Try this!

chronological compare and contrast sequence

cause and effect problem and solution spatial
description

1. It tells how two things are similar and different.

2. It describes something in order of space.
3. Information is listed step – by- step.
4. A problem and answer are suggested.
5. Information is organized in order of time.
6. An action and its result are explained.

Text Structure refers to the internal organization of a text. As authors

write a text to communicate an idea, they will use a structure that goes along
with the idea (Meyer,1985).

Let us study the six common patterns of organization:

1. Spatial / Descriptive
Spatial / Descriptive Writing – describes something in order of space
describes how something looks.

Two windows on the West Wall A television across from the bed

A bed in the middle A closet by the TV

Signal words: above, adjacent to, away, below, behind, nearby, toward

2. Cause and effect

3. Compare and contrast
4. Problem and solution
5. Sequence

1. Chronological – information is organized in order of time.

Chrono = time Logic = order

Ex. All stories are told chronologically.

Signal words: shortly, since, second, third, immediately and etc.

2. Cause and Effect – an action and its result are explained.

CAUSE EFFECT

1
 Students did no t learn the
material .
• Don’t confuse with chronologic al.
• Won’t have a beginning, middle and end. • Time won’t
progress much.

Signal words: (Causes – because, due to, for this reason, if this, etc.)
(Effects – as a result, consequently, hence, resulting, since,
therefore etc.)

3. Compare and Contrast- tells how two things are similar and different.

Signal words: (Comparison –also, as well as, both, compared to, in comparison,
similarly, and etc.)
(Contrast – although, on the contrary, on the other hand, in
spite of, unlike and etc.)

4. Problem and Solution - a problem and answer are suggested.

Solution

• Don’t confuse with cause and effect.

• It is presented as a PROBLEM.

Signal words: answer, challenge, improve, respond, suggest and etc.

5. Sequence / Process Writing – information is listed step - by- step and

explains how to do it or how it happens.

2
Signal words: next, later, last, finally, in the end, at first and etc.

Tips to identify the organization of the text:

1. Ask, “what is the author doing in this paragraph?” Put it in your own
words.
2. Have a hunch? Use the graphic organizer to see if the information fits.
3. Look for signal words.

3
Name: ___________________________
Section: _________________________

Test I - Direction: Arrange the following sentences to form a paragraph.

How to create a PowerPoint Presentation

1. Then, to put background designs on the presentation, click the Design Tab on the upper
right side and choose any designs. To add animation, click the Animations Tab and feel
free to choose any animations or transitions to the slides.

2. There are four simple steps in creating a PowerPoint presentation.

3. First, open the Microsoft Office PowerPoint from the MS Office folder or straight from
the desktop.

4. To add animation, click the Animations Tab and feel free to choose any animations or
transitions to the slides.

5. Finally, click the Slide Show Tab to get started in presenting the report or simply hit F5
as a shortcut.

6. Next, on a slide key in the basic information needed for the presentation. It can either
have a blank slide or choose any slide formats from the Insert Tab

Test II. Direction: Identify how each passage is organized. Explain your answer by
giving the details of information through a diagram or any graphic organizer. Write
your answer in your notebook.

___________1. First, we packed our suitcases. Then we piled into our little car. Before
long, we were on the way to grandma’s house.
___________2. Tigers and lions are both cats. However, tigers have stripes and lions do
not. Both have very good nighttime vision.
___________3. Butterflies are flying insects with two pairs of large, colorful, scaly wings.
The wing scales overlap in rows.
__________ 4. Your lungs are like two balloons. When you take a breath, air rushes in, like
when you blow up a balloon. When you breathe out, the air goes out and your lungs
gets smaller just like a balloon.
__________ 5. We discovered that the batteries in our flashlight are dead when we tried
to use it during the storm. Therefore, we were not able to see until the electricity came
on.