GRADE 9 BIOLOGY

FINAL-TERM STUDY GUIDE 2021-2022

DIAGRAM
MODULE TOPIC LESSON (Possibly draw, label and
describe)
9 cellular 1 (P.220) Draw and label
Reproduction Stages of cell cycle
Stages of Mitosis
chromosome

Meiosis and Sexual 2 (P.231)

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Reproduction Label and describe only
Stages of meiosis

10 Mendelian Genetics 1(p.250) Draw

Punnett square

Helpful Hints:

1. Always read your questions more than once before answering them.
2. Always write in full sentences. Watch out for spelling.

3. The general rule is for one mark you have to write down one well explained
answer/fact/ key point.

4. These example questions are only there as practice. You should always study
using your textbook and notebook.

5. The PowerPoints do not contain all the information. It is only an overview of the
most important concepts (Study out of your textbook).

6. The answers to the questions will be discussed during revision week.

7. Do not forget to study last homework and class work for more practice.

8. All the best with your studies and your exams. Enjoy a well-deserved rest!

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EXAMPLE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the main factor that limits the size of a cell?

The main factor is the ratio of its surface area to its volume.

2. Use the hypothetical cells shown below to Calculate the ratio of surface area to volume for
each cell.

Formula for volume: length x width x height

And for area: length x width x number of sides in a cube (6)
For cell (1):
Surface area is: 1um x 1um x 6 = 6um 2
volume = 1 um x 1 um x 1 um = 1um 3
the ratio of surface area to volume is 6: 1
For cell (2):
Surface area is: 2um x 2um x 6 = 24um 2
volume = 2 um x 2 um x 2 um = 8um 3
the ratio of surface area to volume is 24: 8 = 3:1
For cell (3):
Surface area is: 4 um x 4 um x 6 = 96 um2
Volume is: 4 um x 4 um x 4 um = 64 um3
The ratio of surface area to volume is: 96:64 = 1.5:1

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3. Should the ratio of surface area to volume be high or low? Explain the reason for your answer.
It should be high. As a higher surface area to volume ratio can make the cell sustain itself more
easily, this means, it will be more easy for the cell to be supplied with nutrients and getting rid
of waste products.

4. How many stages of cell cycle? Mention them.

The Cell Cycle has 3 main stages:
 Interphase (the longest stag).
 Mitosis. (PMAT)
 Cytokinesis

5. What is the purpose of mitosis?

For growth.
To replace damaged or worn-out cells. (heal certain injuries ).
To prevent the cell from becoming too large.
6. Match the following:

TERM ANSWER DEFINITION

chromatin D A. Substage in which the cell grows and carries out

normal function.
J
chromosome B. An organelle that produces spindle fibers in animal
cell during mitosis.
B
Centrioles C. Phase of the cell cycle that includes the G1, S, and
G2 phases.

Binary fission E D. When DNA is in its less coiled, "relaxed," state,

between cell divisions, it is called
H
E. The process by which bacterial cells divide.
cytokinesis

G1 A
F. Phase of the cell cycle in which the cell’s
DNA is copied.
G2 G
G. Phase of the cell cycle in which the cell
makes final preparations to divide.
S-phase F
H. Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two
daughter cells.
interphase C
I. The phase in which the nucleus of the cell
divides.
mitosis I
J. DNA packaged into X-shaped threadlike
structure

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7. Draw the chromosomes inside each cell during the following stages of mitosis. Note that the
cell has 4 chromosomes. Your drawing should include the chromosomes or chromatids,
nucleus (forming and breaking down), centrioles, and spindle fibers.

or

8. Cells spend a majority of their time in which phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase

9. Draw a chromosome and label it.

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10. How many chromosomes are in human normal somatic (body) cells?
46 chromosomes.

11. How many chromosomes are in normal gamete (sex) cells of human(egg and sperm)?
23 chromosomes.

12. Outline the correct order of the phases of MITOSIS cell division.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

13. What is the cancer?

It is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

14. Describe homologous chromosomes.

Pair of chromosomes (one from dad and the other from mom) that contain genes for the same
traits and have the same length and the same centromere position.

15. if the sperm cell of goat contains 30 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in body cell?
Explain your answer.
The body cell contains 60 chromosomes. Sperm cell is a haploid cell (N) as it sex cell contain
half number of chromosomes, so the body cell contain 2×30= 60 chromosomes.

16. What is karyotype?

A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type.

17. What is fertilization?

The process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete to produce a
zygote.

18. What is meiosis and what it called?

It is a type of cell division at which the cell divides into 4 new sex cells(gametes), each cell
contains half the number (haploid number) of chromosomes of parent cell.
It is called a reduction division as it reduces the number of chromosomes to half.
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19. What is the importance of meiosis?
-Production of male gametes (sperms) and female gametes (eggs or ova) to complete sexual
reproduction.
-It results in genetic variation.
20. What are the three sexual sources of genetic variation?
1. crossing over (prophase I)
2. independent assortment (metaphase I)
3. random fertilization

21. What is crossing over? During which process and which phase it happened?
It is a process during which chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of
homologous chromosomes to increase genetic variation.
It happened during meiosis in stage called prophase1.
22. What is chiasmata?
It is the site of crossing over.

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23. Fill in the following mitosis vs. meiosis table with the appropriate information.

Mitosis Meiosis

Division of a cell into two Division by which

genetically identical gametes (sperm and egg
daughter cells), with half the
Definition
cells with the same number of
number of chromosomes, are
chromosomes. produced.

Number of divisions One (PMAT) Two (PMATx2)

End result (daughter Two diploid (2n) identical Four haploid (n) unique
cells) cells cells

Reproductive cells
Types of cells Somatic cells (body cells)
(gametes)

Sexual reproduction
Purpose Growth and repair
(genetic variation)

Synapsis and crossing

No Yes
over (Yes/No)

Parent cell Diploid 2n Diploid 2n

24. A cell containing 40 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its
completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes? Explain.
At its completion the cell will contain 20 chromosomes. As meiosis produces haploid cells (n)
which contain half number of chromosomes.

25. What is the difference between diploid and haploid cell?

Diploid cell: contains a complete number of chromosomes (2N) also called body or somatic
cell.
Haploid cell: contains a half number of chromosomes present in somatic cell (N) also called
gametes or sex cell.

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26. Match the following:

TERM ANSWER DESCRIBTION

Prophase1 H A. Chromosome complex formed by the synapsis of

homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
B
Metaphase1 B. Homologous chromosomes line up in the center of
the cell.
I
Anaphase1 C. Sister chromatids separate and move apart to
opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase1 E D. The haploid number of chromosomes line up in the

center of the cell.
G
E. The nuclear membrane reforms creating
Prophase2
two cells each with 2 nuclei.
Metaphase2 D
F. Nuclear membrane forms around 4
haploid nuclei.
Anaphase2 C
G. The nuclear membrane surrounding the
haploid number of chromosomes breaks
down.
Telophase2 F
H. Synapsis and crossing over occurs.
Synapsis J
I. Spindle fibers pull homologous pairs to
opposite ends of the cell.
Tetrad A
J. The process during which homologous
chromosomes are paired and held tightly
together during meiosis

27. Identify each phase of Meiosis:

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__Metaphase1____ ___Anaphase1_______

____Anaphas2___ ___Metaphase2___

28. What is Down Syndrome and what is it called?

It is one of human chromosomal disorder, it is a result of an extra chromosome 21, So it is
called trisomy 21.

29. Match each karyotype to its correct case:

A . Normal male B. Male with Down's syndrome

__________B_______________ _________A____________

31. Compare between first law and second law of Mendel.

First Law Second law

Name Law of segregation. Law of independent assortment.

Explanation In meiosis, the two alleles of -A random distribution of alleles occurs

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 each trait segregated into
during gamete formation. Genes on
gametes, and two alleles of that
separate chromosomes sort
trait return back again in pairs
independently during meiosis.
during fertilization.

Ratio of F2(second
3:1 9:3:3:1
generation)

Type of hybrid cross Uses a monohybrid cross Uses a dihybrid cross

Applicability Single (one) trait Two or more traits

32. Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?
 Easy to grow in the garden.
 The flowers of this plant are bisexual.
 The generation time of pea plants is less.
 They are self-pollinating, and thus, self and cross pollination can easily be
performed.
33. Match the following:

TERM ANSWER DESCRIBTION

Dominant Allele B A. one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene.

Recessive Allele C B. Allele that is always expressed if present and it

symbolized by capital letter.

Genotype D C. Allele that is only expressed if the dominant allele is not

present and it is masked if a dominant allele is present.

Phenotype E D. Genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual it

could be homozygous or heterozygous.
Allele A E. Organism observable characteristics or traits.

35. In rabbits, black fur is dominant to white fur. If two parent black heterozygous rabbits
had a baby rabbit, Draw the Punnett square for this cross and answer the following
questions?

The two parents are black heterozygous so the cross will be Bb×Bb

10 B b
 BB Bb
B Black fur
Black fur

Bb bb
b
Black fur white fur

- What is the phenotypic ratio of the possible offspring? _____3:1(3black :1white)___________

- What is the genotypic ratio of the possible offspring? _____1:2:1 (BB:2Bb:bb)___________
- What is the percentage of the offspring that will have black fur? ______75%_________________
- What genotype does rabbits have if they are homozygous for white fur? _bb___________
- Determine the phenotype of the following genotypes:

BB ______Black Fur_________________

bb _______white Fur____________

34. The allele for freckle is dominant over the allele for no freckle. A man heterozygous for freckle marries a
woman who is also heterozygous for freckle. Draw the Punnett square for this cross in the space below
and answer the following questions.

one parent is heterozygous for freckle and other parent heterozygous for freckle so the cross will be Ff×Ff

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F f
 FF Ff
F
Freckle Freckle

f Ff ff
Freckle No freckle

- What is the phenotypic ratio of the possible offspring? _____3:1(3freckle :1no freckel)___________

- What is the genotypic ratio of the possible offspring? _____1:2:1 (FF:2Ff:ff)___________

- What is the percentage of the offspring that will have freckel? ______75%_________________

- What genotype does parents have if they are homozygous for no freckle? _ff___________

- Determine the phenotype of the following genotypes:

FF ______Freckle_________________

ff _______No freckle____________

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