
Figure 3:Pegler Brass Biptap 1/2'’ ..............................................................................................5
Figure 4: Brass ball valve 1/2''....................................................................................................6
Figure 5: Piping system layout for external part of the house (PIPE FLOW EXPERT V 7.40) .....8
Figure 6: Graph for average temperature and rainfall recorded for year 1982 to 2012
(Climatedata.org) ...................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7: 3 tank system (RWH, n.d)........................................................................................... 14
Figure 8: Pitara rwh, n.d .......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 9: Resiglas Rain water tank ........................................................................................... 25
Figure 10: KSB Ethanorm Centrifugal Pump ............................................................................ 33
Figure 11: Pump curves and Point of Operation ....................................................................... 34
Figure 12: Open impeller, Semi Open Impeller, Closed Impeller (Holland Applied, n.d) ........... 37
Figure 13: Pump Power curves ................................................................................................. 38
Figure 14: Rain Water Harvest Final Design (Pipe Flow Expert V 7.40) .................................. 40
Figure 15: Flowchart of the final design system (Centrifugal Pump) ......................................... 41
Figure 16: Borger Blueline AN 040 (Borger, n.d) ...................................................................... 42
Figure 17: Rotary Lobe Pump Curves ....................................................................................... 45
Figure 18: 3 lobe rotary pump ................................................................................................... 46
Figure 19:Pump Power curves for Rotary Lobe pump ............................................................... 48
Figure 20: Final design rain harvest system (rotary lobe pump) ................................................. 50
Figure 21:Flowchart for the system (Rotary Lobe pump) ........................................................... 51
Figure 22: Moody's Char .......................................................................................................... 58
Figure 23: Ethanorm Centrifugal pump curves ......................................................................... 59
Figure 24: Borger Rotary Lobe Pump Curves ............................................................................ 60
Figure 25:Borger Rotary Lobe Pump Dimensions ..................................................................... 61
1.0 Introduction
Water is basically the unit of life for all living species and thus has been one of the main sought
out resources in the world. The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) first
paragraph quoted: “Water is not commercial product like any other but, rather, a heritage which
must be protected, defended and treated as such”. Though the availability of water is necessary,
but the quality of available water is even more critical. Throughout all those centuries, man has
worked on ways to be better harness water sources like streams, lake and rain and to ensure
consistent availability of clean, potable water for its current population and the next generations
to come as well.
Unfortunately, though most countries have access to clean water in relative abundance others
like the parts of the African countries have always struggled to harness this essential resource.
Furthermore, natural disasters like droughts for instance the 1937 ‘Dust Bowl’ drought in 1937,
Oklahoma or the 2015 drought in India which destroyed millions of crops, leaving most in
hunger.
With so many factors that can affect the availability as well as the quality of water, with all the
cases of water pollution nowadays, Organizations and government are constantly working on
ways to ensure a sustainable water supply and with modern technologies and research at our
disposal new ways are being developed to better harness water sources and ensuring water good
quality.

2.1 Problem Definition

One of the major issues with water harnessing is wastage and quality control. It is common
knowledge that though water availability is good in most countries, much of it is lost to the
environment and goes to the ocean.
Furthermore, even water properly harnessed through reservoirs, dams etc. are lost during supply
due to leaks in pipelines dating decades ago, not to mention all kinds pollutants that may leak
into the supply systems.
It is therefore recommended for individuals have an independent water supply so as to help in
lowering the national water consumption for each country.

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2.2 Aims and Objectives
The aim of this project is to design a rain water harvest system with proper calculations and
sizing for the place of residence, located at Pointe aux Sable in Port -Louis district, so as to help
in lowering the water consumption from the CWA supply.

The Objective is to:

1. Evaluate the average water consumption for the house
2. Determine the average rainfall in mm received for region in question
3. Evaluating rain water catchment areas available and filtration/purification systems
4. Sizing of rain water storage tanks and relevant pumps
5. Design a system to properly work with the tank and pump for effective water
distribution
6. Design a robust and affordable system

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3.0 Methodology
3.1 Site data for Rain harvest system
The house in question to be used for this project is located at Pointe aux Sables (Port-louis
district)

3.1.1 Rain water Harvest Catchment area

By performing a survey around the house, it can be concluded that the roof has the largest surface
area for water catchment and also the most convenient for the rain harvest system.

Figure 1: Roof surface area (Rain water catchment)

Length = 12m
Width = 10m
Surface area = (10 x 12) = 120 m2
Therefore, the rain catchment area to be used is 120 m2
Note: The roof has been designed with a slant for directing rain water to water drains.

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3.1.2 Existing Area for tank and pump
The rain harvest would require an area for installation of a tank and pump and other accessories
and based on the survey carried out around the house the following area was deemed more
appropriate for this purpose.

Figure 2: Area for tank and pump

The current size of this area would be:

Length = 3.5m
Width = 2.5m
Surface area = (3.5 x 2.5) = 8.75 m2
Therefore, the Area for tank and pump to be used is 8.75 m2

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3.1.3 Existing Water outlets for Rain water harvest system
The current water outlets for the external part of the house consist of 4 Brass Biptaps 1/2’’. For
sanitary reasons the rain water system would be designed without connection with pipes to the
internal part of the house. The rain water would be used mainly for gardening and cleaning
purposes.
The following consist of 1 of the 4 Brass Biptaps 1/2’’, 1 metre above ground level, which would
be connected to the rain water harvest system.

Figure 3:Pegler Brass Biptap 1/2'’

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The following consist of the CWA water mains valve which is a brass ball valve 1/2’’ which is
the central valve just after the CWA water meter for cold water supply to both internal and
external part of the house.
Also, a Brass Check valve 1/2’’ is connected (not shown), which prevents water back flow
through the water meter.

Figure 4: Brass ball valve 1/2''

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3.1.4 Existing Piping system for external part of the house
For this project only the piping system for external part of the house would be considered since
the rain water to be collected would be intended for usage for plant watering and grounds cleaning
purposes only.
Based on an in-house survey, the following components of the existing system was found and
listed as follows:

Table 1: Components in existing pipe layout

No. Component Name Number / Length

1 Brass Ball Valve 1/2’’ (CWA Inlet) 1

2 Brass Check Valve 1/2’’ 1

3 Chrome plated Isolating Valve 1/2’’ 2

4 Brass Elbow 1/2’’ 4

5 Brass Tee 1/2’’ 3

6 Brass Elbow Tee 1/2’’ 1

7 Brass Biptap 1/2’’ 4

8 HDPE PN10 Pipe 34 m

The following figure consist of the existing piping system in place for the external part of the house
and was generated in Isometric view using Pipe Flow Expert V 7.40.

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Figure 5: Piping system layout for external part of the house (PIPE FLOW EXPERT V 7.40)

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3.1.5 Water requirement for external part of the house

As mentioned earlier, the rain water harvested would be intended for mainly gardening and
cleaning purposes and in order to design a rain water harvest system, it is essential to understand
the water requirements and frequency of usage.
The following table consist of water usage information for plants around the house.
Table 2: Weekly water requirements for external part of the house

Plant Name Number Size Type Water

requirement in
Litres /weekly
Coconut tree 1 Large High water use 83
Banana tree 6 Medium High water use 258

Papaya tree 2 Medium High water use 82

Flower plants 27 small Low water use 405
Vegetable plants 10 small Medium water use 150

Others 12 small Low water use 180

Indoor plant pots 11 small Low water use 41

Note: The water requirements for the plants were estimated using watering guide
(Wateruseitwisely.com) and also based on an in-house survey carried out.
Additionally, the weekly estimate water consumption for cleaning purposes (Washing car, the
grounds, etc) around the house is around 1000L – 1500L
The approximate weekly value for water consumption for gardening and cleaning is:
𝑊𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (83 + 258 + 82 + 405 + 150 + 180 + 41 + 1500) = 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝑳

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3.2 Precipitation Data for Port-Louis
In the Meteorological context, Precipitation is defined as any form of water particle, whether liquid
or solid, that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground. (National Weather Service, NWS)
There are 6 main types of precipitation (NWS):
1. Rain - Most commonly observed, drops larger than drizzle (0.02 inch / 0.5 mm or more) are
considered rain. However, smaller drops are also considered raindrops if, in contrast to drizzle,
they are widely separated.
2. Drizzle - Fairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine drops very close together.
Drizzle appears to float while following air currents, but unlike fog droplets, it falls to the
ground. Quite often fog and drizzle occur together.
3. Ice Pellets (sleets) - Precipitation of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, which are round
or irregular hard grains of ice consisting of frozen raindrops, or largely melted then refrozen
snowflakes.
4. Hail - Precipitation in the form of small balls or other pieces of ice falling separately or frozen
together in irregular lumps. Associated with thunderstorms, individual hail stones are ¼ inch (5
mm) or greater in diameter. Hail sizes of 1 inch (2.5 cm) or more are indicative of severe
thunderstorms
5. Small Hail (Snow Pellets) - Precipitation of white, opaque grains of ice that are round or
sometimes conical. Diameters are less than ¼ inch (5 mm).
6. Snow - Precipitation of snow crystals that are mostly branched and in the form of six-pointed
stars.

Note: Mauritius has only 2 seasons: Summer and Winter and while rare cases of small hail had
been recorded in the past with very low probability, it would be fair to assume that precipitation
in Mauritius is mainly rainfall.

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For the case of this project, the region of Port-Louis was taken into consideration and the
Meteorological data for this region were as follows:
The table below shows the average monthly readings for temperature and rainfall collected for
Port-Louis for the years 1982 to 2012.
Table 3: Port-Louis Meteorological data averages for Temperature and Rainfall for year 1982 to 2012
(climatedata.org)

Port Louis lies on 17m above sea level Port Louis's climate is classified as tropical.
Port Louis has significant rainfall most months, with a short dry season. According to Köppen and
Geiger classification, this climate is classified as Am *. The average annual temperature in Port
Louis is 23.8 °C 74.9 °F. The rainfall in Port Louis is around 1616 mm | 63.6 inch per year
(Am* - Implies precipitation in driest month less than 60 mm but equal to or greater than 100 –
(r/25)1 as per Köppen and Geiger classification system)

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Figure 6: Graph for average temperature and rainfall recorded for year 1982 to 2012 (Climatedata.org)

From the table 1 and graph 1, it is observed that month February received the highest mm of
rainfall (263 mm) and the month October received the least (51 mm) of rainfall.
The monthly average value of rainfall for a typical year is 134.67 mm

The maximum weekly average precipitation (February) is 263⁄4 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟖 𝐦𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐚𝐥𝐥

The minimum weekly average precipitation (October) is 51⁄4 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝐦𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐚𝐥𝐥

The Weather data collected particularly the rainfall data is going to be useful in the next sections
of this report, particularly for the Rain water harvest system sizing and design.
Also, since the data gathered was for a span of 30 years (1982 -2012), the trend is expected to
remain roughly the same for the future coming years in terms of rainfall (mm) and temperature
(oC) and therefore can be used for the context of this project.

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Note:
 1mm rainfall means every 1m2 area is filled with the water at a height 1mm.
 1mm rainfall means every 1m2 area is filled with 1 Litre of water.

4.0 Conceptual Design

Conceptual design is an early stage of this project whereby most relevant ideas/designs are
generated in line with the customer requirements. The concepts consist of drawings or sketches,
detailed enough to convey relevant functionalities that satisfy the customer requirements and
furthermore these particular concepts generated are compared based on criteria to determine the
most appropriate one for further discussion.

4.1 Identification of customer requirements and opportunities

The main goal of identifying customer needs is to ensure that the final design as well as the
concepts generated satisfy the requirements of the customers and thus justify the design
specifications while accounting for all the crucial needs of the customer.

In this case the customer requirements were gathered upon interaction with the house owner, by
conducting a short interview and the final requirements for the design after the interaction gave
the following needs:

1. System being able to harvest rain water efficiently

2. System to be operated with ease (Requiring basic level of understanding)
3. Ease of installing the system
4. System taking up minimum space possible
5. Durable
6. Affordable

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4.2 Concept Generation
In the concept generation phase, the primary goal is to achieve a design that meets the customer
requirements, though some concepts may have some shortcomings when taking the needs into
account while other concepts may need some modifications to achieve the goals.
The problem description and ways to tackle it are done in a more detailed manner for final
specifications.
This project is about designing a rain water harvest system for a particular house and thus for this
system the main focus would be about:
1. Rain water catchment
2. Water treatment (Filtration/Purification)
3. Rain water Storage
4. Rain water distribution

Concept 1: 3 Tank system

Figure 7: 3 tank system (RWH, n.d)

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The 3-tank system consists of 7 main steps which are as follows:
1. Rain water catchment – the roof area acts as the main rain catchment area
2. Small water filtration/purifying tank – Water from the roof move to the filtration tank
via gravity for filtration/purification
3. Pump 1- for pumping clean water from filtration tank to the main storage tank (Ground
level)
4. Main Storage tank (Ground level) – This tank stores the largest volume of water
5. Pump 2 - for pumping clean water from main storage tank (Ground level) to secondary
storage tank (Roof level)
6. Secondary storage tank (Roof level) – This tank is the direct supply tank to the
household water system
7. Water distribution – The water flow from the roof tank via gravity to supply the whole
house. (Both internal and external use)

Advantages

 This system has a means of storing large volumes of water for the fact that it has 2 tanks,
1 main tank (Ground level) and 1 secondary tank (Roof level)
 This system can store water for quite long period of time due to filtration/purifying
systems (Note: Water must not be stagnant for too long period of time as it may cause
formation of molds and bacterial infections.
 This secondary tank supplies the house using gravity.

Disadvantages

 This system is relatively bulky and takes quite a lot of space, having 3 tanks, 2 pumps
and more piping.
 The whole system can be quite expensive since it consists of numerous parts/components
and the supports materials would be quite costly.
 This system is more suited for rainy regions due to its size and storage capacity and
would be less effective if less rainy regions.

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Concept 2: Underground Tank system

Figure 8: Pitara rwh, n.d

The Underground tank system consists of 5 main steps which are as follows:
1. Rain water catchment – the roof area acts as the main rain catchment area
2. Strainer – Water from the roof move to the strainer via gravity for clearing larger
particles/impurities from rain water collected
3. Large Storage tank (Underground level) – This tank stores the large volume of water
underground
4. Pump - for pumping water from large storage tank (Underground level) to supply to taps
for plants irrigation.
5. Supply – This consist of taps/valves that are operated to supply water for plants. (External
use only)

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Advantages

 This system has a means of storing large volumes of water, since having a large
underground water tank.
 It can store water for longer period of time and in this case water quality is not a big
concern since it would be used for irrigation purposes only.
 It is relatively cheap to install and operate (Only the underground tank would require
longer time due to digging, etc.)
 It can be operated rather easily.

Disadvantages

 This system main supply is not potable water since no proper filtration and purification
has been done and its sole purpose is irrigation.
 Installation of the underground pump would be time consuming and any maintenance on
the tank may require digging.
 This system is limited to houses with medium to large gardens, thus cannot be used in
most urban houses.

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Concept 3: Ground level tank system

The Ground level tank system consists of 5 main steps which are as follows:
1. Rain water catchment – the roof area acts as the main rain catchment area
2. Filter – Water from the roof move to the water filter via gravity for clearing small
particles/impurities from rain water collected.
3. Ground level Storage tank – This tank stores the large volume of water on ground
level.
4. Pump - for pumping water from large storage tank to supply to taps for plants
irrigation and cleaning purposes
5. Supply – This consist of taps/valves that are operated to supply water for
plants/cleaning. (External use only)

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Advantages

 This system consisting of fewer parts and the fact that tank is on the ground level makes
it much cheaper to install.
 The running cost and maintenance cost is also quite cheap.
 It offers a filtration system that caters for small particles and hence can be used for both
plants watering and cleaning purposes.
 Being a fairly simple system, the whole set up takes less space as a whole and is suitable
for small to medium size houses

Disadvantages

 This system main supply is not potable water since no proper purification has been done
and its sole purpose is irrigation and cleaning.
 This system is limited to houses with medium to large gardens, thus cannot be used in
most urban houses.

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4.3: Concept Selection
Concept selection is an early stage of an Engineering project which is intrinsic before coming to
the final design and is usually performed by generating a decision matrix. This process allows us
to better understand and tackle the problem. The general criteria in concept selection are
customer requirements/needs satisfaction via the concepts and how far they are met with.

According to Hajek. F the following steps are used for the decision-making process:

1. Criteria selection
2. Choosing concepts scales (Ratings)
3. Weightage of the concepts
4. Ranking and selection

Step 1: Criteria Selection

The set of criteria are listed as per customer needs and design requirements. They are specific
elements that the design and concepts have to adopt which comply with the needs which were
gathered earlier.

The set of criteria are listed as per the design requirements. The criteria allow for the evaluation
of the set of concepts. In this case the following criteria are considered:

1. Efficiency in water catchment

2. Ease of operation of system
3. Ease of installing the system
4. Compact and space saving
5. Durable
6. Affordable

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In this chapter the Pugh matrix tool would be used to help in the selection of the most adequate
concept based on the set of requirements listed above.

Step 2: Choosing concepts scales (Ratings)

What is the Pugh matrix?

Pugh matrix or Pugh method is used to as a comparative tool to assess various alternatives with
respect to a baseline. Those alternatives compared to that specific baseline can better, equal or
worse than that baseline.

In general, this method makes use of a 3-point scale (+, - or S) whereby:

1. + implies better than the existing model

2. - implies worse than the existing model
3. S implies equal to the existing model

Note: The existing model would be the existing system that supply the house with water (refer to
section 3.1.4 for existing system layout)

Below is a list of criteria to be used for the Pugh matrix:

 Efficiency in water catchment – This criterion indicates how good the concept is at
maximising rain water catchment.

 Ease of operation of system - This factor deals with how easy the system can be
operated without requiring special skills and tools.

 Ease of installing the system - This criterion would indicate how easy it is to install the
whole system without needing specials skills or tools.

 Compact and space saving - This criterion would indicate how compact and space
saving concept design is.
 Durable - This criterion indicates the life span of the frames and components of the
system and the build quality and how strong the system against time and environmental
factors like wind, sun, etc.

 Affordable - This factor deals with the cost of the concept and how affordable it is
including running costs and maintenance costs.

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Step 3: Weightage of the concepts

This part of the concept selection which deals with the weights of each of the criteria which is
based on how much impact, which can be positive or negative and whether it affects directly or
indirectly the customer needs.

The weight scale is as follows:

1 - Negligible
2 - Not very important
3 - Important
4 - Very important
5 - Highest priority

Step 4: Ranking and Selection

In this step, each of the concepts is being ranked by the calculation of the weighted score for
each concept which is done by the following equation

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = ∑(𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 × 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥)

The scores obtained from each concept help to rank the concepts with highest score being the
most suitable one while lowest score being the less adequate one. After obtaining the best rated
one, further evaluation can be done to work towards the final design.

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Table 4: Pugh matric table for concepts

Concepts

Criteria Weight Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3

Efficiency in water 5 - - -
catchment

Ease of operation of 3 S S +
system

Ease of installing the 3 - - -

system

Compact and space 4 - S +

saving

Durable 3 + S S

Affordable 5 + + +

Total -4 -3 +4

From the result of the Pugh matrix given by the table above, it is found that concept 3 is the best
one with concept 2 coming second and concept 1 being the third.

By considering the ranks and scores including advantages and disadvantages, it can be found that
concept 3 i.e., the Ground level tank system is the most suitable one to take into account when
attempting to generate the final design since it addresses most of the customer needs.

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5.0 Mechanical Design
5.1 Rain Water tank Sizing
For the sizing of the rain water tank, there 3 main elements that has to be considered:
1. Weekly volume of rain water collected on roof for the rainiest month
2. Weekly water consumption for external part of the house (Watering plants & Cleaning
purposes, etc)
3. Space available to set up the tank

5.1.1 Determining volume of Rain water collected on roof for the rainiest month
From chapter 3, section 3.2, based on data collected over a span of 30 years (1982 – 2012), it
was found that on average the month February was the rainiest month for a typical year.
Also, the weekly average precipitation was found to be 65.8 mm rainfall.
From section 3.1.1, the size of the roof was found to be 120 m2
Therefore, the actual average weekly rainwater volume of rain water collected for the month of
February is calculated by the following equation:

𝑉 = 𝐴 × 𝑅 × 𝐶𝐹 × 𝐸 ---------- Equation 5.1.1

Where,
V - Weekly rain water harvested volume (L)
A - Catchment area roof (m2)
R - Weekly rainfall (L)
CF – Conversion Factor (0.623)
E – System Efficiency (0.9)
Note:
 Conversion factor (CF) - is a constant derived from unit values used to convert mm of
rainfall over a square foot area to total volume of rainwater.
 System Efficiency (E) - is the percentage of the catchment area / roof that is actually
connected to system waterways/ drains.
𝑉 = 120 × 65.8 × 0.623 × 0.9 = 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟑 𝑳
Therefore, the actual weekly average rain water harvested for the month of February is 4427.3 L

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Now, from section 3.1.5, it was found that the weekly water consumption for the external part of
the house to be 2699L.
Also, from section 3.1.2, the most appropriate area for setting up the tank and pump was found to
be of a size (Length: 3.5m, width: 2.5m, Area: 8.75 m2)
Considering the fact, that this area of 8.75m2, would be used for the tank but also for the pump,
only part of it would be used for the tank.

So, based on the calculations and information provided above, the following tank was chosen to
be the best suited for this design.

Figure 9: Resiglas Rain water tank

 Tank Capacity: 4500 L

 Diameter: 1.9 m
 Height: 2.14 m
 Weight: 120kg (Empty)
 Color: White external, dark Grey internal
 Price: approx. Rs 14,000

25 | P a g e
5.2 Pump Sizing
5.2.1 Determining the Major and Minor loss in the system
The system curve is a graphical representation of the head losses and gains of a particular piping
system that result from changes in flow.
To be able to determine the system curve, the Bernoulli’s Principle is used.
In order to properly use the principle, the following has to be taken into consideration:
1. Minor head loss – pressure or head loss by a fluid flowing in a pipe due to components
along the pipe (e.g. elbows, Tees).
2. Major head loss – pressure or head loss by a fluid flowing in a pipe due to the effect of
frictional forces acting on the fluid near the inner surface of the pipe.
For a typical water system for domestic usage a velocity of 1.0 – 2.5m/s (Engineering toolbox,
n.d) of cold-water circulation is the most suitable. Therefore, for the sizing of the pumps, a velocity
of 2.5 m/s is to be taken as parameter to determine the flowrate, the minor head loss and major
head loss.
(Refer to Appendix A for water velocities for different applications)

1. Minor head loss

For the minor head loss calculation, the velocities of the water at different sections is determined
as follows:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
Where A = Cross sectional area (m2)
V = Velocity (m/s)
Q = Flow rate (m3/s)
Note: Sections, in this case implies all the components like elbows, bends, valves that induce an
amount of pressure head loss to the system.
The general flow rate for the system and pump is as follows:
𝑄 = 𝐴 × 𝑣 ---------- Equation 5.2.1.1
𝜋 × 0.01272
= × 2.5
4
= 0.00317 m3/s

26 | P a g e
Where,
A = πD2/4
D = 1/2’’ (12.7mm)
V= 2.5 m/s
For this particular system, since all the components are at 1/2’’, we would have velocity of
2.5m/s throughout the whole system at a flowrate of 0.00317m3/s.
The minor head loss can now be calculated using the following equation:

𝐾𝑣 2
Minor Loss = ---------- Equation 5.2.1.2
2𝑔

Where K = minor loss coefficient

V = velocity (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m2/s)
Table 5:Minor head loss for the components in the system

Components Velocity/ m/s Minor loss Minor head

coefficient loss/ m
Isolating Valve 1/2’’ 2.5 2.3 0.733

Brass Tee 1/2’’ 2.5 1.0 0.319

Brass Biptap 1/2’’ 2.5 0.05 0.016

Brass Elbow 1/2'’ 2.5 0.3 0.100

(Refer to Appendix B for Minor loss coefficients for the fittings)

Note:
 Isolating Valve is a type of diaphragm valve
 Biptap Valve has ball type valve

27 | P a g e
Table 6: Total Minor head losses for the components

Components Minor head loss/ m Number Total Minor loss

per component/ m
Isolating Valve 1/2’’ 0.733 1 0.733

Brass Tee 1/2’’ 0.319 3 0.957

Brass Biptap 1/2’’ 0.016 4 0.064

Brass Elbow 1/2'’ 0.100 3 0.300

From the table above, the total minor head loss due to all the components are: 2.05 m

2. Major head loss

For the calculation of the Major head loss the following equation would be used:

4×𝑓×𝑙×𝑣 2
𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ---------- Equation 5.2.1.3
2𝑔𝐷

Where,
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe (m)
V2 = Velocity of flow (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m2/s)
D = diameter pipe (m)

Note: the friction factor can be found using the Moody’s chart at k/d and the Re number.
(Refer to Appendix C for Moody’s Chart)

28 | P a g e
HDPE Pipe 1/2’’
The Absolute roughness coefficient for HDPE pipe, k = 0.0015 x 10-3 (Engineering toolbox)
For the pipe 1/2’’ (0.0127 m), the ratio k/d is:
𝑘 0.0015 × 10−3
=
𝑑 0.0127
= 0.000118

The Reynold’s number can be determined using the

𝑝×𝑣 ×𝑙
𝑅𝑒 = ---------- Equation 5.2.1.4
𝑢
Re = Reynold’s number
P = density fluid (kg/m3)
V = velocity of fluid flow (m/s)
L = length of pipe (m)
u = kinematic viscosity of fluid (m2 /s)

For this case the fluid in the pipe is water and the Reynold’s number are determined as follows:

997 × 2.5 × 34
𝑅𝑒 =
1.0023 × 10−6
= 8.46 x 1010

Note: u = 1.0023 x 10-6 at 20 °C

By using the Moody’s chart (0.000118, 8.46 x 1010) the friction factor, f can be found,
f = 0.0124

29 | P a g e
The major loss in HDPE Pipe 1/2 ‘’ is as follows:
4 × 0.0124 × 34 × 2.52
𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
2 × 9.81 × 0.0127
= 42.3 m

Therefore, the major loss in pipe due to HDPE Pipe 1/2 ‘’is 42.3 m.

5.2.2 Total Pressure Head of Pump

Now, having calculated the minor loss and major loss for the system, we can apply the
Bernoulli’s equation between A and B.
Where A = Tank
B = Brass Biptap 1/2’’ no. 4

2 2
𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑣𝐵
+ + zA + hpump = + + zB + Minor Loss + Major Loss ----Equation 5.2.2.1
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔

PA = atm pressure, PB = atm pressure

ZA = 2 m, height water level in tank w.r.t ground
ZB = 1m, height Brass Biptap w.r.t ground

By replacing the known values and simplifying,

2.52
2 + hpump = + 1+ 2.05 + 42.3
2(9.81)

hpump = 43.7 m

Therefore, the total pressure head for the pump is 43.7m

30 | P a g e
5.2.3 Power rating of the Centrifugal Pump
To determine the power required for the pump, the following equation is being used:

𝜌𝑔∆ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑄
𝑃= ---------Equation 5.2.3.1
𝑛𝑜

Where P = power (W)

ρ = density of water (kg/m3)

∆ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = head required by the pump (m)

Q = flow rate (m3/s)

𝑛𝑜 = Pump efficiency (45% from selected Pump curve)
The power of the pump is now calculated as shown below:

997 × 9.81 × 43.7 × 0.00317

𝑃=
0.45
= 3010.8 W (3.01 kW)

5.2.4 Determining the system curve

Recall equation 5.2.2.1,
2 2
𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑣𝐵
+ + zA + hpump = + + zB + Minor Loss + Major Loss
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔

PA = atm pressure, PB = atm pressure

ZA = 2m, height water level in tank w.r.t ground
ZB = 1m, height Brass Biptap w.r.t ground

2
𝑣𝐵
2+H= + 1+ 2.05 + 42.3
2𝑔

31 | P a g e
Replace, V= Q/A,

We now have:

𝑄2
H= + 43.4
𝐴2

By simplifying and replacing values, the equation for the system curve is given by:

H = 43.4 + 6.23 x 107Q2

32 | P a g e
5.2.4 PART 1: Centrifugal Pump Selection
This section consists of the first part of the assignment whereby, a Centrifugal pump type is
to be used to power the system.

The pump selected were done based on:

 Total head of system
 Flow rate of system
 Relationship between pump curve and system curve (as seen in the following pages)

Figure 10: KSB Ethanorm Centrifugal Pump

Table 7: Centrifugal pump specifications

Brand KSB Ethanorm

Model ETN – 050-032-200.1

Type Centrifugal Pump

Max Pressure /bar < 16

Flow m3/h < 25

RPM 960 - 3500

(Refer to Appendix D for more info on Pump and Pump curves)

33 | P a g e
Figure 11: Pump curves and Point of Operation

34 | P a g e
From the graph,
 The green curve represents the system curve, plotted using the system curve equation
 The orange curve represents the new pump curve obtain by linear interpolation between
the 2 curves, since the pumps are of the same series and have the same curves except
operate at different heads and flow.
 The point of operation is the intersection of the system curve and new pump curve at
(Q = 11.4m3/h and H = 43.7m)

5.2.5 Impeller diameter Selection

To be able to obtain the desired impeller diameter, linear interpolation has to be done between
pump curve Ø193 mm and pump curve Ø180 mm
The following equation will give the desired impeller diameter by interpolation method:
∅2 −∅1
𝐷𝐼 = ∅1 + ( ) (𝐻𝑜𝑝 − 𝐻1) ----------Equation 5.2.1.7
𝐻2 −𝐻1

Where,
Di – Impeller diameter required (mm)
Ø1 – Impeller diameter below required one (mm)
Ø2 – Impeller diameter above required one (mm)
H1 – Pump total head at the intersection with Ø1 curve and flowrate line 11.4 m3/h (m)
H2 – Pump total head at intersection with Ø2 curve and the flowrate line 11.4 m3/h (m)
HOP – Pump total head at operation point (m)

There relevant values obtained from the graph (figure 3) are input into the equation,

193 − 180
𝐷𝐼 = 180 + ( ) (43.7 − 41.7)
48.5 − 41.7

= 183.8 mm

Therefore, the required impeller diameter to be used is 183.8 mm

35 | P a g e
5.2.6 Impeller types

There are 3 main types of impellers for Centrifugal Pumps:

1. Open Impeller
The Open impeller design centrifugal pump is, as the name suggests, has vanes open on both
sides. Because vanes do not have support on either side, they tend to be weaker.
Though they can handle suspended solids, these pumps are smaller and less powerful in order to
reduce the frequency of braking vanes.
Additionally, due to the open design, the liquid flowing into the pump interacts with the liquid
already in the casing, causing this type of centrifugal pump to be the least efficient.

2. Closed Impeller
Closed Impellers have vanes that are “sandwiched” between two solid, circular plates. The liquid
travels through the channels between the impellers and between the plates.
This design creates the most efficient flow from the eye to the discharge port. While this is the
most common type of impeller, centrifugal pumps with this design are intended for clear liquids.

3. Semi Opened Impellers

Semi-open impellers have vanes that are attached to a single plate, leaving the other side of the
impeller exposed to the interior of the pump housing.
This design is less efficient than the closed impeller because the liquid is immediately interacting
with the rest of the liquid in the pump casing. However, this design is also more forgiving of
suspended particles in the liquid and can handle more viscous fluids.

36 | P a g e
 Figure 12: Open impeller, Semi Open Impeller, Closed Impeller (Holland Applied, n.d)

For this system, the closed impeller type is selected for 3 main reasons:
1. The closed impeller type is more suited for clear liquids, in this system the rain water is
first filtered off any particles before entering the pump
2. The closed impeller type is the most efficient one compared to the open and the semi-
open one.
3. The closed impeller type, though being the most expensive of the 3, it is the most robust
one and reliable one, thus may require less maintenance if used properly

Therefore, the closed impeller–radial flow type is selected for the pump for this system.

37 | P a g e
5.2.7 Pump Power curves

Figure 13: Pump Power curves

38 | P a g e
From graph,
 The horizontal blue line represents the calculated flow of the system.
 The Vertical blue line represents the corresponding power for the calculated flow.
 The red line is an approximated curve using interpolation to represent the curve for
selected impeller diameter (183.8 mm)

It can be found that the power required for the pump is around 2.8 kW.
Previously, the power calculated for the pump using equation 5.2.3.1 was 3.01kW and now from
the graph it is found to be 2.8 kW.
By taking into account uncertainties when plotting the curve, and the fact that the power values
obtained from calculation and that from the curve are close enough, we can say the calculations
made are reasonable.

5.3 Final Design (Centrifugal Pump)

(The final design of the Rain water harvest system is on the following page)

39 | P a g e
Figure 14: Rain Water Harvest Final Design (Pipe Flow Expert V 7.40)

40 | P a g e
5.3.1 Flow chart of the system (Centrifugal Pump)

Figure 15: Flowchart of the final design system (Centrifugal Pump)

41 | P a g e
Description of the final design (Centrifugal Pump)
The system operates as follows:
1. The rain collected from the roof moves down the roof drain via gravity. (Note: roof has
channels and slants that direct all water to the drain.
2. The roof drain has a strainer that blocks large particles from moving down the PVC pipe
90mm to the filter.
3. At the filter all the small particle from the water gets trapped and clear water moves down
the pipe to the storage tank.
4. The 4500L storage tank store the water until required by the user.
5. There storage tank includes a drain pipe to account for excess water collected.
6. Now before the new system is operated, it has to be isolated from the CWA supply, hence
the Isolating valve Y is closed.
7. The Isolating valve X is opened and the pump is turned on.
8. The rain then flows to the 4 brass Biptaps along the HDPE pipe 1/2’’circuit for watering
plants, grounds cleaning and car washing, etc.

5.4 PART 2: Rotary Lobe Pump Selection

This section consists of the second part of the assignment whereby, an alternative pump
type is to be used to power the system.

The pump selected were done based on:

 Total head of system
 Flow rate of system
 Relationship between pump curve and system curve (as seen in the following pages)

Figure 16: Borger Blueline AN 040 (Borger, n.d)

42 | P a g e
Table 8: Borger Rotary lobe pump specifications

Brand Boerger

Model Blueline AN 040

Type Rotary lobe Pump

Max Pressure /bar < upto 10 bar

Flow m3/h 4.4 – 7040 gpm

RPM 500 - 800

(Refer to Appendix E for pump curves and dimensioning information)

5.4.1 Total Pressure head system

Recall from section 5.22:
Total Pressure head of system was calculated using the Bernoulli’s Principle:
we can apply the Bernoulli’s equation between A and B.
Where A = Tank
B = Brass Biptap 1/2’’ no. 4

2 2
𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑣𝐵
+ + zA + hpump = + + zB + Minor Loss + Major Loss ----Equation 5.2.2.1
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔

Minor loss = 2.05 m (From Section 5.2.1)

Major loss = 42.3 m (From Section 5.2.1)
PA = atm pressure, PB = atm pressure
ZA = 2 m, height water level in tank w.r.t ground
ZB = 1m, height Brass Biptap w.r.t ground

43 | P a g e
By replacing the known values and simplifying,

2.52
2 + hpump = + 1+ 2.05 + 42.3
2(9.81)

hpump = 43.7 m

Therefore, the total pressure head for the pump is 43.7m

5.4.2 Theoretical Power rating of pump

Recall from section 5.2.3

To determine the power required for the pump, the following equation is being used:

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑄 ---------Equation 5.2.3.1

Where P = power (W)

ρ = density of water (kg/m3)

∆ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = head required by the pump (m)

Q = flow rate (m3/s)

The theoretical power of the pump is now calculated as shown below:

𝑃 = 997 × 9.81 × 43.7 × 0.00317

= 1354.9 W (1.4 kW)

Note: This power excludes efficiency of the pump and is only a theoretical value, the actual
power of the pump will be determined using the Manufacturer’s Pump curves later on.

44 | P a g e
5.4.3 Pump Curves

Figure 17: Rotary Lobe Pump Curves

45 | P a g e
From the graph,
 The red line represents the head of the system (43.7m also 4.28bar), plotted using the
linear interpolation.
 The yellow circle represents point of operation of pump.
 The green horizontal line represents the flow line for the pump (11.4 m3/h)
 The green vertical line is the rpm (520 rpm) of the pump corresponding to (H= 4.28bar,
Q=11.4m3/h)

5.4.4 Rotor lobe type

Figure 18: 3 lobe rotary pump

The pump used was a Rotary lobe pump consisting of 2 rotors (3 lobed shape) intertwined
together for pumping the rain water through the whole system.

46 | P a g e
Operation of a Rotary lobe pump

The pumping action of the rotary lobe pump principle is generated by the counter rotation of two
pumping elements (rotors) within a chamber (rotor case). The rotors are located on shafts, which
in turn are mounted within an external gearbox and supported by bearings; the timing gears are
also located on the shafts.

The timing gears transfer the energy from the drive shaft to the driven shaft, synchronizing the
rotors such that they rotate without contact with each other. As the rotors pass the suction port, the
cavity generated increases creating a pressure decrease, which induces the pumped medium to
flow into the rotor case.

Advantages of Rotary Pumps

 They can deliver liquid to high pressures.

 Self - priming.
 Give a relatively smooth output, (especially at high speed).
 Positive Acting.
 Can pump viscous liquids
Disadvantages of Rotary Pumps

 More expensive than centrifugal pumps.

 Excessive wear if not pumping viscous material.
 Must never be used with the discharge closed.

47 | P a g e
5.4.4 Pump Power Curves

Figure 19:Pump Power curves for Rotary Lobe pump

48 | P a g e
From the graph,
 The red line represents the head of the system (43.7m also 4.28bar), plotted using the
linear interpolation.
 The yellow circle represents point of operation of pump.
 The green horizontal line represents the actual power of the pump (3.2 kW)
 The green vertical line is the rpm (520 rpm) of the pump corresponding to (H= 4.28bar,
Q=11.4m3/h)

5.5 Final Design (Rotary Lobe Pump)

(The final design of the Rain water harvest system is on the following page

49 | P a g e
Figure 20: Final design rain harvest system (rotary lobe pump)

50 | P a g e
5.5.1 Flow chart for the system (Rotary Lobe Pump)

Figure 21:Flowchart for the system (Rotary Lobe pump)

51 | P a g e
Description of the final design (Rotary Lobe Pump)
The system operates as follows:
1. The rain collected from the roof moves down the roof drain via gravity. (Note: roof
has channels and slants that direct all water to the drain.
2. The roof drain has a strainer that blocks large particles from moving down the PVC
pipe 90mm to the filter.
3. The 4500L storage tank store the water until required by the user.
4. There storage tank includes a drain pipe to account for excess water collected.
5. Now before the new system is operated, it has to be isolated from the CWA supply,
hence the Isolating valve Y is closed.
6. The Isolating valve X is opened and the pump is turned on.
7. The rain then flows to the 4 brass Biptaps along the HDPE pipe 1/2’’circuit for
watering plants, grounds cleaning and car washing, etc.

Note: There is no Filter in this system due to the fact that Rotary lobe pump are designed to
pump viscous fluids and fluids containing small particles and in this case rain collected from the
roof that is stored in the tank would contain small impurities and thus will not be an issue for the
rotary lobe pump since it is designed to handle such types of fluids.

52 | P a g e
6.0 Conclusion
There were 2 systems designed for the rain water harvest, the first one used a Centrifugal Pump
and the second one used a Rotary Lobe pump. Both systems were quite similar on the whole
except the Centrifugal one required clear liquid flow so as not to damage the impeller of the
pump. The Rotary Lobe one had the ability to pump liquid with small particles which would
have infiltrated the rain water from the air and surroundings and thus for this system a filter was
not required. Also, in general, the centrifugal pump is usually more suited for this type of system
while a rotary lobe pump is more for industrial usage, but by using the relevant calculations and
pump characteristics curves, it was found that both could perform well for this application with
some design differences for each system.

53 | P a g e
7.0 Bibliography

 livescience.com. 2020. The Worst Droughts in U.S. History | Live Science. [ONLINE]
Available at: https://www.livescience.com/21844-worst-droughts-in-u-s-history.html.
[Accessed 17 April 2020].

 NWS JetStream - Types of Precipitation. 2020. NWS JetStream - Types of Precipitation.

[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/preciptypes. [Accessed 17
April 2020].

 Port Louis climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Port Louis water
temperature - Climate-Data.org. 2020. Port Louis climate: Average Temperature, weather
by month, Port Louis water temperature - Climate-Data.org. [ONLINE] Available
at: https://en.climate-data.org/africa/mauritius/port-louis/port-louis-2189/. [Accessed 17
April 2020].

 Water Use It Wisely. 2020. Plant Watering Guide - Water Use It Wisely. [ONLINE]
Available at: https://wateruseitwisely.com/100-ways-to-conserve/landscape-watering-
guide/plant/. [Accessed 17 April 2020].

 www.resiglascoltd.com. 2020. No page title. [ONLINE] Available

at: http://www.resiglascoltd.com/en/products/tanks/fibreglass. [Accessed 17 April 2020].

 Minor or Dynamic Loss Coefficients for Pipe or Tube System Components. 2020. Minor
or Dynamic Loss Coefficients for Pipe or Tube System Components. [ONLINE]
Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/minor-loss-coefficients-pipes-
d_626.html. [Accessed 17 April 2020].

 KSB Etanorm 050-032-200.1 Standardised Water Pump (ETN 050-032-200.1). 2020.

KSB Etanorm 050-032-200.1 Standardised Water Pump (ETN 050-032-200.1).
[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.lenntech.com/products/KSB-Etanorm/ETN-050-
032-200.1/050-032-200.1-Standardised-Water-Pump/index.html. [Accessed 17 April
2020].

54 | P a g e
 3 Centrifugal Pump Impellers and what they are used for. 2020. 3 Centrifugal Pump
Impellers and what they are used for. [ONLINE] Available
at: https://pumpbiz.com/blog/right-centrifugal-pump-impeller-three-type/. [Accessed 17
April 2020].

 Performance curves - The BLUEline Rotary Lobe Pump | Boerger America. 2020.
Performance curves - The BLUEline Rotary Lobe Pump | Boerger America. [ONLINE]
Available at: https://www.boerger.com/en_US/products/rotary-lobe-pumps/pump-
series/the-blueline-rotary-lobe-pump/performance-curves.html. [Accessed 19 April 2020].

 www.alibaba.com. 2020. No page title. [ONLINE] Available

at: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/isolation-brass-ball-valve-solid-
brass_62413591723.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.174.be357d3dnvtM97.
[Accessed 17 April 2020].

 www.alibaba.com. 2020. No page title. [ONLINE] Available

at: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Factory-Outlet-Electrical-Conduit-Fitting-
PVC_50040868591.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.0.0.74572073QCLtIG. [Accessed
17 April 2020].

55 | P a g e
 Appendix
Appendix A

Table 9: Water Velocities for different applications (Engineering Toolbox)

56 | P a g e
Appendix B

Table 10: Minor loss Coefficients for different types of fittings (Engineering Toolbox)

57 | P a g e
Appendix C

Figure 22: Moody's Char

58 | P a g e
Appendix D

Figure 23: Ethanorm Centrifugal pump curves

59 | P a g e
Appendix E

Figure 24: Borger Rotary Lobe Pump Curves

60 | P a g e
Figure 25:Borger Rotary Lobe Pump Dimensions

61 | P a g e