MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022

CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION

PART A : STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. a FIGURE 1 shows the cell cycle.

FIGURE 1

i) Identify phases A, B, and C. 3 marks

A: G1/ first growth/ first gap
B: S// DNA synthesis
C: G2/ second growth/ second gap

ii) Briefly explain what happens during phase B. 2 marks

DNA is being replicated.
Consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

iii) Interphase consist of two growth phases, G1 and G2, separated by S 1 mark
phase. State ONE process other than cell growth that occurs during G2.
Mitochondrial division / energy storage increases /ATP production
/ respiration / duplication of centrioles / spindle formation / protein
synthesis / synthesis of organelle. (Any 1)

iv) Name the stages that occur in D 2 marks

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (All correct-2marks)

v) Briefly explain about stage E in animal cell. 2 marks

-Cytoplasm will be divided by forming a cleavage furrow/
microtubules form a furrow in a contractile ring around the cell.

-The contractile ring constricts, cell separates and producing two

daughter cells.
MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022
CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION
b FIGURE 2 shows the changes in quantity of DNA within a cell as it goes
through a series of cell division.

A B
Amount
of DNA
in cell

Time
X Y Z

FIGURE 2
i)
Name the type of cell division represented by period A and B? 2marks]
A: Mitosis B: Meiosis
ii) State the event that is occurring at X? [1 mark]
Cytoplasmic division / cytokinesis.
iii) How does the amount of DNA increase at Z. [2marks]
-Fertilization / fussion of gametes occur.
-Result in the combination of DNA from each gametes which causing
the increase in amount of DNA.
iv) Name the type of cells produced at Y? [1 mark]
Gamete cell
v) State TWO differences between process A and B. [2marks]

Mitosis Meiosis
Occurs in somatic cells. Occurs in gonad cells.
Produce 2 daughter cells. Produce 4 daughter cells
Daughter cells contain the Daughter cells contain half the
same chromosome number as chromosome number of the
parent cell. parent cell.
vi) If six chromosomes are observed in a cell at anaphase II of meiosis,
state the number of chromosome found in metaphase I and metaphase [2marks]
II.
Metaphase I : 6 chromosomes
Metaphase II : 3 chromosomes
 MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022
CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION
2. a) FIGURE 3 shows the stages in cell division.

FIGURE 3

a) Name the type of cell division in FIGURE 3. [1 mark]

Mitosis

b) Name the structure M and N. [2marks]

M : A pair of centriole N : spindle fibre

c) Write the letters in the order from first to last in which cell division occur. [1 mark]
C, E, B, D, A

d) State the difference between stage B and metaphase I. [1 mark]

In stage B, chromosome align at metaphase plate while in
metaphase I homologous chromosome / bivalent align at metaphase
plate.

e) State the diploid number of chromosomes for cells in FIGURE 2? [1 mark]

4

f) The chromosome number of Drosophila sp. is 8.

i) How many chromosome does the Drosophila sp. inherit from each [1 mark]
parent?
4
ii) How many chromosome found in gamete of Drosophila sp.? [1 mark]
4

g) How cytokinesis in plant cell differs from animal cell? [2marks]

Cytokinesis in plant cell occur by formation of cell plate whereas
cytokinesis in animal cell occur by formation of cleavage furrow.
Cytokinesis in plant cell begin from center outward whereas
cytokinesis in animal cell begins from outer inward.
 MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022
CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION
3. FIGURE 4 shows a stage of cell division that occurs in organisms.
X

FIGURE 4
a) State structures labelled X, Y and Z. [3 marks]
X: Chiasma/chiasmata
Y: Centrioles
Z : Homologous chromosomes/tetrad/bivalent

b) What processes are related to structures X and Z? [2 marks]

Structure X : Crossing over
Structure Z : Synapsis

c) State the stage of cell division shown above. [1 mark]

Metaphase I

d) What happens to the chromosome after the stage in 3 (c)? [2 marks]

- Homologous chromosomes being separate
- and move to the opposite poles

e) State two importance of the process that occur at structure X. [2 marks]

Genetic variation
Genetic recombinant

ESSAY QUESTIONS

3.1: The Cell Cycle

i Discuss the important stages of the somatic cell cycle. (6 marks)

• Cell cycle refers to the complete sequence of event in the life of 1
individual diploid cell that occur from a time a cell is form until it
divides into two cell
• Interphase became the longest phase that proceed with 3 stages; G1, S 1
and G2
• During G1, cell grow/ develop/volume of cytoplasm increases/protein 1
synthesis occur/synthesis of carbohydrate, lipid and various enzymes Max 3
(that require in S phase)
• During S, Replication of DNA/ synthesis of DNA occur 1
 MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022
CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION
• During G2, (Further) synthesis of organelles and prepare for cell 1
division
• Interphase proceed with mitotic phase that include Mitosis 1
(karyokinesis) and cytokinesis
• Karyokinesis refers to division of nucleus that consist of prophase, 1 Max 2
metaphase, anaphase and telophase
• Cytokinesis refers to division of cytoplasm 1
Total: 6 marks

ii FIGURE 1 below shows the cell cycle that occur in a root tip of plant cell.

FIGURE 1

Based on the label in FIGURE 1, state the stage where the chromosomes get duplicated.
How do the chromosomes get duplicated in interphase? Explain why it is important that they
get duplicated? (4 marks)

- Stage B
- The chromosomes, which is made up of DNA molecules replicates/ make copies
during S phase in interphase.
- The chromosomes need to duplicate so they can pull /separate to opposite poles
during anaphase // the chromosomes duplicate and separate to two daughter cell
during mitosis
- Forming two identical daughter cells
3.2 Mitosis
 MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022
CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION
FIGURE 2

i With the aid of labelled diagram, describe the chromosome behavior for (6 marks)
metaphase and anaphase for the cell in FIGURE 2 above

Cell membrane

Chromosome

Correct
diagram:1
Labelled
diagram :1
Description :1
(for each
phase)

Metaphase : chromosome align at Anaphase : sister chromatids

the metaphase plate separate and move to opposite
poles.

ii. Describe briefly the events that occur in the cell after karyokinesis in 6 marks
animal and plant cells.
Cytokinesis in animal cells:
• Cleavage occurs through furrowing 1
• The cleavage furrow is a contractile ring of microfilament. 1
• Cell membrane invaginate forming cleavage furrow that will deepens 1 Max 3
until the parent cell pinched into two separate cells.
• A shallow groove is formed in the cell surface 1

Cytokinesis in plant cells:

• During telophase, vesicles derived from Golgi apparatus move along 1
microtubule to the middle of the cell.
• Vesicle fused to produce a cell plate. 1
• The cell plate enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the 1
plasma membrane
 MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022
CHAPTER 3 : CELL DIVISION
3.3 Meiosis

i What are the similarities in homologous chromosomes and how they (4 marks)
differ from each other?
Similarities:
• Have same length, same size, and same shape 1
• Carry same genetic materials 1
Any 3
• Same position of centromeres 1
• They have same loci for every gene or allele that control for same 1
characteristics
Max 3
Differences:
• One of the homologous chromosome is inherited from father (contain 1
paternal genes) and another one is inherited from mother (contain Any 1
maternal genes)
• They can contain different or same alleles for a gene that determines 1
similar characteristics.
Max 1

ii Give differences between metaphase and metaphase I (6 marks)

Metaphase of mitosis Metaphase of meiosis I

• sister chromatids/chromosome
align at metaphase plate
• spindle fibre from opposite
poles attach to the same
centromere
• the kinetochores of sister
chromatids remain separate
function //spindle fibers attach
to both kinetochores on
opposite sides of the
centromere
• homologous chromosomes
align at metaphase plate. 2
• spindle fibre from opposite
poles attach to the different 2
centromere.
• the kinetochore of sister
chromatids fuse and function as
one (spindle fibers connect to 2
the kinetochores of each sister
chromatids of homologous
chromosome)