Pdfcoffee - Lecture notes 1-2

Bachelor of Science in Chemistry (BS CHEM)

CE 245 – Fundamentals of Surveying

Individual Activity
Instructor: Mr. Gegona
Activity: Answering Problem Sets 1 and 2 of the book ‘Elementary Surveying’ by Juny Pilapil
La Putt.
Problem Set 1
1. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. The measured length (in meters) of airport runways in five
major cities in the Philippines are: 1,250.00, 1,375.50, 1,410.75, 1,550.25, and 1,750.00
meters. Determine the equivalent length of each runway in kilometers, decimeters, and
centimeters. Tabulate values accordingly.

Meters(m) Kilometers(km) Decimeters(dm) Centimeters(cm)

(1 m = 0.001 Km) (1 m = 10 dm) (1 m = 100 cm)
1,250.00 1.25 12500 125000
1,375.50 1.3755 13755 137550
1,410.75 1.41075 14107.5 141075
1,550.25 1.55025 15502.5 155025
1,750.00 1.75 17500 175000

2. AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the dimensions of the following tracts of land:

a.) 108.75 m by 76.82 m

b.) 940.08 m by 1296.73 m
c.) 13.36 m by 50.08 m
d.) 1258.30 m by 624.03 m
e.) 8476.55 m by 121.79 m

Determine the area of each tract in square meters, square kilometers, ares, and hectares.

Given:

a.) 108.75 m by 76.82 m

b.) 940.08 m by 1296.73 m
c.) 13.36 m by 50.08 m
d.) 1258.30 m by 624.03 m
e.) 8476.55 m by 121.79 m

2 0
Required:
area in sq. m
area in sq. km
area in ares
area in hectares

Solution:

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

a.) 𝐴 = 108.75𝑚2 × 76.82𝑚2

= 𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝟐
2
𝐴 = 8354.175 𝑚2 × 1 𝑘𝑚
1000000 𝑚 2

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝒎𝟐

𝐴 = 8354.175 𝑚2 × 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒
100 𝑚 2

= 𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝐴 = 83.542 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 × 1 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒

100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟒 𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

2 0
 b.) 𝐴 = 940.08𝑚 × 1296.73𝑚

= 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝟐
2
𝐴 = 1219029.94 𝑚2 × 1 𝑘𝑚
1000000 𝑚 2

= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒎𝟐

𝐴 = 1219029.94 𝑚2 × 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2
100 𝑚

= 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝐴 = 12190.30 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 × 1 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒

100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

= 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

c.) 𝐴 = 13.36𝑚 × 50.08𝑚

= 𝟔𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝟐
2
𝐴 = 669.0688 𝑚2 × 1 𝑘𝑚
1000000 𝑚 2

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝒎𝟐

𝐴 = 669.0688 𝑚2 × 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2
100 𝑚

= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝐴 = 6.690688 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 × 1 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒

100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟕 𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

2 0
d.) 𝐴 = 1258.30𝑚 × 624.03𝑚

= 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝟗𝒎𝟐
2
𝐴 = 785216.949 𝑚2 × 1 𝑘𝑚
1000000 𝑚 2

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝒎𝟐

𝐴 = 785216.949 𝑚2 × 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2
100 𝑚

= 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝐴 = 7852.169 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 × 1 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒

100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

= 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

e.) 𝐴 = 8476.55𝑚 × 1 9 5 . 4 2 𝑚

= 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝒎𝟐
2
𝐴 = 1032359.02 𝑚2 × 1 𝑘𝑚
10000002𝑚

= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝒎𝟐

𝐴 = 1032359.02 𝑚2 × 1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2
100 𝑚

= 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟗 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝐴 = 10323.59 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 × 1 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒

100 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

= 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗 𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆s

2 0
3. AREA MEASUREMENTS. Given the area and width of the following rectangular-shaped
pieces of property:
a) 2.575 ha and 195.42 m
b) 125.42 sq. m and 545.0 cm
c) 0.85 sq. km and 925.09 m
d) 50.0 ares and 100.0 m
e) 4,2545.19 sq. m and 346.72 m
Determine the length of each property in meters.
Solution:
a) Multiply the area 2.575 ha value by 10000 to get 25750 sq. m and then divide it by
195.42 m to determine the length of 131.76747518166 m.
b) Divide the width value 545.0 cm by 100 to get 5.45 m and then use it as a divisor
to 125.42 sq. m to determine the length of 23.01284403669725 m.

4. VOLUME MEASUREMENTS. Following are the dimensions for length, width, and
depth of five excavated borrow pits for a highway project.

a.) 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m

b.) 50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m
c.) 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
d.) 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
e.) 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m

Determine the volume of each pit in cubic meters.

Given:

a.) 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m

b.) 50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m
c.) 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
d.) 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
e.) 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m

Required:

Volume in cubic meters.

Illustration:

Solution:

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

a.) 𝑉 = 113.26𝑚 × 35.48𝑚 × 18.60𝑚

2 0
 = 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝟑
b.) 𝑉 = 50.08𝑚 × 39.25𝑚 × 7.14𝑚
= 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝟑
c.) 𝑉 = 243.55𝑚 × 76.19𝑚 × 24.66𝑚
= 𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝟑
d.) 𝑉 = 42.055𝑚 × 8.605𝑚 × 12.332𝑚
= 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝟑
e.) 𝑉 = 9.5𝑚 × 6.3𝑚 × 4.9𝑚
= 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝟑

2 0
3. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700, 4010, 0.00037, 0.000940, 6.0090, 7.00,
9.5 x 108, 4.00 x 107, 2.604 x 1018 and 3.00 x 10-16. For each number, identify the
significant figures. Tabulate values accordingly.

Given:

45.63 0.000940 4.00 x 107

5.700 6.0090 2.604 x 1018
4010 7.00 3.00 x 10-16
0.00037 9.5 x 108

Required:

significant figures of each number

Illustration:
Solution:

NUMBER SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF

FIGURES SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
45.63 4, 5, 6,3 4
5.700 5, 7, 0 4
4010 4, 1, 0 4
0.00037 3, 7 2
0.000940 9, 4, 0 3
6.0090 6, 0, 9 5
7.00 7, 0 3
9.5 x 108 9, 5 2
4.00 x 107 4, 0 3
2.604 x 1018 2, 6, 0, 4 4
3.00 x 10-16 3, 0 3

2 0
The three angles of a triangle were measured with the following results: A = 42˚
05ʹ, B = 115˚ 38ʹ and C = 22˚ 08ʹ. Determine the most probable value of each
angle.

Given:

A=
42˚
05ʹ B
= 115˚
38ʹ C
= 22˚
08ʹ

Required:

Most probable value of each angle (xˉ

) Illustration:

115˚ 38ʹ
A 42˚ 05ʹ
22˚ 08ʹ
C

Solution:

∠ x e c xˉ = 𝒙 + 𝒄
1
A 42˚ 05ʹ 9 × = +3′
′
𝟒𝟐˚ 𝟎𝟖’
3
1
B 115˚ 38ʹ 𝑒 = 𝛴𝑥 − 𝑇𝑣 9 × = +3′
′
𝟏𝟏𝟓˚ 𝟒𝟏’
3
= 179˚ 51’ − 180˚ 1
C 22˚ 08ʹ = +𝟗′ 9 × = +3′
′
𝟐𝟐˚ 𝟏𝟏’
3

Total 179˚ 51’

2 0
 4. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were observed to be: A = 100˚ 35ʹ 40ʺ, B
= 118˚ 44ʹ 15ʺ, C = 80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ, and D = 59˚ 45ʹ 50ʺ. Determine the most
probable value of each of these angles.

Given:

A = 100˚
35ʹ 40ʺ B
= 118˚ 44ʹ
15ʺ C =
80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ
D = 59˚
45ʹ 50ʺ

Required:

Most probable value of each angle (xˉ )

Illustration: A

100˚ 35ʹ 40ʺ D

59˚ 45ʹ 50ʺ

118˚ 44ʹ 15ʺ

B

80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ

Solution:

∠ x e c xˉ = 𝒙 + 𝒄
1
A 100˚ 35ʹ 40ʺ 20" × = −5" 𝟏𝟎𝟎˚ 𝟑𝟓’ 𝟑𝟓”
4
1
B 118˚ 44ʹ 15ʺ 20 × = −5"
"
𝟏𝟏𝟖˚ 𝟒𝟒’ 𝟏𝟎”
4
𝑒 = 𝛴𝑥 − 𝑇𝑣 1
C 80˚ 54ʹ 35ʺ = 360˚ 00’ 20" − 360˚ 20 × = −5"
"
𝟖𝟎˚ 𝟓𝟒’ 𝟑𝟎”
4
= −𝟐𝟎" 1
D 59˚ 45ʹ 50ʺ 20 × = −5"
"
𝟓𝟗˚ 𝟒𝟓’ 𝟒𝟓”
4

2 0
Total: 360˚ 00’ 20”

2 0
5. A surveying instructor sent all the 40 students in his class out to measure a
distance between two points marked on a runway. The students working in
groups of four came up with 10 different measurements as follows: 920.45,
921.05, 921.65, 920.25, 920.15, 921.85, 921.95, 920.45, 921.15, and 921.35
meters. Assuming these values are equally reliable and that variations result
only from accidental errors, determine the relative precision of a single
measurement and the relative precision of the mean.

Given:

920.45 920.15 921.15

921.05 921.85 921.35
921.65 921.95
920.25 920.45

Required:

relative precision of a single measurement (𝑅𝑃𝑠)

relative precision of the mean (𝑅𝑃𝑚)

Illustration:

x (m)

Pt. 1 Pt. 2

Solution:

𝒙 xˉ (𝑥 − xˉ )2
𝒏
(𝒎) (𝒎) (𝑚2)
1 920.45 0.3364
2 921.05 0.0004
3 921.65 0.3844
4 920.25 0.6084
5 920.15 0.7744
6 921.85 xˉ = 𝟗𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎 0.6724
7 921.95 0.8464
8 920.45 0.3364
9 921.15 0.0144
10 921.35 0.1024

𝑛= 10

2 0
 𝛴𝑥 =
9210.3

𝛴(𝑥 − xˉ)2 =
4.076

2 0
Computation

xˉ = 𝜮𝒙
𝒏

𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟎.𝟑
xˉ =
𝟏𝟎

xˉ = 𝟗𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎

ˉ )2
𝛴(𝑥 −x
𝑣=
𝑛−1

4.076
𝑣 =
10−1

𝑣 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝟐

𝜎 =√
± 𝑣 𝑚𝜎 =± 𝜎
√𝑛

𝜎 = ±√0.4528888889 𝑚2 𝑚𝜎 = ± 0.0629701991
√10

𝜎 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏 𝒎 𝜎 = ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕 𝒎

𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.6745 𝜎 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745 𝜎𝑚

𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.6745 (0.0629701991) 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745 (0.2128118627)

𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.4539183993 𝑚 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.01435416014 𝑚

𝑅𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝐸𝑠 𝑅𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝐸𝑚

xˉ xˉ

𝑅𝑃𝑠 =
0.4539183993 𝑅𝑃𝑚 =
0.1435416914
921.03 921.03

𝑹𝑷𝒔 = 𝟏 , 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏 𝑹𝑷𝒔 = 𝟏 , 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏

𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟗.𝟎𝟕 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟔.𝟒𝟕 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎

2 0
6. A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65 m. the same line measured
338.37 m on a calm day. If the latter measurement is given four times the reliability
of the first, determine the most probable value of the measured line.
Given:

338.65 m - windy day (Weight – 1)

338.37 m - calm day

(Weight – 4) Required:

Most probable value (xˉ )

Illustration:

338.65m (Windy day) 338.37m (calm day)

Pt. 1 Pt. 2 Pt. 1 P

t.
2

Solution:

𝑥 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × x
Weather Weight
(𝑚) (𝑚)
Windy 338.65 1 338.65
Calm 338.37 4 1353.48
Total 5 1692.13

xˉ = 𝜮𝒙
𝒏

𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟐.𝟏𝟑
xˉ =
𝟓

xˉ = 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝒎

2 0
7. An angle ABC is measured at different times various instruments and procedures.
The results which are assigned certain weights, are as follows: 75˚ 09ʹ 26ʺ,
weight of 4; 75˚ 09ʹ 25ʺ, weight of 3; 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ, weight of 1. Determine the most
probable value of the angle measured.

Given:

∠ x weight
A 75˚ 09ʹ 26ʺ 4
B 75˚ 09ʹ 25ʺ 3
C 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ 1

Required:

Most probable value of angle (xˉ )

Illustration:

B x

Solution C

𝑥 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × x
∠ Weight
(𝑚) (𝑚)
A 75˚ 09ʹ 26ʺ 4 300˚ 37ʹ 44ʺ
B 75˚ 09ʹ 25ʺ 3 225˚ 28ʹ 15ʺ
C 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ 1 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ
Total 601˚ 15ʹ 26ʺ 8 601˚ 15ʹ 26ʺ

xˉ = 𝜮
𝒏

601˚ 15ʹ 26ʺ

xˉ =
𝟖

2 0
xˉ = 𝟕𝟓˚ 𝟎𝟗ʹ 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟓ʺ

2 0
8. Two sides and the included angle of a triangle were measured and the probable
error of each value were computed as follows: a = 267.55 m ± 0.05 m, b = 564.75
m ± 0.06 m, and angle C = 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ. Determine the area of the triangle and the
probable error of the area.

Given:

a = 267.55 m
𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±
0.05 m b
= 564.75
m
𝑃𝐸𝑏= ±
0.06 m C
= 57˚ 15ʹ
45ʺ

Required:

Area (A)
Probable Error of Area

(𝑃𝐸𝐴) Illustration:
B

C = 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ

A
b = 564.75 ± 0.06 m
Solution:

𝐴 = 1 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
2

𝐴 = 1 (267.55)(564.75) sin( 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ)

2

𝑨 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟏

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±𝑘√(𝑃𝐸)

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ± 1 sin 𝐶 √(𝑎 × 𝑃𝐸𝑏)2 + (𝑏 × 𝑃𝐸𝑎)2

2 0
 2

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±
2
1 sin(57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ)√(267.55 × 0.05)2 + (564.75 × 0.06)2

𝑷𝑬𝑨 = ±𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟐

2 0
9. A line AE is divided into segments for measurement with a tape. The result were AB
= 134.10 m ± 0.040 m, BC = 320.63 m ± 0.055 m, CD = 173.73 m ± 0.056 m, and
DE = 160.85 m ± 0.050 m. Determine the length of the line and the probable
error of the measured length.

Given:

AB = 134.10 m; PEAB = ±
0.040 m BC = 320.63 m;
PEBC = ± 0.055 m CD =
173.73 m; PECD = ± 0.056 m
DE = 160.85 m; PEDE = ±
0.050 m

Required:

Length (L)
Probable Error of the Length

(PEL) Illustration:

134.10
± 0.040 m 320.63 ± 0.055 m 173.73 ± 0.056 m 160.85 ± 0.050 m

A B C D E

Solution:

𝐿 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 + 𝐷𝐸

𝐿 = 134.10 + 320.63 + 173.73 + 160.85

𝑳 = 𝟕𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎

𝑃𝐸𝐿 = ±√(𝑃𝐸𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝑃𝐸𝐵𝐶)2 + (𝑃𝐸𝐶𝐷)2 + (𝑃𝐸𝐷𝐸)2

𝑃𝐸𝐿 = ±√(0.040)2 + (0.055)2 + (0.056)2 + (0.050)2

𝑷𝑬𝑳 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎

2 0
10. The four approximately equal sides of a tract of land were measured and the
measurements included the following errors: ± 0.085 m, ± 0.014 m, ± 0.0175
m, and
± 0.205 m, respectively. Determine the probable error for the total length (or
perimeter) of the tract.

Given:

PE1 = ± 0.085
m PE2 = ±
0.014 m PE3
= ± 0.0175 m
PE4 = ± 0.205
m

Required:

Probable Error

(PEP) Illustration:

Solution:

𝑃𝐸𝑃 = ±√(𝑃𝐸1)2 + (𝑃𝐸2)2 + (𝑃𝐸3)2 + (𝑃𝐸4)2

𝑃𝐸𝑃 = ±√(0.085 )2 + (0.014)2 + (0.0175)2 + (0.205)2

𝑷𝑬𝑷 = ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝒎

2 0
Computation

xˉ = 𝜮𝒙
𝒏

𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟎.𝟑
xˉ =
𝟏𝟎

xˉ = 𝟗𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎

ˉ )2
𝛴(𝑥 −x
𝑣=
𝑛−1

4.076
𝑣 =
10−1

𝑣 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝟐

𝜎 =√
± 𝑣 𝑚𝜎 =± 𝜎
√𝑛

𝜎 = ±√0.4528888889 𝑚2 𝑚𝜎 = ± 0.0629701991
√10

𝜎 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏 𝒎2 0 𝜎 = ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟕 𝒎

𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.6745 𝜎 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745 𝜎𝑚

𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.6745 (0.0629701991) 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745 (0.2128118627)

𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.4539183993 𝑚 𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.01435416014 𝑚

𝑅𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝐸𝑠 𝑅𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝐸𝑚

xˉ xˉ

𝑅𝑃𝑠 =
0.4539183993 𝑅𝑃𝑚 =
0.1435416914
921.03 921.03

𝑹𝑷𝒔 = 𝟏 , 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏 𝑹𝑷𝒔 = 𝟏 , 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏

𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟗.𝟎𝟕 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟔.𝟒𝟕 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎

2 0
6. A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65 m. the same line measured
338.37 m on a calm day. If the latter measurement is given four times the reliability
of the first, determine the most probable value of the measured line.
Given:

338.65 m - windy day (Weight – 1)

338.37 m - calm day

(Weight – 4) Required:

Most probable value (xˉ )

Illustration:

338.65m (Windy day) 338.37m (calm day)

Pt. 1 Pt. 2 Pt. 1 P

t.
2

Solution:

𝑥 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × x
Weather Weight
(𝑚) (𝑚)
Windy 338.65 1 338.65
Calm 338.37 4 1353.48
Total 5 1692.13

xˉ = 𝜮𝒙
𝒏
2 0
𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟐.𝟏𝟑
xˉ =
𝟓
 xˉ = 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝒎

2
7. An angle ABC is measured at different 0 times various instruments and procedures.
The results which are assigned certain weights, are as follows: 75˚ 09ʹ 26ʺ,
weight of 4; 75˚ 09ʹ 25ʺ, weight of 3; 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ, weight of 1. Determine the most
probable value of the angle measured.

Given:

∠ x weight
A 75˚ 09ʹ 26ʺ 4
B 75˚ 09ʹ 25ʺ 3
C 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ 1

Required:

Most probable value of angle (xˉ )

Illustration:

B x

Solution C

𝑥 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × x
∠ Weight
(𝑚) (𝑚)
A 75˚ 09ʹ 26ʺ 4 300˚ 37ʹ 44ʺ
B 75˚ 09ʹ 25ʺ 3 225˚ 28ʹ 15ʺ
C 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ 1 75˚ 09ʹ 27ʺ
Total 601˚ 15ʹ 26ʺ 8 601˚ 15ʹ 26ʺ

xˉ = 𝜮
𝒏

601˚ 15ʹ 26ʺ

xˉ =
𝟖

2 0
xˉ = 𝟕𝟓˚ 𝟎𝟗ʹ 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟓ʺ

2 0
2 0
8. Two sides and the included angle of a triangle were measured and the probable
error of each value were computed as follows: a = 267.55 m ± 0.05 m, b = 564.75
m ± 0.06 m, and angle C = 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ. Determine the area of the triangle and the
probable error of the area.

Given:

a = 267.55 m
𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±
0.05 m b
= 564.75
m
𝑃𝐸𝑏= ±
0.06 m C
= 57˚ 15ʹ
45ʺ

Required:

Area (A)
Probable Error of Area

(𝑃𝐸𝐴) Illustration:
B

C = 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ

A
b = 564.75 ± 0.06 m
Solution: 2 0

𝐴 = 1 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
2
𝐴 = 1 (267.55)(564.75) sin( 57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ)
2

𝑨 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟏

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±𝑘√(𝑃𝐸)

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ± 1 sin 𝐶 √(𝑎 × 𝑃𝐸𝑏)2 + (𝑏 × 𝑃𝐸𝑎)2

2 0
 2

𝑃𝐸𝐴 = ±
2
1 sin(57˚ 15ʹ 45ʺ)√(267.55 × 0.05)2 + (564.75 × 0.06)2

𝑷𝑬𝑨 = ±𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟐

2 0