Cell Division:

- Mitotic cell division (F4)

- Meiotic cell division (F5)

Mitotic cell division:

- make regular body cells (somatic cells)

Meiotic cell division:

- make eggs & sperms (gametes)

Why study Cell Division?

DNA for eye and mouth

-----> random division

nucleus new nucleus

Replication of DNA: (carefully done) Division of cell: (carefully done)

Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

Ch 11 Cell cycle and division

◼ Mitotic cell division (有絲細胞分裂) is the process in which a cell (parent cell) divides into two
new cells (daughter cells). Mitotic cell division = mitosis + cytokinesis

Mitosis division of nucleus Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm

Division of
nucleus
--------------------->
(Mitosis) Daughter nuclei
DNA - genetically identical; daughter cells:
replicated each has a complete - genetically identical
set of DNA

◼ During mitotic cell division, genetic information is passed on from parent cells to daughter
cells. The genetic material is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

11.2 The cell cycle and mitotic cell division (Book 2, p. 11-8)

A The cell cycle (Book 2, p. 11-8)

body cells
◼ mitotic
Somatic cells can divide by (1) _______________ cell
______________ division
_______________ to
cell
form new cells. The (2) _______________ cycle
_______________ (細胞週期) is the sequence of

events that take place from a cell is formed from its parent cell until its own division into two
cells.
◼ Mitotic cell division only happens when new cells are needed for growth or repair. Not all
cells may give rise to new cells. Differentiated cells cannot give rise to new cells. We call
those cells which may give rise to new ones through mitotic cell division stem cells.
◼ Cancer happens when cells divide uncontrollably and creates unwanted cells.

Differentiated cell:
Carries out specific functions

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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

◼ A cell cycle can be divided into two main stages:

1 interphase
(occupies about 90% of
time)

2 mitotic cell division

(occupies about
10% of time)

 The stages of a cell cycle

Number of cell division
has limitation
(50~70)
S: Synthesis

G:Gap

Stage Description

(3) _______________
Interphase G1 phase
increase in cell size
- Cell growth
Number of organelles
S phase
- DNA replication two exact copies produced
G2 phase X duplication
- Further cell growth to prepare for mitotic cell division

Mitotic cell division ◼ The cell divides to form (8) _______________

two (two / four)
genetically identical daughter cells. meiotic cell division

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 Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

11.1 Chromosomes (Book 2, p. 11-2)

A Structure of chromosomes (Book 2, p. 11-2)

During Interphase:
◼ DNA exist as a mass of long and very thin fibres called (2) _______________.
chromatin
➢ At this stage, chromatin fibres (3) _______________
are not (are / are not) visible under a light
microscope as the chromatin fibres are too thin.

nucleus is stained
(iodine) to make
it visible chromatin
chromatin fibre

 Photomicrograph of a non-dividing cell  Drawing of a non-dividing cell

(coiled)
◼ The chromatin not as condensed as chromosomes which allows DNA to be (4)
_____________
replicated . The genetic information carried in the DNA molecule can also be read. This
allows proteins to be (5) _______________.
synthesized

During Mitosis:
◼ Chromatin fibres coil up and become shorter and (6) thicker
_______________.
/ more condensed
➢ At this stage, individual chromosomes (7) _______________
can (can / cannot) be seen as
thread-like structures under a light microscope after staining.

a chromosome

a chromosome

 Photomicrograph of a dividing  Drawing of a dividing cell

cell

◼ Each chromosome is in its (8) _______________

replicated state because each DNA molecule in the cell
has been replicated during S phase.

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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

◼ Each chromosome consists of two (9) _______________

chromatids joined at a structure called
centromere. The two chromatids are identical and they are called
(10) _______________
sister _______________
chromatids .

(12) _______________
chromatid

DNA

protein
(13) _______________
centromere

(14) _______________
chromatin fibre

Electron micrograph of
a chromosome (in duplicated state) (×18 000)

 Structure of a chromosome at the time when cell division begins

◼ During cell division, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and each goes
into one (15) _______________
daughter cell. Each chromatid is called a (16) _______________
chromosome once
they are separated.

parent cell daughter cell daughter cell

cell division

sister sister a chromosome a chromosome

chromatid chromatid

one chromosome
(duplicated state)

 Sister chromatids separate during cell division. Each of them is called a chromosome once they are
separated

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 Interphase: chromatin Mitosis:
(easier to replicate DNA) Tightly packed
DNA to move

- protein

Human Karyotype Dad Mum

In duplicated chromosome:
a chromosome is called
chromatid
When seperated:
centriole: chromosome
origin of all microtubules
(one of them is spindles fibers, the term is used to
related to mitosis) emphasize identical sister chromatids
chromatid

centromere:
Hold chromatids
together

a copy of A copy of chromosome

chromosome made in S phase

identical
Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

B Mitotic cell division (Book 2, p. 11-9)

1 Process of mitotic cell division

◼ Mitotic cell division process consists of a (9) _______________
nuclear division, followed by a
(10) _______________
cytoplasmic division.

i) Nuclear division (mitosis)

◼ Mitosis can be divided into four stages:

(14) _______________
prophase ◼ Chromatin condenses into (15) _______________.
chromosomes
(前期) ◼ Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
◼ The (16) _______________
nuclear
_______________
membrane breaks down.
◼ Spindle fibres begins attaching to centromere.

(17) _______________
metaphase ◼ The chromosomes line up along the
(中期) (18) _______________.
equatorial plate
◼ (19) ______________
Spindle _____________
fibres finished attaching to the
centromere.

(20) _______________
anaphase ◼ The spindle fibres shortens to pull the (21) _______________
sister
(後期) chromatids
_______________ and separate them. The
__________________________
sister chromatids
move to opposite poles of the cell.

(23) _______________
telophase ◼ A new (24) _______________
nuclear
(末期) _______________
membrane forms around
each group of chromosomes.
◼ The chromosomes uncoil to become
(25) _______________
chromatin again.
◼ The (22) _______________
cytoplasm starts to divide.
◼ The daughter nuclei contain identical genetic material.

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 Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

Mitosis Prophase / coil

• Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes
• Each consists of two identical sister chromatids
• Nuclear envelope breaks down
• Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell
• Spindle fibers form from centrioles, and begin to attach to centromere
Metaphase
• Spindle fibers attach to centromere
a sphere:
• Align the chromosomes on the cell equatorial plate cut in half
Anaphase (X contract: for muscles) /plane
• Spindle fibers shorten and separates sister chromatids which move to
opposite poles of the cell
Telophase
• Chromosomes uncoiled into chromatin
• Nuclear membrane forms

break down of nuclear membrane

interphase (G2) (nuclear envelope)

nucleus

centriole

chromatin
prophase metaphase

nucleus cytokinesis
chromosomes
lined up on the
cell equatorial
plate
differentists & do work:
e.g. Red/ white blood cells spindle
fibres

anaphase
telophase

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 Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

e, c, b, d, a
a b

c d e
chromosomes chromatin

3, 4, 2, 5, 1, 6

1 2 3

6
4 5
newly formed daughter cells:
smaller in size

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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 11

ii) Cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

◼ Cytoplasmic division is also called (26) _______________
cytokinesis (胞質分裂). At this stage, the

(27) _______________
cytoplasm of the parent cell divides into two halves, forming two daughter cells.
◼ Cytokinesis in animal cells:
Cell membrane constricts inwards
until the cell splits into two.

◼ Cytokinesis in plant cells:

1 Cell plate (細胞板) made up of

new cell membranes and cell
walls is formed between two
daughter nuclei.

2 Cell plate grows outwards,

dividing the cell into two.

Practical 11.1 Examination of different stages of the cell cycle

(Book 2, p. 11-12; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-1)

Practical 11.2 Investigation of the relative time spent in each stage of the cell cycle
(Book 2, p. 11-12; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-6)

Significance
2 Importance of mitotic cell division
◼ The daughter cells produced from mitotic cell division are genetically (28) _______________
identical
_______________
to (identical to / different from) their parent cell. They have the same
structure and perform the same (29) _______________ as the parent cell.
◼ Mitotic cell division is important for growth, repair and (30) ______________
asexual reproduction
(無性生殖).
replace old/ worn-out cells

repair damaged tissues

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Graph:
Change in DNA amount in one cell in the cell cycle

2X

1X

G1 cytokinesis
S G2 M completed