MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Corporate Air Emissions Management Porocedure

Mellitah Oil & Gas B.V.
Libyan Branch –Air Emissions Management Procedure
Mellitah Oil and Gas B.V. LIBYAN BRANCH
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROCEDURE
CORPORATE AIR EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT

PROCEDURE
MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113
Reviewed Endorsed
Written By Approved
Rev REASON FOR REVISION By and By and
and Date By and Date
Date Date
W.Fandi
Eni NA Team M.Ellali H.Abuselyana
E.Elaaib
A1 Issued for implementation 30/01/2016 14/02/2017 05/03/2017 06/03/2017
MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 1 of 85

Mellitah Oil & Gas B.V. Libyan Branch –Air Emissions Management Procedure
Revision History
Written By Reviewed By Endorsed By Approved By
Rev REASON FOR REVISION
and Date and Date and Date and Date
W.Fandi
Eni NA Team N/A N/A
E.Elaaib
P2 Issued for departmental review
10/11/2016
Eni NA Team N/A N/A N/A
P1 Draft

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................. 4
2 SCOPE....................................................................................................................................................... 4
3 REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 Internal References............................................................................................................................ 4
3.2 External References........................................................................................................................... 5
4 DEFINITION, ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS...................................................................................5
4.1 ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................. 6
5 RESPONSIBILITIES................................................................................................................................ 11
6 PROCESS DESCRIPTION...................................................................................................................... 14
6.1 AIR EMISSION SOURCES.............................................................................................................. 14
6.1.1 Channelled Emissions.................................................................................................................. 15
6.1.2 Flaring Emissions......................................................................................................................... 16
6.1.3 Diffuse Emissions......................................................................................................................... 16
6.1.4 Fugitive Emissions........................................................................................................................ 17
6.2 AIR EMISSION MANAGEMENT PROCESS...................................................................................17
6.2.1 Air Emission Sources Inventory.................................................................................................... 19
6.2.2 Air emissions sources Monitoring activities..................................................................................21
6.2.3 Reduction and Control of Emissions.............................................................................................23
7 TRAINING AND AWARENESS............................................................................................................... 24
ATTACHMENTS.............................................................................................................................................. 25
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................................... 26

1 OBJECTIVES
Main goal of this procedure is to define the methodological approach and tools for an efficient
management of air emissions relevant to MOG Oil&Gas BV activities and processes.
Specifically, the procedure provides:
 methodological criteria for management of air emissions (including odour emissions) sources;
 general guidelines to the Engineering Department for the project design in terms of applicable
emission limits, Best Practice, Best Available Techniques (BAT), Best Available Techniques
Reference Documents (BREFs);
 applicable tools for air emissions (including odour emissions) monitoring and management.
2 SCOPE
This procedure applies to all activities and processes carried out in every MOG operating sites,
both onshore and offshore.
The present procedure is distributed to all MOG departments and archived by the HSEQ
Department.
The procedure shall be periodically reviewed and in conjunction with significant changes of related
Company processes and activities, with results of monitoring system, with modification of the
applicable legislative framework, with significant updates of the available technology options, or in
general with external drivers and stakeholder input.
3 REFERENCE
3.1 Internal References
[Ref.1] MOG-HSEQ-IN-M-001 “Corporate HSE Manual”
[Ref.2] MOG-HSEQ-P-122 “HSE Objectives and Monitoring Program”
[Ref.3] MOG-HSEQ-P-123 “HSE Reporting”
[Ref.4] MOG-HSEQ-P-027 “Corporate Internal and External Audit”
[Ref.5] MOG-HSEQ-P-033 “Management Review Procedure”

Law. No. (96) for year1376 (2008) Secretary of the Board of the General
[Ref.6] Corporation of Environment resolutions Regarding Environmental stipulations to
protect Air from pollution
3.2 External References
[Ref.7] ISO 14001:2015- “ Environmental management systems – requirements and

guidelines for use”
[Ref.8] Eni MSG HSE Annex E-B “Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting Protocol”
[Ref.9] Eni upstream - AMTE TG 006 “Air Quality Monitoring in Upstream Oil&Gas
Activities”
[Ref.10] Eni upstream - AMTE TG 007 “Management of Air Emissions in Upstream Oil&Gas
Activities”
[Ref.11] Eni upstream - AMTE TG 015 “GHG Emissions Inventory, Accounting and
Reporting for Upstream O&G Activities”
[Ref.12] Institute of Air Quality Management, London, “Guidance on the assessment of

odour for planning”, 2014.
4 DEFINITION, ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS
Following is a list of abbreviations commonly used in this procedure, and is designed to help the
reader with their understanding of this document.
4.1 ACRONYMS
BAT Best Available Technologies.
BES Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
CEMS Continuous Emission Monitoring System
CIMS Corporate Integrate Management System
CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide
HSEQ Health, Safety, Environment and Quality
NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
NOX Nitrogen Oxides
OMC Operation Management Committee
PM Particulate Matter
ppm parts-per-million
ppmv parts per million by volume
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
SOX Sulphur Oxides
TSP Total Suspended Particles
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
4.2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Odour annoyance can be considered the expression of disturbed well-

being induced by adverse olfactory perception in environmental settings.
Odour annoyance occurs when a person exposed to an odour,
perceives the odour as unwanted. Annoyance is the complex of human
Annoyance
reactions that occurs as a result of an immediate exposure to an
ambient stressor (odour) that, once perceived, causes negative
cognitive appraisal that requires a degree of coping. Annoyance may, or
may not, lead to nuisance and to complaint action
Best Available Technologies. It is a term applied within regulations on

limiting pollutant discharges with regard to the abatement strategy.
BAT
Similar terms are best available techniques, best practicable means or
best practicable environmental options.
Company Mellitah Oil and Gas B.V (MOG) Libyan Branch including Head

Quarters and all operating sites
Refers to any owned or leased offices, premises, offshore / onshore

Company Site locations storage facilities, supply bases, and any other offshore
supports to production or drilling activities.
Odour complaints occur when individuals consider the odour to be

Complaints
unacceptable and are sufficiently annoyed by the odour to take action.
Ratio between the pollutant flow rate and the total effluent flow rate.
Concentration at
Pollutant flow rate is usually expressed as a mass per unit volume of air
the emission point
under “Normal” conditions: the typical unit is mg/Nm 3.
Continuous
Continuous measurement of a pollutant using a permanent instrument.
monitoring
An outside Company awarded a contract by the Company to perform a

Contractor
defined portion of work or to provide services or facilities.
Direct measurement of either the concentration or the mass flow of a

Direct Monitoring
substance.
Its literal meaning would be “impaired amenity” and from its definition of
Disamenity amenity could be considered to be a negative element or elements that
detract from the overall character or enjoyment of an area.
Substance discharged into the atmosphere from both natural and

Emission
anthropogenic (human-made) processes.
The mass of pollutant emitted per unit of activity specific to a process,

Emission factor
such as the production volume.
Emission A listing by source, of the amount of air pollutants discharged into the
Inventory atmosphere from a given area for a specified time period
Surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water,

Environment
land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation..
Expeditious Periodic monitoring, either direct or indirect, not necessarily planed,

monitoring generally using less expensive methods than those used for regular
monitoring, giving quick results often directly on site (i.e. without the
need to ship samples to external laboratories). The uncertainty may be

higher and the repeatability of the results may be lower than those
associated to a periodic monitoring. Typical example of expeditious
monitoring is the application of a portable direct-reading instrument, like
a Photo Ionization Detector (PID), to get an estimate of the emissions
from diesel electric generators, simply obtained by placing the probe
near the generator exhaust.
GHGs are the seven gases listed in the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Gas
(CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
(GHG)
perfluorocarbons (PFCs); sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6).
Any change, or perceived change, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly

Impact
or partially resulting from organization’s activities, products or services
Direct measurement of a process parameter from which it is possible to

calculate (with different precision) a substance's emission. Sometimes
the measured variable is referred to as a surrogate parameter. The
Indirect following are some examples of surrogate parameters typical of
monitoring upstream activities: sulfur or heavy metal content of the fuel and fuel
consumption (to accurately estimate the emission of SO2 and metals),
and gas flow rate at a flare and the flare emission factor for carbon
monoxide (to estimate with a higher uncertainty the emission of CO).
Mass flow
(pollutant flow Mass of pollutant emitted per unit time (second, hour, year).
rate)
Normal conditions refer to a temperature of 0°C (273.15 K) and pressure

Normal conditions
of 1,013 mbar.
Nuisance Nuisance is the cumulative effect on humans, caused by repeated

events of annoyance over an extended period of time that leads to
modified or altered behaviour. This behaviour can be active (e.g.
registering complaints, closing windows, keeping ‘odour diaries’,
avoiding use of the garden) or passive (only made visible by different
behaviour in test situations, e.g. responding to questionnaires or
different responses in interviews). Odour nuisance can have a
detrimental effect on our sense of well-being, and hence a negative
effect on health. Nuisance occurs when people are affected by an odour

they can perceive in their living environment (home, work-environment,

recreation environment) and:
1. the appraisal of the odour is negative;
2. the perception occurs repeatedly;
3. it is difficult to avoid perception of the odour; and
4. the odour is considered a negative effect on their well being.
Nuisance is not caused by short-term exposure, and it is not alleviated

by relatively short periods (months) of absence of the ambient stressor
Periodic monitoring, either direct or indirect, using established

techniques, characterized by high precision and repeatability of results.
Periodic Monitoring The measurement techniques are not specified, only the frequency of
the analysis which is not continuous, being related to a specific time
interval.
A substance emitted into ambient air that induces a change in its

characteristics, being characterized or present in air in sufficient
Pollutant quantities to be a hazard to human health, the natural or built
environment or undermine the legitimate uses of the environment. This
standard only refers to air pollutants.
The flow rate of a flue gas containing at least one pollutant, at the point
of release to the outside air. Combustion flue gases generally contain
nitrogen and residual unburnt oxygen and combustion products, such as
carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides and any unburnt residuals.
Release flow rate
When the emission is due to evaporation, the flue gas mainly consists of
unburnt hydrocarbons. For process emissions the flue gas depends of
the type of plant (e.g. for Claus processes it is mainly sulfur
compounds).
This mainly applies to flue gas emissions from combustion processes.

The percentage of oxygen in the flue gases (volume/volume), is known
Residual oxygen
as the residual oxygen as it is the atmospheric oxygen that did not react
with the fuel.
Standard Thermodynamics conditions defined as 15° C (288.15 K) and at 1,013
conditions

mbar.

5 RESPONSIBILITIES
This section defines the key personnel and their responsibilities for air emissions management and
shall be as assigned in this procedure as outlined in the Organizational Chart for the applicable
position.
Chairman of Operation Management Committee (OMC)
Chairman of OMC or his nominee shall:
 ensure that suitable and adequate resources in terms of budget and staff are made available
to provide effective implementation of this procedure and of the air emissions Management
Plan;
 ensure that this procedure is implemented and maintained on all Company’s operating sites
within the scope of this document;
 approve and amend the Air and GHG emissions Monitoring Plan;
 coordinate the execution of Company Air and GHG emissions Monitoring Plan.
HSEQ Division Manager
The HSEQ Division Manager shall ensure:
 the coordination with government entities on matters pertaining to air emission legal
requirements;
 all necessary or required air and GHG emissions training;
 the monitoring of the correct implementation of this document in all MOG sites.
 corrective actions are implemented for any detected non-conformances to the Air and GHG
emissions Monitoring Plan;
HSEQ Department Managers (Oil and Gas Divisions)
The HSEQ Department Managers shall:
 support the site managers under their ambit of competence in the management and
implementation of the Air and GHG emissions Monitoring Plan;

 ensure the implementation of this procedure in all operating sites under their ambit of
competence;
 ensure that all site staff are informed of any emissions requirements and changes to the plan;
 ensure that site training, toolbox talks and inductions are conducted;
 ensure that audits and inspections are carried out as required by the Air and GHG emissions
Monitoring Plan at work sites under their ambit of competence;
 ensure that incident investigations are conducted, corrective actions are implemented for any
incident and all arises non-conformances will be closed out
Department Managers
They shall ensure all personnel under their control comply with this document.
Complex/Site Manager
The Complex/Site Manager shall:
 develop and implement the Air and GHG Monitoring Plan;
 control and monitor all actions required by the Air and GHG emissions Monitoring Plan;
 monitor Contractors performance and commitment to the policy and Air and GHG emissions
Monitoring Plan;
 report all issues arise to HSEQ Department Manager;
 ensure approved plans are followed and records are kept on site;
 ensure any complaints are reported within 24 hours of receiving the complaint;
 use only competent and trained personnel for the specific task.
 provide equal air and GHG emissions training opportunity to all employees,
 perform corrective actions for any identified non-conformance to the Air and GHG Monitoring
Plan.

HSEQ Superintendent (on site)
The HSEQ Superintendent shall:

 ensure that Air and GHG emissions Monitoring Plan is prepared and made understood and
correctly applied on his own workplace;
 provide appropriate training to all personnel and sufficient instructions to maintain the Air and
GHG emissions Monitoring Plan;
 refer to the HSE Department Manager regarding the Air and GHG monitoring inspections
results.
Environmental Coordinator
The Environmental Coordinator shall:
 assist the HSEQ Department Manager and Site Manager in developing and implementing the
Air and GHG emissions Monitoring Plan;
 ensure the safeguards and management measures, described in the Air and GHG emissions
Monitoring Plan, are being implemented across the operating sites;
 report all arising issues to HSEQ Department Manager;
 check each Contractor work plan and control measures are in accordance with emissions
requirements and report to HSEQ Department Manager;
 check that all work activities including Contractor tasks are executed in accordance with Air
and GHG emissions Monitoring Plan and their specific control measures;
 monitor Contractor behaviour as they performing their task and provided feedback and action
plan if necessary;
 ensure that all instructions or information are properly communicated to all staffs on site.
All personnel:
All personnel shall:
 attend Tool Box Meetings, other meetings and/or training relating to emissions program;
 co-operate and follow the requirements as defined by the Environmental Coordinator;

 report any potential issues to the Environmental Coordinator;
 observe all written and verbal instructions issued by HSEQ Department Manager and / or
respective superior;
 use correctly and maintain in good running conditions all work tools, apparatus, materials
and/or equipment including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
6 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
During exploration, development and production activities varying amounts of airborne emissions
are emitted, including carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulfur (SOx),
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter. Fugitive emissions of natural gas,
which mainly consists of methane (CH4), are generated from various equipment and components,
including seals, valves, flanges, gas turbines, and storage tanks. During development and
construction, emissions are produced offshore and onshore by equipment and vessels from
combustion engines, and dust will be generated onshore from earth movement activities and
traffic.
6.1 AIR EMISSION SOURCES
Air emission sources related to upstream activities fall under the following categories:
1) Point sources category
 Channelled emissions: A gaseous release through one or more dedicated point/s (such
as stack/s). Channelled emissions formally also includes mobile traffic emissions.
 Flaring emissions: Emissions from controlled open combustion of gaseous fuels (typically
from either a ground level or at height flare) without energy recovery.
2) Non- point source category
 Diffuse emissions: A gaseous release that diffuses into the atmosphere without being
conveyed through a flue to the point of emission
 Fugitive emissions: Emissions into the atmosphere resulting from the gradual
unintentional leakage of gases from equipment containing a fluid (either gas or liquid) over-
pressurized with respect to the external environment

6.1.1 Channelled Emissions
Generally the channelled emissions consist in:
Flue Air Emissions
These include emissions of a gaseous release through one or more dedicated point/s (such as
stack/s or exhaust pipe/s). Generally the stack consists of a vertically installed flue; sometimes it is
horizontal or inclined.
The flue air emissions consist in emissions from:
 Combustion: this kind of emissions usually (but not necessarily) derives from burning of liquid
or gaseous fuels and can be the most significant sources of air emissions from facilities. The
main sources of air emissions from combustion resulting from Upstream onshore and offshore
activities include:
▬ stationary sources, fixed sources such as turbines, boilers, compressors, pumps and other
engines for power and heat generation, or for water injection or oil and gas treatment and
export, including incineration of waste;
▬ mobile sources, such as marine vessels, vehicles, aircrafts.
 Process: this kind of emissions is continuous from non-combustion processes (or where
combustion is not the primary source of the emissions) and includes emissions generated from
those equipment/plant which are not meant for burning or for incinerating waste but which can
emit pollutants into the atmosphere, e.g. Claus plants.
Venting Emissions
These include emissions that are incombustible (e.g. steam) or unburnt fuel, intentionally emitted
into the atmosphere to ensure safe conditions (e.g. in case of upset plant conditions or during
maintenance), as well as the intentional release of emissions linked to treatment processes, such
as depressurizing systems or gas stripping. They are usually distinguished from process emissions
(and those from combustion) since the release consists entirely of a pollutant(s) (release flow rate
is equal to the volumetric pollutant flow rate).
Typically venting emission are generated by release from:
 natural gas driven pneumatic controllers & pumps;
 centrifugal compressors with “wet” (oil) seals (i.e. compressor degassing systems);

 reciprocating compressors;
 glycol dehydrators process, used for removing water from an incoming wet gas stream using
monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or, most commonly, triethylene glycol (TEG).
 release from storage tanks;
 well venting for liquids unloading, it aims to reduce the accumulated liquids in gas wells in
order to not inhibit the gas production;
 casing head gases (gases that collect in the annular space between the casing and tubing in
an oil well).
6.1.2 Flaring Emissions
These are emissions from controlled open combustion of gaseous fuels (typically from either a
ground level or at height flare) without energy recovery. Flaring emissions can be grouped in three
main types:
 Flaring from process activities: Flaring during normal production operations in the absence of
sufficient facilities or amenable geology to re-inject the produced gas, utilize it on-site, or
dispatch it to a market
 Flaring for emergency: Flaring to ensure safe operation of the facility
 Flaring from drilling activities: Flaring to ensure safe operation of the facility and all flaring other
than routine and safety flaring
6.1.3 Diffuse Emissions
Diffuse emissions are releases that diffuse into the atmosphere without being channelled to an
emission point. Typical diffuse emissions may arise from the evaporation of volatile compounds
(e.g. from an API skimmer), or may be diffuse dust emissions from aggregate material, earthworks,
dust re-suspension from vehicles on unpaved roads, etc..
Diffuse emissions can be linear, areal or volume sources. Examples of installations with diffuse
emission are tanks, vessels, solid materials piled on ground or within open containers, doors
accessing rooms with dust or other airborne substances, water treatment plants such as open
tanks where discharges undergo chemical-physical and biological treatment or API basins for
removing hydrocarbons from oily waters.

Diffuse emissions may include odour emissions since these are often generated by the
evaporation of hydrocarbon.
6.1.4 Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions include emissions into the atmosphere resulting from unintentional leakage of
gases phase from equipment containing a fluid (either gas or liquid) over-pressurized with respect
to the external environment.
Examples of fugitive emissions include leakages from tubing, valves, connections, flanges, pump
and compressor seals, gas conveyance systems, pressure relief valves, and other process and
operation components caused by poor construction, corrosion or wear of mechanical joints, seals,
and rotating surfaces over time, and leakages from storage of gaseous and liquid products.
Due to the high number of valves, instruments, piping and tubing connections, pumps, and other
components within upstream operations, fugitive leak emissions – even if individually small – can
become a significant source of emissions.
6.2 AIR EMISSION MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Depending on the type of plant (oil/gas, offshore/onshore, new or existing plant, location of the
site, conventional/unconventional resources), an appropriate strategy of air emission management
shall be developed for each stream used or produced in the plant.
The process that should be followed in order to manage air emissions during all MOG activities is
described in Figure 1.
The methodological process consists of the following three steps:
1. Air Emission Sources Inventory
2. Air Emissions Monitoring
3. Reduction and Control of emissions

Figure 1 – Air Management Process

6.2.1 Air Emission Sources Inventory
The development of a detailed emission inventory requires the identification of all emission
sources and type of emissions released into the atmosphere. This identification shall be carried
out based on facility design and information about related activities.
All emission sources shall be listed, classified in a dedicated register and properly mapped. The
register shall be divided in the following sections:
Point sources category
1. Channelled emissions;
2. Flaring emissions.
Non-Point sources category
3. Diffuse emissions;
With regard to fugitive emissions, the implementation of an inventory register is not fully applicable,
as they result from the unintentional leakage of gases from equipment. An overview of the number,
amount and indicative location of gases leakages can be designed after dedicated measurement
campaigns.
Data to be included in the air emission source inventory register are reported in the following
tables:
Table 6-1 Channelled emissions inventory
ID of emissions source It should be duplicated in the map (ID Source)
Source Characteristics  Source type;

 Associated equipment ID;
 Source description;
 Fuel/stream type and consumption
 Source power;
 Functioning time;
 Topographic Coordinates (UTM WGS84).
Stack Characteristics  Height;

 Diameter;
 Abatement system;
 Monitoring system.

Emitted pollutant(s) List of emitted pollutants
Prescribed emission limit If any, they can be established by Libyan legislation (see Appendix
2.), air emissions Authorization, IFC standards (see Appendix 3.),
etc.. It should also be reported if the emission source has been
authorized.
Table 6-2 Flaring emissions inventory

 Stream (maximum design flowrate and type of stream)
Stack Characteristics  Height;

 Steam assisted (yes or not);
 Monitoring system.
2.), air emissions Authorization, IFC standards (see Appendix 3.), etc.
It should also be reported if the emission source has been
authorized.
Table 6-3 Diffuse emissions inventory

 Area

2.), air emissions Authorization, IFC standards (see Appendix 3.), etc.
It should also be reported if the emission source has been
authorized.
Attachment 1. provides the template for the inventory register.
Main pollutants expected to be found in different gaseous releases are presented in Appendix 1..
Appendix 3. provides IFC gas emission limits for specific pollutants associated with specific types
of equipment, for thermal power plants (with a total rated heat input capacity above 50 Megawatt
thermal input (MWth) and for small combustion facilities (3MWth-50MWth), in case no more
restrictive emissions limits are established by Libyan legislation or by an air emissions
Authorization.
6.2.2 Air emissions sources Monitoring activities
Air emission monitoring activities should be performed in order to:
 characterize the emission source and check the compliance (in terms of emission threshold
limits, prescriptions for managing and maintaining emission control and abatement systems)
with the Libyan legislation, the air emissions Authorization and, if available, international
standards, such as IFC, and BAT, whenever and wherever applicable;
 evaluate and control equipment performances (e.g. verify the efficiency of the pollution control
system in place);
 collect a reliable data set for accounting purposes.
Monitoring activities shall be carried out through two procedures:
1. Direct Monitoring: Direct measurement of either the concentration or the mass flow of a
substance. Pollutants concentration values result from direct measurements of collected
samples, using standard or officially recognized methodologies. Measurements could be:
▬ Periodic, it is not a continuous monitoring, but is related to a specific time interval. It is

characterized by high precision and repeatability of results.
▬ Continuous , continuous measurement of a pollutant using a permanent instrument

▬ Expeditious, periodic monitoring, not necessarily planned, generally using less expensive
methods than those used for regular monitoring, giving quick results often directly on site
(i.e. without the need to ship samples to external laboratories).
2. Indirect Monitoring: Indirect measurement are performed when direct monitoring cannot be
performed and pollutants concentration values can’t be measured. Measurements could result
from:
▬ Indirect calculation methodologies such as mass balance and standard or officially

recognized emission factors.
▬ Estimations based on equipment characteristics and performances and fuel consumption

provided by the manufacturers or expert assumptions.
In case no specific requirements from Libyan legislation and/or air emissions Authorization are
available, procedures for air emission sources monitoring are provided in Appendix 4. for every
emission source category (channelled, diffuse, fugitive and flaring emissions). These procedures
are based on international standards and good industrial practices.
Data from the monitoring campaigns should be processed and filed. Monitoring results should
always be compared with:
 typical emission values indicated by international standards
 emission values from similar sources.
Unexpected gaps should be analysed to define their causes, which may be due to monitoring
errors.
Monitoring data from each source, derived from different measurement campaigns carried out over
a period of time, should be analyzed in order to identify any emissions trends.
In general, the following considerations apply:
 large changes in the emissions from a source should always be carefully evaluated.
Fluctuations can result from levels of uncertainty of the measurement system, random errors
associated with each measurement, but also from real fluctuations of the emissions. In this
case it is necessary to evaluate if they are due to factors intrinsic to the type of source
considered (in which case a more frequent monitoring is needed to increase the
representativeness of the measured data), or if they are due to the intermitting functioning of
the control system and/or the emissions abatement system;

 increasing emissions, if not due to known factors, might indicate a loss in efficiency of the
control system and / or the emissions abatement system that requires attention before the
emission becomes too high;
 decreasing emissions, if not due to known factors, might indicate a loss in efficiency of the
pollutants “recovery” system or else may be due to systematic measurement errors.
A template of monitoring data register is provided in Attachment 2..
Data to be included in the air monitoring register are reported in the following table:

 Coordinates (UTM WGS84).
Sampling Data  Sampling date;

 ID Sampling report;
 ID Analytical Test;
 Stack diameter (m);
 Gas velocity (m/sec);
 Gas Temperature (K);
 Gas Pressure (mBar);
 Gas Humidity (%);
 O2 (%);
 Gas Flowrate (actual) (Nm3/h);
 Concentration of emitted pollutant/s (mg/Nm3);
 Uncertainty of the measured value;
 Emission limit ((mg/Nm3, if any).
6.2.3 Reduction and Control of Emissions
Reduction and control of air emissions activities should be implemented in order to:
 control potential exceedances of pollutants emissions with respect to emission threshold limits
established by the Libyan legislation, the air emissions Authorization, if available, international
standards and BAT, whenever and wherever applicable;

 restore the compliance with threshold limits and prescriptions established by the Libyan
legislation, the air emissions Authorization, if available, international standard, such as IFC,s
and BAT, whenever and wherever applicable;
 minimize air emission impacts on sensible receptors.
Emissions control can be:
 preventive (primary operations), using control and reduction systems upstream of the process;
the preventive emission control can operate on the characteristics of the fuel (e.g. select and/or
treat/prepare the fuel in order to generate less environmental impacts) or on the combustion
process (e.g. mixing, recycling discharged gas, using additives, etc.);
 performed downstream of the process (secondary operations), using air emissions abatement
systems.
An example is provided by sulphur based pollutants: in order to control/reduce emission of sulphur

based pollutants it is possible to:
 use a fuel with a low content of sulphur (primary operation); or
 install specific abatement system (secondary operation) such as the use of Flue-Gas
Desulfurization (FGD) or sulphur recovery units (Claus/Scot plants).
Procedures for air emission reduction and control should be carried out for every emission source
category (channelled, diffuse, fugitive and flaring emissions), based on international standards
(IFC) and Best Available Techniques (BAT).
A list of suitable actions for reduction and control of emissions is reported in Appendix 5..
7 TRAINING AND AWARENESS

Training and awareness are fundamental for effective implementation of the air emissions
management system. The process shall be planned and performed following MOG procedures for
HSEQ training.
All personnel involved in air emissions management shall be trained with respect to what is
addressed by this procedure in relation to the role and responsibilities assigned to them.
HSEQ Division Manager shall be responsible for ensuring that his staff have received the required
training.


ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 1. MOG-HSEQ-F-282 Air Emissions Sources Inventory Register

Attachment 2. MOG-HSEQ-F-283 Air Monitoring Data Register

APPENDIX
Appendix 1. Main Atmospheric pollutants in upstream activities
This Appendix will give a brief description of most common air pollutants generally generated in
upstream activities.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):
Nitrogen oxides are generated by burning fuel at high temperatures (roughly over 1200-1300°C)
from the oxidation of nitrogen contained in the air or in the fuel.
Specifically, NOx can be formed by three different mechanisms:
1. thermal NOx directly formed by the oxidation of molecular nitrogen present in the combustion
air and is the main source of NOx during the combustion of liquid or gaseous fuels;
2. prompt NOx rapidly generated from the reaction of the nitrogen contained in the air and
hydrocarbons radicals that form on the flame front;
3. fuel NOx generate from the oxidation of the nitrogen present in the fuel and is the main source
of NOx during the combustion of solid fuel.
NOx is one of the most widespread pollutants worldwide, being derived from many industrial
processes, road traffic, the domestic sector (heating and cooking), etc..
Nitrogen oxides are potentially hazardous to human health. In particular, nitrogen monoxide, in a
similar manner to carbon monoxide, reacts with haemoglobin and fixes it, generating
methaemoglobin and nitrosomethaemoglobin. This process interferes with the normal transport of
oxygen in blood to the body’s tissues, but no cases of death from poisoning by NO have ever been
reported.
Nitrogen dioxide is more hazardous for human health, with toxicity up to four times higher than that
of nitrogen monoxide. Nitrogen dioxide exerts its toxic effect mainly on the eyes, mucous
membranes and lungs. In particular, this gas is responsible for specific disorders of the respiratory
system (bronchitis, irritations, lung oedema that may also cause death).
Under strong sunlight, NOx participates in the photochemical reactions that produce other
pollutants such as tropospheric ozone and secondary particles. (“photochemical smog”).
Neither nitrogen monoxide nor nitrogen dioxide is flammable.

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Sulphur oxides are also predominantly emitted from combustion processes. They are produced by
the oxidation of the sulphur present in the fuel. Emissions of SO 2 can also derive from industrial
processes, such as fuel desulfurization: in this case sulphur dioxide represents a process
emission.
The human health effects vary depending on the period of exposure: during short-term exposure
SO2 exerts its effects mainly on the eyes and the upper respiratory system. Due to its high
solubility in water, 85% of SO2 dissolves in the mucous membrane, becoming sulfuric acid H 2SO4
(an irritant) and is retained by the nasopharynx. As a consequence the airway mucus becomes
congested. This causes bronchial constriction and the reduction of the average volume forced per
second, an increase in resistance to air flow, and shortness of breath.
Concentrations of 30-100 ppm can cause pharyngitis, impaired sense of smell and taste, high
urinary acidity and tiredness.
Chronic exposure causes increased secretions, bronchitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, pulmonary

function abnormalities, emphysema and an increase in histamine levels in lungs.
In the environment, sulphur dioxide combines with water vapour to form sulfuric acid: this
phenomenon contributes to the acidification of precipitation (“acid rain”) with phytotoxic effects and
damage to aquatic fauna and also corrosion of building materials, stone artefacts, paints and
metals.
Sulphur dioxide does not present dangerous characteristics in relation to fire or explosion hazards,
but it is classified as toxic for inhalation and causes burns.
Particulate Matter (PM)
The most common sources of particulate matter from oil and gas operations are dust or soil
entering the air during pad construction, traffic on access roads, and diesel exhaust from vehicles
and engines used to power machinery at oil and gas facilities. Particulate matter can also be
emitted during venting and flaring operations (black smoke, soot).The presence of PM in the flue
gases of combustion processes may be due to mineral elements in the fuel (ash particles) or the
formation of unburnt organic carbon and tars.
The surface of particles may act as a nucleus for the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals and dioxins, particularly the smallest particles due to their high
surface area relative to their mass.

The term “particulate matter” includes particles with different chemical composition (such as metals
and dioxins). The toxicity of PM depends on their size and the following classes are often defined:
 Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP or PM): non-gaseous material (either solid or liquid)
characterized by low deposition velocity, so remain suspended in the atmosphere for a period
of time;
 inhalable particulate matter: the fraction of TSP able to penetrate the upper respiratory tract
(from nose to larynx); this fraction usually corresponds to PM10, i.e. the particulate matter with
an average aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm;
 thoracic particulate matter: the fraction of TSP able to reach the tracheobronchial zone of the
lungs (trachea and ciliated tracts);
 breathable particulate matter: the fraction of TSP (and of PM10) able to penetrate the lower
respiratory tract (from trachea to pulmonary alveoli); this fraction usually corresponds to PM2.5,
i.e. the particulate matter with an average aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm.
PM derived from combustion processes (vehicle exhausts, combustion plants, etc.) are mainly less
than 1-2.5 μm (i.e. included in PM2.5). PM from mechanical fragmentation processes, is usually
larger than 1-20 μm and are mostly made of even coarser material.
Exposure to particulate matter can cause various effects on human health. Long-term exposure,
such as living for many years in areas of high PM concentrations, has been related to a reduction
in respiratory function, development of chronic bronchitis, and even early death. Short-term
exposure (from a few hours to several days), can worsen pre-existing lung disorders, can cause
asthma and intensify bronchitis; also there is an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
For heart patients, short-term exposure to fine PM may cause arrhythmia or heart attack.
PM suspended in air can absorb the solar radiation with effects on visibility and can cause
considerable fall out and can also be scrubbed down by rain causing possible vegetation, soil and
water contamination
Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC), including BTEX
Volatile organic compounds consist of those organic compounds that, due to their low vapour
pressure, are present as a gas in the atmosphere. These compounds are emitted in all combustion
processes due to incomplete oxidation of carbon based fuels, but their emission into the
atmosphere is mostly due to the evaporation of hydrocarbons that cause diffuse or fugitive
emissions (evaporation from treatment basins, from the surface of liquid hydrocarbons stored

within the tanks, etc.). They can combine with nitrogen oxides to form ground-level ozone, free
radicals and high oxidizing compounds.
Volatile Organic Compounds includes a large number of substances with different toxicological
characteristics, and therefore when monitoring these substances it is necessary identify the
individual chemical species.
VOCs can have of a wide range of effects on human health, from very toxic compounds to those
with no known adverse effect. Similarly to other pollutants, the extent and nature of the effects
depends on many factors including the concentration and length of exposure.
The effects on health of exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds, include eyes irritation, nose and
throat irritation, migraine, loss of coordination, nausea, and damage to liver, kidneys and the
central nervous system. Some organic compounds may cause cancer in animals; some are
thought to cause cancer in humans, while for some are known to cause cancer in humans.
Symptoms associated to VOC exposure include pink eye, nose and throat annoyance, skin allergic
reactions, dyspnoea, vomiting, nosebleed, tiredness, dizziness.
BTEX stands for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, a group of compounds which also
belong to the broader category of volatile organic compounds, VOCs. Benzene is a known
carcinogen agent, and it has also been shown to cause blood disorders and to impact the central
nervous system and the reproductive system. Toluene may affect the reproductive and central
nervous systems. Ethylbenzene and xylene may have respiratory and neurological effects. BTEX
compounds can be emitted during various oil and gas operations activities, including flaring,
venting, engines, produced water storage tanks, and during the dehydration of natural gas. BTEX
vapours in air can be scrubbed down by rain causing possible vegetation, soil and water
contamination.
Methane (CH4)
CH4 is the primary component of natural gas which can be released during venting operations,
due to incomplete combustion or when there are leaks in equipment used during oil and gas
development, treatment and transportation.
Pure methane can also be released from natural gas treatment plants. Methane is a flammable
and odourless gas. It is not toxic but can act as an asphyxiant especially in enclosed or confined
spaces. It is also one of the greenhouse gasses, with a warming potential 21 times higher than
CO2.

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
H2S occurs naturally in some oil and gas formations, and therefore it is one of the common air
pollutants from the petroleum industry. When oil or gas is extracted from these formations, H 2S
may be released when gas is vented, when there is incomplete combustion of flared gas, or via
fugitive emissions from equipment.
Its removal from the gas, oil or a mixture of both coming from the well head is a crucial step in the
production process which takes place within dedicated plants (e.g. Claus plants). The extraction of
hydrogen sulphide from the hydrocarbons is generally achieved by stripping under controlled
conditions. The H2S is then treated. In the case of Claus plants, the treatment process is the
partial combustion of H2S and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and the subsequent catalysed reaction
between the two compounds, to produce elemental sulphur and water, which is condensed. All
forms of combustion, including the flares, produce sulphur dioxide.
Hydrogen sulphide is a toxic gas which has a characteristic rotten egg odour at low
concentrations. It is lethal if inhaled at concentrations exceeding 600 ppm, but it is extremely
dangerous to health also at lower concentrations. It is particularly dangerous as after a relatively
short period of exposure, the human nose becomes desensitised and even if present, it can no
longer be smelt. Hydrogen sulphide is classified as extremely flammable, explosive and extremely
toxic and dangerous for the environment.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless and flavourless pollutant formed during the
incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. It is an intermediate reaction product during the
formation of CO2; the oxidation of CO to CO2 is a slow reaction that can be achieved only if the flue
gases contains sufficient oxygen at a high enough temperature. As with NOx, it is widespread.
The effects on the environment are believed to be limited or negligible. In relation to human health
it has a high affinity for haemoglobin (about 240 times greater than oxygen), forming an extremely
stable compound (carboxyhaemoglobin). As haemoglobin is the organometallic molecule
responsible for transporting oxygen to organs and tissues in the body, when exposed to high CO
concentrations, people can suffer changes to their pulmonary, cardiac and nervous functions.
These effects are due to the toxic action on the cellular enzymes that inhibit respiration.
Headache and dizziness are generally recognized as the first symptoms of CO poisoning: further
effects are reduced alertness, vision, learning ability and performance of manual tests.

Carbon monoxide is classified as extremely flammable and toxic.
Metals
Heavy metals may be present in emissions either in the gas phase or as particulate matter,
depending on their melting or sublimation temperature. In the case of combustion processes,
metals within the flue gas come from the fuel. Therefore metals can be emitted both as particulate
matter, in case of less volatile compounds, or form the condensation of metal vapours on particles
generated during cooling, and as gas, in the case of more volatile metals. For other type of
processes, metal emissions generally only occur in particulate matter.
Effects on human health due to the presence of metals in the atmosphere are related particularly
to their accumulation and potential to cause damages to the kidneys, the nervous system, and the
immune system and, in some cases, their carcinogenic effects. Cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel
(Ni) and lead (Pb) are considered carcinogenic. Lead also causes digestive problems and damage
to the nervous systems, especially in children. Mercury and its common chemical forms are
officially designated as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) pollutants, which are defined
as those substances that are persistent (months to years) in the environment, accumulate and
concentrate in biota and that are toxic to organisms.
Heavy metals suspended in air (as part of the particulate) can be scrubbed down by rain causing
possible vegetation, soil and water contamination.
Organic micro- pollutants, including PAHs
This category includes compounds such as Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs, Dioxins),

Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs, Furans) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Dioxins and Furans are chlorinated organic compounds that are very persistent. They are not very
volatile when absorbed into particulate matter from combustion processes.
PAHs are a class of compounds derived by the fusion of two or more benzene rings, and can be
formed when carbon containing compounds are burnt at low temperatures and under uncontrolled
conditions. PAHs are emitted at oil and gas operations in diesel exhaust, from flaring, and from
pits storing produced water.
The effects on human health of these substances are due to whether are carcinogenic or not.

PAHs are among the most toxic Volatile Organic Compounds. Exposure may occur through the
inhalation of PAHs adsorbed onto particulate matter, in aerosols or vapours, through the ingestion
of contaminated food or through the skin.
No acute toxicological effects have been reported to date, but a large number of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons do show carcinogenic activity
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
HCl is formed in the combustion process due to the reduction of organic chlorine present in the
fuel. Hydrochloric acid, neither flammable nor explosive, is classified as toxic and corrosive.
In Upstream activities, hydrochloric acid is generally present only within releases from the
combustion of solid waste, where it can also be one of the major pollutants.
Ammonia
Ammonia is a nitrogen compound with the chemical formula NH3, and is extremely soluble in
water.
At ambient temperature ammonia is a colourless gas with a very strong and suffocating sharp
smell, an irritant and toxic. In the presence of oxygen it can corrode aluminum, copper, nickel and
their alloys.
It is a weakly basic compound that reacts with acids to form the related ammonia salts. It has a
reducing behaviour and can react with oxygen explosively, and can combine with halogens to form
ammonium halides
Exposure to ammonia may affect health, being an irritant to the respiratory tract, and eyes (may
cause ulcerations).
In Upstream activities ammonia can be emitted diffusively from water treatment systems.
Odour
Odour emissions consist in any emissions of one, or more often a complex mixture of, chemical
compounds in air that humans or other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction.

Before an adverse effect (such as disamenity, annoyance, nuisance or complaints) can occur,
there must be odour exposure. For odour exposure to occur all three links in the source-pathway-
receptor chain must be present:
1. an emission source - a means for the odour to get into the atmosphere;
2. a pathway - for the odour to travel through the air to locations off site, noting that:
▬ anything that increases dilution and dispersion of an odorous pollutant plume as it travels
from source to receptor will reduce the concentration at the receptor, and hence reduce
exposure;
▬ increasing the length of the pathway (e.g. by releasing the emissions from a high stack) will
– all other things being equal – increase the dilution and dispersion;
3. the presence of receptors that could experience an adverse effect, noting that receptors vary in
their sensitivities to odour.
Typically odours are not directly harmful to human health, the odour nuisance is generally
perceived before the occurrence of a toxic or eco-toxic effect on human health or on the
environment. Such effects may include environmental degradation, negative impact on property,
plants and animals, disruption of pleasant use of property and impact on human well-being.
The scale of exposure (the impact) is determined by the parameters collectively known as the
FIDO factors (Frequency, Intensity, Duration and Offensiveness):
 Frequency: How often an individual is exposed to odour
 Intensity: The individual’s perception of the strength of the odour
 Duration: The overall duration that individuals are exposed to an odour over time.
 Offensiveness: the character of an odour as it relates to the ‘hedonic tone’ (which may be
pleasant, neutral or unpleasant) at a given odour concentration/intensity.
The magnitude of the effect experienced is determined by the scale of exposure (FIDO) and the
sensitivity of the receptor (the location, which is often taken to be a surrogate for the sensitivity and
incorporates the social and psychological factors that can be expected for a given community).
Odour is generally emitted as diffuse emissions such as waste storage yards, wastewater
treatment facilities, API separator systems, fuel storages, emissions of H 2S Hydrocarbon tanks,
Methyl Mercaptan, loading/unloading areas; however it can be also generated by channelled and
fugitive emissions.

The following table summarizes the atmospheric pollutants associated with the main types of
equipment and to the relevant upstream phase (Exploration, Development and Production).

Organic
Nitroge Sulphu Hydroge micro
Carbon
Upstream n r NMVO Methan n 1 pollutant
Equipment PM Monoxid Metals HCl NH3 Odour
Phase Oxides Oxides C e (CH4) Sulphide s
e (CO)
(NOx) (SOx) (H2S) including
PAHs
Furnaces, boiler and
Production turbines fuelled by ● ●3 ●
natural gas
Exploration, Furnaces, boiler and
Development, turbines fuelled by ● ●1 ● ●3 ●
Production diesel
Furnaces, boilers,
turbines and engines
Production
fuelled by tail/flue ● ●1 ● ● ●3 ● ●
recovered gas
Gas powered
Production
reciprocating engines ● ● ●3 ●
Exploration,
Diesel oil powered
Development,
reciprocating engines ● ●1 ● ● ●3 ●
Production
Venting (e.g. Well
venting of liquids
unloading; Well
venting/flaring during
Production
well completion for ● ● ●4
hydraulically fractured
wells; Casing head gas
venting)
Claus plants (e.g.

Production
Glycol dehydrators) ● ● ●
1
Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, thallium, cobalt, copper, mercury

Organic
Nitroge Sulphu Hydroge micro
Carbon
Upstream n r NMVO Methan n pollutant
Equipment PM Monoxid Metals HCl NH3 Odour
Phase Oxides Oxides C e (CH4) Sulphide s
e (CO)
(NOx) (SOx) (H2S) including
PAHs
Exploration,
Development, Incineration (wastes) ● ●1 ● ● ●3 ● ● ● ● ●
Production
Exploration,
Incineration (residual
Development,
gasses) ● ●1 ● ●3 ● ●
Production
Wastewater treatment
Production plants (diffuse ● ● ● ● ●
emissions)
Hydrocarbons storage
Production
tank (diffuse emission) ● ●6 ●
Exploration,
Pumps, Flanges, Valves
Development,
(fugitive emissions) ●5 ● ● ●5 ● ●
Production
Exploration,
Development, Flaring ● ● ● ● ●3 ● ● ● ● ●
Production
Notes:
1. The need of monitoring the presence of these substances should be evaluated based on the characteristics of the fuel used,
2. In case of well testing
3. In case of not efficient/incomplete combustion
4. Only mercury
5. Only in case of Claus Plant
6. Only for crude oil storage

Appendix 2. Resolution No (96) for year1376 (2008)
Translated from Arabic
06.07.2009
By the Name of Allah
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
General People's Committee
General Organization of Environment
Resolutions
Secretary of the Board of the General Corporation of Environment resolutions
No (96) for year1376 (2008)
Regarding Environmental stipulations to protect Air from pollution
Committee Secretariat:
After cognizance
- To law No(1) for year 1375, concerning public congress & public & public committee
work's systems and it's executive regulation.
- To law No(15) for year 1371, regarding protection & improvement of environment.
- To the General People's Committee No(263) for year 1429 to establish General
corporation of environment .
- To the General People's Committee Secretariat decision No(57) for year 1374
(2006) concerning the General people Committee's organization of health &
environment.
- To the General People's Committee Secretary decision No(162) for year 1375 to
nominate the board 's secretary of the General corporation of environment.

It's Resolved that
Article (1)
Definitions
In application of this decision resolutions , context & sentences meanings herein after as follows:
 Corporation: General corporation of environment
 Productive & services constitution: Each constitution it's activities result in pollution.
 Air fineness: Air without polluters
 Work environment's air: the air inside any place prepared for people reception for any
purposes.
 Air polluters: Exhausters, Ion radiations, dust, organic components, attached particles and
fetal insecticides & sprayers.
Polluters' concentration: the amount of polluted material available in volume unit expressed by
microgram / Mq (u g/m3) or mailgram /mq lf air (mg/m3) or million part – volume/volume (PPm) .
Limit value: concentration of limited polluter on scientific basis in manner that limits the harmful
influences on human & environment health .
Pollution level: polluter's concentration in the air within specific time.
Pollution level measurement: any adopted method used to measure or evaluate air pollution
level.
Attached particles: are the solid particles (dust – earth- ashes – smoke) fluid and air attached
dribble with radius dimensions from 1 to 1000 micron.
Exposure period: the period time of exposure by polluter's concentration, is expressed by minute
or hour or day or year.
Hazard level: exceeding pollution level, what compose dangerous to human health requires
adoption of immediate necessary procedures to decrease it.
The cleanest production: applied methods in production operations, used modern techniques to
limit of emissions and it's harmful influences on environment.
Motor vehicles: any mean of transportation used oil or it's derivates to operate .

Public place: the place prepared for people reception or any specific class thereof for any
purposes.
Closed public place: the place have a complete building form where the air can't enter except
through prepared exits, considered as public transport means.
Simi-closed public place: the place have incomplete form, contact directly with air , so as it can't
be closed.
The integral contention of diseases: Using of natural, Biological, diagnostic and protective
methods, without direct recourse to use insecticides except in more limited scope and necessary
situations.
Article (2)
This decision stipulations and it's attached subsidiaries shall be affective on all productive &
services constitution and motor vehicles , that it's activity influence air , by making it harmful for the
environment.
Article (3)
Each productive and services constitution should execute periodical analysis of emitted air
polluters , record emission levels to adopt methods to prevent emission to exceed the permitted
levels of air polluters stated in attachment of subsidiaries No(2) , record them in special registers
prepared for this purposes , keep them and record quality, quantity, emitted polluters components
and pollution level, also the stated data in the attached annex No(1) and submit them to the
corporation.
Article (4)
Each constitution must prepare plan to face emergences, stating that – in details - how to handle
with accident, provided that contains hazard materials statement which cased the accident , traffic
information , civil defense center and hospitals near the constitution, entrust an officer to follow
them fixing the related parties with which the coordination take place for encounter operations.

Article (5)
 The specialized parties should get rid of garbage by burning , establish holocausts
according to the prepared conditions of corporation , provided that the following conditions
should be obtainable:-
 The holocausts should consist of at least of two rooms , distance not far less than (10km)
from nearest housing, industrial, agricultural prevailing area ,put in consideration wind
direction . holocausts location be approved by the corporation.
 The temperature degree should be not less than (900) centigrade ,the burning period of
garbage should be not less than 3 seconds inside burning room, on the condition that the
holocausts supplied by sufficient equipment to control the emission resulted from burning
operations or reduce it.
 The holocausts capacity should be sufficient to burn the transferred solid rubbish within 24
hours.
In all cases the plastic & rubber materials should classified and not burn them.
Article (6)
Related authorities responsible for dangerous rubbish burning or medical garbage should
establish special holocausts pursuance to prepared conditions by corporation , provided that the
burning temperature degree in holocausts should be not less than (1200) percent. The emissions
should not
Exceed the permitted limits stated in attached annex No (4) . in all situations it's not permitted to
burn the following materials:-
Pressure tins – plastic & rubber materials exclusive that used as containers to gathering medical
rubbish- rubbish with high component of heavy metals
( Lead – Cadmium- Mercury) – silver Sault and rubbish generated from photocopying activities for
diagnostic purposes This decision stipulations and it's attached subsidiaries shall be affective on
all productive & services constitution and motor vehicles , that it's activity influence air , by making
it harmful for the environment.

Article (7)
The emission from motor vehicles should not exceed the permitted maximum limits , stated in the
attached annex No (6) .
Article (8)
Each constitution shall obliged not exceeding the permitted maximum limits- that stated in the
attached annex No (5) - of any emissions gas or solid in the air , subject in this issue to corporation
surveillance.
Article( 9)
Upon usage of microbicide Or any other chemical components for agrarian and general health
purposes or any other purposes, depending on integral systems of diseases combating , in any
situations , controls & instructions stipulated in attached annex No(9) should be put in to
considerations .
Article( 10)
Constitutions & individuals, when carrying out drilling or excavation or building or destruction works
or transport the results of this as rubbish or soil or building materials and so on , should adopt
the required precautions during executing this works , particularly , storage works and safe
transport to prevent them from scattering
This by put in to consideration the followings:-
 discard of this materials surplus in special places for this, this place should be far away not
less than (4) km from approved boundaries of the area general design.
 transport surplus & soil in special containers & dispensers by using shipping car prepared
and licensed for this purposes and putting cohesive cover on vehicle load.
 covering the dispersible materials in work site in order to stop air pollution.
 using of water sprinkle to prevent earth scattering.

Article 11
Each constitute manage quarantine or mines or practice mining activities, undertake,

during practicing it's activity or transport product or driving motor vehicles, to the stated
conditions in article (10) of this resolution to prevent air pollution .
Each constitute manage quarantine or mines or practice mining activities, undertake,

during practicing it's activity or transport product or driving motor vehicles, to the stated
conditions in article (10) of this resolution to prevent air pollution .
Article 12
Each constitute should take in to consideration ,when disperse any type of Hydrocarbon
fuel for purposes of research or discovering or drilling or crude petrol or gas extraction or
for purposes of industry or power generation or constructions or any other commercial
purpose .smoke & gases and resulted steams shouldn't exceed the permitted limits stated
in attached annex No(7). Subject to measurements & inspection works from the specialized
authorities.
All parts & constitutions should adopt the required precautions to decrease polluters
quantities of burning, it should use devices & equipments to control air pollution and limits
of emissions, whereas these instruments & equipments designed in control & cleanest
production technique, not using fuel with sulfur rate more than 0.50 % weight.
Article 13
The closed or Simi-closed places provide that it should be equipped with ventilation means
to suit place volume, capacity and practiced activity type in it with guarantee air renewal &
purification reserving with appropriate temperature degree, the competent parts determine
the special engineering conditions thereby.
Article 14
Each constitution should guarantee the efficient ventilation in side work place and adopt
the required precautions & contriving to prevent air pollution flow out or emissions ,and put
in to consideration upon it's consuming of any kind of fuel, not exceeding the permitted
limits of smoke, gases and steams that stated in the attached annex No(8.A.B) .

Article( 15)
It's permitted for the corporation to amend in the stated conditions in this resolution and
attached annexes , if necessary .
Article( 16)
This decision will be effective from date of issue.
Dr.Mahmoud Alsedeg Alfllah
Administrative committee Secretary of the
General corporation of Environment
Annexes
Annex No topic
1 Registration form of constitution activity
2 Surrounded air fineness (maximum limits of outside air polluters
3 Permitted maximum limits of air polluters emitted from solid rubbish burning
4 Permitted maximum limits of air polluters emitted from dangerous & medical
rubbish burning
5 Permitted maximum limits of air polluters emitted from steady resource
6 Permitted maximum limits of polluters emitted from motor vehicles
7 Permitted maximum limits of air polluters emitted from solid rubbish burning
using Hydrocarbon fuel
8A Permitted maximum limits of air polluters inside work place ( dust)
8B Permitted maximum limits of air polluters of chemical work place
9 Controls & instructions of chemical pernicious safe spraying

Annex No (1)
Registration form of institution activity influence on air pollution
Execution of article (3) of this resolution
1- Constitution name & address:………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………
Street………………….Conference:……………Popularity:……...
P.O.Box:…………………Fax:………………E-mail:………………
2- institution activity type:……………………………………………
3- crude materials usage
Used quantities ( fix the crude materials inside production which have relation with gas emissions).
(amount fixed with ton/day, mq/day)
……………………………….. ………………………………
4- Productive materials type & quantity: (amount fixed with ton/day, mq/day)
……………………………………………………………………………..
5- Resulted gas emission kind & quantity:. (amount fixed with ton/day, mq/day)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6- Collecting data period of time :
From:……………………………………..To:……………………………….
7- pick up sample date & place:
Place:…………………..Date:…………………..time:……………………..
8- Officer Name & signature :-
Name:…………………….. passion:……………………………..
Signature:…………………..Date:……………………………….

Annex No (2)
Surrounded air fineness (maximum limits of outside air polluters)
Component Chemical symbol Permitted maximum Encounter period

limits/microgram
Carbon dioxide CO2 350 hour 1
150 hour 24
60 year 1
Carbon monoxide CO2 30000 hour 1
10000 hour 8
Nitro dioxide M.O2 400 hour 1
150 hour 24
Ozone O3 200 hour 1
120 hour 8
Total suspended - 230 hour 24
particles 90 year 1
Particles diameter - 150 hour 24
less than 10 micron hour 24
Lead Pb 1 year 1
Substance's microgram in each mq of dry air at 25 temperature degree, and under abstract *
.pressure equals 760 m (1 atmosphere pressure)

Component Chemical symbol Emission Permitted maximum limits/milligram mq

Total attached Holocaust's capacity less than Holocaust's
particles 3ton/h capacity more than
3ton/h
100 30
Carbon Dioxide CO 100 100
Nitro oxide NOX 350 300
expressed by Nitro
dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 500 300
Hydro chloride 30 light degree 20
color
Hydro fluoride HF 4
Total Scattered Voc 20 20
organic
components
expressed by
integral organic
carbon
Nickel & it's Ni Total (A) Total (A)
components
Zink & it's AS
components
Cadmium & it's CD Total (0.2) Total (0.2)
component
Mercury& it's Hg
components s
Lead & it's Pb Total (5) Total (5)

components
Copper & it's Cu
components
Chromium & it's Cr
components Mn
Manganese & it's
components
Die oxanate & 0.1 * 0.1 *

furates
Annex n° (3)
The permitted limits of air polluters emitted from solid garbage holocaust
*represent concentration group for each die ox an or furan expressed by nano gram /mq

Annex No (4)
The permitted limits of air polluters emitted from dangerous & medical garbage holocaust
Material Chemical symbol Maximum limits millgram/mq

Total suspended materials day average 10
half/H average 30
Carbon oxide CO day average 50
half/H average 100
Nitro oxide expressed by Nitro Dioxide NOx day average 200
half/H average 400
Sulfur dioxide SO2 day average 50
half/H average 200
Hydro chloride Hd day average 10
half/H average 60
Hydro fluoride Hf day average 1
half/H average 4
Total scattered organic components Voc day average 10
expressed by entire organic Carbon half/H average 20
Cadmium & it's components Cd Total 0.1
Expressed by Cadmium
Thallium& it's components Ti
Expressed by valium
Mercury & it's components Hg 0.1
Expressed by Mercury
Antimony & it's components Sb
Expressed by Antimony
Zinc & it's components AS
Expressed by Zink
Chromium & it's components Cr Total (1)
Expressed by Chromium Co
Cobalt & it's components
Expressed by Cobalt Cu
Cooper & it's components
Expressed by Cobalt Pb

Lead & it's components

Expressed by Lead
Manganese & it's components Mn
Expressed by Manganese
Nickel & it's components Ni
Expressed by Nickel
Tin expressed by Tin Sn
Vanadium expressed by Vanadium V
0.1
:Notices
 concentration of each specified substance in first column that emitted from chimney,
should not increase, in any point before mixing with air or other gases, from the
permitted limits therein.
 M3 means cubic meter of air of material or dry gas occupied cubic meter in 25
temperature degree and atmosphere pressure equals 760 M Mercury .
 mg means milligram.
 emission limits of Cadmium, Tin, Mercury, Antimony, Zink, chromium ,Cobalt, Cooper,
Lead ,Manganese , Nickel , Tin, and Fandom, account as averages for each sample for
period of time less possible time 4 hours and maximum 8 hours.
 Dioxenates & furanates are averages should be measure for sample for period less
possible time 6 hours and maximum 8 hours, emission limits means entire
concentration of Dioxnates & fluranates & above.
Annex No (5)
The permitted limits of air polluters emitted from steady sources

component Chemical Resource Emission permitted
symbol maximum limits
Visual emissions Burning sources 250
Monoxide carbon CO All sources 500
Nitro oxide expressed by Dioxide NOx Burning sources Look at annex (7)
Nitrogen Materials production factories annual average 1500
Other sources 4ug/mq
hour average mq/gu 200 200
Dioxide Sulfur SO2 Burning sources 500

Materials production factories 2000

Other sources 1000
Trioxide Sulfur, containing Sulfur SO3 Materials production factories 150
Acid ( expressed by trioxide Other sources 50
Sulfur)
Total suspended particles TSP Burning sources 250
Cement factories 50
Other sources 150
Ammonia & it's components NH3 Materials production factories 50
expressed by Ammonia Other sources 10
Petrol cgHg All sources 5
Iron Fe Iron production factories 100
Zink & it's components Zn Galvanization & Electric painting 10
expressed by Zink industries
Lead & it's components P6 All sources 5
expressed by Lead
Antimony & it's components S6 Materials production factories 5
expressed Other sources 1
Zink & it's components A5 All sources 1
Cadmium & it's components Col All sources 1
Mercury & it's components Hg Mercury 0.5
Nickel & it's components Ni All sources 1
expressed by Nickel
Cooper & it's components All sources 5
expressed by Cooper
Hydro Silveric Acid H2s All sources 5
Chlorides cl /200
10
Hydro Chloride Hd Chloride works 200
Other sources 20
Fluoride & it's components F Ammonium dissolving factories 20
expressed by Fluoride Other sources 50
Fermld Hyde Ch2O Materials production factories 20
Other sources 2
Carbon C Residuals burning 250
50
Total of scattered organic Voc All sources 20
components expressed by Entire
organic Carbon
Dioxinates & Fuornates All sources nanogram/mq 1
:Notice
 Concentration of The fixed materials in the first column, which emitted from any source
fixed in the second column, should not exceed of maximum limits stated in the third
column , this upon any point before mixing with air, smoke and other gases.
 The special limits at visual emissions Not coincide with water steam emissions or first
operation period or stopping or in emergences.
 the measurement of the entire suspended particles, that emitted from burning sources,
should be 12% of Dioxide Carbon.

 the heavy elements total concentration (Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Mercury, Cooper and
Zink) should not increase from 5 milligram /mq.
 the scattered organic materials represent unburned Hydro Carbon .
 the amount of Dixonates & Furanates should be measured within period of time
minimum 6 hours and maximum 8 hours .
Annex No (6)
The permitted limits of air polluters emitted from unsteady sources (motor vehicles)
Motor vehicle polluters Vehicle made Vehicles made Measurement

fuel type before 2003 after 2003 methods
Petrol Hydro carbonates 900 part in Million 900 part in Million At inactive speed

CO% 4.5% volume 2.5% volume (900-600 move/m)
At inactive speed
(900-600 move/m)
Diesel darkness 30% At maximum

speedup
Annex No (7)
The permitted limits of air polluters emitted from burning steady sources used Hydro carbonic fuel
Component Chemical symbol Resource Emission permitted maximum

limits
Visual emissions All sources 250
Nitro oxide Fuel burning units 350

expressed by Nitro NOx Gas fuel 500

Dioxide Liquid fuel
Turbine units 70
Gas fuel 150
Liquid fuel
Sulfur Dioxide SO2 All sources 500

Entire suspended Tsp All sources 250
particles
Carbon Monoxide Co All sources 500
:Notice
 Concentration of The fixed materials in the first column, from any source should not
exceed of maximum limits stated in the third column, this upon any point before mixing
with air, smoke and other gases.
 The special limits at visual emissions not coincide with water steam emissions or first
operation period or stopping or in emergencies.
 The maximum limits of Nitro oxide emissions in stand turbine units that works with gas
fuel is 130/milligram.
Annex No (8A)
The permitted limits of air polluters inside work place (dust)
Substance Maximum limits/mailgram/ mq
Dust breathable 0.05
Non crystallized Silica ( Gravette) 2.50
Asbestos ( crystallized) 0.1 ( fiber for each mq)

Entire dust
Non crystallized Silica ( Gravette) 10
Rock wool 5
Gel silica 6
Portland cement 10
Dust from organic recourses
Solid wood vapor 1
Mello wood vapor 5
Inorganic Lead 0.05
Annex No (8B)
The permitted limits of air polluters of chemical work place

S.No Primary Substances Maximum limits/mailgram/ mq

Exposure
1 Asset ALdehaed 45
2 Acetic Acid 40
3 Acetone 2400
4 florin)Acid amino (-2 0
5 Acroleen 0.70
6 Acrylic Acid 5.0
7 Ameno de phenol-4 0
8 Trioxide Antimony 0.5
9 Trioxide Antimony during it's 0.5
productive stages
10 Arsenic 0.01
11 Arsenic acid & it's salts 0.1
12 Untied Arsenic components 0.05
13 Benita oxide Arsenic 0.1
14 Trioxide Arsenic 0.1
15 Asbestos ( Amino) Amazonite fiber/cmq 0.5
16 Asbestos cresotell fiber/cmq 2
17 Asbestos crocodile fiber/ cmq 0.2
18 Asbestos other forms fiber/cmq 2
19 Benzene 1.5
20 Benzenden 0
21 Benzendeen salts 0
22 Benzo-A- Burin 0.01
23 Beryllium 2
24 Beryllium components 1
25 Beez (2-Ethel chloride ) Ether 10
26 Bromine 1.3
27 Cadmium 0.02
28 Cadmium chloride 0.05
29 Cadmium components ( inorganic) 0.01
30 Cadmium components 0.02
snuffed)inorganic(
31 Cadmium oxide 0.05
32 Cadmium oxide ( smokes) 0.01
33 Cadmium Solvate 0.04
34 Calcium Arsenic 0.2
35 Calcium chromes 1
36 Fourth Carbon bromide 4.0
37 Fourth Carbon Chloride 60
38 Di-Phenol chloride (42% chlorine) 1
39 Di-Phenol chloride (54% chlorine) 0.5
40 chloroform 100
41 Methyl chloride – Methyl Ether 0.007
42 chloride –Orto- Teledyne -4 10
43 0.01

Annex No (9)
Regarding controls & instructions of the chemical pernicious safety spraying
Firstly: Safety spraying controls
Factors Procedures
1 wind The best time of spray upon finding settled wind about minimum speed of 2 m/s, when
measured at 2 m height ( distinguished breezes we feel them on face) the wind speed
should not increase of 10m/s ( earth & tree leaves around the place blowing)
2 Temperature No spray when there's strong thermal convection , which occurs when sun temperature
degree increase in the sky heating earth service that heating the near air, then raise holding
spray drops out of the indented region.
3 rain No spraying During rainfalls absolutely or in it's way to fall, also the thick fog
4 Spraying time The best time to spry 's in the morning & also in the evening, it's determination defer
with disease & atmosphere circumstances differences , in the morning from early
morning to eleven o'clock, in the evening begins from 4 o'clock.
Secondly: Safety spraying instruction
Before spraying During spraying After spraying

Choosing the suitable time to spray Get rid of all pernicious empty tins
Fixing the intend disease to fight Application of the correct spraying Put warning singe in the spraying
Fixing the pernicious to use method place
Read the existing instructions on Not eat or dink during spraying
the pernicious tin and the dose Not spraying opposite the wind Take of the spraying clothes after
. advised to use direction .finished spraying operation
Controls & measure the used Training workers should execute
instrument spraying
Wear protective suit of pernicious not use plains in spraying except in Wash after operation
Animals & bees blockage maximum necessity
When spraying the health units
.should be informed people's should be warned of Wash spraying instruments
existence during spraying

S.No Primary Substances Maximum limits/mailgram/ mg

Exposure
51 Chromium Trioxide 0.05
52 Black dyes (direct)-38 0.01
53 Yellow dyes -36 0.01
54 Coal tar 0.2
55 Cobalt (dust or smoke) & inorganic components 0.02
56 Cooper 0.2
57 diesteel Benzedeen -4,4 0
58 diameno defeel -4,4 0.8
59 Diazomethane 0
60 depromo -3-chlorobroban -1 ,2 0.01
62 Decloro acetylene 0.4
63 decloro befeneel -4-yelen dimine & it's salt -3,3 0.1
64 decloro ethanol-1,1 80
65 Decloro methane 175
66 & decloro -4,4-methline deetline -2,2 0.1
67 Sez-(z) -1,3- dicloro brobin 5
68 Trance -1,3-dicloro brobin 5
Diesel
69 Ethanol ) diethyl amino (-2 0.15
70 Diethyl solvate 9.5
71 Dimethel amino azobenzen 0.2
72 di methyl hydrazine -1,1 0
73 Di methyl nitrosamine 0.25
74 Di methyl solvate 0
75 Di nitro benzene 0.05
76 Di nitro toline 1.0
78 Epi cloro hydren 0.15
79 Ethyon 7.5
80 Ethel Accelerate 12.0
81 Ethyl bromide 0.4
82 Eteleen di bromide 25
83 Etleen di chloride 20
84 Ethlen emetine 220
85 Form Aldehide 40
86 Formic acid 1.0
87 Hydro chloride 0.4
89 Hydro Cyanide 15
90 Hydro florid 8
91 Hydro solved 5
92 imedazoldine thyon -2 2
93 Iron oxide 0.15
94 Lead ( inorganic components) 0.2
95 Lead Arsenic 5
96 Lead chromates 0.05
97 Lead chromates 0.05
98 Linden 0.15
99 Mercury (smoke) 0.05
100 Mercury Alcilates 0.03

Appendix 3. IFC Emissions Limit

This Appendix provides:
 IFC emission guidelines limits for small combustion facilities emissions, with a thermal
combustion capacity between 3 and 50 MWth (such as engine, turbine and boiler);
 IFC emission guidelines limits for large thermal power plants with a thermal combustion
capacity greater than 50 MWth (such as reciprocating engine, combustion turbine and for
boiler).
These emission limits should be reference guideline in case neither Libyan legislation nor
Authorization have more restrictive requirements.





Appendix 4. Air Monitoring Procedures
Since it is not reasonable to measure the concentrations of all potential pollutants from every
source of emission, it is important to identify those pollutants likely to be associated with the
different gaseous releases.
The methodological criteria suggested for air emissions depending on the pollutant are presented
in the next sections, as good industrial practice to use. If national standards requires specific
monitoring procedures and plan, which may be more prescriptive, these shall be adopted.
3.1. Channelled Emissions Monitoring
The following Table summarizes the monitoring activities for channelled emissions; advantages
and disadvantages of each monitoring method are also reported.
Monitoring Monitoring
procedure for Pollutants that Advantages of Disadvantages of procedures to
pollutant can be monitored the method the method calculate the
concentration mass flow rate
Channeled emissions - Boilers and furnaces / Turbines / Treatment plants / (incinerators)
Periodic direct High accuracy.

Flow rate
measurements The only method
All those potentially Expensive, calculated with
based on approved by the
relevant. complex. standard
standard competent
techniques
techniques authorities.
Expeditious All those potentially Inexpensive,

Inaccurate. Plate data.
measurements relevant. immediate.
Relatively rarely
applicable to
Upstream
Flow rate
Direct activities. It should
All those potentially Most reliable and calculated with
continuous be always
relevant. accurate. standard
measurements applicable to
techniques.
processes over 50
MWth. Expensive
and complex.

Measurement of
only compounds for
which it is possible
to get the mass
balance (sulfur The method
oxides, metals). Inexpensive, provides only the
Indirect Potentially
more mass flows and
measurements inaccurate.
For nitrogen conservative not the
oxides, carbon concentrations.
monoxide and PM,
it is possible to
apply an emission
factor.
Channeled emissions – Reciprocating Engines
Expeditious All those potentially Inexpensive,

Inaccurate. Plate data.
measurements relevant. immediate.
Measurement of
only compounds for
which it is possible
to get the mass
balance (sulfur The method
oxides, metals). Inexpensive, provides only the
Indirect Potentially
more mass flows and
measurements inaccurate.
For nitrogen conservative not the
oxides, carbon concentrations.
monoxide and PM,
it is possible to
apply an emission
factor.
Channeled emissions – Claus Plant
Periodic direct High accuracy.

Flow rate
measurements The only method
Expensive, calculated with
based on SO2 and H2S. approved by the
complex. standard
standard competent
techniques
techniques authorities.

Estimation from
measured data of
sulfur
concentration and
Indirect volumetric flow Potentially
SO2 and H2S. -
measurements rate at the inflow inaccurate
to the plant.
Stoichiometric
calculation.
Channeled emissions – Venting
Meters based on
ultrasound
systems or
Expeditious
Mainly VOCs The most applicable system. calibrated flanges
campaigns
for the calculation
of gas directed to
emission.
3.2.1. Flue gas emissions from combustion
Direct Monitoring
For flue gases from combustion in furnaces, boilers, turbines and incinerators, the direct
monitoring of the emissions close to the point of emission into the air is always preferable to
indirect methods, whenever it is economically feasible. Continuous monitoring is required, unless
otherwise specified, for large combustion plant, as these are potentially more polluting (defined as
those with a thermal combustion capacity over 50MW). For smaller plant it is advisable to perform
periodic monitoring at yearly or half-yearly intervals, or even more frequently when fuel quality
fluctuates.
Whatever the type of fuel, the following must be monitored:
 nitrogen oxides (NOx);
 carbon monoxide (CO).

Direct measurement provides concentrations at the point of emission. In order to compare the
concentration with the reference standard and the calculated mass flow, it is necessary to
measure simultaneously the concentration and the following:
 volumetric flow rate of the releases;
 pressure;
 temperature;
 water content;
 oxygen content.
If the fuel used is not from the grid, which is highly desulfurized and free of particles, it is also
necessary to monitor (either continuously or through periodic monitoring according to the
requirements for the other pollutants) the following:
 sulfur dioxide (SO2);
 and potentially PM.
In large plants (certainly greater than 50MW), if fuel characteristics change rapidly, it is advisable
to also measure the heavy metal emissions, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins.
This monitoring should be carried out periodically, with annual or biennial (every two years)
frequency.
Substances to be monitored are:
 arsenic;
 cadmium;
 chromium;
 manganese;
 nickel;
 lead;
 antimony;
 vanadium;
 dioxins, furans and PCBs;
 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons;

 VOCs.
In combustion flue gases the VOCs speciation may be limited to methane and aldehydes.
However, for gas incinerator plants, VOCs speciation should be extended to include at least
methane, aldehydes and aromatics. For solid waste incineration plants, if still operating, it is also
advisable to monitor the following:
 HCl;
 HF (unless fluorine can be excluded a priori);
 mercury;
 thallium;
 cobalt;
 copper.
Through direct monitoring it is possible to quantify pollutant concentrations at the emission point,
for comparison with reference standards.
To estimate the mass flow, please refer to the following sections of this standard.
Periodic monitoring: sampling methods
To perform periodic monitoring the stack needs to be equipped with sampling points. The sampling
must be performed in compliance with international technical standards or, if they exist, with the
national standards of Ghana. There are copious technical standards, implemented by the ISO
(American) and the EN (European) that are widely referenced in national regulations, both within
and outside Europe. Therefore it is not expected that reference to the legislation of a particular
country will introduce significant “localism”.
Analytical methods for periodic monitoring
The analytical methods are defined by specific standards developed and approved by
internationally recognized certification bodies.
In the following lists the technical standards that define the reference analytical methods for the
measurement of each pollutant or parameter. As reported above, for EN regulations, the reference
to the national version is given by placing the abbreviations of the Country of reference at the
beginning.

Analytical
Pollutants reference Base technique
method
Stationary source emissions. Determination of the
mass concentration of carbon monoxide (CO).
Reference method: non-dispersive infrared
spectrometry.
Carbon
CO EN 15058:2006 The regulation describes the gas sampling method
Monoxide
and the gas sample conditioning.
The concentration of CO is determined by measuring
the attenuation of infrared beam in a measuring cell,
in compliance with Lambert Beer law.
Stationary source emissions - Determination of mass
concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO x). Reference
method: Chemiluminescence
Stationary Source Emission Measurements -
Conveyed Gas Flows - Determination Of Nitrogen
Oxides In Conveyed Gas Flows - Phenoldisulphonic
Acid Method
The regulation describes the chemiluminescence
Nitrogen EN 14792:2006 method, including gas sampling and gas conditioning
NOx system, to determine the concentration of
Oxides 9970-1992 NO/NO2/NOx in gaseous releases emitted into the
atmosphere from flues and stacks.
The measurement principle of NOx is based on the
reaction between the NO and O3 (ozone): when the
two gases are mixed, NO is oxidized to NO2 to an
excited state. The excited molecule returns to its
normal state by emitting radiation
(chemiluminescence) that is proportional to the
amount of NO in the sample.
Stationary source emissions – Determination of low
range mass concentration of dust – Part 1: Manual
gravimetric method
The standard describes a reference method for
Total EN 13284- measuring low concentrations of particulate matter in
PTS flue gases. The gas sample is extracted from the
Particulates 1:2003
main gas sampling points isokinetically. The particles
are separated by a pre-weighted filter from the gas
stream. The increase in the mass of the filter is due to
the fine dust collected from the gas sample and it
allows the concentration of PM to be calculated.

Analytical
method
Air quality - Stationary source emissions - Manual
method of determination of the concentration of total
mercury
The determination is based on the collection of
Total particles on a filter and the subsequent absorption of
Hg EN 13211:2003
Mercury the mercury to be analysed in a solution of
permanganate potassium and sulfuric acid or
potassium dichromate and nitric acid. The amount of
pollutant collected is then determined by atomic
absorption using the EN1483 method.
Ambient air quality - Standard method for
EN 14662-1-2- measurement of benzene concentrations
Benzene C6H6
3-4-5:2005 Pumped/automated/diffuse sampling followed by
thermal desorption and gas chromatography.
Stationary source emissions. Determination of mass
concentration of gaseous chlorides expressed as HCl.
Standard reference method
The integrated gas sampling is performed by
Hydrochloric extracting the gases in a representative way with a
HCl EN 1911:2010 heated probe and after filtration the gaseous
Acid
chlorides are collected by dissolution in water
containing chlorides. This is followed by titration with
Silver Nitrate solution or by spectrophotometric
analysis with mercury thiocyanate or with t ion
exchange chromatography.

Analytical
method
total emission of As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb,
TI and V
Metals For the determination of pollutants a known volume of
As flue gas is extracted isokinetically and
Arsenic
Cd representatively from a flue with controlled flow rate
Cadmium
Cr according to EN13284-1. The PM in the sampled gas
Chrome
Mn is collected on a filter. Then the gas stream passes
Manganese EN 14385:2004
Ni through different absorption solutions and the fraction
Nickel
Pb of the specific metals that pass through the filter are
Lead Sb collected in these solutions.
Antimony
After an appropriate "digestion" treatment of the filter
Vanadium
and the preparation of sample solutions they are
analysed using ICAP-MS (coupled argon plasma
emission spectroscopy ) or AAS (atomic absorption
spectroscopy) or ICAP-OES.
Determination of metals emissions from stationary
sources
For the determination of pollutants a known volume of
gas is extracted isokineticly and representatively from
a flue or stack with a controlled flow rate. The
US EPA particles are collected on a heated filter and the gas
Zinc Zn flows through impingers containing hydrogen
method 29
peroxide and an acid solution of potassium
permanganate. After an adequate treatment it is
possible to proceed with the analysis through
inductively coupled argon plasma emission
spectroscopy (ICAP) or atomic absorption
spectroscopy (AAS).
Norma Carb Determination of Total Chromium and Hexavalent

Hexavalent
Cr (EPA California) Emissions from Stationary sources
Chromium
Method 425 The standard uses Ion Chromatography.
EN The standard specifies a series of minimum

12619:2013 (1) performance requirements for an instrument using
Volatile
flame ionization detection.
Organic VOC EN
Compounds 13649:2002 (2)
EN 13526:2002

Analytical
method
mass concentration PCDD/PCDF and PCB.
For the determination, the organic compounds
Dioxins, coming from a measured volume of gas are absorbed
EN 1948-1-2-3-
furans and onto activated carbon, while the particulate material is
PCB 4:2010 removed and water condensation is restrained. The
collected organic compounds are subsequently
desorbed by solvent extraction, and analyses using
gas chromatography with capillary column and an
appropriate detector (i.e. FID).
Stationary source emissions -- Determination of gas
and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
It describes three sampling methods, for the
determination of the mass concentration of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in flue gas emissions
from stationary sources. These methods are regarded
as of equivalent value, and specifies the minimum
Polycyclic requirements for effective PAH sampling. The three
Aromatic ISO 11338- sampling methods are the dilution method (A), the
PAH
Hydrocarbo 1.2:2003 heated filter/condenser/adsorber method (B) and the
ns cooled probe/adsorber method (C). All three methods
are based on representative isokinetic sampling, as
the PAHs are commonly associated with particles in
flue gas. Methods for sample preparation, clean-up
and analysis are described in ISO 11338-2 and are
intended to be combined with one of the sampling
methods described in ISO 11338-1 to complete the
whole measurement procedure.
Velocity of UNI 10169 - Determination Of Velocity And Flow Rate In
v
gas flow 2001 Conveyed Gas Flow By Pitot Tube.
Gas flow Q UNI 10169 - Determination Of Velocity And Flow Rate In
rate 2001 Conveyed Gas Flow By Pitot Tube.
13725: 2004- Air Quality-Determination of Odour
Odours - EN 13725
Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry
Notes:
(1) As Total Organic Compounds (TOC)
(2) For single compound after fixation on activated carbon

Expeditious monitoring
This kind of measurement is characterized by higher operational simplicity and shorter periods of
execution, but do not guarantee the same reliability of the results as the previous methods.
Moreover, expeditious measurements detailed here are for evaluating the concentrations at the
point of emission, but not the measurement of the flow rate.
One of the major limitations of these techniques is that the data may not be repeatable due to the
very short sampling time which may not be representative of the average emissions.
Measurements using photoionization detectors (PIDs) and flame ionization detectors (FIDs) is
performed by placing the probe near the point of emission, or, in case of the exhausts of internal
combustion engines, directly into the exhaust paying attention not to damage the probe, due to
high temperatures.
Measurements should be read, if possible, for at least few minutes to get a representative value,
and should be taken with the system fully operating.
The following is the list of some suppliers of PID and FID probes:
 RAE SYSTEMS: http://www.raesystems.com;
 SHAWCITY: http://www.pidhire.com/;
 RIBBLE ENVIRO Ltd http://www.ribble-enviro.co.uk;
 PHOTOVAC: http://www.photovac.com.
Measurement using Dräger tubes is performed by positioning the equipment at the point of
emission and letting a fixed and known quantity of air (typically 100 cm3) enter the tube. At this
point the chemical substances contained in the tube react with the air and change color in
proportion to the parameter being measured. The tubes are graded for direct reading. There are
different kinds of tubes, each capable of different measurements like humidity, gas concentration
or radioactivity level. This method of measurement has practical benefits as it is simple to use, and
is fairly inexpensive for a limited number of measurements. The disadvantage is that the tubes
have a limited life span.
Continuous monitoring
Continuous monitoring is the most reliable and accurate technique. It is however relatively rarely
applicable to exploration and production activities, but is used for particularly critical plants (for

example in combustion plants greater than 50MW). Continuous monitoring requires the installation
of fixed instrumentation. Installation procedures are not discussed in this document, and will be
defined during the execution phase.
However, some general principles to be considered during the preparation of the system
specification are indicated in this standard.
Continuous measurement must be performed with a system able to carry out the following tasks:
 sampling and analysis;
 calibration;
 data acquisition, validation and automatic data processing.
These functions can be performed by independent equipment, or by a single system.
The sampling location must be accessible, and safe to access. Each analyzer installed must have
a system for on-site calibration.
Calibration systems, where technically possible, should be automatic and may use:
 external reference systems, like canisters containing certified concentrations or dynamic

calibrators;
 if the use of external reference systems is not technically or economically feasible, systems
internal to the analyzer itself.
If no other directions are given by the national authorities, to ease the analysis and the sampling,
two holes aligned with the stack’s axis must be made at the bottom of the stack, along with an
appropriate sealed cap. In case of facilities with high thermal power (for example over 500kW), two
identical holes should be prepared at the top of the stack in a position that is accessible for
external bodies to check.
The distances between these holes and the mouth of the stack should not be less than five times
the average diameter of the stack’s section, and at least 1.5 m. These holes should have a
diameter sufficient to allow the analysis and sampling. In addition, holes should be placed within a
straight section of the stack and at a distance of at least five times the minimum dimension of the
straight section from any change in direction or diameter. Whenever it is not technically possible to
make holes at the bottom of the stack within the given distances, these must be made at the top of
the stack at a minimum distance of 1.5 m from the mouth and in a position that can be accessed
for checks.

Each stack should have, at the bottom of the entrance to the flue, a chamber to collect solid
materials and potentially condensates. This chamber should be high enough to allow for cleaning
and for inspection. The chamber should also be equipped with a hole locked by a fireproof hatch.
The system for the data acquisition, validation and processing of the data should include:
 managing alarm signals from various equipment;
 managing automatic calibration, if applicable;
 data processing and preparation of tables in a format that can be used for comparison with the
reference limit.
Data acquisition includes the following:
 instantaneous measurement, at the proper frequency response of the electrical signals from
the analyzers or from other sensors;
 translation of electrical signals into elemental values expressed with units pertinent to the
measured quantity;
 recording of valid signals;
 reading of the status indicators of both main and ancillary instruments needed for the above
tasks.
In order to perform these tasks and to process the signals, operator intervention should be able to
introduce data and information into the system. These data and inputs should be filed and
displayed using the same criteria as the other parameters measured. The measurement validation
system should automatically validate, on the basis of the predefined checking procedures, both
the raw data acquired and the values calculated as an average over one hour period. The
validation procedures used in relation to the type of process and to the type of analyzer, should be
set up by the competent authority, after discussion with the manager.
For large combustion plants, data are not valid in the following cases:
 raw data acquired when anomalies to the measurement system are indicated, making the
measurement unreliable;
 electrical signals from the sensors are beyond predefined tolerance values;
 the gap between the last raw data acquired and the previous one is higher than the maximum
threshold that should be defined by the competent authority;

 the amount of valid raw data used in the calculation of the average value is less than 70% of
the number of data that can theoretically be acquired in one hour;
 the maximum gap between two raw readings is not within a range fixed by the competent
authority;
 the average hourly value is not between a range fixed by the competent authority.
In the construction and operation of the measurement systems for each parameter high levels of
accuracy and availability of raw data must be obtained. The measurement system must be made
with a suitable configuration to run continuously, unattended, in all ambient and process
conditions. The manager must guarantee data quality by adopting procedures that allow for
documenting methods and execution of schedules and unscheduled maintenance activities and of
calibration of the measurement instruments. Such procedures are set by the competent
authorities, after discussing with the manager, and must include:
 periodical checking of instrument response, for each analyzer, over the measurement range by
means of tests and off-site calibrations;
 control and on-site corrections of normal instrument drift or of the influence exerted on the
measurement by the variability of ambient conditions;
 execution of ordinary maintenance activities to ensure integrity and efficiency of the system, in
relation to, for example, the replacement of components subject to deterioration, filters
cleansing, etc.;
 routine on-site checks of calibration curves of the analyzers.
For each instrument scheduled and un-scheduled maintenance must be recorded in a log that
summarizes the action taken.
The analyzers must be certified, possibly by a state certification body.
Indirect monitoring
When direct monitoring cannot be performed, it is advisable to proceed with indirect monitoring. To
estimate emissions of:
 sulfur dioxide;
 PM;
 arsenic;

 cadmium;
 chromium;
 manganese;
 nickel;
 lead;
 antimony;
 vanadium.
The metals, sulfur and total inert materials content of the fuel have to be monitored as well.
By measuring the fuel flow rate it is possible to estimate the mass flow at the emission by:
 for metals and PM: simply multiplying their concentration in the fuel by the fuel flow rate (for
PM the parameter to measure is solid inert material in fuel ashes);
 for sulfur dioxide: multiplying sulfur concentration in the fuel by the fuel flow rate and the ratio
of the molecular weight of sulfur dioxide and sulfur (equal to 2).
The measurement of the concentration of various substances in fuel should be performed

periodically, depending on the expected variability in the composition of the fuel itself (e.g. half-
yearly); the measurement of the fuel flow rate is a process parameter, usually well known.
By means of these techniques it is possible to quantify the pollutant's mass flow. Once the mass
flow is known, to estimate the concentration, please refer to the following sections of this standard.
Otherwise to estimate the emissions of:
 nitrogen oxides;
 and carbon monoxide.
it is necessary to use different techniques from the ones described above, since it is not possible
to use mass balance calculations.
These approaches can be adopted for the purpose:
 firstly whether the manufacturer of the equipment provided a guaranteed emission value
should be checked. In this case it is possible to assume that the concentration in the stack will
be equal to that guaranteed; once the concentration is known, the general procedures
described below to estimate the mass flow shall be used;

 where no guaranteed values are available, it is possible to apply an emission factor (specific
emission), generally expressed in terms of mass flow for units of fuel or units of energy
produced (expressed as heat). To estimate the mass flow it is therefore necessary to measure:
- quantity of fuel used;
- heat value of fuel.
With reference to the choice of the emission factors, there are international reference thresholds
for different types of emissions’ sources. However, it is advisable to refer to emission factors
consistent with those calculated by the eni upstream for GHG reporting.
3.2.2. Flue air emissions from combustion in reciprocating engines
Direct monitoring - expeditious monitoring
Direct periodic and/or continuous monitoring is often impossible to undertake since it is not
possible to install measurement instruments on all the types of emission (for example the exhaust
of a generator); in these cases it is advisable to carry out expeditious or indirect monitoring. This
advice also applies when direct monitoring is not used due to the cost.
The following should be monitored:
 nitrogen oxides;
 carbon monoxide;
 VOCs (for whom speciation as per Annex B is limited to Benzene only);
 SO2, where the diesel oil used has a high sulphur content or where this is unknown;
 PM (possibly).
Usually it is impossible to calculate the volumetric flow rate of the exhaust emissions that should
be estimated based on fuel consumption and on air/fuel rate, which is a design parameter and can
be found in the engine manual. As a first approximation, consider the exhaust flow rate to be equal
to the inlet flow rate. Once the concentration is known, to estimate the mass flow refer to the
following sections of this standard.

Indirect monitoring
When direct monitoring is not possible, it is advisable to proceed with indirect monitoring according
to the same procedures described in the previous section.
3.2.3. Flue air emissions from CLAUS plants
Sulphur dioxide, SO2, is the main air pollutant emitted from CLAUS plants. There can also be
fugitive emissions of H2S where the flue gas is not incinerated.
Direct monitoring
Emissions of SO2 and H2S can be measured in the stack using the methods already explained for
direct monitoring from combustion sources. Once the concentration is known, the mass flow rate
needs to be known, which is describe in the following sections of this standard.
Indirect monitoring
The efficiency of the plant, i.e. the percentage of sulfur removed, is usually known (design
parameter).
By measuring the sulfur concentration and volumetric flow rate at the inflow to the plant, it is
possible to calculate sulfur emission as the difference between the inlet and the sulfur recovery
rate. If no information is available (and if the plant has no final incineration) conservatively assume
that two thirds of the sulfur in the emission is H2S and one third is SO2. If there is final
incineration, assume that 100% of sulfur emission is SO2.
3.2.4. Venting
Direct monitoring of emissions before the point of release is the most applicable method. Given the
very high variability typical of this type of emission, when continuous monitoring cannot be applied
(almost always) it may be preferable to undertake several expeditious monitoring campaigns rather
than limited periodical monitoring. At least the following pollutants should be monitored:
 HCl;
 Mercury;

 Sulphur content;
 VOCs (VOCs speciation should be extended to identify at least methane, aldehydes and
aromatics)
Through this type of monitoring it is possible to measure the concentration of a pollutant at the
release points, for comparison with air emission limits. Mass flow can be calculated from the
volumetric flow of the gas diverted to the vent, measured using flow meters. such as calibrated
flanges or ultrasound systems applied to the inlet pipe to the vent.
Periodic monitoring campaigns (or continuous monitoring) are difficult to implement for these types
of sources. The concentration of various substances at the release point can be estimated using
the methods described for internal combustion engines. The volumetric flow of the gas sent to the
vent can be assumed to be the same as that used for flaring.
3.2. Diffuse Emissions Monitoring
The following paragraphs describe a method to estimate diffuse emissions by a combination of

measurement and calculation.
3.2.1. Emissions from water treatment basins and tanks
Diffuse emissions from water treatment tanks and other tanks, mostly consist of:
 H2S, NH3, VOCs. These substances can be introduced into the atmosphere as a
consequence of the following events:
▬ evaporation from the surface of the basins;
▬ stripping into the atmosphere during water mixing due to jet formation;
 an aerosol emitted during water mixing due to jet formation or from the oxygenation system (if
present).
Different types of VOCs can be emitted, depending on the substances being treated. For
treatment basins for water contaminated with crude oil, speciation might include aldehydes and
aromatics.
Direct monitoring of these emissions is not possible. While for other types of sources estimating
emissions is simple and quick using the US EPA AP-42 emission factors, this methodology is often

difficult for this sources, and therefore it is advisable to use the US EPA freeware WATER9
program, which is the software version of the appropriate section of AP-42.
WATER9 estimates the air emissions from water treatment tanks and storage tanks, and is able to
estimate emissions from industrial wastewater treatment plants with multiple sources of emission.
In the case of multiple sources, WATER9 is able to estimate the emissions of different compounds
from individual sources. The final estimate is obtained as the sum of the individual estimates.
The equations used in WATER9 are presented in the document US EPA “Air Emissions Models for
Waste and Wastewater”.
It should be considered that WATER9 is a very complex modelling software that requires a lot of
specific and meteorological data, and it is worth only for large volume systems.
Measurement of ambient concentrations of substances potentially emitted can allow, through the
use of dispersion modelling a more accurate estimate of the emissions.
3.2.2. Emissions from tanks
Diffuse emissions from storage tanks are typically the vapours of the substances stored and
therefore, depending on the substance stored, may be mixtures of hydrocarbons (VOCs, and their
components) and/or acid vapours.
As the VOCs emitted are those in the stored products, the compounds emitted is therefore
generally known. In the case of tanks containing crude oil, speciation might include aldehydes and
aromatics.
It is not possible to apply direct monitoring systems to these emissions. Based on the
characteristics of the tanks and emission control systems, the US EPA AP-42 provides indicative
emission factors that can be used. The freeware software TANKS is an implementation of AP-42
that allows the estimation of VOC from different type of tanks depending on their characteristics.
Measurement of ambient concentrations of substances potentially emitted can allow, through the
use of inverse modelling for a more accurate estimate of the emissions rate. This approach is quite
complex and demanding in terms of meteorological input.
3.2.3. Odour Emissions

This section covers odour emissions from waste storage yards, wastewater treatment facilities, API
separator systems, fuel storages, Hydrocarbon tanks, loading/unloading areas, activities related to
odours substances movement or equipment opening/maintenance.
In case no specific requirements from Host Country legislation and/or air emissions Authorization
are available, odour emission can be monitored using three different methods:
1. Sniff – testing (based on the guidelines VDI 3940 – 3883);
2. Dynamic Olfactometry (based on EN 13725:2004);
3. Chemical Analysis.
In order to plan in an effective manner these kinds of monitoring, it has to be remarked that:
 monitoring should be conducted during specific periods of the year, the ones when odour
emissions are strongest;
 the number of samples should be identified based on the type of emission source, they should
be representative samples of the investigated emission source;
the location of sampling points depends on meteo-climatic conditions and therefore meteo
parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction etc. should be also
monitored.
3.3. Fugitive Emissions Monitoring
As with diffuse emissions, the following paragraphs describe a method to estimate fugitive
emissions by a combination of measurement and calculation.
Fugitive emissions are unintentional emissions from leakages of joints or from particular sections
of the plant, and therefore the locations of the emissions are unknown.
The most widely used technique for estimating the fugitive emissions is LDAR (Leak Detection and
Repair), detailed in technical guidance issued by the US EPA (US EPA “Leak Detection and
Repair – A Best Practices Guide” and “Leak Detection and Repair – A Best Practices Pamphlet”).
This procedure consists of the following four phases:
1. identification of the plant components (valves, vents, etc.) that may cause fugitive emissions
for monitoring;

2. periodic monitoring to check the status of the identified components, and estimate of the
fugitive emission;
3. implementation of a plan to reduce fugitive emissions, for each component for which leakages
have been identified;
4. reporting with monitoring results.
A LDAR program should be managed using a database to record the components to be

monitored, the monitoring data and monitoring results. At the moment there are few programs on
the market for the estimate of fugitive emissions.
An alternative to the LDAR is an estimation based on the US EPA AP-42 emission factors Protocol
for Emission Leak Equipment Estimates. The Protocol identifies for each source (valve, flange,
pump seals, etc.) an emission factors accordingly to the fluids in service (gas, light liquid, heavy
liquid). To assess the fugitive emission from a plant, an inventory of the all the source must be
prepared (based on the analysis of P&IDs available), then the sum sources for each typology must
be multiplied for the correct emission factors to have the fugitive emission of the plants.
This indirect estimation is quite conservative, generally the US EPA-42 overestimate the fugitive
emission rate from each source, so a solution is to use a round of LDAR to define more realistic
emission factors and the used that instead US EPA-42 emission factors.
3.4. Flaring Emissions Monitoring
Emissions from flaring are those typical of combustion (nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon
oxides; particular matter, metals and acids if contained in the stream and not fully thermo-oxidized
by flaring), however as combustion at the flare is often incomplete, emissions of incomplete
combustion products (carbon oxide, carbon particulates, VOCs) are generally higher than in
combustion from engines, boilers and turbines.
It is not possible to apply direct monitoring systems and therefore to install fixed monitoring
equipment next to the release of a flare. An alternative is to perform open path measurement,
which allow measurements to be made directly in the atmosphere without obtaining samples. The
average concentration of a specifically targeted pollutant is determined over an extended
measurement path, rather than at a localised point. They detect gases over an open path between
a detector and a light source unit. With respect to point monitors, the main difference is that open-

path systems are able to detect the average concentration simultaneously for a number of
contaminants over the full measured distance rather than at a specific point.
One of the main attractions of the open-path systems is that they can be used for a wide variety of
different contaminants, including most of the volatile organics.
Indirect monitoring techniques allows to measure the mass flow of the emissions of:
 sulfur oxides;
 metals.
It is possible to measure the concentration of various substances in the gas being flared and the
volumetric flow of the gas itself. To estimate the emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon
monoxide, emission factors have to be used, consistent with those calculated by eni upstream for
GHG reporting.
For the (indirect) measurement of the mass flow of the emissions it is necessary to know the
volumetric flow rate of the gas being flared. This is possible using fixed or continuous systems,
such as calibrated flanges or ultrasound systems applied to the inlet pipe to the flare. To correctly
measure the flow rate, it is necessary for the instruments to be installed sufficiently far away from
any perturbing factors (such as bends and changes in diameter in the flue), similar to that already
indicated in relation to the installation of periodic monitoring systems.

Appendix 5. Actions for reduction and control of emissions
The recommended control systems relevant to only the major pollutants, which usually determine
the choice of the abatement system, are reported in the following table
Pollutant
Equipment SO 2 NOx CO VOC Metals,

micro
pollutants
Boilers and Fuel Primary systems:
furnaces fed desulfurizatio (DLN/DLE),
with liquid Water/Steam - - -
fuels n Injection
Boilers and Primary systems:

furnaces fed (DLN/DLE),
with gaseous - Water/Steam - - -
fuels Injection
Primary systems:
Turbines fed Fuel
(DLN/DLE),
with liquid desulfurizatio - - -
Water/Steam
fuels n
Injection
Primary Systems:
Turbines fed
DLN/DLE,
with gaseous - - - -
fuels Water/Steam
Injection
Reciprocating Fuel Primary systems

engines fed desulfurizatio - -
with liquid fuel n Catalytic converter
Reciprocating
Primary systems
engines fed
- - -
with gaseous
Catalytic converter
fuel
Treatment
Gasses downstream the incineration plants might need further treatment, to
plants
be evaluated case by case.
(incinerators)
Venting - - - - Direct the

emissions

Pollutant
Equipment SO 2 NOx CO VOC Metals,

micro
pollutants
into the
incineration
systems
 Minimize the surface of the water solutions basins

containing hydrocarbons (possibly increasing their depth
or minimizing the storage requirements);
 Manage at the best the oil/water separation plants (API

Diffuse skimmer plants), reducing the amount of hydrocarbon
-
emissions present in the water accumulated in basins located
downstream of the skimmer, which usually have a large
surface area.
• Clean and drain the basins where liquid hydrocarbon are

accumulated as consequence of spills.
The application of monitoring campaigns conducted according to the

method LDAR (described above) is the primary measure to reduce VOC
Fugitive
emissions, to identify system components that determine the major
emissions
emissions and then undertake targeted maintenance treatment on these
components.
A good separation between the

liquid and the gaseous
discharges allow the delivering of
liquid rich flows to horizontal
Flaring - - -
flares (not controlled) and to
deliver the remaining flow at high
efficiency and low emissions
vertical flares.

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Mellitah Oil & Gas B.V.

Libyan Branch –Air Emissions Management Procedure

Mellitah Oil and Gas B.V. LIBYAN BRANCH

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROCEDURE

CORPORATE AIR EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT

MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 1 of 85

MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 2 of 85

3.1 Internal References............................................................................................................................ 4

3.2 External References........................................................................................................................... 5

4 DEFINITION, ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS...................................................................................5

4.2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................. 6

6.1 AIR EMISSION SOURCES.............................................................................................................. 14

6.1.1 Channelled Emissions.................................................................................................................. 15

6.1.2 Flaring Emissions......................................................................................................................... 16

6.1.3 Diffuse Emissions......................................................................................................................... 16

6.1.4 Fugitive Emissions........................................................................................................................ 17

6.2 AIR EMISSION MANAGEMENT PROCESS...................................................................................17

6.2.1 Air Emission Sources Inventory.................................................................................................... 19

6.2.2 Air emissions sources Monitoring activities..................................................................................21

6.2.3 Reduction and Control of Emissions.............................................................................................23

7 TRAINING AND AWARENESS............................................................................................................... 24

MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 3 of 85

Specifically, the procedure provides:

3.1 Internal References

[Ref.1] MOG-HSEQ-IN-M-001 “Corporate HSE Manual”

[Ref.2] MOG-HSEQ-P-122 “HSE Objectives and Monitoring Program”

[Ref.3] MOG-HSEQ-P-123 “HSE Reporting”

[Ref.4] MOG-HSEQ-P-027 “Corporate Internal and External Audit”

[Ref.5] MOG-HSEQ-P-033 “Management Review Procedure”

MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 4 of 85

3.2 External References

[Ref.7] ISO 14001:2015- “ Environmental management systems – requirements and

[Ref.12] Institute of Air Quality Management, London, “Guidance on the assessment of

4 DEFINITION, ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

BAT Best Available Technologies.

BES Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

CEMS Continuous Emission Monitoring System

CIMS Corporate Integrate Management System

MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 5 of 85

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

HSEQ Health, Safety, Environment and Quality

NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOX Nitrogen Oxides

OMC Operation Management Committee

ppmv parts per million by volume

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SOX Sulphur Oxides

TSP Total Suspended Particles

VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

4.2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Odour annoyance can be considered the expression of disturbed well-

Best Available Technologies. It is a term applied within regulations on

MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 6 of 85

Quarters and all operating sites

Refers to any owned or leased offices, premises, offshore / onshore

Odour complaints occur when individuals consider the odour to be

An outside Company awarded a contract by the Company to perform a

Direct measurement of either the concentration or the mass flow of a

Substance discharged into the atmosphere from both natural and

The mass of pollutant emitted per unit of activity specific to a process,

Surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water,

Expeditious Periodic monitoring, either direct or indirect, not necessarily planed,

MOG-HSEQ-E-P-113 Rev A1 Page 7 of 85