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Main battery technologies for UPS
Flooded Cell
Sealed Lead Acid (SLA/SMF/VRLA)
Nickel-Cadmium
Lithium Ion Battery
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Lead Acid Battery
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Lithium Ion Battery
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Typically battery capacity is the discharge capacity. In Li-ion for the charge and discharge
process, the lithium-ions are in motion from the positive plate to the negative while
charging and from the Negative Plate to Positive Plate while discharging. Li-ion batteries
is like a rocking chair, rocking chair at both ends of the poles for the battery.
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Lithium-ion cell working principle
Lithium Compound Material Average Cell Specific C-rate (Charge/Dischrge) Cycle life Thermal
Voltage (V) Energy runaway (C°)
(Wh/kg)
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO 3.7 (3.0 – 4.2) 150–200 0.7-1C/1C 500 - 1000 150
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO 3.7 (3.0-4.2) 100–150 0.7-1C/1C, 10C possible 500-700 250
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide 3.7 (3.0-4.2) 150–220 0.7-1C/1C, 4C, 6C possible 1000-2000 210
(LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC
Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP 3.2 (2.5-3.65) 90–120 1C/1C, 4C, 5C, 10C possible >2000 270
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 3.6 (3.0 – 4.2) 200-260 0.7C/1C 500 150
(LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA
Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO 2.40V (1.8 – 2.85) 50–80 1C/10C 3000-7000 No
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
8
Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
LiFePO4 → Li1-xFePO4 + xLi+ + xe- xLi+ + xe- + 6C → LixC6 LiCoPO2 → Li1-xCoPO2 + xLi+ + xe- xLi+ + xe- + 6C → LixC6
Li1-xFePO4 + xLi+ + xe- → LiFePO4 LixC6 → xLi+ + xe- + 6C Li1-xCoPO2 + xLi+ + xe-→ LiCoPO2
LFP LCO
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Actual/theoretical
50~60%
ratio
Note:
• If Li+ intercalates from NCM to Anode more than LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 -> xLi+ + Li1-xNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 + xe-
0.6 mole ratio, the material will be very unstable.
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Ni, Co, Mn function in NCM system Hi-Ni cathode has high capacity, but lower safety and cycle life
Note:
• Different Ni, Co, Mn content in NCM cathode system leads to different function.
• Capacity is obviously affected by Ni content, but high Ni cathode has lower safety and cycle life.
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Photo
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qzt9RZ0FQyM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg_480HUheo
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Delta NMC Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Feeding→Mixing→Coating→Pressing→Cutting→Wind→Assemble→Formation→Aging→Grading→Grouping
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Quality Goal
Long Cycles
Operation
ication
80%
Confidential PPT_UPS_NT_EN_V1
Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Specification
3.7 V
Nominal Voltage
(NCM Chemistry)
Nominal Capacity 50 Ah
283 Wh/ L
Energy Density
132 Wh/ Kg
Power Density 5.65 kW/ L
Max. power at SOC50%,25°C 2.78 kW/ Kg
Weight 1.4 Kg
Order P/N: P140-185-02NN Certifications UL1642, UN 38.3, JIS C 8715-2
Charge: 0°C to +55°C
Operating Temperature
Discharge: -20°C to +55°C
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Reference for Metal vs. Pouch
Metal case is advantage for Safety & Stable operation in long cycle operation
Terminal Terminal
Thickness Thickness
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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4
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Delta Confidential
Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Confidential
Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
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Safety Design Validation
UN 38.3
UN 38.3 presents a combination of significant environmental, mechanical, and electrical stresses designed to assess
lithium batteries’ ability to withstand the anticipated rigors incurred during transport.
UL1973: Standard For Batteries For Use In Stationary, Vehicle Auxiliary Power
And Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications
IEC 62619: Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-
acid electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and
batteries, for use in industrial applications
Operation Voltage Range 2.7 Vdc – 4.15 Vdc 44.8 Vdc - 57.4 Vdc ±224 Vdc - ±287 Vdc
12
Expected storage year (yr)
100%SOC
10
90%SOC String 2
8
0
20 30 40 50 60
Confidential
Power Backup System
Features
High Power Application Design
Built-in Safety Breaker(MCCB)
Dual Relay/Diode Protection Loop
Relay protection (Charge)
Diode connection (Discharge) Master Battery Server
Meet Isolation Standard(UL 60950) A main unit managing whole BP
Integrated Battery Management Unit(BMU) system behavior, communication
with an external bus systems
(drivetrain, charger, dashboard)
Dynamic Values SOC Three stage
Calculation estimation fault monitoring
String Battery Server
an independent unit managing
J1939 single battery string. SBS measures
string current and controls
CanOpen BMS Charging contactors to prevent cells damage
Management in fault situations.
Diagnostics
Cells MMB Module
Protection
Embedded in a cell stack,
functions:
• Measure voltage and
Voltage Current Temperature temperature of each cell.
monitoring Monitoring Monitoring
• Performing balancing
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Power Backup System
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Power Backup System
Specifically design for UPS application
Fuse
Module
Pre-charge
Module
Vm
Module
Charger Vm
On/Off
Module Vm
BMS Vm 14s
Module
UPS
Module
Vm
Pre-charge
Module
Module
Module
Module
Fuse
Confidential
Power Backup System
Specifically design for UPS application
Li-ion Battery Measurements
Parameters to be shown
on touch panel:
• Cell / Module / Pack
voltage levels
• SOC (State of Charge)/
Remaining Capacity
• Remaining Time
• Cell temperature / Module
temperature
• SOH (State of Health)
Confidential 39 PPT_UPS_NT_EN_V1
Power Backup System
Specifically design for UPS application
How to do Li-ion Battery Integration?
Confidential 40 PPT_UPS_NT_EN_V1
References site
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LiFePo4 Technology
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51.2V (3.2V per)
Vm
CBMS Vm
Battery Vm
module Vm 16s
Vm
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Confidential
No.1 Telecom operator in Thailand chose Delta
Modular UPS with Lithium Ion Battery
Application: Main Switching Center
Client’s Needs
• Deliver the best quality, on the best network, for
customers’ best experience
Delta’s Solution:
Confidential
One of Thailand major semiconductor factory
chose Delta UPS to support production line
Confidential 48
A Colocation Datacenter use Delta
Datacenter Solution
Application: Datacenter
Client’s Needs:
• DC solution to support 100racks
Colocation Business
Confidential 49 PPT_UPS_NT_EN_V1
Battery Calculation
Confidential
Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Charge
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO 3.7 (3.0 – 4.2)
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO 3.7 (3.0- 4.2)
Example
SOC = 80% = (0.8 x (4.2V-3.7V)) + 3.7V = 4.1V
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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Energy Storage
Nominal Cell
Voltage
Confidential
Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Energy Storage
Nominal Cell
Voltage
Confidential
Mission Critical Infrastructure
Solutions(MCIS)
The Power Behind Competitiveness