Lxtenal Gieomduc tvon

txtøinal geomctic evo ane Oboll indrioduced b

phenomena thal vayH in
time naJonehnoogh pace ond

The mobi impordant edeoinal vouabe thal con Coe

8eometuc Uonin nemote enbon dada one nandom
movementb by the
he oincrajt on badellite a the exoc
time o dada collecion ohich Ubually involve-
altikode changeb and on
attitude hangeb Cnoll. þith, gow)
Geomeuc ditodions inbodoccd by benbon
bgsten
attitude (noll, þicth, and a) and lon altitude chonges
Can be Conected obing gnoond condnol poinls and
abpropiate madthemadica models A Coioond Condnol
Poind GcP) b a location on the bonface o the
Cath that con be
idantifed on thc imagy and
located aconadel on a mab

PES Or neomeLAIc CORAECILON

Two Common 8eometric corvection ocedunes ae

often vbed by sciendisds to make diglal ntnote

ONe

c image to ma nechifiatian and

cii imag to image negisration

mage iomab nectification

Image to mo nechfication b the bno ces b hich
the geomet o an image made planumedric
Wheneven accgte anea, dinection, and disance
meabuumerds one neapined, image to mab gcomeiuc
9ecificakton shoold be boyomed.
 The image
image to mop ectifiotion pnoce nonmally inuolues
bdecting GCP image bixel coondinades now and column)
ith
toith thein mab coondinate countoartb (ea medes nothing
and eabting n Onivesal Ianbvee Mencaton ma
bHQjection)
Two babic
opeutions that mut be befoumed to
8&omducally recisa a nemotel bensed image to a mop
coodinate bybtem-
() Spatial intopolakion
cb) Intenbitg intepolation

a) Shatiall iakenpolation-
The
The geomedruc lationship bekuween the inpot pixel
pind
Coondinatkes and the asbouiated ma coondinate o this
bame poind mosl be idendi'jied A nubmber o GCP bains
one obed to ebkablish
natone of the geometuc the
coondinade tranfonmat ion thad must be abplied to hechsa8
on fill
nedhfg
eveg bixel in the oulput image with a value
fmom a
pine in the unnectijied input image hib proce
Called shadial intenpaladion
Spadial intupolation is done ving Coordinate transfor1madion
thad includes but not limited to the followina-
. transladtion tn
ang8
) ale changes in and 8
AKt,
) totation

cb) Indenbidy inkenpolation-

Pixel bughdness values must be delovnined A biel in the
necsied colbot image often neguines a value fnom the
inbul pixel ghud
gud thad does not sall neaty on a noL-
nd-column coondinaBe twhen this OCCob thoe
thee musi be
 the buahtne volue
bome mechanbm hon dtemrung
BV) to be ahigntd to the oot bot nectisied binel. This

nocebb ib called indonbit intenpolation

Thene ane bevealmehodb brughtneb value Cev)
indenbitg indoubolation hat can be abplied
neanek neighboun
The brighlnes value closet to the bruedcted
x.8Coondinate
8 i ib assigned to the ovtput
8coondinake

hiliacan indempalation
Asbigns ootput bixel vaweh tu
inteupolaking
brighnebb values in two odhogora dinection In the
inpot image T basicall itb a blone to the 4
piael valuCb ntest to the debined hobitionn,g)
and then combute new buightness valoe based
on the eighted distanes to these poinls
)cobic aavalutioa
ABbignb valoeb to oulbut pixelb in much the bame
mannei as bilinean inderpolo-ton xtept thad the
aoeighted valoes o 16 bixels sovoondirp the desined
locadion x bivel ane used to dekoumine he valwe
ootpot bined

Image to imaae negibtnation:

Image to image negistration is the tranbladton and nelation
alignment pnocebb bg uhich 2 images o ike aeomeby
and o bame geogaphic anea ane bositioned coincided ant
one anothen so tha coutesponding elonots of the bame
gnoond anea abbean in bame place odn negisned images
8nound

Thib tgbe o geomedruc coviedion 0bed tohen itib

not necebba to haue each pixe absigned a onique X
not
Coondinate in a mab ojection
 GIS OATA STAOCTORES

PES Or Basi GIS DS

Vecdon
Raste
TIN Triangola Ironegulan Netwonk)
Tabulan infomation Atbubote Table)

YecLOR
A data model thal boints and thein 1,8 Coondinades
obes

to
to consdruct apahial seatores ib vecton Data Stnuctune (Ds)
feadune
Vecton daka models compubes discnete feadusb
Can be discnete locaBions on events Choints), ineh, an neob

Cpolugonu)
vecton, the feadone lagen i linked to an atlübute
table Evey individual featone Cotuiebpornds to one necond

Cnow) in the attibute table

Aduanlaaes
05 tb more compact
Dada can be neþnesented with good nesolution
handing oatbubote data
Ea
I c a n cleanly desoube topolaay hence good don pioximit
and nctoonk analgaia
Disaduadagea
DS Complex
Technolog odada preharution is expensive
Dada collection may be eopensive

Poins Lin Polggon

RASTER
A bakial dato medel
that bba o 8Pid and
Cells to nepiesend the
i
spatial Vauadtion of o
feodune
called a
abte
In
n rabten nebtDentation. the teuain i
a
divided into
nomben o bancels on
quantised the space inko
units A boncel on a onit b called a gud cell
gud
1 b
gnounlly Bimplen to ob a beues o nectange,
On mane ojten
bqoanes, Called aid celb
Aduantages
Daka shuctune bimple
Gioodfo nepresenting continuoub bo7yaces
Loaion spe cigic dlato. collection ib
easy
Spatial analytical operations ane Sasten
Disaduantagea-
Dada volomes a e huge
Poon neþnebentation fon poind lines, Qneas
Candogpaphic oulput q,oality ma be low
DifficuH efechivelg nepresent inean eatones

Point Line
Poly gon
1IN
The Truiangulated Irouegolan Netuok (TIN) model ib a
significand atonakive to the negolan Habten o D¬ a
and has been adopted in numeio08 GS. automadted
mapping and Comboten packagcs
In a TIN model, the anble þoints ne connecded
by lines to oum riangales ond within each triange
the
the acc is usuallg nchnesendcd bu a
blane By
Ubing tuangles. we ensone tha each biece o the
 mobai C bonace toill t oith il nighboorjng biece,
each tuanglt
the bonjace coill be continuous
boyace Could be defined by
the elevadionb ofhe
thnee CcoUn ern poirds

Aduontage-
Can captone bignificant blope feotones (nidges neorm, ele)
ESficiend since iit neqvinc few riangles lol oneo
in

Eabg jon cotain anaybeb slobe, aspecd, volome

Easg
aDibaduaatagth
>Analybis inuoluing compaubon corth othen lae dilfCult

ATTRI6oIES
Atbu butts one the chana.ctoistics o the mab feutunts
and holding o the desouptive infounation about he
geometrie geognabhic seatuneb
Aftrubutes dado tables con
codain locotional ingorunation,
Soch a addnes o 0 lit o x,Y coondinates
Atrubutes one the non-spahial data abbocioded oith time
and anea entilies They ane considerned chanadenitics
o endity
The actua volue o5 the atlribute thad hab been
meauhed luombled) and skoned in the database ii Called
attrubute value Sieldb
Gneneal tybes oaddrubutea , one
(i) Numuucindean on decimals)
c Text sring)
diy Dode
civy Blob Biny Longe Object)
Bnoa dy thene
ane
2 y hes of askrubutes -

i Pniman atknibules: soioeconomuc&phabical biopotiesb

i Semodaus othnibutes dislucd, caital& mondal nanes
* oPOLOGY

Topolog ib o om b&ed to debcube the geo-

mebuc choratteubtics o objeds ohich do not
dhange unden tranbfoumations ond one
ang coondinale
independent
bybdem
The topological
choractoustics oan objed ane
ane also
also
indebendod of scale of meabunement.
COn
Vedon and
TIN hoave topologia sudone
Rabien and images cannot howe
Two tgþes of topolog4 e
topoloqicaltuctuse
Nework toþoloaa
Plana topolog8
Topolog
opolog
other data is
needed fon spatia data to
to Know oohene

NekaonkTopaloga
Featunes be conneded
can
in o netwonkK
A nekwonk contain edgcs thad have nodeb at thein
endpointa A node can be connected to ene on
edges This asbembla.ge edgeb and man
nodesi called
gfomeric netuwok

Planan opology:
Probety pacels oland mes adjoin each othe
exactHa. uithoot gahs on overlabs Thib 2-0 grah ib
called a blanan to pologg

edge
Junction

Nchook Toboloag
Plonan Labolaga
ARCGIS DATA fORmMATS
Majon AncG1S data fornatb e
Coveages
Shobe Siles
Girodaabases

CovenagC
Anc Info covoageb one an olden dado ruuctone in
hich topologg Co uld be modelled
Ubed with AncInfo veions ond olden

Shahe ilta:
Shahe files Qne colle ctionb opotnt , moltipoint, lint. o
polggon Jeadunes
Shapt
Shabe diles contain bimble fealunes, thene ane no
topological asoiations among hebe Seatunes
Atlubotes o shabe stle one Kepl in dBase tables

Geadadaboases
Developed ohn AncGh1S was neleabed (veubion 8)
Shabe fles ane stil bbed. bot the move is towand
geodadabases
Gneodalabases gives moe poe to specijg uu fon
jeadwtcs and 8krudtwne topolog8: