ILOCANDIA REVIEW CENTER DNA TESTING – to determine Paternity
CDI 2 (Special Crime Investigation 1 w/ Legal
Medicine)
REVIEW NOTES
(Both Old & New Curriculum)
Main Source: PEDRO P. SOLIS
SCOPE:
 SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
 LEGAL MEDICINE
 MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF
IDENTIFICATION
 MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH
 MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF
PHYSICAL INJURY
 MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF SEX
CRIMES
SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
- It involves specific and modern investigative
techniques in solving a particular crime.
- Focuses on physical evidences
The purpose of physical evidence in a crime laboratory
is for IDENTIFICATION and COMPARISON.
COMMAND POST – manned by the evidence
custodian/station to which the evidence collected and
marked from the crime scene are being turned over.
Distance of command post to the Crime Scene is 100
ft.
HANS GROSS GOLDEN RULE (in Investigation)
- Never MAC (Move-Alter-Change) anything
in the Crime Scene.
EVIDENCES in the Crime Scene must be
photograph, measured and indicated in the Sketch,
documented, collected and marked by the evidence
collector with his INITIALS.
LIQUID SPECIMENS will be put in vial and labeled.
Labelling is a form of marking.
TAGGING – establishes the chain of custody, necessary
in establishing the integrity of physical evidence.
AUTOPSY – general, to determine time and cause of
death.
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION – Examination
done by the medico legal officer to the dead body of the
victim. To assist the investigator to prove that there is
unlawful killing.
POST-MORTEM – After Death
ANTE-MORTEM – Before Death
LEGAL MEDICINE – is a branch of medicine which
deals with the application of medical knowledge to the
purposes of law and in the administration of justice.
Medical Jurisprudence – is a branch of medicine that
involves the study and application of medical knowledge
in the legal field.
Forensic – it denotes anything belonging to the court of
law or use in court or legal proceedings or something
fitted for legal or public arguments.
Legal – is that w/c pertains Law, arising out of, by virtue
of or included in law.
Jurisprudence – a practical science that investigate the
nature, origin, development and function of law. It is a
science of giving a wise interpretation of the law and
making just application of them all cases as they arise.
Stare Decisis – a principle that, when a court has once
laid down a principle of law or interpretation as applied
to a certain state of facts, it will adhere to and apply to
all future cases where the facts are substantially the
same.
Types of Medical Evidences
1. Autoptic or Real Evidences – evidence which
is addressed to the senses of the court such as
seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and touching.
2. Testimonial Evidences – evidence which are
uttered or testified by a witness in court. The
testimony must be given orally and under oath.
Types of Witness – Ordinary Witness
Expert Witness
Experimental Witness / Medical
Witness
3. Documentary Evidences
4. Physical Evidences – refers to the articles or
materials fund in the crime scene.
Types of Physical Evidences (C.A.T.)
a. Corpus Delicti – body of the crime / crime
scene
b. Associative – evidence which link the
perpetrator to the crime scene. Such as
Fingerprint, Footprint Garments, Weapon etc.
c. Tracing – evidence which may assist the
investigator in locating the perpetrator. Such as
Blood Stain, Airship and Ship Passenger
Manifest, Bystanders, Witnesses, and etc.
MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF
IDENTIFICATION
Identification – is the determination of the individuality 1. Occupation Marks
of a person or thing. 2. Race
Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification a. Color of the Skin
- The greater the number of points of similarities Caucasian – Fair
and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the Malayan – Brown
greater is the probability for the conclusions to Mongolian – Fair
be correct. Negro – Black
Methods of Identification b. Feature of the Face
- By Comparison Caucasian – prominent sharp nose
- By Exclusion Malayan – flat nose with round nose
Mongolian – almond eyes; prominent
PORTRAIT PARLE – is the verbal, accurate and cheek bone
picturesque description of the person identified. Negro – thick lips; prominent eyes
c. Shape of the Skull
Identification of a living person: Caucasian – Elongated Skull
1. Characteristics which may easily be changed: Malayan – Round head
a. Growth of hair, beard or mustache Mongolian – Round head
b. Clothing Red Indians & Eskimos – Flat head
c. Frequent place of visit d. Wearing apparel
d. Grade of profession 3. Tattoo Marks
e. Body ornamentations 4. Weight
2. Characteristics that may not easily be 5. Deformities
changed: 6. Birth Marks
a. Mental Memory 7. Injuries leaving permanent result
b. Speech 8. Moles
c. Gait – a person, on account of disease or 9. Scar
some inborn traits, may slow a 10. Tribal Marks
characteristics manner of walking. 11. Sexual Organ
- Ataxic Gait 12. Blood Examination
- Cerebellar Gait 13. Height or Stature – after the age of 25 the
- Cow’s Gait person’s height ceases to increase. The growth
- Paretic Gait of a person rarely exceeds 5 centimeter after the
- Splastic Gait age of 18. The age of 5-7 and from 13-16 is
- Festinating Gait considered the most active growth.
- Frog Gait
- Waddling Gait ANTHROPOMENTRY
d. Mannerism – stereotype movement or habit (Alphonse Bertillon System of Identification otherwise
peculiar to an individual. known as Body Measurement)
e. Hands and Feet Basis of the Bertillon System of Identification:
f. Complexion 1. The human skeleton is unchangeable after (20th)
g. Changes in the eye twentieth year. The thigh bone continues to
h. Faces grow somewhat after the period, but this is
compensated by the curving of the spine which
TYPES OF FACES takes place at about the same age.
1. Hippocratic Facies – the nose is pinched, the 2. It is impossible to find two human beings having
temple hollow, eyes sunken, ears cold, lips bones exactly alike.
relaxed and skin livid. The appearance of the 3. The necessary measurement can easily be taking
face is indicative of approaching death. with the aid of a simple instrument.
2. Mongolian Facies – almond eyes, pale Information included in the system:
complexion, prominence of check bone. 1. Descriptive Data
3. Facies Lionine – a peculiar, deeply furrowed. 2. Body Marks
Lion-like appearance of the face. 3. Anthropometrical Measurement
a. Body Measurement
POINTS OF INDENTIFICATION b. Measure of the head
APPLICABLE TO BOTH LIVING AND DEAD c. Measurement of the Limbs
BEFORE ONSET OF DECOMPOSITION
SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
1. Fingerprint
2. Dental Identification
3. Handwriting Identification
4. Identification of Skeleton
5. Determination of Sex/Gender
6. Determination of Age
7. Identification of Blood & Blood Stain
8. Identification of Hair & Fibers
IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON – determination
of the sex/gender of the skeleton, the following bone
must be studied:
1. PELVIS
2. SKULL/CRANIUM
3. STERNUM
4. FEMUR
5. HUMERUS
DETERMINATION OF SEX/GENDER – the
following are tests to determine the sex/gender of
individual:
1. SOCIAL TEST – sex/gender can be determined
through dress, hairstyle, general bodily shape,
etc.
2. GENITAL TEST – the presence of penis
indicates a male its absence and the presence of
vaginal opening indicates female.
3. GONADAL TEST – presence of testis in male
and ovary of female
4. CHROMOSOMAL TEST – the cells of men
vary from women. The nucleus of the cell is a
densely staining area in the cell, in women cells
stained deeply but not in cells from men.
PROBLEMS IN SEX/GENDER DETERMINATION
1. GONADAL AGENESIS – sex organ have
never developed
2. TRUE HERMAPHRODISM – a state of
bisexuality. The gonads of both sexes are
present which may be separated or combined as
ovotestis.
MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH
DEATH – it is the complete, persistent and
continuous cessation of all the vital function of the
body without the possibility of resuscitation.
Classification of Death
(Based on the criterion used in its determination)
1. BRAIN DEATH – occurs when there is deep
irreversible coma, absence of electrical brain
activity and complete cessation of all the vital
function without the possibility of resuscitation.
2. CARDIO-RESPIRATORY DEATH – occurs
when there is a continuous and persistent
cessation of the heart action and respiration.
KINDS OF DEATH
1. SOMATIC DEATH/CLINICAL DEATH –
there is a complete, persistent and continuous
cessation of the functions of the brain, heart
and lungs which maintain life and health.
2. MOLECULAR or CELLULAR DEATH –
individual cells may still be alive after death, but
about 3 to 6 hours these cells will die. This is
called molecular or cellular death.
3. APPARENT DEATH or STATE OF
SUSPENDED ANIMATION – this condition
is not really death but merely a transient loss of
consciousness or temporary cessation of the
vital functions of the body on account of
disease, external stimulus or other forms of
influence.
SIGNS OF DEATH
 CESSATION OF THE HEART ACTION &
CIRCULATION
 CESSATION OF THE RESPIRATION
 ALGOR MORTIS (COOLING OF THE
BODY)
 INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY & LOSS
OF POWER TO MOVE
 CHANGES IN THE SKIN
 CHANGES IN & ABOUT THE EYE
1. CESSATION OF THE HEART ACTION
AND CIRCULATION
“AS A GENERAL RULE, IF THERE IS NO HEART
ACTION FOR A PERIOD OF 5 (FIVE) MINUTES,
DEATH IS REGARDED AS CERTAIN”
Methods of detecting the cessation of Heart Action
and Circulation:
a. Palpation of the Heart:
- Palpation of the Pulse
- Auscultation for the Method of
Determining Heart Action
- Fluoroscopic Examination
- Use of Electrocardiograph
b. Examination of the Peripheral Circulation:
- MAGNUM TEST
- OPENING OF SMALL ARTERY
- I-CARD’S TEST
- PRESSURE OF THE FINGERNAILS
- DIAPHANOUS TEST
- APPLICATION OF HEAT ON THE SKIN
- PALPATION OF THE RADIAL PULSE
- DROPPING OF MELTED WAX
2. CESSATION OF THE PERSPIRATION
- Cessation of the respiration in order to be
considered as sign of death must continuous
 and persistent. A person can hold his breath
for a period no longer that 3 and a half
minutes.
Methods of detecting the cessation of Respiration:
a. Expose the chest and abdomen and observe the
movement during inspiration and expiration.
b. Examine the person with of a stethoscope which
is placed at the base of the anterior aspects of the
neck and hear sound of the current of air passing
through the trachea during each phase of
respiration.
c. Examination with the Mirror
d. Examination with a Feather or Cotton Fibers
e. Examination with a Glass of Water
f. Winslow’s Test
3. ALGOR MORTIS (Cooling of the Body)
- The progressive fall of the body temperature is
one of the most prominent signs of death. The
rate of the cooling is not uniform; however, it
is more rapid during the first 2 (two) hours
after death. The fall of temperature of 15 to 20
degrees Fahrenheit is considered as certain
sign of death.
ALGOR MORTIS may occur before death in the
following cases:
a. Cancer
b. Phthisis
c. Collapse
POST MORTEM CALORICITY – is the raise of
temperature of the body after death due to rapid and
early putrefactive changes or some internal changes.
POST-MORTEM CALORICITY may occur in the
following conditions:
a. Cholera e. Cerebro-spinal
fever
b. Yellow Fever f. Rheumatic
fever
c. Liver Abdcess g. Tetanus
d. Peritonitis h. Smallpox
4. INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY AND
LOSS OF POWER TO MOVE – after the
whole body is insensible. No kind of stimulus is
capable of letting the body have voluntarily
movement.
5. CHANGES IN THE SKIN
The following are the changes undergone by the skin
after death:
a. Skin may observe to be pale and waxy-
looking due to the absence of circulation.
b. Loss of the Elasticity of the skin
c. Opacity of the skin
d. Effect of the Application of Heat – if
melted wax will be applied to the breast of
dead person it will not produce blister or
inflammatory.
6. CHANGES IN AND ABOUT THE EYE
The following are the changes of the eyes of the
dead person:
a. LOSS OF CORNEAL REFLEX
b. CLOUDING OF THE CORNEA
c. FLACCIDITY OF THE EYEBALL
d. OPHTALMOSCOPIC FINDINGS
e. “Tache noir de la sclerotique” – after
death a spot may be found in the sclera, the
spot may appear oval or round or maybe
triangular with the base towards the cornea
and may appear in the sclera a few hours
after death.
CHANGES IN THE BODY AFTER DEATH
 CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE
 CHANGES IN THE BLOOD
 AUTOLYTIC /AUTO-DIGESTIVE CHANGES
 PUTREFACTION OF THE BODY
1. CHANGES IN MUSCLE:
 Stage of Primary Flaccidity or Period of
Muscular Irritability – Immediately after
death, there is complete relaxation and
softening of all the muscles of the body. This
stage usually lasts about 3-6 hours after
death. However, in warm places, the average
is only 1 hour and 50 minutes.
 Stage of Post-Mortem Rigidity or
Cadaveric Rigidity or Rigor Mortis – 3 to 6
hours after death, the muscles gradually
stiffen. It usually, starts at the muscles of the
neck and lower jaw and spread downwards.
The entire body becomes stiff after 12 hours.
In temperate countries, rigor mortis may
last for 2-3 days but in tropical countries the
usual duration is 24 hours during cold
weather and 18-36 hours during summer.
3-6 hours after death Gradually Stiffen
After 12 hours Entire Body
becomes Stiff
Temperate Countries Last 2-3 days
Stiffening
Tropical Countries
Cold Weather/Winter Last 24 hrs
Hot Weather/Summer Stiffening
Last 18-36 hrs
 Stiffening
CONDITIONS SIMULATING RIGOR
MORTIS
Heat Stiffening – commonly observed when the body of
a person is placed in boiling fluid or when the body is
burned to death.
Cold Stiffening – it is manifested when the body is
frozen, but exposure to warm condition will make such
stiffening disappear. Cold stiffening is due to the
codification of fat when the body is exposed to freezing
temperature.
Kinds of LIVOR MORTIS
a. Hypostatic Lividity
b. Diffusion Lividity
3. AUTOLYTIC /AUTO-DIGESTIVE
CHANGES
– after death, proteolytic, glycolytic and lipolytic
ferments and glandular tissues continue to act
which lead to the autodigestion of organs. This
action is facilitated by weak acid and higher
temperature. It is delayed by the alkaline
reaction of the tissues of the body and low
temperature.

Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor – it is an 4. PUTREFACTION OF THE BODY

instantaneous rigidity of the muscle which occurs at the – putrefaction is the breaking down of the
moment due to extreme nervous tension, exhaustion and complex proteins into simpler components
injury to the nervous system or injury to the chest. associated with the evolution of foul smelling
gasses of the body in the process of putrefaction.
RIGOS MORTIS VS. CADAVERIC SPASM
RIGOR MORTIS CADAVERIC SPASM Chronological Sequence of Putrefaction changes
Appears 3-6 hours after Appear Immediately after occurring in Tropical Regions or Tropical Places:
Death Death Time since Death Condition of the Body
All Muscles Involved Only a certain muscle or 24 hours Rigor Mortis present all over
group of muscles the body. Hypostasis well-
developed and fixed.
It will appear naturally It may or may not appear Greenish discoloration.
after death at the time of death
24 hours Rigor Mortis absent all over
Help the medical jurist Help the medical jurist the body. Green discoloration
determine the TIME OF determine the CAUSE OF over whole abdomen
DEATH DEATH distended with gases.
48 hours Ova of flies seen. Trunk
 Stage of Secondary Flaccidity – after the bloated. Face discolored and
disappearance of a rigor mortis, the muscle swollen. Blister present.
becomes soft and flaccid. This is due to the Moving maggot seen.
dissolution of the muscle proteins which have 72 hours Whole body grossly swollen
and disfigured. Hair and nail
previously been coagulated during the period
loose. Tissues soft and
of rigor mortis. discolored.
1 week Soft viscara putrefied.
2. CHANGES IN THE BLOOD
2 weeks Only more resistant viscara
 Coagulation in the Blood – the immobility of distinguishable. Soft tissues
the blood due to the cessation of circulation largely gone.
enhances the coagulation of blood inside the 1 month Body Skeletonized
blood vessel. Blood clothing is accelerated in
cases of death by infectious fevers and delayed
in cases of asphyxia, poisoning by opium,
hydrocyanic of carbon monoxide poisoning. CAUSES OF DEATH
Blood may remain fluid inside the blood  IMMEDIATE (PRIMARY) CAUSE OF
vessels after death for 6-8 hours after death. DEATH
 PROXIMATE (SECONDARY CAUSE OF
 Post-Mortem-Lividity or Cadaveric DEATH
Lividity or Livor Mortis – the stoppage of
the heart action and the loss of tone of blood 1. Immediate or Primary Cause of Death – this
vessels cause the blood to be under the applies to cases when trauma or diseases kill
influence of gravity. Bloods begin to quickly that there is no opportunity for sequel or
accumulate in the most dependent portion of complication to develop.
the body.
2. Proximate or Secondary Cause of Death – the - Homicidal
injury or diseases was survived for a sufficiently DEATH BY ASPHYXIA
prolonged interval which permitted the Asphyxia - a condition arising when the body is
development of serious sequel which actually deprived of oxygen, causing death.
cause of death. Types of Asphyxia Death
1. Anoxic Death – failure of the arterial blood to
MANNER OF DEATH become normally saturated with oxygen.
 NATURAL DEATH – death cause by 2. Anemic Anoxic Death – due to a decrease
disease/sickness capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.
 VIOLENT / UNNATURAL DEATH – death 3. Stagnant Anoxic Death – failure of blood
due to injury/harm circulation.
4. Histotoxic Anoxic – due to the failure of the
PATHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION cellular oxidative process, although the
(Causes of Death) oxygen is derived to the tissues, it cannot be
 Death from Syncope – death due to sudden and utilized properly.
fatal cessation of the action of the heart with
circulation included. Classification of Asphyxia
 Death from Asphyxia – a condition in which a. Asphyxia by Hanging
the supply of oxygen to the blood or to the b. Asphyxia by Ligature
tissues or both has been reduced below normal c. Asphyxia by Suffocation
working level. - Smothering
 Death from Coma – coma is the state of - Overlaying
unconsciousness with insensibility of the pupil - Gagging
and conjunctive, inability to swallow, resulting d. Asphyxia by Submersion of Drowning
from the arrest of the functions of the brain. e. Compression Asphyxia
f. Asphyxia by Breathing Irrespirable Gases
EUTHANASIA – “MERCY KILLING”.
- is the deliberate and painless acceleration of MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL
death of a person usually suffering from an INJURY
incurable and distressing disease. Classification of Wounds
Types of Euthanasia  As to Severity:
ACTIVE Euthanasia – intentional or deliberate - Mortal Wound
application of the means to shorten the life of a - Non-Mortal wound
person.  As to the relation of the site of application of
PASSIVE Euthanasia – there is absence of force and the Location of Injury:
application of the means to accelerate death but the - Coup Injury
natural cause of the disease is allowed to have its - Contre-Coup Injury
way to extinguished life (the life of a person). - Coup Countre-Coup Injury
- “Locus Minoris Resistencia”
DEATH FROM STARVATION - Extensive Injury
Starvation – is the deprivation of a regular and  As Regards to the Depth of Wound:
constant supply of food and water which is - Superficial
necessary to normal health of a person. Without - Deep
food and water, a person cannot survive more Penetrating
than 10 days, but with water a person may Perforating
survive 50-60 days.  Special Types of Wounds
- Defense Wound
Types of Starvation - Pattern Wound
1. Acute Starvation – necessary food has been  Medical Classification of Wounds
suddenly and completely withheld from a - Closed Wound – there is no breach of the
person. continuity of the skin or mucous membrane.
2. Chronic Starvation – gradual or deficient - Open Wound – there is a breach of the
supply of food. continuity of the skin or mucous membrane.

Causes of Starvation TYPES OF CLOSED WOUNDS

- Suicidal - Accidental
 1. Petechiae – is a circumscribed extravasation of
the blood in the subcutaneous tissue or
underneath the mucous membrane.
2. Contusion – effusion of blood into the tissues
underneath the skin on account of the rapture of
the blood vessels as a result of the application of
blunt force or violence. The contusion is red
sometimes purple soon after its complete
development.
Age of Contusion:
4-5 days color change to GREEN
7-10 days it become YELLOW
14th to 15th day gradually Disappear
3. Hematoma – is the extravasations’ or effusion
of blood in a newly formed cavity underneath
the skin.
4. Musculo – Skeletal Injuries:
a. Sprain
b. Dislocation
c. Fracture
d. Strain
e. Subluxation
5. Internal Hemorrhage – that in which the
extravagated blood remains within the body.
TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
 ABRASION – wound characterized by the
removal of the superficial epithelial layer of the
skin caused by rub or frictions against a hard-
rough surface.
 INCISED WOUND – wound produced by a
sharp-edge or sharp-linear edge of the
instrument, like a knife, razor, bolo, etc.
 STAB WOUND – wound produced by the
penetration of a sharp-pointed and sharp-edged
instrument.
 PUNCTURED WOUND – wound resulted
from a thrust of a sharp pointed instrument, like
icepick, needle, spear, etc.
 LACERATED WOUND – is tear of the skin
and underlying tissues due to forcible contact
with a blunt instrument, like wood, iron bar, fist
blow, etc.
BURNS INJURY
Classification of Burns by Degree
a. 1st Degree – there is erythema or simple redness
of the skin associated with superficial
inflammation and slight swelling which may
subside after a few hours or may last for several
days.
b. 2nd Degree – there is vesicle formation with
acute inflammation. Scars are not present upon
healing. The superficial layers of the epithelium
are destroyed.
c. 3rd Degree – there is destruction of the cuticle
and part of the true skin. Healing may leave a
scar which contains all the elements of the true
skin, consequently w/out contracture.
d. 4th Degree – the whole skin is destroyed with
formation of slough which is yellowish-brown
parchment-like. The surface is ulcerated and on
healing a dense fibrous scar tissues develops.
e. 5th Degree – there is involvement of the deep
fascia and muscles. This may result to severe
scarring effect and deformity.
f. 6th Degree – there is charring of the limp/limb
involving subjacent tissues, organs and bone.
MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF SEX CRIMES
Virginity – is the condition of a female who has not
experiences sexual intercourse and whose genital organs
have not been altered by carnal knowledge.
Defloration – the laceration or rapture of the hymen as a
result of sexual intercourse.
KINDS OF VIRGINITY
1. Moral Virginity – the state of not knowing the
nature of sexual life and nor experienced sexual
relation.
2. Physical Virginity – a condition whereby a
woman is conscious of the nature of the sexual
life but has not experience sexual intercourse.
 TRUE physical Virginity – a condition
wherein the hymen intact with the edges
distinct and regular, and the opening
small to barely admit the tip of the
smallest finger.
 FALSE physical Virginity – a
condition wherein the hymen is
unruptured but the orifice is wide and
elastic to admit two or more fingers.
3. Demi-Virginity – refers to a condition of a
woman who permits any form of sexual liberties
as long as they abstain from rupturing the hymen
by sexual act.
4. Virgo Intacta – a condition wherein a woman
have previous sexual act or even habitually but
had not given birth.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYMEN
 Annular / Circular – the opening is oval or circular
located at the center of the hymen.
 Infantile – the opening is small, usually linear,
fleshly and resistant.
 Semilunar / Crescentric – concavity maybe be
facing either side or upwards or downwards.
 Linear – the opening is slit-like and usually running
vertically.
 Cribiform – hymen present several openings
instead of one.
 Stellate – hymenal opening is like a star.
 Septate – hymen with two opening which may be of
equal or different sizes.
 Fimbriated – the boarder of the opening shows
small irregular protrusion towards the opening.
 Imperforate – there is no opening on the hymen.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYMEN ACCORDING TO

THE OPENING
Single Orifice - one opening
Septate - two opening
Multiple - several opening
Imperforate - without opening

DEGREE OF LACERATION OF THE HYMEN

1. Incomplete Laceration – rupture which does not
involve the whole width or height of the hymen.
It may be:
- Superficial – the laceration does not go
beyond ½ of the whole width of the hymen.
- Deep – the laceration involves more than ½ of
the width of the hymen but not reaching the
base.
2. Complete Laceration – laceration involves the
whole width but not beyond the base of the
hymen.
3. Compound or Complicated Laceration –
laceration involve the hymen and also the
surrounding tissues.

Prepared by:

KING EXCELSIS C. ROJAS, RCrim

IRC Admin Officer

DANIEL III S. SUPANG, RCrim

IRC Coordinator

“Life only has one rule: NEVER QUIT!” – unknown

GOODLUCK FUTURE CRIMINOLOGIST!