IDENTIFICATION is the determination of the
individuality of a person or thing.
P. of Inviduality – walang kaparehas
P. of Permanency – walang makakapagpabago
IMPORTANCE
 To establish the identity of the offender and that
of the victim in the prosecution of the criminal
offense.
 To identify a person missing or presumed dead
in order to facilitate the settlement of the estate,
retirement, insurance, and other social benefits.
 Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of-
kin, other relatives and friends as to the
whereabouts of a missing person or victim of
calamity or criminal act.
 Identification may be needed in some
transactions like cashing of check, entering a
premise, sale of property, release of dead bodies
to relatives, parties to a contract, etc.
RULES IN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
 Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification
- the greater the number of points of similarities
and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the
greater is the probability for the conclusion to be
correct.
 The value of the different points of identification
varies in the formulation of conclusion (e.g.
visual recognition by relative or friends may be
of lesser value as compared with fingerprints or
dental comparison).
 The longer the interval between the death and
the examination of the remains, the greater is the
need for experts in establishing identity.
 It is necessary for the team to act in the shortest
possible time specially in cases of mass disaster.
 There is no rigid rule to be observed in the
procedure of identification of persons.
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
By comparison Identification criteria recovered during
investigation are compared with records available in the
file.
By exclusion - If two or more persons have to be
identified and all but one is not yet identified, then the
one whose identity has not been established may be
known by the process of elimination.
IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS
Classification of the Bases of Human Identification
Those which laymen use to prove identity - no special
training or skill required. (EYEWITNESS)
Those which are based on scientific knowledge - made
by trained men, well-seasoned by experience and
observation. (PROFESSIONALS)
ORDINARY METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION APPLICABLE TO
LIVING PERSONS ONLY
Characteristics which may easily be changed
- Growth of hair, beard or mustache
- Clothing of a person may have a special
preference for certain form, texture or style.
- Frequent place of visit - A person’s special
desire or habit to be in a place if he has the
opportunity to do so.
- Grade of profession - (e.g.) a mechanic may be
recognized by his tools, a clergy man by his
robe, or a nurse by her cap
- Body ornamentations - earrings, necklaces,
rings, pins, etc. Usually worn by persons
-
Characteristics that may not be easily changed
Mental memory - a recollection of time, place, and
events.
Speech - a person may stammer, stutter, or lisp; manner
of talking and quality of the voice.
Gait - a person, on account of disease or some inborn
traits, may show a characteristic manner of walking.
Mannerism - stereotype movement or habit peculiar to
an individual. (E.g. way of sitting, movement of hand,
movement of body, movement of facial muscles, manner
of leaning, etc.)
Hands and feet - Size, shape, and abnormalities.
Foot or hand impression - develops when a foot or
hand is pressed on mould able materials like mud, clay,
cement mixture, or other semi-solid mass.
Footprint or handprint- a footmark or handmark on a
hard base contaminated or smeared with foreign matters
like dust, floor, blood, etc.
Complexion
Changes in the eyes -near- sightedness, far-sightedness,
state of being color blind, etc.
Facies - different kinds of facial expressions brought
about by disease or racial influence.
Left or right handedness
 Degree of nutrition in relation to height and age.
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION APPLICABLE TO
BOTH LIVING AND DEAD BEFORE ONSET OF
DECOMPOSITION
Occupational marks- certain occupations may result in
some characteristic marks or identifying guide.
RACE
Color of the skin
Caucasian - Fair
Malayan - Brown
Mongolia - Fair
Negro - Black
Feature of the face
Caucasian- Prominent sharp nose
Malayan- Flat nose with round face
Mongolian- Almond eyes and prominent cheek bone
Negro- Thick lips and prominent eyes
Shape of the skull
Caucasian- Elongated skull
Malayan- Round head apparel
Mongolian- Round head
Red Indians and Eskimos- Flat head
Wearing Apparel- Casual and customary wearing may
indicate race as well as religion, nationality, region, and
custom.
Stature- change in height; rate of growth
Tattoo marks- introduction of coloring pigments in the
layers of the skin by multiple puncture.
Weight- not a good point of identification for it is easily
changed from time to time. Deformities- may be
congenital or acquired Birth marks
Injuries leaving permanent results- e.g. amputation,
improper union of fractured bones Moles
Scar- a remaining mark after healing of the wound.
Age of scar
Recently formed- slightly elevated, reddish or bluish in
color, and tender to touch
Few weeks to two months- scar has inflammatory
redness, and it is soft and sensitive
Two to six months- brownish or coppery red, free from
contraction and corrugation, and soft
Six months or more- scar is white, glistening, contracted,
and tough
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FINGER PRINT
SYSTEM
Personal Identification- is defined as establishing the
identity of an individual.
The need for personal identification arises in natural
mass disaster like earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides,
floods,
etc... and in manmade disasters such as terrorist attacks,
bomb blasts, and in cases that body is highly
decomposed or dismembered to deliberately conceal the
identity of the individual.
Alphonse Bertillon- is a credited as Father of Personal
identification because he was the first to devise the
scientific method of identification which is called
anthropometry.
Forensic was derived from the latin word Forum
meaning Market Place, where people gather for public
disputation or discussion. Suggest a relationship to
courts ang legal proceedings.it is sometimes used
interchangeably with the word legal.
Forensic Science- is the application of a broad spectrum
of sciences and technologies to investigate and establish
facts of interest in relation to criminal or civil law. It is
otherwise known as Criminalistics.
Dr. Hans Gross is considered as the Father of
Criminalistics because of his significant contributions to
the realm of scientific criminology.
Dactyloscopy- the examination of fingerprint in order to
establish identity.
Dactyloscopy- is the branch of criminalistics forensic
science that studies the structure of fingerprints for the
purpose of criminal identification, registration and
investigation.
These patterns contain many identifiable points
including the beginning , ending , dot, intersection, or
bifurcation of ridge lines. These points are called
minutiae. Minutiaedo not change as a person ages
Fingerprint is very essential in the study of criminology
education as part of an applied science by itself. The
criminal investigation has its own three (3) tools namely:
information, interview or interrogation and
instrumentation.
The Dactyloscopy will fall under instrumentation or
what we call criminalistics or forensic science. It is
designed to examine the evidence involving fingerprint
recovered from the crime scene and known print of the
suspect in order to look a possible match up.
Early Methos of Personal Identification
1. Branding
2. Mutilation
3. Tattooing
4. Descriptive Clothing
5. Measurement of the height (Quetelet’s Method)
6. Photographic eye (Eugene Francois Vidocq
Method)
7. Photographing (Daguerrotyping)
 8. Antropological Measurement (Bertillonage)
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
1. ANTHROPOLOGY- STUDY OF SKELETAL AND
HUMAN REMAINS
2. ANTHROPOMETRY – USED OF SCIENCE IN
OBTAINING BODY MEASUREMENTS
3. ODONTOLOGY – APPLICATION OF DENTAL
SCIENCE IN INVESTIGATION. EXAMINATION
DENTAL RECORDS AND BITE MARKS
4. GRAPHOLOGY – STUDY OF HANDWRITING,
WRITTEN AND PRINTED SYMBOLS. IT CAN STUDY
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS,
PSYCHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGAL
5. DNA PROFILING – ALSO KNOWN AS DNA
FINGERPRINTING. EXAMINATION OF BODY
FLUIDS (BLOOD, SALIVA, HAIR, SKIN, GENITAL,
SEMEN)
6. PHOTOGRAPHY – IT IS AN ART PRODUCING
ACCURATE PHOTOGRAPHS THAT CAN BE USED AS
EVIDENCE AND PRESENTED IN COURT.
7. DACTYLOSCOPY – STUDY OF FINGERPRINT.
EXAMINATION AND COMPARSION
8. POROSCOPY – STUDY OF HUMAN PORES
9. PODOSCOPY – STUDY OF HUMAN SOLE FEET
10. RIDGEOLOGY – STUDY OF RIDGES
11. IRIS RECOGNITION – AN AUTOMATIC
BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION OF AN EYE
12. GAIT ANALYSIS – EVALUATION AND
ASSESSMENT Of THE GAIT OR HUMAN PATTERNS
THAT CAN BE SEEN IN INVESTIGATION
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES
FINGERPRINT SYSTEM
1. MARCELLO MALPHIGI – GRANDFATHER OF
DACTYLOSCOPY
- DISOVER DERMIS (INNER) AND EPIDERMIS
(OUTER) LAYERS OF SKIN
2. JOHANN CHFISTOPH PEAS (JCA) MAYER –
PROPONENT OF PRINCIPLE OF
INDIVIDUALITY
3. JOHANN EVANGELIST PURKINJE – FATHER
OF DACTYLOSCOPY
- HE DISCOVERED SWEAT PORES
- HE DISTINGUISHED A 9 FINGERPRINT
PATTERN OFFICIALLY PUBLISHED IN DEC. 22,
1823 AT THE CITY OF BRESLAU, GERMANY
9 FINGER PRINT PATTERNS BY PUFKINJE:
1. the transverse curve (plain arch)
2. the central longitudinal stripe (tented
arch) 3.the oblique stripe (loop- radial and
ulnar) 4.the oblique loop (loop- radial and
ulnar)
5.the almond (whorl)
6.the spiral (whorl)
7.the ellipse-elliptical whorl (whorl)
8.the circle- circular whorl (whorl)
9.the double whorl (composite twin whorl)
4. HERMAN WELCKER- PRINCIPLE OF
PERMANENCY
5. SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERCHEL – FATHER
OF CHIROSCOPY (STUDY OF PALM PRINT)
6. DR. HENRY FAULDS – DISCOVERED THE
SKIN FURROWS IN OUR HANDS
7. FRANCIS GALTON – ONOE OF THE
GREATES SCIENTIST OF 19TH CENTURY
- FIRST SCIENTIST OF SKIN FRICTION
IDENTIFICATION
- DISCOVERED 3 FAMILIES: WHORL, LOOP,
ARCH OF FINGER PRINT
8. JUAN VUCETICH – DEVISED HIS OWN
SYSTEM OF FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION
AND LATER USED IN LEA
9. SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY – FATHER
OF FINGERPRINT
10. NEHEMIAH GREW – WAS THE FIRST
EUROPEAN TO PUBLISH RIDGE SKIN
OBSERVATION
- FATHER OF PLANT ANATOMY
IN 11. GOVARD BIDLOO – PIONEER SCIENTIFIC
OBSERVATIONS WHICH LAID THE
FOUNDATION OF FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION
THROUGH FINGERPRINTS
12. ALPHONSE BERTILLON – FATHER OF
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
13. EUGEN FRANCOIS VIDOCQ – FATHER OF
MODERN CRIMINOLOGY
14. DR. EDMOND LOCARD – FATHER OF
POROSCOPY
15. THOMAS BEWICK – RECOGNIZED THE
INDIVIDUALITY OF FINGERPRINT
PHILIPPINE SETTING
Mr. Jones - One new person who first learned about
fingerprinting in the Philippines Consolidation in the
year 1900
Bureau of Prison - in 1968, "CARPETA" fingerprint
was used.
L. Asa N. Darby - 1968, Underhanded management
during the reorganization of the Philippines by the
American Forces, a modern-day example and a complete
Fingerprint File has been made available for release. in
the Filipino Common Wealth.

Generoso Reyes - The first Filipino fingerprint

technician who employed in the Philippine
Constabulary.

Agripino Cruz - He made a statement as the first

observer of the event. Those who express opinion
receive feedback in the Philippine Judicial Histories.
This may be the case. The use of fingerprint identifiers is
common in law firms. bas is in the Marociano Medina's
Congregation.

Capt. Thomas Dugan & Flaviano G . Guerrero

Thomas Dugan of NYC Police Department and Flaviano
Guerrero of the FBI, gave the first examination for
fingerprint in 1927 a t National Bureau of Investigation
and Agust in Patricio of the Philippine stopped the said
examination.
People of the Philippines vs. Medina, 59, Phil. 330 of
December 23, 1933
was the first conviction based on fingerprint and l ed to
the judicial decision in the Philippine jurisprudence

Isabela Bernales - First Filipina fingerprint technician

Lucila Lalu - First Filipina chop- chop lady who was

identified through fingerprint.

Plaridel Educational Institution (PEI)

Now the Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr),
Manila is the first government recognized school to
teach the science of fingerprints and other police
sciences.