ENG (PC) CONTEXT – the environment where the

communication takes place. It is either

the setting or the scene and the
MIDTERM REVIEWER: expectation of the individual involved.
BARRIER/NOISE or INTERFERENCE –
Lesson 1: Elements of anything that blocks or changes the
Communication sender’s intended meaning of the
message.
COMMUNICATION
- comes from the Latin word
“communicare” which means “to share” Lesson 2: Communication
or “to common”. Process
- it is the way we exchange our COMMUNICATION PROCESS – refers
thoughts, ideas and point of view to to a series of actions or steps taken in
others. order to successfully communicate.

- it could be expressed Verbal and Non-
verbal.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SENDER – the one who present their
ideas to another person or group of
people.
It involves several components such as:
 the sender of the communication
 the actual message being sent
 the encoding of the message
 the receiver and the decoding of
the message

MESSAGE – the information, ideas and 4 KEY COMPONENT OF

thoughts conveyed by the COMUNICATION PROCESS
speaker/sender.
ENCODING – transforming opinions
and ideas into symbols such as word,
picture, sign, and mark.
CHANNEL – the tool or method use in
delivering the message.
DECODING – interpreting the encoded
message of the speaker/sender.
ENCODING – the process of turning
RECEIVER – the recipient of the thoughts into communication.
message or someone who decodes the
message.
FEEDBACK – the reaction, response or
message in return.
- The encoder uses a 'medium' to
send the message, a phone call,
email, text message, face-to-face
meeting, or other communication
tool.
MEDIUM OF TRANSMISION –
transmission medium is a system or
substance that can mediate the
propagation of signals for the purposes
of telecommunication.
- Signals are typically imposed on a
wave of some kind suitable for the
chosen medium.
DECODING – is translating the
message from its sign format into
meaning.
- It means converting a message into
thoughts by translating the received
stimuli into an interpreted meaning in
order to understand the message
communicated.
FEED BACK – the final step of the
process that ensures the receiver has
received the message and interpreted it
correctly as it was intended by the
sender.
- It increases the effectiveness of the
communication as it permits the
sender to know the efficacy of his
message.
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
AND ITS PROCESS:
“Communication is important to express
oneself. It also satisfies one's needs.
One should have effective
communication for advancement in the
career. In your personal life, effective
communication skills can smooth your
way and your relationships with others
by helping you to understand others,
and to be understood.”
Lesson 3: Nine Principles of
Communication
MICHAEL OSBORN (2009) – claims
that communication must meet certain
standards for effective communication to
take place.
NINE PRINCIPLES OF
COMUNICATION
CLARITY – It makes speeches
understandable.
- Fuzzy language is absolutely
forbidden, as are jargons, cliché
expressions, euphemisms and
doublespeak language.
CONCRETENESS – It reduces
misunderstandings.
- Messages must be supported by
facts such as research data,
statistics or figures.
- To achieve concreteness, abstract
words must be avoided.
COURTESY – It builds goodwill.
- It involves being polite in terms of
approach and manner of addressing
an individual.
CORRECTNESS – checks for mistakes.
- Glaring mistakes in grammar
obscures the meaning of a sentence.
- Also, the misuse of language can
damage your credibility.
CONSIDERATION – messages must be
geared towards the audience.
- The sender of a message must
consider the recipient's profession,
level of education, race, ethnicity,
hobbies, interest, passions, age and
advocates when drafting or
delivering a message.
CREATIVITY - the ability to craft
interesting messages in terms of
sentence structure and word choice.
CONCISENESS – deals with simplicity
and directness
- Avoid using lengthy expressions and
words that may confuse the
recipient.
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY – an
important standard for effective
communication.
- It is due with the increasing
emphasis on empowering diverse
cultures, lifestyles, and races and the
pursuit for gender equality.
CAPTIVATING - strive to make
messages interesting to command more
attention and better responses.
Lesson 4: Ethics of
Communication
“Ethics plays a vital role in
communication”
THE KEY CONCEPTS OF ETHICS
COMMUNICATION
ETHICS – analyzing what is good and
bad what is right and wrong
COMMUNICATION – process of
sending and receiving messages
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION – it
pertains to one’s moral affecting one’s
behavior and communication.
FOUR APPROACHES TO ETHICAL
DECISION MAKING
UTILITARIAN ETHICS – a substantive
ethical system which focuses mainly on
the outcome of ethical decision
MORAL DUTIES – the base of morality
of our actions. It is does not vary on
what outcomes we gain for ourselves,
but on the law or the duty that governs it
VIRTUE ETHICS – emphasizes an
individual virtue of mind character and
sense of honesty rather than rules or
consequences.
COMMON GOOD APPROACH –
regards all individuals as part of a larger
community and the own good of each
individual linked to the good in
community.
Example:
 Court System
 Health Care
 Law Making
GUIDELINES ON BEING AN ETHICAL
COMMUNICATOR:
1) An ethical communicator, audience
analysis plays a significant role in the
process of communication
2) An ethical communicator respect for
the truth is essential
3) An ethical communicator uses
information properly
4) An ethical communicator, a person
does not falsify information
MEANING BEHIND THE GUIDELINES:
 Respect your audience
 Respect the truth
 Use information properly
 Do not falsify information such, as
plagiarizing one's idea without giving
credit to it
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATOR –
displays ethical communication for
he/she knows how to respect the person
they are talking. They speak with all
honesty, give information and use it
properly. Also, they do not falsify pieces
of information.
FAKE NEWS – a great example of
unethical communication. These are
news articles that are intentionally and
verifiably false. In short, it gives us false
information and make us believe for
wrong things
Lesson 5: Globalization
GLOBALIZATION - refers to the
increasing interdependence of the
world's economies, cultures, and
populations as a result of cross-border
trade in commodities and services,
technology, and investment, people, and
information flows.
6 TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
 Economic Globalization.
 Political Globalization
 Cultural Globalization
 Financial Globalization
 Technological Globalization
 Sociological Globalization
BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION
- Globalization impacts businesses in
many different ways. But those who
decide to take on international
expansion find several benefits,
including:
 Access to New Cultures
 The Spread of Technology and
Innovation
 Lower Costs for Products
 Access to New Markets
 Access to New Talent
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION ON CULTURAL
LOSS
- It has had a few adverse effects on
developed countries. Some adverse
consequences of globalization
include terrorism, job insecurity,
currency fluctuation, and price
instability.
Lesson 6: Impacts of
Globalization on
Communication
VIRTUAL INTERACTION – globalization
has introduced virtual communication
and collaboration as a major part of
academic and workplace dynamics.
CULTURAL AWARENESS IN SPEECH
– is a major impact of globalization on
the required skills set of effective
communicators, resulting in the
evolution of communication skills
development programs in the workplace
and schools.
CULTURAL AWARENESS IN BODY
LANGUAGE – awareness of cultural
differences in body language can be just
as important as the nuances of speech.
Examples:
 Pointing lips
 Stop sign
 Money sign
 Finger cross
TIME DIFFERENCES – the advent of
global collaboration introduces another
new dynamic to communication skills,
which is the need to communicate and
share information with people across
several time zones.
Lesson 7: Impact of
Globalization on Global
Communication
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION –
examines how information is exchanged
across geographical and social divides,
as well as how communication both
impacts and is influenced by culture,
politics, media, economies, health, and
relationships in the age of globalization.
GLOBALIZATION’S IMPACT ON
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
 The process of globalization has
a direct impact on the global
communication, and helps to
increase business opportunities,
remove cultural barriers and
develop a global village.
 Both globalization and global
communication have changed the
environmental, cultural, political
and economic elements of the
world.
THE ACTUAL IMPACTS:
INCREASED BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES
- Nowadays days, a lot of businesses
employ workers from different
countries. With the use of
communication tools like video
calling, it is simple to speak with
colleagues who are located all over
the world, almost as if they were in
the same room.
- Information itself can be sent from
one nation to another as a valuable
commercial asset thanks to global
communication. No matter where
they are located, this has the effect
of making everyone's operations
more modern and efficient.
FEWER CULTURAL BARRIERS
- Many people think that cultural
differences are what causes
communication problems.
- For instance, because to
globalization, a person in Japan can
now comprehend how a person in
the United States goes about their
daily activities.
CREATION OF GLOBAL VILLAGE
- As a result of globalization and
improved communication, it is now
simpler to view individuals on the
opposite side of the globe as
neighbors rather than as strangers
from distant lands.
- Online resources make it possible to
learn so much about other nations
and cultures that they are no longer
a complete mystery.
IMPROVES CULTURAL EDUCATION
- The increase of global
communication has led to new tools
for educating children about different
cultures.
MAKES THE WORLD A SMALLER
PLACE
- The world being a small place has
become more evident with the rise of
global communication.
STEPS TO COMMUNICATE
GLOBALLY
 Step 1 - Be considerate of
cultural differences.
 Step 2 - Learn how your
associates deals with things in
their countries.
 Step 3 - Be aware of language
barriers.
 Step 4 - Go over any form of
written correspondence before
you send it out to your contacts.
 Step 5 - Always stay updated
with developments in
communications and information
technology.
Lesson 8: A World of Diversity
DIVERSITY – differences in racial and
ethnic, socioeconomic, geographic and
academic/professional backgrounds.
TYPES OF DIVERSITY
INTERNAL DIVERSITY – deals with
differences in race, ethnicity, age, nation
of origin, gender identity, sexual
orientation.
EXTERNAL DIVERSITY – deals with
differences in education, personal
experiences, socioeconomic status,
spirituality, religion, citizenship,
geographic location.
ORGANIZATIONAL DIVERSITY – deals
with differences in job function,
management status, seniority, and
department.
WORLD VIEW DIVERSITY – deals with
differences in cultural events, political
beliefs, knowledge of history and one's
outcome in life.
FORMS OF DIVERSITY
 Cultural diversity
 Racial diversity
 Religious diversity
 Age diversity
 Sex/Gender diversity
 Disability
BENEFITS OF LIVING IN A DIVERSE
SOCIETY
- Promotes tolerance and
understanding between different
cultures
- Enriches community through sharing
experiences with others
DISADVANTAGES OF DIVERSITY
- Intolerance
- Mistreatment
- Tensions between people
VALUE OF DIVERSITY
- People build a stronger sense of
identity and wellbeing
- Have better education and career
outcomes
Lesson 9: Global Community
GLOBAL COMMUNITY – refers to the
growing interconnectedness of people
around the world. They are mostly
connected by the Internet.
3 MAIN TYPES OF COMMUNITY
URBAN – is the region surrounding a
POLITICS
city. urban area, or built-up area, is a
human settlement with a high population
density and infrastructure of built
environment.
SUBURBAN – are lower density areas
that separate residential and
commercial areas from one another.
They are either part of a city or urban
area, or exist as a separate residential
community within commuting distance of
a city.
RURAL – an area where there are fewer
people, and their homes and businesses
are located far away from one another.
GLOBAL COMMUNITY IN OTHER
PERSPECTIVE
HUMANITARIANISM OR CHARITY
WORKS
 Humanitarian aid is material and
logistic assistance to people who
need help.
 Charity work is volunteering your
time and resources for the benefit
of others.
ECONOMICS
 involves mutual relations among
nations in relation to trade
including loans that a nation
extends to another nation and the
condonation of a country’s
foreign dept.
ECOLOGY
 Ecology is the study of organisms
and how they interact with the
environment around them.
 An ecologist studies the
relationship between living things
and their habitats.
 is the set of activities that are
associated with making decisions
in groups, or other forms of
power relations among
individuals, such as the
distribution of resources in
community.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL
COMMUNITY
THE DESIRE OF ESTABLISHING
“ONE HUMAN FAMILY” – as a
family, nations have begun treating
each other like brothers and sisters.
THE EXISTENCE OF SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP – the global
community recognizes the
contribution of every nation. Like a
life cycle, one country is important
for the survival of another.
THE BELIEF IN “UNIVERSAL
RESPONSIBILITY” – the citizens of
the global community claim
“collective” ownership of the earth.
ADVOCACY IN THE USE OF NON-
VIOLENT – Nonviolence advocates;
are individuals who actively promote
the use of nonviolence in efforts to
achieve social or political change.
PEOPLE SHARING SIMILAR
VALUES – respecting the dignity and
freedom of a person is another
 universal value that the global
community recognizes.
CHALLENGES WE FACE AS A
GLOBAL COMMUNITY:
CLIMATE CHANGE – refers to long-
term shifts in temperatures and
weather patterns.
FOOD SHORTAGE – occurs when
food supplies within a bounded
region do not provide the energy and
nutrients needed by that region's
population.
WATER SHORTAGE – the lack of
sufficient water resources, including
a lack of access to safe water
supplies, to meet water needs within
a region.
Lesson 10: Cultural Awareness
and Sensitivity
Lesson 11: Gender Sensitivity
SEX – refers to the biological and
physiological characteristics that define
men and women. It is differentiated by
Hormones, Genes, and Reproductive
organ.
GENDER – it concerns the socially
constructed roles, behaviors, activities,
and attributes that a given society
considers appropriate for femineity and
masculinity.
GENDER SENSITIVITY – Is a behavior
that avoids discrimination by
understanding and accepting the
multiple differences between men and
women. It is a way of thinking that
fosters respect and compassion for
others — regardless of these
differences.
GENDER STEREOTYPES – refers to
oversimplified and standardized gender
concepts that are commonly held by
members of a group.
Examples
 “Girls should play with dolls and boys
should play trucks and robots.”
 “Boys should be directed to like blue
and green while girls should like red
and pink”
EFFECTS OF GENDER
STEREOTYPING
 Limit people’s life choices.
 Degrades self-confidence.
 Unable to perform natural skills
and talents.
 Denies the existence of his own
skills and talents.
 Will have a deeper confusion on
what he/she likes.
GENDER EQUALITY – refers to a
concept where the Gender Equality
rights, responsibilities and opportunities
offered are not determined by sex.
EQUAL TREATMENT – is an approach
based on the belief that women and
men should be treated the same as
each other. In effect, this often-meant
women were treated the same as Men.
Lesson 12: Political
Correctness
POLITICAL CORRECTNESS – (PC)
describes how much tolerance,
sensitivity, censorship, and freedom of
expression “is correct” in a given setting
- It is also the act of avoiding language
and actions that insult, exclude or
harm people who are already
experiencing disadvantage and
discrimination.
ASPECTS OF POLITICAL
CORRECTNESS – it is about showing
how “correctness” is really about finding
a balance of those things and showing
“respect” towards the forms of
expression and being of others when we
make laws and express ourselves.
TOLERANCE – As in how much
tolerance should one have toward
another’s views, words, or actions.
(Being tolerant and intolerant)
SENSITIVITY – Being able to be
sensitive to the views, words, or actions
of another. (Being too sensitive and too
insensitive)
CENSORSHIP – The act of filtering
one’s words and actions. This can be
self-censorship, state-censorship forced
by the state as law, or cultural
censorship where traditions and
customs dictate rule-sets.
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION – As in
Free Speech, Free Press, Free
Association, Freedom of Worship, and
all the other forms of expression to
which the topics of tolerance, sensitivity,
and censorship apply.
Lesson 13: Language Variety
LANGUAGE VARIETIES – is a variety
to any variant of a language which can
be sufficiently delimited form one
another
It is either:
- Social
- Historical
- Spatial
Or a combination of these
KINDS OF LANGUAGE VARIETIES
PIDGIN – is a new language which
develops in situations where speakers
of different languages need to
communicate but not share a common
language.
CREOLE – is when children learn the
first language and it is considering as
their mother tongue of community
REGIONAL DIALECT – is not a distinct
language but a variety of a language
spoken in a particular are of a country
MINORITY DIALECT – is a particular
minority ethnic group have their own
variety which they use as a marker of
identity, usually alongside a standard
variety.
INDIGENIZED VARIETY – is spoken
mainly as second languages in ex-
colonies with multilingual populations
Lesson 14: Language Registers
LANGUANGE REGISTER – “register” is
defined as the way a speaker uses
language differently in different
circumstances.
 A speaker modifies their
language register to signals
levels of formality according to
 their relationship to their
audience and intended speech.
 Registers are used in all forms of
communication, including written
and spoken.
MARTIN JOOS (1907-1978) – a
American linguist that defined the 4
differentiating factors that influence the
use of language register.
These factors are:
1) AUDIENCE - describes the group
listening to the speaker
2) TOPIC - describes what is being
discussed
3) PURPOSE - describes the
intentions of each speaker
4) LOCATION - describes where an
exchange is taking place
He also defined the 5 main types of
language registers.
TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS –
used to identify what level of formality is
use by the speaker in different situation.
FROZEN REGISTER
- Describes speech that is so
formalized that it is often produced
via recitation rather than
spontaneous speech production.
- This can also be described as
ritualistic speech and is sometimes
called static register because the
utterances are spoken exactly the
same.
FORMAL REGISTER
- The formal register is used in
professional, academic, or legal
settings where communication is
expected to be respectful,
uninterrupted, and restrained.
CONSULTATIVE REGISTER
- Describes speech that involves the
participation of all parties.
- A speaker employs consultative
register to discuss a topic, and the
listener(s) must contribute feedback
to the speaker.
CASUAL/INFORMAL REGISTER
- This describes language used
between friends.
- It is often very relaxed and focused
on just getting the information out.
- Slangs are quite often used in these
instances.
INTIMATE REGISTER
- This is used to describe language
used between persons who share a
close relationship or bond.
- This register would take into account
certain terms of endearment, slangs
or expressions whose meaning is
shared with a small subset of
persons.
- It also may include private
vocabulary known only to two people
or a small group.
IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE
REGISTERS
 It is about appropriateness and
context in speaking and grammatical
correctness of words in writing.
 It is also important to use appropriate
varieties and registers of language in
a certain communication context in
order for us to determine the level of
'formality'.
 It also allows us to define the level of
formality that we are going to use
when we deliver a speech and
writing, in order for us to use
appropriate language for a particular
situation.
Lesson 15: Linguistic
Landscapes
LINGUISTIC LANSCAPE – is the
investigation of displayed language in a
particular space, generally through the
analysis of advertisements, billboards,
and other signs.
IMPORTANCE OF LINGUISTIC
LANDSCAPES
“The linguistic landscape is important
not only because it provides the
backdrop to our day-to-day lives, but
also as a valuable language learning
resource.”
“It shapes how we interact as a society
and gives us our identity. And the best
thing about it is that it's everywhere,
open to everyone and free.”
EXAMPLES OF LINGUISTIC
LANDSCAPE
ROAD/TRAFFIC SIGNS – are signs
erected at the side of or above roads to
give instructions or provide information
to road users.
BILLBOARD – is a large outdoor
advertising structure, typically found in
high-traffic areas such as alongside
busy roads. It usually present large
advertisements to passing pedestrians
and drivers. Typically brands use
billboards to build their brands or to
push for their new products.
STREET NAME – are usually forms part
of the address. Buildings are often given
numbers along the street to further help
identify them.
PLACE NAME – are the names of
locations including villages, rivers, hills,
and woods. They have meanings which
form an essential geographical
reference system.
COMMERCIAL SIGNS – means any
sign which advertises products, goods,
businesses or services or identifies a
business located onsite or offsite from
the location of the sign.
Lesson 16: Geosemiotics
GEOSEMIOTICS – is the study of the
social meaning of the material
placements of signs in the world.
IMPORTANCE OF GEOSEMIOTICS
- it is an analytical framework created
by Scollon & Scollon in (2003) to
examine public discourse, such as
signs, as situated in the material
world and shaped by social and
cultural use.
- It provides an “on the ground”
framework for understanding the
discourses of a place.
PLACE SEIOMIOTICS – a typology of
places according to their use.
Lesson 17: Kind of Signs
REGULATORY SIGN – a sign that
indicates authority and is official or
legally prohibited.
INFRASTRUCTURAL SIGN – are labels
things or directs for the maintenance of
a building or any infrastructure.
COMMERCIAL SIGN – pertains to
which advertises or promotes a product,
an event, or a service in commerce.
TRANSGRESSIVE SIGN – a sign that if
it violates (intentionally or accidentally)
the conventional semiotics or any sign
the wrong place, like a graffiti.
Lesson 18: Online Landscapes
NETIZEN
 An abstraction of the word
INTERNET and CITIZEN.
 A user of the internet, especially a
habitual or avid one.
 Describes a person actively involved
in online communities or the Internet
in general.
3 LANSCAPES IN MEDIA
YOUTUBE – a video sharing service
where users can watch, like, share,
comment and upload their own videos.
The video service can be accessed on
PCs, laptops, tablets and via mobile
phones.
TWITTER - is a service for friends,
family, and coworkers to communicate
and stay connected through the
exchange of quick, frequent messages.
People post Tweets, which may contain
photos, videos, links, and text.
MEME – An amusing or interesting item
(such as a captioned picture or video) or
genre of items that is spread widely
online specially through social media.
MOONEY AND EVANS (2015) – the
Citers of the presentation.
Lesson 19: Kinds of
Communication Strategies
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
STRATEGY – is a type of
communication strategy that involves
words to deliver messages. It is broken
down into either written communication
or oral communication. In written
communication, information is
disseminated in symbol forms or writing.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
STRATEGY – depends on the body to
relay messages where an individual can
communicate without speaking.
VISUAL COMMUNICATION
STRATEGY – in this strategy, people
communicate ideas graphically in
effective and efficient ways to create
meaning
Lesson 20: Factors to Consider
in Developing a Communication
Strategy
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY – it is
designed for a specific project, a plan for
communicating with your target
audience. At the same time, it is your
organizational strategy.
7 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
OBJECTIVES - it should be aligned
closely to your individual or
organizational plan. If you are
presenting on your own, you should
clarify your personal objectives.
AUDIENCES – identify your target
audiences whom you need to
communicate to achieve your personal
or organizational goal or objectives.
MESSAGES – keep in your mind that
communication is all about storytelling.
Always use an interesting narrative,
human interest stories and imagery.
CONTEXT – influences what you say or
how you say it.
TOOLS AND ACTIVITIES – identify the
most appropriate tools and activities to
be used in communicating the
messages to the audience.
RESOURCES AND TIME – ensure the
availability of the resources and set an
expected timescale for your
communication strategy.
EVALUATION – assess the
effectiveness of your strategy with your
audiences through open and
appropriate questions.