Information Search and Analysis Skill

(ISAS)

Information Architecture

Arranged by:
Muhamad Sultan Anugrah Fauzi

Sri Indarti

Faculty :
Mhd Idham Khalif ,S.Kom

Continuing Education Program Center for Computing and

Information Technology
Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia
2021
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT for all His blessings so that this paper can
be compiled to completion. We also do not forget to express our gratitude for the
help of those who have contributed both materially and in thought. Our parents
who always support us both in spirit and materially as well as Mr. Dr. Muhammad
Suryanegara, ST., M.Sc as director of CEP-CCIT Faculty of Engineering,
University of Indonesia and not to forget Mr. Mhd Idham Khalif, S. Kom as our
lecturer who always guides and provides advice until the completion of this paper
and other parties who assist us in conducting research and finding sources of
information and references, such as bloggers, web-sites, and author's
journals/books.

We hope that this paper can add knowledge and experience to readers, so
that in the future it can improve the form and add to the content of the paper for
the better.

Due to the limitations of our knowledge and experience, we believe there

are still many shortcomings in this paper, therefore we sincerely hope for
suggestions and constructive criticism from readers for the perfection of this
paper.

Depok, 9 September 2021

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................................5
I.1 Background..............................................................................................5
I.2 Writing Objective....................................................................................5
I.3 Problem Domain......................................................................................5
I.4 Writing Methodology..............................................................................5
I.5 Writing Framework................................................................................6
CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY..............................................................................7
II.1 Information Architecture.......................................................................7
II.2 Kinds of Information architecture.........................................................8
II.3 Function of Information Architecture.............................................11
CHAPTER III........................................................................................................12
III.1 Definition of Information Architecture...........................................12
III.2 Definition of Architecture Client Server.........................................12
III.3 Client Server Characteristics............................................................12
III.4 Client server architecture model......................................................13
III.4 Advantages and Disadvantages Client server.................................14
CHAPTER IV........................................................................................................16
IV.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................16
IV.2 Suggestion...........................................................................................16
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................17
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background
Information system architecture (or information technology architecture,
information architecture, information technology infrastructure) is one of the
mapping or planning of information needs in an organization, the art of describing
a model or concept of information used in activities that require explicit details of
an organization. complex system.

Examples of such activities are Programming Library systems, content

management systems, web development, user interaction, database development,
programming, technical writing, enterprise architecture, and critical system
software design. This architecture serves as a model for current operations or as a
blueprint for future direction. The purpose of this architecture is for the
information technology department to meet the business needs of the
organization's strategy. Therefore, information architecture combines information
needs, information system components, and supporting technology. Why do we
choose Information Architecture because this is a very important thing that must
be considered and we need to share material because this is a very important thing
to build a very good network architecture and because that we want to learn
Information Architucture Client Server.

I.2 Writing Objective

The purpose of writing this paper is explain what is information
architecture.

I.3 Problem Domain

To know the concept, advantages and disadvantages, and sample case of
information architecture.
I.4 Writing Methodology
The writing method is is an observation method. That is the collection of

materials that will be discussed, analyzed and examined from official resources

and also use “learn and do” which is very influental in research, and draws

conclusion from all reports obtained from research.

I.5 Writing Framework

To make it easier in the writing of the ISAS, Then the discussion be

organized with the system of writing.

1. CHAPTER I Introduction

In this chapter will talk about the background of the problem, writing

objective, problem domain, the method of writing that used is the system

of writing, and writing framework.

2. CHAPTER II Basic Theory

In this chapter contains theories such as definition, basic concepts and

related information in terms of analysis, especially on problem
analysis.

3. CHAPTER III Problem Analysis

This chapter deals with problem analysis such as the definition of binary
search, how binary search works and the advantages also disadvantages.

4. CHAPTER IV Conclusion and Suggestion

In this chapter contains the conclusions of the results of writing and

suggestions.

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

In this section will contains the references that we use.

 CHAPTER II
BASIC THEORY

II.1 Information Architecture

Information architecture (or information technology architecture, information systems

architecture, information technology infrastructure) is a mapping or planning of information
needs within an organization (Turban, McLean, Wetherbe, 1999). This architecture is useful
as a guide for current operations or as a blueprint for future direction. The purpose of this
architecture is for the information technology department to meet the strategic business needs
of the organization. Therefore, information architecture combines information requirements,
information system components, and supporting technology.

Another definition of Information Architecture

 A mapping or planning of information needs within an organization (Turban,
McLean, Wetherbe, 1999)
 A special form of using information technology within the organization to
achieve the goals or functions of the selected function (Laudon & Laudon
1998)
 Design of the entire computer system (including network systems) to meet the
needs of the specific organization (Zwass, 1998).

A detailed information architecture has planning content that is used to answer the following
questions:

1. What data will be collected?

2. Where and how is data collected?
3. How to submit data?
4. Where will the data be stored?

5. What applications (programs) will use the data and how these applications are linked
as a complete system.
II.2 Kinds of Information architecture

Information architecture uses a technology architecture that can be divided into three
types, namely centralized, decentralized, and client/server.

1. Centralized Architecture
Centralized architecture that has been known since the 1960s, with the
mainframe as the main actor. Mainframe is a relatively large computer that is
intended to handle large data, using terminals to access data with very fast responses,
and involves many transactions.

Source : Arsitektur Sistem Informasi (gustisi.blogspot.com)

As information technology develops, the dominance of mainframes in reduced

computing environments has diminished due to the experience of smaller capable
minicomputers and microcomputers (PCs) but at much lower prices.
The implementation of the architecture is to define the appropriate data
(commonly called based on considerations). All data is carried out by computers
placed in a location intended to serve all users in the organization.
2. Decentralization Architecture
Decentralized architecture is the concept of distributed (or distributed) data
processing. Distributed data delivery system (or commonly referred to as spread
creation). as a system consisting of a number of computers spread across various
locations connected by telecommunications facilities, each computer capable of
performing the same offer independently. But can interact with each other in the
exchange of data. In other words, the system offers distribution of data dividing the
system and responsibilities into smaller subsystems, which essentially each subsystem
still acts as a different system with data.

Source : Arsitektur Sistem Informasi (gustisi.blogspot.com)

3. Client or Server Architecture

Connectivity between different kinds of computers is very high. Various
computers from various vendors can interact with each other. The term
interoperability is often used to describe this situation. This development is finally
also discussed by the ease of software to interact with each other. A database in
principle can be accessed by any software. As an illustration, if you use Oracle
database, you can manipulate your database by using software such as Delphi, PHP,
Visual BASIC, or others. From the software side like Delphi, you can also manipulate
other databases like InterBase or MYSQL.
The client has the ability to perform the process himself. When a client
requests data to the server, the server will immediately respond by providing the
requested data to the client concerned. Once the data is received, the client starts
immediately.

Source : Arsitektur Sistem Informasi (gustisi.blogspot.com)

The client/server-based computing model has begun to be widely used in

information systems.That is, if initially the information system was built using X
software, then for the development of new applications, it can use Y software. There
is no need for system migration.
II.3 Function of Information Architecture
Information architecture has several functions, namely:

 To make it easier for information seekers to get information quickly.

 To be able to help ensure all stages of web server site development run
efficiently and smoothly.
 Can prevent time-consuming and costly changes to visual design and
programming.
 Can help identify the number, location of navigation permalinks and content
placement.
 CHAPTER III
PROBLEM ANALYSIS

III.1 Definition of Information Architecture

Information architecture is the concept of managing information so that it has a clear,

systematic and easy-to-understand structure for users. Because the main purpose of
information architecture is to guide users in accessing information in order to find their needs
quickly and precisely.

III.2 Definition of Architecture Client Server

At this time, connectivity between different kinds of computers is very high. Various
computers from various vendors can interact with each other. The term interoperability is
often used to describe this situation. This development is finally also discussed by the ease of
software to interact with each other. A database in principle can be accessed by any software.
The above freedom is the hallmark of the client/server architecture. In this architecture there
is a section called the Client and there is a section called the Server.

A. Server : is any system or process that provides data or services requested by

the client. Physically, a server can be a computer (mainframe, minicomputer,
workstation, or PC) or other device (such as a printer).
B. Client: has the ability to perform the process itself, When a client requests data
to the server, the server will respond by providing the requested data to the
client concerned. After the data is received, the client immediately launches.

III.3 Client Server Characteristics

The characteristics of the Client Server Architecture are:

1. Service (service)
 Relationships between processes running on different machines.
 The separation of functions is based on the idea of service.
 Server as provider, client as consumer.
 2. Sharing resources (resources), the server can serve several clients at the same
time, and regulate shared access to shared resources to ensure consistency.
3. Asymmetrical protocol (a protocol that is not symmetrical), Many-to-one
relationship between client and server. The client always initiates a dialog via
the request service, and the server waits passively for a request from the client.
4. Location transparency. The server process may be located on the same
machine or on a different machine through the network. The server location
must be easily accessible from the client.
5. Mix-and-Match, Different server client platforms
6. Message-based communication, Server and client interaction through sending
messages that include requests and answers.
7. Separation of interfaces and implementation, Server can be upgraded without
affecting the client as long as the published message interface does not
change.

III.4 Client server architecture model

Client server architecture can be divided into 4 models, namely single-tier (one layer),
two-tier (two layers), three-tier (3 layers) and multi-tier. The following is an explanation of
the three client server architecture models mentioned above:

1. Single-tier Architecture (One Layer)

All production components of the system run on the same computer in this
single tier architecture. The single tier model is a model that is simple, easy to use by
users and has the least number of alternatives. The downside of this architecture is
that it is less secure and lacks scalability.

2. Two-tier Architecture

Information processing in this architecture can be divided into two, namely the
system user interface (user interface) environment and the database management
server environment. Two-tier architecture has a higher level of security and is scalable
than single-tier architecture. This architecture has databases on separate computers
and it causes this architecture to improve the overall performance of the site. Two-tier
architecture has drawbacks, namely high cost, complex architecture, no code updates,
 less scalability and less security. In addition, the advantages of the two-tier
architecture are that it is easy to use by users, can handle special database servers and
small businesses are very suitable to use this architecture.

3. Three-tier Architecture (Three Layers)

Because the previous architecture had quite a number of weaknesses, this

three-tier architecture was developed which will help overcome the weaknesses of the
two-tier architecture. The three-tier architecture has 3 layers. The advantages of this
architecture are that it has a large scale, the transfer of information between the web
server and database server is optimal, it will not cause other layers to be contaminated
if one layer has an error. And the downside, this architecture is more difficult to
design, more difficult to set up and more expensive.

4. Multi-Tier Architecture

It was a method very similar to Three Tier. The difference is, in Multi-Tier,
the UI (User Interface) and Data Processing sections will be clarified. What
distinguishes this architecture is the presence of a Business Logic Server. Database
Server and Bussines Logic Server are part of Data Processing, while Application
Server and Client/Terminal are part of UI. Business Logic Servers usually still use
earlier programming languages, such as COBOL. Because until now, the
programming language is still very capable as a business process.

III.4 Advantages and Disadvantages Client server

1. Advantages
 Higher access speed because the provision of network facilities and their
management is carried out specifically by one computer (server) which is not
burdened with other tasks such as a workstation.
 System security and network administration is better, because there is a
computer that acts as a network administrator, which manages network
administration and security systems.
 The data backup system is better, because on a client-server network backup is
done centrally on the server, which will back up all data used in the network.
  Easier to manage if the network is large because the administration is
centralized.
 All data can be backed up in one central location.

2. Disadvantages
 The operational costs are relatively more expensive.
 It is necessary to have a special computer with more capabilities to be
assigned as a server.
 Continuity of the network is very dependent on the server. If the server is
interrupted then the whole network will be disrupted.
 Requires expensive NOS software for example: NT or Windows 2000, XP,
Novell, UNIX servers.
 Requires higher hardware and is expensive for server machines.
 Requires a professional administrator.
 Has a weak point if using one server, user data becomes non-existent if the
server is down.
 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

IV.1 Conclusion
From the results of research that has been done, it can be concluded that the Client-
Server System is a system with a method of sending or providing data from a computer
source to a computer that requests it or vice versa in an efficient way.

Client server architecture can be divided into 4 models, namely single-tier (one layer),
two-tier (two layers), three-tier (3 layers) and multi-tier. Client-Server also consists of 3
constituent components, namely Client, Middleware, and Server which are the foundation for
the system to run properly.

IV.2 Suggestion
Advantages and Disadvantages in a system are also absolute, for example: the better
and safer a Client-Server system, the more expensive it will be to design and maintain the
Client-Server system.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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