CE405 ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING- I

MODULE I
PART 2
 WATER DEMAND
For the design of a water supply system, the first
step is to find the demand/draft
Demand is represented as the per capita water
demand / Average daily demand / Annual
volume of water.

Annual demand/ draft = The total volume

(quantity) of water in Liters to serve the entire
population(V)
Average daily demand = V/ 365 l/d
Per capita water demand= V/(365XDesign
population) l/c/d or lpcd or l/h/d
Design population- Population at the end of the
design period.
Design Period- A reasonable future period for which
provisions are made in water supply scheme. It is
the number of year for which the water supply
scheme is designed
A design period of 20 to 30 year is generally
adopted
Types of water demands are:
1. Domestic water demands
2. Industrial water demands
3. Institution and commercial water demands
4. Demand for public use
5. Fire demand
6. Water required to compensate losses in wastes
and thefts
Domestic water demands (50% to 60%)
Water required in residential buildings for
drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn sprinkling,
gardening, sanitary purposes etc.
Minimum domestic consumption for towns
and cities (High income group) with full
flushing system – 200 lhd
For high income group with full
flushing system
Minimum domestic consumption for weaker
section and colonies (Low income group) without
full flushing – 135 lpcd(IS 1172-1963)
Industrial water demands
Ordinary water demand for industries – 50 lpcd
Institution and commercial water demands
Water requirements of institutions such as
hospital, hotels, restaurants, schools, colleges,
railway stations, offices etc.
Average consumption – 20 lpcd
It can be as high as 50 lpcd or more
Demand for public use
Water required for public purposes such as
watering public parks, gardening, washing and
sprinkling on roads, public fountain etc.
An average of 10 lpcd
Fire demand
Water required for extinguishing fire – less than 1%
Hence it is neglected while computing total per
capita demand
Where Q = amount of water required in
litres / minute
P= population in thousands
Water required to compensate losses in wastes
and thefts
Losses due to
-Leakage due to bad plumbing and damages
-Stolen water
-And other losses
These losses should be taken into account while
estimating the total requirements
Total requirement of water for a town or city
Per capita demand (l/h/d):- annual average daily
consumption of each person. It includes
domestic use, industrial and commercial use,
public use, wastes and thefts etc.
Per capita demand varies from 100 to 360 l/h/d
for Indian towns
For an average Indian town, per capita demand
is 335 l/h/d
Total demand of water for a City
 Variation on Demand

• Seasonal variations: large use of water in summer

season, lesser in winter and much less in rainy
season
• Daily variation: Day to day variation. Water
consumption will be more on Sundays and
holidays

Annual average daily demand (l/d):- Total annual

draft divided by 365
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x Annual average
daily demand
• Hourly variation: hour to hour variation.
Maximum hourly demand = 1.5 x average
hourly demand of max day
Maximum hourly demand = 2.7 x Annual
Average hourly demand
Hourly fluctuation in the water demand of a day
 Design demand for the components
of water supply system
• Source of supply : Max. daily demand
• Pipe mains (From source to service reservoir): Max.
daily demand
• Filters and other units: Twice the average daily demand
• Pump: Twice the average daily demand
• Distribution system: Total draft
Total draft is the greater of the following:

• 1. Coincident draft = Max. daily demand + fire demand

• 2. Max. hourly demand
 Factors affecting per capita demand
(factors affecting consumption)
1. Size of the city
2. Climatic conditions
3. Type of Gentry and Habits of people
4. Industrial and commercial activities
5. Quality of water supplies
6. Pressure in the distribution system
7. Development of sewerage facilities
8. Supply system
9. Cost of water
10. Policy of Metering and method of charging
 1.Size of the city
Per capita demand for big cities Is large as compared
to small cities
For big cities, more water required for maintaining
clean and healthy environment
In big cities, industrial and commercial activities are
more thus requiring more water
Mumbai city
Bisalpur-Jaipur Water Supply
 2. Climatic conditions
More water consumed at hotter and dry places,
because more of bathing, cleaning, air cooling,
gardening etc. are involved
 3. Type of Gentry and Habits of people
Water consumption depends on the
economic status of the consumers
Upper class communities consume
more water than lower class
communities
 4. Industrial and commercial activities
Water consumption will be more if the industrial
and commercial activities are more
 5. Quality of water supplies
• Rate of consumption increase with quality of
water
• If the quality of water is high, people will not
use other source of water
 6. Pressure in the distribution system
Water consumption increase with pressure of water
in the system
People living in the upper storeys will use water
freely
Loss and wastage due to leakage will be high if the
pressure is high
 7. Development of sewerage facilities
Consumption will be high for flush system than
old conventional system
 8. Supply system
Continuous system:- water supplied continuously for all the
24 hour. Generally consumption will be more
Intermittent system:-Water supplied only for peak period
during morning and evening. Generally consumption will
be less. But sometimes the consumption in intermittent
system will increase due to the following reasons:
1. People will store water in tanks and drum for non-supply
periods. This water is thrown away if unutilized as soon as
the supply is restored
2. People have a tendency to keep the taps open during
non-supply hours so as to know the arrival of water. Many
a times water goes on flowing unattended resulting in
wastage of water
 9. Cost of water
• Water consumption decrease with increase in
cost
10. Policy of Metering and method of
charging
1. On the basis of meter reading: Consumption will be less
2. on the basis of fixed rate: consumption will be more
 Design Period
A reasonable future period for which provisions are made in
water supply scheme. It is the number of year for which the
water supply scheme is designed
A design period of 20 to 30 year is generally adopted
Factors governing the design period
1.Useful life of component structures and the chances of their
becoming old and obsolete.
2. Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced in expansions, if
undertaken at future dates.
3. Amount and availability of additional investment likely to be
incurred for additional provisions
4. The rate of interest on the borrowings and the additional
money invested
5. Anticipated rate of population growth, including possible
shifts in communities, industries and commercial
establishments
 Population data
Present population of a town can be determined by
conducting an official enumeration called census.
Census is conducted at an interval of about 10 years
Population growth
The factors affecting population growth are:
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Migration

There may be extra ordinary changes in population

due to these factors.
 Population growth curve
If these factors do not produce any extraordinary
changes, the growth curve will be S- shaped and is
known as logistic curve. It is also called ideal
population growth curve

• Ideal population curve

 Population forecasting methods
1.Arithmetic increase method
2. Geometric increase method
3. Incremental increase method or varying
increment method
4. Decreasing rate of growth method
5. Simple graphical method
6. Comparative graphical method
7. Master plan method or zoning method
8. Ratio method or Apportionment method
9. Logistic curve method
 1. Arithmetic increase method
Population increase at a constant rate
Applicable to old and large cities with no
industrial growth and reached a saturation or
maximum development
Geometric increase method or uniform increase method
Percentage increase in population from decade to decade is constant
It give good results for young and rapidly growing cities
Incremental increase method or varying increment method
 Decreasing rate of growth method
Applicable where the rate of growth shows a
downward trend
 Simple graphical method
A graph is plotted
between time and
population. The
curve is then
smoothly
extended up to
the desired year
This gives
approximate
results. It is
unsafe to use this
method
 Comparative graphical method
• Based on the
assumption
that the city
under
consideration
may develop
same as the
selected similar
cities
developed in
the past
• Population with
time is plotted
for the city and
is extended
based on the
curve of
selected city
 Master plan method or zoning
method
• Master plan prepared for a city divide the city
into various zones. The population densities in
each zone is fixed
• From this the population is calculated
 Ratio method or Apportionment
method
• The ratio of local population to
national population are worked out
• A graph is plotted between time and
these ratios and extended up to the
desired year
• Extrapolate the ratio corresponding
to the future period and it is then
multiplied by the expected national
population at the future period to
get the local population
• Applicable to area where growth is
parallel to the national growth
Logistic curve method
Example 1.7: in two periods of each of 20 years, a city has
grown from 30000 to 170000 and then to 300000.
Determine (a) saturation population (b) equation of the
logistic curve (c) expected population after the next 20 years