WAVE OPTICS

WAVE OPTICS
Relation between phase difference and path difference:-

Where phase difference is 2𝜋 path difference is 𝜆.

2𝜋 − −−→ 𝜆
𝜆
𝜑 − −−→ 2𝜋
𝜑
𝜆
When phase difference is 𝜑, path difference is 2𝜋 𝜑.
Wave front:-
It is the locus of the point’s oscillating in same phase.

Point source- spherical wave front

Line source – cylindrical wave front

Source at infinity – parallel plane

𝜆 The phase difference between two points in same wave front is zero.

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𝜆 The angle between wave front and discussion of propagation in 900 of wave phase difference between two wave
fronts is 2𝜋 then perpendicular between them is 𝜆.

Reflection and refraction of wave front:-

Huigen’s principle:-
Every point on the primary wave front behaves as fresh sources of new disturbance and emits secondary wave lefts.
The envelope tangents to the secondary wave lefts in the forward direction provide the position of secondary wave
front.

Absence of backward wave front:-

According to stoke I ∝ 1 + 𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃
= K(1 + 𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃)
When 𝜃 is the angle between virtual line dissections of
propagation?
For backward wave front 𝜃 = 1800
I= k(1-1)
=0
So back ward front is absent.
Proof of Snail’s law by wave theory:
Case –I( rarer to denser)

AB= incident wave front

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CD= refracted wave front

𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 are specified of light in rarer and denser radium respectively.

𝛿 − Time taken by the wave front to shift from AB to CD,

sin ∠𝑖 𝐵𝐶/𝐴𝐶
 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛∠𝑟 𝐴𝐷/𝐴𝐶
sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐶
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
= 𝐴𝐷
sin 𝑖 𝑉𝛿
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
= 𝑉1𝛿
2
sin 𝑖 𝑉
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
= 𝑉1
2
sin 𝑖
 = 𝜇21
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
This proves Snail’s law.
CASE-II (denser to rarer):
AB = incident wave front
CD = subtracted wave front
𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 Are speeds of light in denser and rarer medium
respectively
𝛿 − Time taken by the wave front to shift from AB to CD
sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐶/𝐴𝐶
 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 𝐴𝐷/𝐴𝐶
sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐶
 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 𝐴𝐷
sin 𝑖 𝑉𝛿
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
= 𝑉1𝛿
2
sin 𝑖 𝑉1
 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 𝑟2
sin 𝑖
 = 𝜇21
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
Proof of reflection on the basic of wave theory:-

AB is the incident wave front.

CD is the reflected wave front.
𝛿 is the time taken by the wave front to shift from AB to CD.
V is the speed of light in the medium.
In ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶,
𝐵𝐶
Sin i=𝐴𝐶 ---------------------- (1)
𝐴𝐷
In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 sin r= ----------------- (2)
𝐴𝐶
sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐶/𝐴𝐶
 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 𝐴𝐷/𝐴𝐶
sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐶
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
= 𝐴𝐷

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sin 𝑖 𝑉𝛿
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
= 𝑉𝛿
sin 𝑖
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
=1
 Sin i=sin r
 ∠𝑖 = ∠𝑟
This proves law of reflection.
Coherent sources:-
Two sources are said to be coherent if they emit light continuously of same wavelength and frequency having no
phase difference or constant phase difference.
= Two independent sources can’t be coherent.
=Methods to obtain coherent sources are
a. wave front division method.
e.g – young’s double slit are agreement

b. Amplitude division method:-

e.g- Newton’s ring,

Conditions:-

 Frequency is same.
 Wavelength is same.
 Phase difference is zero as constant.
 Amplitude nearly equal.

Super position principle:-

When two or more waves travelling in same medium super impose on each other the resultant displacement of
any particle is equal to vector sum displacement due to individual waves.

𝑦⃗ = 𝑦⃗1 +𝑦⃗2 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑦⃗𝑛

Interference:-

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The phenomenon of redistribution of light energy due to superimpose of light waves coming from two coherent
sources,
𝑠 𝜆
The condition for sustained interference is 𝑠 ≤ 𝑑
When s= width of the source slid.
d= distance between the source slid and double slid.
When source slid moves to double slid plane interference pattern becomes less and less sharp without any change
in fringe width.
When the about condition violets no interference pattern is observed.
Q.

Ans- when monochromatic light is replaced by white light the interference pattern due to different component
collars overlap incoherently. Central bright fringes for different collars are at leave position. Interfere central
limited is white.

The fringe closets on other side of central white fringe is red and farthest will appear blue. After a few fringes no
clear fringe pattern is seen.

Diffraction:-

The phenomenon of binding of light at the corner of the aperture or at the edge of an obstacle is called diffraction.

Condition for diffraction:-

The site of the obstacle or aperture should be nearly equal to wavelength of incident light.
d≃ λ
N.B: should diffraction is very common in day to day life because the obstacle and aperture are of site nearly equal
to wavelength of sound.
Cause of diffraction:
It is due to superimpose of wavelets starting from different position of a single wave front.

Types of diffraction:-

a. Fresnel diffraction- in this source and screen both are at a finite distance apart from the obstacle.
b. Fraunhofer diffraction:- in this source and screen are at a infinite distance from aperture .

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For example- diffraction at single slit.

Single slit diffraction:-

d= difference between slides

D= distance between screen and slit
Case-I : central maxima
The wavelet starting from A and B reacting at point has no path difference so they interfere constitutionally and
they central fringe is bright.
Calculation of path difference:-
𝜃 = Angle of diffraction,
P is any point on the screen at a distance y.
Path difference meeting the wavelets starting from A and B reacting at point P=BC
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐶
Sin 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵
 BC=AB sin 𝜃
 BC= d sin 𝜃
Position of secondary maxima:-
Let 𝜃1 = angle of diffraction
λ=path difference
𝜆
Decide the slit into two equal parts AE and BE path difference between the wavelets of AE and EB is 2
So they interfere destructively and point P is first secondary minima.
So, the condition is BC= λ
 dsin𝜃1 = 𝜆
 d 𝜃1 = 𝜆
𝜆
 𝜃1 = 𝑑
2𝜆
Similarly for secondary minima𝜃2 = 𝑑
n𝜆
From nth secondary minima 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑑
Position of secondary maxima:-
Let 𝜃1 = angle of diffraction
3𝜆
= path difference
2
𝜆
Decide the slit into 3 equal parts path difference between different parts is . So two parts interfere destructively
2
and due to the third part first secondary maxima is obtained.
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3𝜆
So, condition is dsin 𝜃1 = 2

5𝜆
𝜃1 =
2𝑑
5𝜆
Similarly for sound secondary maxima 𝜃2 = 2𝑑
(2𝑛+1)𝜆
For nth secondary maxima 𝜃𝑛 = 2𝑑
Width of central maxima:-
Linear width:-
In ∆𝐸𝑂𝑃,
𝑂𝑃
 tan 𝜃 = 𝐸𝑂
𝑌
 𝜃=𝐷 (𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙)
𝜆 𝑌 𝜆
 𝑑
=𝐷 (𝜃 = 𝑑)
𝐷𝜆
 Y= 𝑑
Similarly linear width = 2y
2𝐷𝜆
=
𝑑
2𝜆
n angular width =2𝜃 = 𝑑
Fresnel distance:- ( validity of ray optics)
The distance between screen and slid is called Fresnel if light spread on the screen is equal to width of the slid.
In ∆𝐸𝑂𝑃,
𝑦
 tan𝜃 =
𝐷
𝑦
 𝜃=𝐷
𝜆 𝑦
 =
𝑑 𝐷
𝐷𝜆
 y=
𝑑
When y=d D= Df
𝜆𝐷𝑓
d=
𝑑
𝑑2
Df= 𝜆
Limit of resolution:-
The minimum distance between two objects so that they can be such distinctly is called limit of resolution.
Resoling power:-
It is the directly of an instrument to see two objects distinctly.
1
Resoling power= 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐷
a. For telescope resoling power= where D is diameter of objective of telescope and λ is the wavelength of
1.22𝜆
light.
2𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
b. Resoling power of compound microscope = 1.22𝜆
where 𝜇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is called numerical aperture. 𝜃 is the semi
vertical angle 𝜇 is the refractive index of the medium between object and objective.
When aperture of object increases 𝜃 increases so resoling power increases.
𝐷
c. For a human eye power =
1.22𝜆
Where D= diameter of pupil of eye.
Ray light criterion:-
Recoding to ray light two objects are just resolved if the diffraction pattern at central maxima of one lies at the
position of first secondary minima of others.

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Polarisation:-
Direction of propagation is positive x axis
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵0 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
𝐸
C=𝐵0
0
𝐸
 3× 108 = 𝐵0
0
So magnetic field is neglected and optical effect is only due to electric field vector.
Polarisation-
The phenomenon of restricting light to is one of plane is called plane polarisation or linear polarisation.

Plane of vibration:-The plane containing the vibration is called plane of polarisation.

Plane of polarisation: - The plane perpendicular to the plane of vibration is called plane of polarisation.
Malaus law:-
The intensity of light emerged from analysis directly proportional to square of cosine of angle between the
transmitting plane of polariser and analysis.
 I ∝ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
 I = lp 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

a= amplitude of light on the analyser

𝜃 = Angle between polariser and analyser, the component along the optic axis of analyser is acos𝜃
Therefore intensity of light passes through analyser.
I= 𝑘𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

= IP 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 (𝑘𝑎2 = 𝐼𝑃)

Graph between I ∝ 𝜃 according malus

Method of polarisation:-
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 Polarisation by reflection
 Polarisation by refraction
 Polarisation by scattering
 Polarisation by double refraction
Polarisation by reflection:-
When light incident on a transmitting surface the reflected and refracted light are partially polarised. The angle of
incidence for which reflected light is fully polarised is called as Brewster’s angle or polarising angle.

When light incident is polarised angle the reflected ray are perpendicular as to each other.
Brewster’s law:-
Its state that the tangent of angle of polarisation is equal to refractive index of medium,
tan𝜃𝑝 = 𝜇

 𝜃𝑝 + 𝑟 + 90 = 180
 𝜃𝑝 + 𝑟 = 90
 r= 90-𝜃𝑝
Using Snail’s law:-
1 sin 𝑖
𝜇2 =
sin 𝑟
sin 𝜃𝑝
= sin(90−𝜃 ∠i=𝜃𝑝
𝑝)
sin 𝜃𝑝
 = tan𝜃𝑝
cos 𝜃𝑝

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